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Quand la Terre était une boule de neige | CNRS Le journal
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class="print_html first last"><a href="/print/1725" title="Afficher une version imprimable de cette page." class="print-page" rel="nofollow">Imprimer</a></li> </ul></div> <div class="format">article</div> </div> </div> <!-- TITRE --> <h1 class="node-title">Quand la Terre était une boule de neige</h1> <!-- DATE + AUTEUR --> <div class="date-auteur"> <span class="date-display-single">05.12.2017</span>, par <div class="textformatter-list"><a href="/auteurs/anne-sophie-boutaud" class="node node-927 entityreference">Anne-Sophie Boutaud</a></div></br>Mis à jour le <span class="date-display-single">17.08.2023</span></div> </div> <!-- VISUEL PRINCIPAL --> <div class="niveau-2"> <div class="asset-wrapper asset aid-3659 asset-image"><div class="content asset-image-visuel-principal"> <img src="https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/styles/visuel_principal/public/assets/images/cosmos_9035489_001_72dpi.jpg?itok=MlGSl8-j" width="1200" height="575" alt="" title=" ©Mikkel Juul JENSEN / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY" /> <div class="wrapper-legende"> <div class="image-legende"> Vue d'artiste de la "Terre boule de neige" il y a 720 millions d'années. </div> </div> </div> <div class="copyright-share-wrapper clearfix"> <div class="left"> <div class="wrapper-copyright"> <div class="image-copyright"> Mikkel Juul JENSEN / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY </div> </div> </div> <div class="share-asset-main-wrapper clearfix right"> <a class="share-asset-link right"><i class="icon icon-pager"></i>Partager</a> <div class="share-asset-wrapper right clearfix"> <div class="left">Partager</div> <div class="right clearfix"> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A//lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/quand-la-terre-etait-une-boule-de-neige" title="Partager sur Twitter" target="_blank"><i class="icon icon-twitter"></i></a> <a 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PRINCIPAL --> <div class="niveau-3 resize-chapo-contenu"> <div class="article-chapo"> Avant que plantes et animaux n'apparaissent sur notre planète, celle-ci s’est entièrement recouverte de glace à plusieurs reprises. Le climatologue Gilles Ramstein nous explique comment la Terre en est arrivée là, et surtout, comment elle a pu en sortir. </div> <div class="article-contenu"> <p>Notre planète n’a pas toujours été bleue et hospitalière ; elle a même connu, à plusieurs reprises, des périodes suffisamment froides pour que sa surface se couvre intégralement de glace. Longtemps contestés, ces épisodes dits de « Terre boule de neige » (Snowball Earth) sont aujourd’hui attestés par de nombreuses traces géologiques et géochimiques. Le climatologue Gilles Ramstein enquête<a class="see-footnote" id="footnoteref1_hjio0oj" title="//advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/11/e1600983" href="#footnote1_hjio0oj">1</a> depuis les années 2000 sur ces épisodes où la Terre vue de l’espace ressemblait à Europe ou Encelade, deux lunes glacées. Retour sur les coups de froid qui ont frappé notre planète.</p> <p><strong>La Terre est située dans la zone habitable de son étoile, ce qui a priori indique que l’eau peut s’y maintenir à l’état liquide. Comment, dans ce cas, a-t-elle pu s’englacer totalement ?</strong><br /> <strong>Gilles Ramstein<a class="see-footnote" id="footnoteref2_pyxd9ue" title="Climatologue, directeur de recherche CEA au Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l’environnement (Unité CNRS/CEA/Université Versailles Saint-Quentin)." href="#footnote2_pyxd9ue">2</a> :</strong> Les choses ne sont pas si simples ! Il y a 4,56 milliards d’années, quand la Terre s’est formée, l’énergie irradiée par le Soleil était 30 % moins importante qu’aujourd’hui. Depuis, sa puissance augmente de 7 % par milliard d’années. Le paradoxe est qu’en dépit d’une irradiation moindre, la Terre était alors bien plus chaude qu’actuellement. Ce phénomène s’explique par le fait que le climat d’une planète dépend de son bilan radiatif : la différence entre l’énergie reçue du Soleil et celle renvoyée vers l’espace par les continents, les océans et l’atmosphère. Sur Terre, dès l’origine, l’atmosphère a joué le rôle d’une couverture chauffante. En particulier, le dioxyde de carbone et le méthane, qui sont deux puissants gaz à effet de serre et peuvent beaucoup varier dans l’atmosphère, ont été à la base de la régulation des températures de surface.