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vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Tehnologii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tehnologii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Tehnologii</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tehnologii-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tehnologii subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tehnologii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FeRAM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FeRAM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>FeRAM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FeRAM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MRAM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MRAM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>MRAM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MRAM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PCRAM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PCRAM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>PCRAM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PCRAM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RRAM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RRAM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>RRAM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RRAM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alte_tehnologii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alte_tehnologii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Alte tehnologii</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alte_tehnologii-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alte tehnologii subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alte_tehnologii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NRAM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NRAM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>NRAM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NRAM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SONOS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SONOS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>SONOS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SONOS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milliped" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milliped"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Milliped</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milliped-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CBRAM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CBRAM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>CBRAM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CBRAM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racetrack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racetrack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Racetrack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racetrack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3D_XPoint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3D_XPoint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>3D XPoint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3D_XPoint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HRAM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HRAM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>HRAM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HRAM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referințe_și_note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referințe_și_note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referințe și note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referințe_și_note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">NVRAM</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 26 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="ذاكرة الوصول العشوائي المستدامة – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذاكرة الوصول العشوائي المستدامة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVRAM" title="NVRAM – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="NVRAM" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVRAM" title="NVRAM – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="NVRAM" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%C4%83%D1%85%C4%83%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Энергирен пăхăнман астăвăм – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Энергирен пăхăнман астăвăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvram" title="Nvram – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nvram" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVRAM" title="NVRAM – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="NVRAM" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B7_%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%85%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Μη πτητική μνήμη τυχαίας προσπέλασης – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μη πτητική μνήμη τυχαίας προσπέλασης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_random-access_memory" title="Non-volatile random-access memory – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Non-volatile random-access memory" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoria_no_vol%C3%A1til_de_acceso_aleatorio" title="Memoria no volátil de acceso aleatorio – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Memoria no volátil de acceso aleatorio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9moire_RAM_non_volatile" title="Mémoire RAM non volatile – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mémoire RAM non volatile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVRAM" title="NVRAM – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="NVRAM" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVRAM" title="NVRAM – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="NVRAM" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%9C%98%EB%B0%9C%EC%84%B1_%EB%9E%9C%EB%8D%A4_%EC%95%A1%EC%84%B8%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A9%94%EB%AA%A8%EB%A6%AC" title="비휘발성 