</p> <p><div class="asset-wrapper asset aid-3662 asset-image"> <div class="content asset-image-full"> <div class="image"> <img src="https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/styles/asset_image_full/public/assets/images/infog_climat_terrestre_72dpi.jpg?itok=2cTfiDij" width="664" height="416" alt="" title=" ©Reproduced with permisson. © 2004 scientific american, a division of nature america inc. all rights reserved" /> <div class="wrapper-legende"> <div class="image-legende"> Trois gaz pour façonner le climat terrestre. <a href='#image-aid-3662' class='popup-link'><i class='icon-fullsize'></i></a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="image-aid-3662" class="white-popup mfp-hide wrapper-legende-lightbox"> <header> <span class="logo"><img src="https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/all/themes/cnrs/images/logo-gris.svg" alt="CNRS Le Journal" title="CNRS Le Journal" /></span> <button class="close mfp-close icon-close"></button> </header> <div class="image-content"> <img src="https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/styles/lightbox-hd/public/assets/images/infog_climat_terrestre_72dpi.jpg?itok=oe62RHH2" alt="" title=" ©Reproduced with permisson. © 2004 scientific american, a division of nature america inc. all rights reserved" /> </div> <div class="image-caption"> <div class="wrapper-legende"> <div class="image-legende"> Trois gaz pour façonner le climat terrestre. <a href='#image-aid-3662' class='popup-link'><i class='icon-fullsize'></i></a> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper-copyright"> <div class="image-copyright"> Reproduced with permisson. © 2004 scientific american, a division of nature america inc. all rights reserved </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="copyright-share-wrapper clearfix"> <div class="left"> <div class="wrapper-copyright"> <div class="image-copyright"> Reproduced with permisson. © 2004 scientific american, a division of nature america inc. all rights reserved </div> </div> </div> <div class="share-asset-main-wrapper clearfix right"> <a class="share-asset-link right"><i class="icon icon-pager"></i>Partager</a> <div class="share-asset-wrapper right clearfix"> <div class="left">Partager</div> <div class="right clearfix"> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A//lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/quand-la-terre-etait-une-boule-de-neige" title="Partager sur Twitter" target="_blank"><i class="icon icon-twitter"></i></a> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?s=100&p%5Burl%5D=https%3A//lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/quand-la-terre-etait-une-boule-de-neige&p%5Btitle%5D=Quand%20la%20Terre%20%C3%A9tait%20une%20boule%20de%20neige&p%5Bimages%5D%5B0%5D=https%3A//lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/styles/lightbox-hd/public/assets/images/infog_climat_terrestre_72dpi.jpg%3Fitok%3Doe62RHH2&p%5Bsummary%5D=Avant%20que%20plantes%20et%20animaux%20n%27apparaissent%20sur%20notre%20plan%C3%A8te%2C%20celle-ci%20s%E2%80%99est%20enti%C3%A8rement%20recouverte%20de%20glace%20%C3%A0%20plusieurs%20reprises.%20Le%20climatologue%20Gilles%20Ramstein%20nous%20explique%20comment%20la%20Terre%20en%20est%20arriv%C3%A9e%20l%C3%A0%2C%20et%20surtout%2C%20comment%20elle%20a%20pu%20en%20sortir.%20" title="Partager sur Facebook" target="_blank"><i class="icon icon-facebook"></i></a> <a href="https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/printmail/1725" title="Partager par courriel"><i class="icon icon-mail"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></p> <p> </p> <div class="wrapper-citation clearfix"> <div class="citation left">Sur Terre, dès l’origine, l’atmosphère a joué le rôle d’une couverture chauffante.</div> <div class="texte-colle right"> <p>Le climat résulte ainsi de l’équilibre entre des sources qui émettent des gaz à effet de serre et des puits qui les soustraient de l’atmosphère. Sur notre planète, le CO<sub>2</sub> a pour principale source naturelle le volcanisme, tandis que son puits principal repose sur l’érosion des roches continentales silicatées sous l’effet du ruissellement des eaux. En réagissant avec la roche, le CO<sub>2</sub> est soustrait à l’atmosphère et fixé sous forme de carbonates qui vont s’accumuler comme sédiments sous-marins.