랜덤 액세스 메모리 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비휘발성 랜덤 액세스 메모리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVRAM" title="NVRAM – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="NVRAM" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energoneatkar%C4%ABga_atmi%C5%86a" title="Energoneatkarīga atmiņa – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Energoneatkarīga atmiņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVRAM" title="NVRAM – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="NVRAM" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVRAM" title="NVRAM – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="NVRAM" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieulotna_pami%C4%99%C4%87_o_dost%C4%99pie_swobodnym" title="Nieulotna pamięć o dostępie swobodnym – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nieulotna pamięć o dostępie swobodnym" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVRAM" title="NVRAM – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="NVRAM" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Энергонезависимая память – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Энергонезависимая память" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_random-access_memory" title="Non-volatile random-access memory – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Non-volatile random-access memory" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVRAM" title="NVRAM – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="NVRAM" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujtesa_e_q%C3%ABndrueshme" title="Kujtesa e qëndrueshme – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kujtesa e qëndrueshme" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVRAM" title="NVRAM – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="NVRAM" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3" title="หน่วยความจำเข้าถึงโดยสุ่มแบบจำข้อมูลถาวร – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยความจำเข้าถึงโดยสุ่มแบบจำข้อมูลถาวร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Енергонезалежна пам'ять – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Енергонезалежна пам'ять" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q499024#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/NVRAM" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon 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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:DS1225.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/DS1225.JPG/220px-DS1225.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/DS1225.JPG/330px-DS1225.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/DS1225.JPG/440px-DS1225.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1592" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>NVRAM</figcaption></figure> <p><b>NVRAM</b> (<b>Non-Volatile Random Access Memory</b>) <i><a href="/wiki/Memorie_nevolatil%C4%83" title="Memorie nevolatilă">memorie nevolatilă</a> cu acces aleator</i>, este o memorie bazată pe <a href="/wiki/Memorie_cu_acces_aleator" title="Memorie cu acces aleator">RAM</a> dar al cărei conținut de date este păstrat după oprire. Cea mai cunoscută formă de memorie NVRAM este <a href="/wiki/Memorie_flash" title="Memorie flash">memoria flash</a> folosită într-o unitate de <a href="/wiki/Memorie_USB" title="Memorie USB">USB</a>. Memoria NVRAM combină tehnologiile RAM și <a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a>, conținutul RAM-ului este copiat în memoria EEPROM fiind memorat pe durata absenței tensiunii de alimentare și este restaurat din EEPROM în RAM, la revenirea tensiunii de alimentare. </p><p>Memoria NVRAM este utilizată oriunde cantități mici, variabile de <a href="/wiki/Dat%C4%83" title="Dată">date</a>, cum ar fi datele de configurare, începând de la câțiva <a href="/wiki/Octet" title="Octet">octeți</a> până la <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">Megabyte</a>, trebuie să fie stocate pentru o perioadă lungă de timp, fără furnizare de energie externă. Un exemplu este memoria <a href="/w/index.php?title=RAM-CMOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RAM-CMOS — pagină inexistentă">RAM-CMOS</a> alimentată de o baterie pe <a href="/wiki/Plac%C4%83_de_baz%C4%83" title="Placă de bază">placa de bază</a> care stochează opțiunile de configurare din <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a>. Memorie NVRAM se mai află și pe <a href="/wiki/Router" class="mw-redirect" title="Router">routere</a>, pentru a stoca permanent fișierul de configurare inițial (<i>startup-config</i>) <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Monitor" title="Monitor">monitor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imprimant%C4%83" title="Imprimantă">imprimantă</a> <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, și <a href="/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital">SD carduri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tehnologii">Tehnologii</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Tehnologii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Tehnologii"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Există mai multe tehnologii de memorie NVRAM care încearcă să înlocuiască tehnologiile de memorie existente pe piață. Multe din acestea sunt tehnologii emergente aflate încă în faza de experiment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FeRAM">FeRAM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: FeRAM" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: FeRAM"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Medical_Econet_PalmCare_-_CPU_module_-_Ramtron_FM18L08-70-SG-5631.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Medical_Econet_PalmCare_-_CPU_module_-_Ramtron_FM18L08-70-SG-5631.jpg/220px-Medical_Econet_PalmCare_-_CPU_module_-_Ramtron_FM18L08-70-SG-5631.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Medical_Econet_PalmCare_-_CPU_module_-_Ramtron_FM18L08-70-SG-5631.jpg/330px-Medical_Econet_PalmCare_-_CPU_module_-_Ramtron_FM18L08-70-SG-5631.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Medical_Econet_PalmCare_-_CPU_module_-_Ramtron_FM18L08-70-SG-5631.jpg/440px-Medical_Econet_PalmCare_-_CPU_module_-_Ramtron_FM18L08-70-SG-5631.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4026" data-file-height="2954" /></a><figcaption>FRAM Ramtron</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ferroelectric random-access memory</b> (<b>FeRAM</b> sau <b>FRAM</b>) este o memorie de tip RAM, nevolatilă, care folosește efectul feroelectric pentru memorarea informației. Efectul feroelectric descrie capacitatea unui material de a memora o polarizare electrică în absenta câmpului electric aplicat. Primele cicuite de memorie FRAM au fost promovate de Ramtron în 1993, producția de serie a început în 1999 la <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>. </p><p>O celulă de memorie FRAM are la bază un capacitor FRAM și este realizată prin depunerea unui strat subțire de material feroelectric între două armături conductoare astfel încât să se formeze un capacitor. <br />Arhitectural aceste circuite au o serie de caracteristici comune cu circuitele DRAM, SRAM sau EEPROM. Interfața unui circuit FRAM este similară cu cea a unui circuit SRAM sincron, adresele fiind memorate întru-un registru intern. Utilizarea principiului feroelectric face posibilă utilizarea unor tensiuni scăzute atât pentru operația de citire cât și cea de scriere, făcând aceste dispozitive ideale pentru aplicațiile mobile, unde se cere un consum cât mai mic de putere. </p><p>Principalele aplicații ale circuitelor FRAM sunt dispozitive inteligente, echipament medical, imprimante, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Controler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Controler — pagină inexistentă">controlere</a> RAID, microcontrolere etc.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MRAM">MRAM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: MRAM" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: MRAM"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:MRAM-Cell-Simplified.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/MRAM-Cell-Simplified.svg/220px-MRAM-Cell-Simplified.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/MRAM-Cell-Simplified.svg/330px-MRAM-Cell-Simplified.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/MRAM-Cell-Simplified.svg/440px-MRAM-Cell-Simplified.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Structura simplificată a unei celule MRAM</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Magnetoresistive RAM</b>, sau <b>toggle MRAM</b>, <i>memorie magnetorezistivă</i>, utilizează proprietatea anumitor materiale care își schimbă rezistența electrică sub influența <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_magnetic" title="Câmp magnetic">câmpurilor magnetice</a>. Este utilizată o celulă magnetorezistentă pentru a stoca date și funcționează în mod similar cu un nucleu magnetic. Prototipul unei memorii MRAM a fost livrat în iunie 2004 de către firma <a href="/wiki/Infineon" title="Infineon">Infineon</a>. Prima variantă comercială a fost produsă de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Freescale_Semiconductors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freescale Semiconductors — pagină inexistentă">Freescale Semiconductors</a> la sfârșitul anului 2006. </p><p>Elemetul de memorie este de natură magnetică și nu electrică. Fiecare celulă este formată din două strate feromagnetice și un strat izolator. Unul dintre straturile feromagnetice este un magnet permanent în timp ce celălalt strat își poate schimba polaritatea în funcție de un câmp extern. Citirea datei dintr-o celulă se realizează prin măsurarea rezistenței electrice a fiecărei celule. Tipic, dacă cele două straturi feromagnetice au aceeași polaritate se consideră 0 iar dacă au polarități diferite se consideră 1. </p><p>Memoria MRAM are potențialul de a stoca datele la o densitate mare și de a avea un consum redus. Circuitele MRAM sunt foarte rapide, durata unui ciclu atât de scriere, cât și de citire, este de 35 ns. Un alt avantaj îl reprezintă posibilitatea unei stocări foarte îndelungate a informațiilor salvate, de minim 20 de ani.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Începând cu anul 2017, Everspin Technologies este singurul furnizor comercial de cipuri de memorie MRAM <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Datorită prețului ridicat, MRAM este utilizat în principal în sisteme industriale (controlerele logice programabile), pentru a preveni pierderea de date critice, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Point-of-sale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Point-of-sale — pagină inexistentă">point-of-sale</a>, <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>. Sunt de asemenea tot mai utilizate în industria aerospațială datorită fiabilității în condiții de stres termic sau sub acțiunea radiațiilor ionizante, cele care afectează aeronavele de croazieră la altitudini mari. <br />Se preconizează că memoriile MRAM vor înlocui memoria flash utilizată în mod obișnuit, mai ales cardurile SD (SecureDigital) și Compact Flash, deoarece sunt mai rapide și au o durată de viață mult mai mare. Alți producători, cum ar fi Intel, <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> și Samsung, au anunțat că vor investi în dezvoltarea și fabricarea MRAM ca memorie cache pentru procesor.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>STT-MRAM</b> (Spin-Transfer Torque MRAM) numită și STT-RAM sau uneori ST-MRAM și ST-RAM este un tip avansat de MRAM. STT-MRAM utilizează curenții cu <a href="/wiki/Spin_(fizic%C4%83)" title="Spin (fizică)">spin</a> polarizat pentru a se obține biți cu dimensiuni mai mici și consum redus de energie în comparație cu MRAM. Principala diferență dintre STT-MRAM și a MRAM convențional este doar în operațiunea de scriere, sistemul citire fiind același.