</p> </div> </div> <p>Il y a plus de 3 milliards d’années, le volcanisme était déjà actif, mais les surfaces continentales étaient encore très réduites et l’érosion demeurait négligeable : la concentration atmosphérique en CO<sub>2</sub> était donc très élevée. De surcroît, il y a 3,5 milliards d’années sont apparues les archées méthanogènes – des micro-organismes unicellulaires dont le métabolisme produit du méthane et dont l’effet de serre est trente fois plus puissant que celui du CO<sub>2</sub>. L’accumulation de ces deux gaz – dioxyde de carbone et méthane – dans l’atmosphère terrestre primitive explique pourquoi notre planète était si chaude dans sa jeunesse.<br /> <br /> <strong>Mais que s’est-il passé pour que cela aboutisse à une glaciation ?</strong><br /> <strong>G. R. :</strong> Cette catastrophe climatique découle d’une révolution biologique ! Il faut savoir que durant ses deux premiers milliards d’années d’existence, notre planète est restée anoxique : le gaz oxygène n’y est présent qu’à l’état de traces et constitue un poison violent pour les formes de vies anaérobies qui prospéraient à l’époque, notamment les archées méthanogènes. Or, il y a 2,4 milliards d’années, on observe une augmentation globale de la concentration d’oxygène : c’est ce qu’on appelle le « grand événement d’oxydation » (GEO). Ce phénomène est probablement la conséquence de l’apparition des cyanobactéries, des micro-organismes dotés d’un nouveau métabolisme, la photosynthèse, dont l’oxygène constitue un déchet. En s’accumulant, il va éradiquer la plupart des archées méthanogènes qui peuplaient l’océan primitif, mettant à l’arrêt la production de méthane. De plus, le méthane présent dans l’atmosphère va réagir avec l’oxygène et se transformer en CO<sub>2</sub>, dont l’effet de serre est bien moins puissant. S’ensuit un fort refroidissement, amplifié lui-même par l’augmentation de l’albédo – la capacité de la surface terrestre à réfléchir les rayons solaires vers l’espace – due à l’apparition de glace. Le phénomène s’emballe alors jusqu’à l’englacement presque total de la Terre. Cet épisode, qui dure près de 300 millions d’années, est appelé glaciation huronienne.</p> <p><strong>La glaciation huronienne est-elle le seul épisode de « Terre boule de neige » qu’ait connu notre planète ?</strong><br /> <strong>G. R. :</strong> Non, au cours du dernier milliard d’années, la Terre va connaître deux autres épisodes de glaciation globale : la glaciation sturtienne, qui s’enclenche il y a 720 millions d’années, et, après un bref épisode interglaciaire, la glaciation marinoenne qui s’achève il y a 635 millions d’années <em>(voir l’infographie)</em>.<br /> </p> <p><div class="asset-wrapper asset aid-3663 asset-image"> <div class="content asset-image-full"> <div class="image"> <img src="https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/styles/asset_image_full/public/assets/images/infog_echelle_temps_72dpi.jpg?itok=hwek78JU" width="664" height="477" alt="" title=" © d’après Hoffman et al. Sci Adv 2017;3:e1600983/CC BY-NC" /> <div class="wrapper-legende"> <div class="image-legende"> Les glaciations sur Terre depuis 3 milliards d'années. <a href='#image-aid-3663' class='popup-link'><i class='icon-fullsize'></i></a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="image-aid-3663" class="white-popup mfp-hide wrapper-legende-lightbox"> <header> <span class="logo"><img src="https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/all/themes/cnrs/images/logo-gris.svg" alt="CNRS Le Journal" title="CNRS Le Journal" /></span> <button class="close mfp-close icon-close"></button> </header> <div class="image-content"> <img src="https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/styles/lightbox-hd/public/assets/images/infog_echelle_temps_72dpi.jpg?itok=R0bBrFfM" alt="" title=" © d’après Hoffman et al. Sci Adv 2017;3:e1600983/CC BY-NC" /> </div> <div class="image-caption"> <div class="wrapper-legende"> <div class="image-legende"> Les glaciations sur Terre depuis 3 milliards d'années. <a href='#image-aid-3663' class='popup-link'><i class='icon-fullsize'></i></a> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper-copyright"> <div class="image-copyright"> d’après Hoffman et al. Sci Adv 2017;3:e1600983/CC BY-NC </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="copyright-share-wrapper clearfix"> <div class="left"> <div class="wrapper-copyright"> <div