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>VoCSM</b> (Voltage Control Spintronics Memory) este o memorie magnetică care combină <a href="/wiki/Efectul_Hall" title="Efectul Hall">efectul Hall</a> de spin (SHE) și Voltage Controlled Magnetic Anisotropy (VCMA). Are potențialul de a face MRAM să funcționeze mai repede.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PCRAM">PCRAM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: PCRAM" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: PCRAM"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Phase-change memory</b> cunoscute și sub denumirile PCM, PRAM, PCRAM, Ovonic Unified Memory, sau Chalcogenide RAM (C-RAM), se bazează pe proprietatea anumitor <a href="/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal">cristale</a> de <a href="/wiki/Calcogen" title="Calcogen">calcogen</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Sticl%C4%83_calcogenic%C4%83" title="Sticlă calcogenică">sticlă calcogenică</a> de a trece foarte repede dintr-o stare cristalină, ordonată, cu <a href="/wiki/Rezisten%C8%9B%C4%83_electric%C4%83" title="Rezistență electrică">rezistență electrică</a> mică, într-una amorfă, dezordonată, cu o rezistență electrică mare și invers în funcție de temperatura la care sunt supuse. Primul circuit multinivel a fost prezentat în februarie 2008 de <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> în colaborare cu <a href="/wiki/STMicroelectronics" title="STMicroelectronics">STMicroelectronics</a>. <br />Ulterior, cercetătorii au utilizat și alte materiale de schimbare a fazei în construcția memoriilor PCM, precum Ge<sub>2</sub>Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>5</sub> (GST) sau GeTe–Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>3</sub>. Schimbarea de la datele cristaline la cele amorfe (stocarea datelor) și de la amorf la cristalin (ștergerea datelor) este inițiată de impulsuri de lumină ultra-scurte. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forma amorfă cu rezistență electrică mare este utilizată pentru a materializa valoarea 0 în timp ce forma cristalină cu rezistență scăzută materializează valoarea 1. Timpul de modificare a stării este de 5 nanosecunde, comparabil cu cel al memoriilor DRAM (2 ns). <br />Proprietățile acestor materiale au fost studiate prima oară în anii 1960, totuși calitatea materialelor utilizate și consumul mare de putere au împiedicat până în prezent comercializarea tehnologiei. Versiunile cele mai noi realizate de firmele Intel și Microelectronics oferă chiar 4 stări distincte (o stare amorfă, una cristalină și două stări semicristaline) ceea ce dublează capacitatea de stocare a fiecărei celule. </p><p>Tehnologia este promițătoare în industriile aerospațiale și militare datorită deosebitei <a href="/wiki/Toleran%C8%9B%C4%83_tehnic%C4%83" title="Toleranță tehnică">toleranțe</a> la radiații și a unei anduranțe foarte bune.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RRAM">RRAM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: RRAM" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: RRAM"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:4DS_MOHJO_(TM).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/4DS_MOHJO_%28TM%29.jpg/220px-4DS_MOHJO_%28TM%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/4DS_MOHJO_%28TM%29.jpg/330px-4DS_MOHJO_%28TM%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/4DS_MOHJO_%28TM%29.jpg/440px-4DS_MOHJO_%28TM%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>Celulă RRAM și curba materialului dielectric</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Rezistive RAM</b>, <b>ReRAM</b> sau <b>RRAM</b>, este o tehnologie de memorie care pentru a stoca informațiile utilizează o schimbare controlată a rezistenței unui material dielectric (<a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">memristor</a>) în combinații cu materiale speciale. Tehnologia are unele asemănări cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=CBRAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CBRAM — pagină inexistentă">CBRAM</a> și PRAM. Celulele RRAM sunt de obicei implementate ca o celulă 1T1R (un tranzistor și un rezistor). Memoriile RRAM necesită curenți de programare mai mici decât memoriile MRAM sau PRAM fără a fi afectate celelalte caracteristici (viteza de scriere, anduranța, timpul de păstrare). O celulă de memorie RRAM poate consta dintr-o structură în trei straturi cu un comutator între doi electrozi. Mecanismul de comutare a rezistenței se bazează pe formarea unui filament în materialul de comutare când se aplică o tensiune între cei doi electrozi. <br />Există diferite abordări pentru implementarea tehnologiei ReRAM, bazate pe diferite materiale de comutare și organizarea celulelor de memorie. Aceste variabile determină diferențe semnificative de performanță în funcție de materialele de comutare utilizate.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exemple de materiale care prezintă efecte de comutare: <a href="/wiki/Oxid_de_nichel_(II)" title="Oxid de nichel (II)">oxid de nichel</a> (NiO), <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_titan" title="Dioxid de titan">dioxid de titan</a> (TiO<sub>2</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Perovskit" title="Perovskit">perovskit</a> (CaTiO<sub>3</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_siliciu" title="Dioxid de siliciu">dioxid de siliciu</a> (SiO<sub>2</sub> ), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioxid_de_hafniu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dioxid de hafniu — pagină inexistentă">dioxid de hafniu</a> (HfO<sub>2</sub>) etc. </p><p>Tehnologia RRAM este disponibilă pentru aplicații speciale de nișă: <a href="/wiki/Inteligen%C8%9B%C4%83_artificial%C4%83" title="Inteligență artificială">inteligență artificială</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_of_things&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet of things — pagină inexistentă">internet of things</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistem_%C3%AEnglobat" title="Sistem înglobat">sisteme înglobate</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centru_de_date&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centru de date — pagină inexistentă">centre de date</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alte_tehnologii">Alte tehnologii</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Alte tehnologii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Alte tehnologii"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Avantajele pe care le oferă tehnologiile nanostructurilor, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Nanotub_de_carbon" title="Nanotub de carbon">nanotuburile de carbon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanofir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanofir — pagină inexistentă">nanofirele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum dot">quantum dot</a>, sau pe bază de materiale organice (<a href="/wiki/Molecul%C4%83" title="Moleculă">molecule</a>, <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>) față de predecesorii lor pe bază de siliciu includ dimensiunea mică, viteza și densitatea. <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NRAM">NRAM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: NRAM" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: NRAM"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:NRAM_fabric.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NRAM_fabric.png/220px-NRAM_fabric.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NRAM_fabric.png/330px-NRAM_fabric.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NRAM_fabric.png/440px-NRAM_fabric.png 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Celulă NRAM și țesătură de nanotub de carbon</figcaption></figure> <p>Denumită și Nano-RAM este un tip de memorie NVRAM dezvoltată de compania Nantero bazată pe <a href="/wiki/Nanotub_de_carbon" title="Nanotub de carbon">nanotuburi de carbon</a> (CNT) care sunt integrate pe un cip de siliciu. Dimensiunea redusă a nanotuburilor (1/50.000 din diametrul unui fir de păr), permite circuite de memorii cu densitate foarte mare. Circuitele NRAM au un nivel ridicat de rezistență și toleranță la căldură, potrivite pentru aplicații din industria auto, militară, și aeronautică.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fiecare celulă NRAM constă din mai multe sute de nanotuburi de carbon depozitate între doi electrozi. Tensiunile de comutare aplicate între electrozi forțează tuburile să se conecteze sau să se deconecteze, ceea ce duce la o schimbare de rezistență corespunzătoare lui 1 și 0. </p><p>După ce a achiziționat licența Nantero în 2016, <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a> a început în 2019 producția de serie NRAM.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SONOS">SONOS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: SONOS" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: SONOS"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:SONOS_cell_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/SONOS_cell_structure.svg/220px-SONOS_cell_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/SONOS_cell_structure.svg/330px-SONOS_cell_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/SONOS_cell_structure.svg/440px-SONOS_cell_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Structura unei celule SONOS</figcaption></figure> <p>Memoriile SONOS (Silicon-Oxide-Nitride-Oxide-Silicon) sunt similare <a href="/wiki/Memorie_flash" title="Memorie flash">memoriilor flash</a> dar oferă un consum mai redus și un timp de viață mai lung. Principala diferență față de memoria flash curentă este că folosește <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrur%C4%83_de_siliciu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrură de siliciu — pagină inexistentă">nitrură de siliciu</a> (Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> ) în loc de polisilicon (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_policristalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon policristalin — pagină inexistentă">silicon policristalin</a>) ca material de stocare și permite un număr mai mare de cicluri de ștergere. Principiul a fost cunoscut din anii 1980 dar tehnologiile necesare nu au existat până de curând. </p><p>Companii care furnizează memorii SONOS includ, Cypress Semiconductor <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Macronix, UMC, Huahong Microelectronics, GlobalFoundries. Se au în vedere aplicații militatare și industria spațială datorită rezistenței deosebite la radiații. Un alt tip este SHINOS (Silicon-High Dielectric-Nitride-Oxid-Silicon).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milliped">Milliped</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Milliped" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Milliped"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> a demonstrat la <a href="/wiki/CeBIT" title="CeBIT">CeBIT</a> 2005 un prototip al unui dispozitiv de stocare numit <a href="/wiki/Diplopode" title="Diplopode">millipede</a> (numele provine de la cuvintele <a href="/wiki/Limba_latin%C4%83" title="Limba latină">latine</a> <i>mille</i> - mii și <i>ped</i> - picior). Anunțat încă din anul 2002, cipul combină tehnicile mai vechi de sisteme <a href="/wiki/MEMS" title="MEMS">MEMS</a> (micro-electro-mecanice) <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cu un <a href="/wiki/Microscop_de_for%C8%9B%C4%83_atomic%C4%83" title="Microscop de forță atomică">microscop de forță atomică</a> (AFM) și este dezvoltat în laboratorul de cercetare IBM din <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>. Cipul de memorie millipede de la IBM constituie o inovație atât în domeniul memoriei computerului, cât și al <a href="/wiki/Nanotehnologie" title="Nanotehnologie">nanotehnologiei</a> <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Teoretic, tehnologia millipede oferă densități de 1 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" title="Terabyte">terabyte</a> pe <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aol" title="Țol">țol</a><sup>2</sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:AFM_(used)_cantilever_in_Scanning_Electron_Microscope,_magnification_1000x.