class="image-copyright"> d’après Hoffman et al. Sci Adv 2017;3:e1600983/CC BY-NC </div> </div> </div> <div class="share-asset-main-wrapper clearfix right"> <a class="share-asset-link right"><i class="icon icon-pager"></i>Partager</a> <div class="share-asset-wrapper right clearfix"> <div class="left">Partager</div> <div class="right clearfix"> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A//lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/quand-la-terre-etait-une-boule-de-neige" title="Partager sur Twitter" target="_blank"><i class="icon icon-twitter"></i></a> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?s=100&p%5Burl%5D=https%3A//lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/quand-la-terre-etait-une-boule-de-neige&p%5Btitle%5D=Quand%20la%20Terre%20%C3%A9tait%20une%20boule%20de%20neige&p%5Bimages%5D%5B0%5D=https%3A//lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/styles/lightbox-hd/public/assets/images/infog_echelle_temps_72dpi.jpg%3Fitok%3DR0bBrFfM&p%5Bsummary%5D=Avant%20que%20plantes%20et%20animaux%20n%27apparaissent%20sur%20notre%20plan%C3%A8te%2C%20celle-ci%20s%E2%80%99est%20enti%C3%A8rement%20recouverte%20de%20glace%20%C3%A0%20plusieurs%20reprises.%20Le%20climatologue%20Gilles%20Ramstein%20nous%20explique%20comment%20la%20Terre%20en%20est%20arriv%C3%A9e%20l%C3%A0%2C%20et%20surtout%2C%20comment%20elle%20a%20pu%20en%20sortir.%20" title="Partager sur Facebook" target="_blank"><i class="icon icon-facebook"></i></a> <a href="https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/printmail/1725" title="Partager par courriel"><i class="icon icon-mail"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></p> <div class="wrapper-citation clearfix"> <div class="citation left">Il y a 750 millions d’années, la concentration atmosphérique de gaz à effet de serre baisse à tel point que la Terre a perdu environ 50 °C de température moyenne.</div> <div class="texte-colle right"> <p>Pourtant, il y a 700 millions d’années, le Soleil est à 94 % de sa puissance actuelle, on aurait donc dû être tiré d’affaire !<br /> En fait, cette fois-ci, c’est le moteur à CO<sub>2</sub> qui va lâcher. Il y a 800 millions d’années, le supercontinent Rodinia – qui s’était constitué 500 millions d’années plus tôt – commence à se disloquer le long de la bande tropicale <em>(voir la carte)</em>. Ces mouvements tectoniques s’accompagnent de gigantesques éruptions volcaniques qui vont recouvrir de basaltes d’immenses régions.</p> </div> </div> <p>Cet événement majeur s’accompagne de l’ouverture d’océans et de bras de mer, engendrant de nouvelles sources d’humidité à proximité des continents. Ceci va entraîner une augmentation des précipitations et du ruissellement sur les continents et donc un accroissement de l’érosion des roches continentales. Les roches basaltiques récemment formées s’altérant six à huit fois plus vite que le granit, une grande partie du CO<sub>2</sub> atmosphérique disparaît dans ce puits ! Il y a 750 millions d’années, la concentration atmosphérique de gaz à effet de serre baisse à tel point que la Terre a perdu environ 50 °C de température moyenne. Les calottes polaires ont alors atteint l’équateur.</p> <p><div class="asset-wrapper asset aid-3661 asset-image"> <div class="content asset-image-full"> <div class="image"> <img src="https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/styles/asset_image_full/public/assets/images/infog_carte-rodinia_72dpi.jpg?itok=ALigu_QB" width="664" height="414" alt="" title=" ©D'après F. FLUTEAU" /> <div class="wrapper-legende"> <div class="image-legende"> La Terre lors de la glaciation sturtienne. <a href='#image-aid-3661' class='popup-link'><i class='icon-fullsize'></i></a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="image-aid-3661" class="white-popup mfp-hide wrapper-legende-lightbox"> <header> <span class="logo"><img src="https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/all/themes/cnrs/images/logo-gris.svg" alt="CNRS Le Journal" title="CNRS Le Journal" /></span> <button class="close mfp-close icon-close"></button> </header> <div class="image-content"> <img src="https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/styles/lightbox-hd/public/assets/images/infog_carte-rodinia_72dpi.jpg?itok=BOqpWRBe" alt="" title=" ©D'après F. FLUTEAU" /> </div> <div class="image-caption"> <div class="wrapper-legende"> <div class="image-legende"> La Terre lors de la glaciation sturtienne. <a href='#image-aid-3661' class='popup-link'><i class='icon-fullsize'></i></a> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper-copyright"> <div class="image-copyright"> D'après F. FLUTEAU </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="copyright-share-wrapper clearfix"> <div class="left"> <div class="wrapper-copyright"> <div class="image-copyright"> D'après F. FLUTEAU </div> </div> </div> <div class="share-asset-main-wrapper clearfix right"> <a class="share-asset-link right"><i class="icon icon-pager"></i>Partager</a> <div class="share-asset-wrapper right clearfix"> <div class="left">Partager</div> <div class="right clearfix"> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A//lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/quand-la-terre-etait-une-boule-de-neige" title="Partager sur Twitter" target="_blank"><i class="icon icon-twitter"></i></a> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?s=100&p%5Burl%5D=https%3A//lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/quand-la-terre-etait-une-boule-de-neige&p%5Btitle%5D=Quand%20la%20Terre%20%C3%A9tait%20une%20boule%20de%20neige&p%5Bimages%5D%5B0%5D=https%3A//lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/styles/lightbox-hd/public/assets/images/infog_carte-rodinia_72dpi.jpg%3Fitok%3DBOqpWRBe&p%5Bsummary%5D=Avant%20que%20plantes%20et%20animaux%20n%27apparaissent%20sur%20notre%20plan%C3%A8te%2C%20celle-ci%20s%E2%80%99est%20enti%C3%A8rement%20recouverte%20de%20glace%20%C3%A0%20plusieurs%20reprises.%20Le%20climatologue%20Gilles%20Ramstein%20nous%20explique%20comment%20la%20Terre%20en%20est%20arriv%C3%A9e%20l%C3%A0%2C%20et%20surtout%2C%20comment%20elle%20a%20pu%20en%20sortir.%20" title="Partager sur Facebook" target="_blank"><i class="icon icon-facebook"></i></a> <a href="https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/printmail/1725" title="Partager par courriel"><i class="icon icon-mail"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></p> <p><strong>Ces phénomènes d’englacement global s’auto-amplifiant, comment la Terre a-t-elle pu s’extraire de ces épisodes « boule de neige » ?</strong><br /> <strong>G. R. :</strong> Les épisodes de Terre boule de neige sont des déséquilibres majeurs et finalement très instables. Leur existence a été postulée dès les années 1960 par le géologue anglais Walter Brian Harland : celui-ci remarque des traces de glaciation sur des roches qui, il y a 700 millions d’années, étaient localisées dans les régions tropicales et équatoriales. Ces régions étant par définition les plus chaudes de la planète, cela impliquait que la Terre entière avait été recouverte par les glaces. À l’époque, on ne le croit pas. En effet, l’albédo d’une Terre englacée est si important qu’on estime alors que pour sortir d’une glaciation globale, il aurait fallu un Soleil 1,5 fois plus puissant.<br /> </p> <div class="wrapper-citation clearfix"> <div class="citation left">Les derniers milliards d’années de l’histoire de la Terre seront peut-être sans vie, parce qu’elle n’aura pas su s’adapter à l’absence d’eau et de photosynthèse.</div> <div class="texte-colle right"> <p>Dans les années 1990, on comprend que ce n’est pas par le Soleil qu’on s’extrait d’une Terre gelée mais par le CO<sub>2</sub>. Que se passe-t-il ? La Terre, même couverte de glace, maintient une forte activité volcanique ; ainsi, pendant des millions d’années, le CO<sub>2</sub> issu du volcanisme s’accumule dans l’atmosphère. Ceci va à la longue générer un super-effet de serre capable de surpasser l’albédo des glaces et de la neige et entraîner une brusque débâcle.</p> </div> </div> <p><div class="asset-wrapper asset aid-3660 asset-image"> <div class="content asset-image-full"> <div class="image"> <img src="https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/styles/asset_image_full/public/assets/images/cryoconites.jpg?itok=9__d_5L6" width="664" height="365" alt="" title=" ©Joseph COOK" /> <div class="wrapper-legende"> <div class="image-legende"> Ces trous de cryoconite photographiés sur un glacier du Groenland actuel sont similaires à ceux dans lesquels la vie s'est réfugiée lors des glaciations passées. <a href='#image-aid-3660' class='popup-link'><i class='icon-fullsize'></i></a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="image-aid-3660" class="white-popup mfp-hide wrapper-legende-lightbox"> <header> <span class="logo"><img src="https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/all/themes/cnrs/images/logo-gris.svg" alt="CNRS