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/AFM_%28used%29_cantilever_in_Scanning_Electron_Microscope%2C_magnification_1000x.JPG/220px-AFM_%28used%29_cantilever_in_Scanning_Electron_Microscope%2C_magnification_1000x.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/AFM_%28used%29_cantilever_in_Scanning_Electron_Microscope%2C_magnification_1000x.JPG/330px-AFM_%28used%29_cantilever_in_Scanning_Electron_Microscope%2C_magnification_1000x.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/AFM_%28used%29_cantilever_in_Scanning_Electron_Microscope%2C_magnification_1000x.JPG/440px-AFM_%28used%29_cantilever_in_Scanning_Electron_Microscope%2C_magnification_1000x.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Cantilever cu vârf ascuțit</figcaption></figure> <p>Tehnologia millipede are la bază principiul <a href="/wiki/Cartel%C4%83_perforat%C4%83" title="Cartelă perforată">cartelei perforate</a>. Folosind un microscop de forță atomică și o rază <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>, un cantilever cu vârf ascuțit perforează mii de puncte microscopice de 10 <a href="/wiki/Nanometru" title="Nanometru">nm</a> într-o peliculă subțire de termoplastic. Fiecare dintre orificii reprezintă un singur <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a>. Pentru a crește rata de date, (viteza de scriere și citire), este folosită o întreagă matrice care are peste 4000 de astfel de vârfuri.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CBRAM">CBRAM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: CBRAM" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: CBRAM"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Conductive-bridging RAM</b> este un tip de NVRAM brevetat de Infineon Technologies în 2004. CBRAM conține <a href="/w/index.php?title=Programmable_metallization_cell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Programmable metallization cell — pagină inexistentă">Programmable metallization cell</a> (PMC), o tehnologie dezvoltată la <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a> și de compania Axon Technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> are o variantă numită "nanobridge", iar <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> "memorie electrolitică". PMC se bazează pe relocarea fizică a <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionilor</a> într-un <a href="/wiki/Electrolit" title="Electrolit">electrolit</a> solid. O celulă de memorie PMC este formată din doi electrozi din metal solid, unul relativ inert (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>) și celălalt activ electrochimic (argint sau cupru), cu un strat subțire de electrolit între ei. Un tranzistor de control poate fi, de asemenea, inclus în fiecare celulă.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racetrack">Racetrack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Racetrack" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Racetrack"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Memoria tip circuit de cursă</b> (<b>RM</b>) a fost propusă de Stuart Parkin de la IBM Almaden Research Center în anul 2002. Memoria stochează biți de date ca regiuni magnetizate pe nanofire sub forma unor circuite de cursă. Aceste regiuni sunt magnetizate și nevolatile, reinscriptibile ca cele de pe un HDD, iar cipul nu are nevoie de piese în mișcare mai mari decât un electron pentru a citi și a scrie biți, mărind astfel viteza și fiabilitatea dispozitivului. Biții se deplasează de-a lungul circuitului de cursă și trec prin fața unui cap de citire/scriere, fixat lângă nanofir.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3D_XPoint">3D XPoint</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: 3D XPoint" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: 3D XPoint"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:3D_XPoint.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/3D_XPoint.png/220px-3D_XPoint.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/3D_XPoint.png/330px-3D_XPoint.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/3D_XPoint.png/440px-3D_XPoint.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>Diagrama bloc a memoriei 3DXPoint</figcaption></figure> <p>3D XPoint este o tehnologie de memorie nevolatilă dezvoltată de Intel și Micron Technology lansată în iulie 2015. În anul 2018, Intel a lansat primul produs bazat pe această tehnologie, <i>Optane Memory M10</i>, de 128 GB.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>3D Xpoint funcționează prin folosirea unei arhitecturi ce unește coloane de memorie în construcții tridimensionale, prin intermediul unor fire perpendiculare ce permit adresarea lor fără utilizarea vreunui tranzistor. Acestă tehnologie permite o densitate de până la 10 ori mai mare și viteze de scriere și anduranță de 1000 de ori mai mari decât ce avem acum pe piață. Accesarea memoriei se face în segmente mult mai mici, fără a fi nevoie de ștergerea unor bucăți mari de memorie la fiecare modificare. <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HRAM">HRAM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: HRAM" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: HRAM"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Holographic random access memory</b>, memorie holografică sau stocare tridimensională de date, este o tehnologie nouă de stocare a datelor de mare capacitate, care folosește <a href="/wiki/Holografie" title="Holografie">holografia</a>. Informațiile binare sunt înregistrate în hologramă într-un suport de <a href="/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal">cristal</a> sau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotopolimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotopolimer — pagină inexistentă">fotopolimer</a> apoi citite de fascicule laser. Cercetări privind memoria holografică desfășoară companii precum IBM, <a href="/wiki/Rockwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockwell">Rockwell</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=InPhase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="InPhase — pagină inexistentă">InPhase</a>. În anul 2005 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Optware&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optware — pagină inexistentă">Optware</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxel — pagină inexistentă">Maxell</a> au produs un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holographic_Versatil_Disc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holographic Versatil Disc — pagină inexistentă">Holographic Versatil Disc</a> (HVD) cu diametrul de 120 mm cu strat holografic care are potențialul de stocare de 3,9 TB. <sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Memoria holografică este capabilă să stocheze 1TB-4TB de date, timp de acces de numai 2,4 ms, și rată de transfer de 10 GB/s. Spre deosebire de memoriile convenționale optice sau magnetice care utilizează numai suprafața pentru a stoca datele, sistemele holografice folosesc întregul volum pentru stocarea datelor. În plus, în timp ce suporturile convenționale înregistrează un bit de informație simultan, în mod liniar, tehnologia holografică permite să înregistreze și să citească milioane de biți în paralel, ceea ce conduce la rate de transfer de date mult mai mari.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplificator_opera%C8%9Bional" title="Amplificator operațional">Amplificator operațional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASIC" title="ASIC">ASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_integrat_analogic" title="Circuit integrat analogic">Circuit integrat analogic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_integrat_hibrid" title="Circuit integrat hibrid">Circuit integrat hibrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_logic_CMOS" title="Circuit logic CMOS">Circuit logic CMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Signal_Processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Signal Processor">Digital Signal Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EEPROM_Serial" title="EEPROM Serial">EEPROM Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FPGA" title="FPGA">FPGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(fizic%C4%83)" title="Spin (fizică)">Spin (fizică)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranzistor_bipolar" title="Tranzistor bipolar">Tranzistor bipolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranzistor_IGBT" title="Tranzistor IGBT">Tranzistor IGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranzistor_MOSFET" title="Tranzistor MOSFET">Tranzistor MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranzistor_unipolar" title="Tranzistor unipolar">Tranzistor unipolar</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referințe_și_note"><span id="Referin.C8.9Be_.C8.99i_note"></span>Referințe și note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifică secțiunea: Referințe și note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Referințe și note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cisco.ctcnvk.ro/RS1Romana/course/module6/6.3.1.3/6.3.1.3.html">Memoria Router-ului</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190615110528/http://cisco.ctcnvk.ro/RS1Romana/course/module6/6.3.1.3/6.3.1.3.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2019-06-15">15 iunie 2019</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. cisco.ctcnvk.ro</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.printertechs.com/printer-troubleshooting/339-nvram-initialization-hp-laserjets">NVRAM Initialization -- Clearing NVRAM on HP LaserJets</a> printertechs.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/n/nvram.htm">NVRAM</a> computerhope.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robotics.ucv.ro/robotics_old/curscin/pdf/FRAM.pdf">Circuite integrate numerice – Circuite de memorie FRAM</a><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup> robotics.ucv.ro</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eed.usv.ro/te_201/">Analiza fenomenelor induse de zgomot și fluctuații în nanodispozitive spintronice și semiconductoare</a> eed.usv.ro</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.everspin.com/toggle-mram-technology">Toggle MRAM Technology</a> everspin.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stiintaonline.ro/hard-disk-uri-si-memorii-mai-rapide-prin-utilizarea-dispozitivelor-spintronice/">Hard disk-uri și memorii mai rapide prin utilizarea dispozitivelor spintronice</a> stiintaonline.ro, Atsufumi Hirohata, 3 octombrie 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mram-info.com/stt-mram">STT-MRAM: Introduction and market status</a> mram-info.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8502420">High-Speed Voltage Control Spintronics Memory (VoCSM) Having Broad Design Windows</a> ieeexplore.ieee.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ro.encyclopediaz.com/surface-energy-driven-cubic-hexagonal-grain-growth-ge2sb2te5-thin-film-705727">Rapoarte științifice - 2020</a><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup> ro.encyclopediaz.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rum.topview-engineering.com/electrical-optical-properties-epitaxial-binary-582288">Proprietățile electrice și optice ale aliajelor epitaxiale binare și terestre gete-sb 2 te 3 - Rapoarte științifice - 2020</a><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup> rum.topview-engineering.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stiintaonline.ro/memoriile-cu-schimbare-de-faza-un-virus-biologic-a-fost-utilizat-pentru-a-mari-viteza-de-lucru-a-computerelor/">Memoriile cu schimbare de fază. Un virus biologic a fost utilizat pentru a mări viteza de lucru a computerelor!