Le Journal" title="CNRS Le Journal" /></span> <button class="close mfp-close icon-close"></button> </header> <div class="image-content"> <img src="https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/styles/lightbox-hd/public/assets/images/cryoconites.jpg?itok=bWl3ZnD4" alt="" title=" ©Joseph COOK" /> </div> <div class="image-caption"> <div class="wrapper-legende"> <div class="image-legende"> Ces trous de cryoconite photographiés sur un glacier du Groenland actuel sont similaires à ceux dans lesquels la vie s'est réfugiée lors des glaciations passées. <a href='#image-aid-3660' class='popup-link'><i class='icon-fullsize'></i></a> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper-copyright"> <div class="image-copyright"> Joseph COOK </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="copyright-share-wrapper clearfix"> <div class="left"> <div class="wrapper-copyright"> <div class="image-copyright"> Joseph COOK </div> </div> </div> <div class="share-asset-main-wrapper clearfix right"> <a class="share-asset-link right"><i class="icon icon-pager"></i>Partager</a> <div class="share-asset-wrapper right clearfix"> <div class="left">Partager</div> <div class="right clearfix"> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A//lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/quand-la-terre-etait-une-boule-de-neige" title="Partager sur Twitter" target="_blank"><i class="icon icon-twitter"></i></a> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?s=100&p%5Burl%5D=https%3A//lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/quand-la-terre-etait-une-boule-de-neige&p%5Btitle%5D=Quand%20la%20Terre%20%C3%A9tait%20une%20boule%20de%20neige&p%5Bimages%5D%5B0%5D=https%3A//lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/styles/lightbox-hd/public/assets/images/cryoconites.jpg%3Fitok%3DbWl3ZnD4&p%5Bsummary%5D=Avant%20que%20plantes%20et%20animaux%20n%27apparaissent%20sur%20notre%20plan%C3%A8te%2C%20celle-ci%20s%E2%80%99est%20enti%C3%A8rement%20recouverte%20de%20glace%20%C3%A0%20plusieurs%20reprises.%20Le%20climatologue%20Gilles%20Ramstein%20nous%20explique%20comment%20la%20Terre%20en%20est%20arriv%C3%A9e%20l%C3%A0%2C%20et%20surtout%2C%20comment%20elle%20a%20pu%20en%20sortir.%20" title="Partager sur Facebook" target="_blank"><i class="icon icon-facebook"></i></a> <a href="https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/printmail/1725" title="Partager par courriel"><i class="icon icon-mail"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></p> <p> <strong>Et la vie dans tout ça ? Comment a-t-elle pu se maintenir lors d’épisodes si extrêmes ?</strong><br /> <strong>G. R. :</strong> Dans l’hypothèse d’une Terre totalement glacée, la vie qui s’était maintenue dans les océans aurait dû être asphyxiée… Nous avons pu montrer, au Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l’environnement, que la Terre n’était pas totalement recouverte de glace, grâce notamment aux sources chaudes, aux volcans. La vie a pu se réfugier dans des cryoconites, sortes de marmites qui forment des trous dans la glace. Ce qui était suffisant pour permettre des échanges entre l’atmosphère et les océans et une continuité de la vie jusqu’à la déglaciation. La Terre a connu de grandes extinctions mais elle est demeurée extrêmement favorable à la vie depuis 4 milliards d’années. Au final, l’histoire de notre planète montre une remarquable stabilité du climat. Les épisodes de glaciation globale n’en représentent qu’une toute petite partie. Toutefois, le contexte climatique ne sera pas toujours favorable à la vie : le Soleil chauffant de plus en plus, il va évoluer en géante rouge. Les derniers milliards d’années de l’histoire de la Terre seront peut-être sans vie, parce qu’elle n’aura pas su s’adapter à l’absence d’eau et de photosynthèse – à l’image de Vénus. La vie aura accompagné la Terre pendant très longtemps. Et c’est une bonne nouvelle pour ceux qui cherchent de la vie ailleurs. Dans le système solaire, on explore aujourd’hui Europe, Encelade. Des satellites gelés qui nous renvoient, finalement, au propre passé de notre planète… </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <div class="footnotes-wrapper">Notes<br /> <ul class="footnotes"> <li class="footnote" id="footnote1_hjio0oj"><a class="footnote-label" href="#footnoteref1_hjio0oj">1.</a> Il est l’un des auteurs de l’étude parue le 8 novembre 2017 dans Science Advances, « Snowball Earth climate dynamics and Cryogenian geology-geobiology ». <a href="http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/11/e1600983">http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/11/e1600983</a></li> <li class="footnote" id="footnote2_pyxd9ue"><a class="footnote-label" href="#footnoteref2_pyxd9ue">2.</a> Climatologue, directeur de recherche CEA au Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l’environnement (Unité CNRS/CEA/Université Versailles Saint-Quentin).</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <!-- FLAGS --> <div id="aller-box"> <div class="niveau-0 bottom"> <div class="wrapper clearfix"> <div class="left plus-loin" id="plus-loin">Aller 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height="100" alt="© Fabien Joux" title=" ©Fabien Joux" /></div> </div> </a></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-nothing"> <div class="field-content"><div class="wrapper-hidden"> <div class="wrapper-top clearfix"> <div class="blog types left"><div class="blog">Blog</div></div> <div class="date-parution right"><span class="date-display-single">14/10/2024</span></div> </div> <div class="titre"><a href="/nos-blogs/focus-sciences/changement-climatique-quels-impacts-sur-la-microbiologie-des-eaux">Changement climatique, quels impacts sur la microbiologie des...</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-5 views-row-odd views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-visuel-principal"> <div class="field-content"><a href="/billets/leducation-au-changement-climatique-une-opportunite-pour-lecole" title="Terre"><div class="asset-wrapper asset aid-9438 asset-image"> <div class="content"> <img 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view-display-id-block_voir_aussi view-dom-id-86e41a75c01a5b55a78d6e34850d331c"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-visuel-principal"> <div class="field-content"><a href="/articles/comment-la-carotte-a-revolutionne-la-climatologie" title="paléoclimatologie"><div class="asset-wrapper asset aid-5543 asset-image"> <div class="content"> <img src="https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/styles/voir-aussi/public/assets/images/jean_robert_petit_40_ans_carotte_visuel_principal.jpg?itok=zq5ufUyy" width="100" height="100" alt="Prélèvement d'une carotte de glace au cours d'une expédition entre Vostok et Mirny en 1985" title=" ©Jean-Robert PETIT / Fonds Lorius / CNRS Photothèque" /></div> </div> </a></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-nothing"> <div class="field-content"><div class="wrapper-hidden"> <div class="wrapper-top clearfix"> <div class="article types left"><div class="article">Article</div></div> <div class="date-parution right"><span class="date-display-single">11/03/2020</span></div> </div> <div class="titre"><a href="/articles/comment-la-carotte-a-revolutionne-la-climatologie">Comment la carotte a révolutionné la climatologie</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="comments-block" class="niveau-comments"> <div class="wrapper clearfix"> <div class="left comment-title"> <h3 id="ancre-comment" class="comment-title">Commentaires</h3> </div> <div class="right count-rss"> <div class="nombre-commentaires"> 1 <span class="comz-tab">commentaire</span> </div> <div class="rss"><a href="/crss/node/1725">Flux RSS</a></div> </div> </div> <div id="comments" class="comment-wrapper"> <a id="comment-935"></a> <article class="comment odd"> <header> <h3 class="title"><a href="/comment/935#comment-935" class="permalink" rel="bookmark">La phase géante rouge n'est</a></h3> <span class="submitted"><span class="username">laurent pagani</span> le 15 Décembre 2017 à 09h55</span> </header> <div class="content"> La phase géante rouge n'est attendue que dans ~5 milliards d'années et la taille du soleil aura tellement augmentée que la Terre sera très près de sa surface ou peut-être même engloutie dans l'enveloppe de l'étoile. Aucun risque que la vie puisse s'y maintenir. Cependant, la continuation de la montée en puissance du soleil va probablement faire diverger l'effet de serre bien avant. J'ai entendu le chiffre d'un milliard d'années au delà duquel l'eau va s'évaporer de plus en plus et augmenter l'effet de serre dans une boucle ouverte. La vaporisation des océans pourrait être totale à ce moment-là et les carbonates pourraient se décomposer et relâcher du CO2. 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