</a> stiintaonline.ro, decembrie 2018]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ro.nutecsciences.com/permanent-data-storage-with-light-22927">Stocarea permanentă a datelor cu lumină - Știință 2020</a><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup> ro.nutecsciences.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crossbar-inc.com/technology/reram-overview/">Crossbar ReRAM: Rethinking Simplicity</a> crossbar-inc.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.materialsfuture.eu/ro/%C3%AEnv%C4%83%C8%9Ba/encyclopedia/nanofire/">Nanofire - Materials Future</a> materialsfuture.eu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nantero.com/technology/">Technology - Advancements in Nanotechnology</a> nantero.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tomshardware.com/news/fujitsu-nram-nantero-carbon-nanotube,37437.html">Fujitsu Targets 2019 for NRAM Mass Production</a> tomshardware.com, Zhiye Liu, 2018-07-11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cypress.com/file/123341/download">Cypress SONOS Technology</a> cypress.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eetimes.com/advantages-of-sonos-memory-for-embedded-flash-technology/">Advantages of SONOS memory for embedded flash technology</a>, Krishnaswamy Ramkumar and Bo Jin, 09.29.2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~mihaib/articole/mems/mems-html.html">Discuri micro-electro-mecanice</a> cs.cmu.edu </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethw.org/IBMs_Millipede_Memory_Chip">IBMs Millipede Memory Chip</a> ethw.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://searchstorage.techtarget.com/definition/Millipede">Definition Millipede</a> searchstorage.techtarget.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.123seminarsonly.com/Seminar-Reports/012/46102379-Millipede-Memory-Technology.pdf">Millipede Memory Technology</a> 123Seminarsonly.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/programmable-metallization-cell-memory-based-on-ag-ge-s-and-cu-ge">Programmable metallization cell memory based on Ag-Ge-S and Cu-Ge-S solid electrolytes</a> asu.pure.elsevier.com, Michael Kozicki</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/59569/programmable-metallization-cell">Definition of: programmable metallization cell</a> pcmag.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eea-journal.ro/includes/showArticle.php?identificatorArticol=627">Racetrack: un nou tip de memorie - EEA Journal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803093913/https://www.eea-journal.ro/includes/showArticle.php?identificatorArticol=627">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2021-08-03">3 august 2021</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. eea-journal.ro</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anandtech.com/show/14437/intel-announces-optane-memory-m15-3d-xpoint-on-m2-pcie-30-x4">Intel Announces Optane Memory M15: 3D XPoint On M.2 PCIe 3.0 x4</a> anandtech.com, Billy Tallis, May 29, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture-and-technology/optane-memory.html">Intel® Optane™ Technology</a> intel.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.micron.com/products/advanced-solutions/3d-xpoint-technology">3D XPoint Technology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212145418/https://www.micron.com/products/advanced-solutions/3d-xpoint-technology">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2019-12-12">12 decembrie 2019</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. micron.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.games-arena.ro/2015/07/29/intel-si-micron-anunta-memoria-3d-xpoint/">Intel și Micron anunță memoria 3D Xpoint</a><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup> games-arena.ro</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gadget.ro/intel-si-micron-prezinta-un-nou-tip-de-memorie-non-volatila-3d-xpoint/">Intel și Micron prezintă un nou tip de memorie non-volatilă – 3D XPoint</a> gadget.ro, Darius Pană, 29.07.2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.utcluj.ro/resurse/Facultati/Instalatii/Holografia.pdf">Holografia și aplicațiile ei moderne</a> phys.utcluj.ro</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eletimes.com/holographic-information-storage-systems-all-you-need-to-know">Holographic Information Storage Systems: All You Need to Know. Are holographic storage systems the future of memory?</a> eletimes.com, May 21, 2018</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvmts2019.com/">Non-Volatile Memory Technology Symposium 2019</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190812162903/https://nvmts2019.com/">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2019-08-12">12 august 2019</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfm.asm.md/ftm/vol10nr1-2/1%20tehnologii%20moderne.pdf">Tehnologii moderne - nanofire și nanotuburi: tehnologii și perspective de utilizare</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409202759/http://sfm.asm.md/ftm/vol10nr1-2/1%20tehnologii%20moderne.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2018-04-09">9 aprilie 2018</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4182445/pdf/1556-276X-9-526.pdf">Overview of emerging nonvolatile memory technologies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meseec.ce.rit.edu/551-projects/fall2016/1-3.pdf">Alternative ram designs - RIT</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128232318/http://meseec.ce.rit.edu/551-projects/fall2016/1-3.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2021-11-28">28 noiembrie 2021</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elektronikbranche.ch/PDF/comparison%20of%20nvRAM.pdf">comparison of nvRAM</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://himadri.cmsdu.org/documents/Advances_Computer_Memory.pdf">Advances in Computer Random Access Memory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Betty Prince: <i>Emerging Memories. Technologies and Trends</i>, Springer US, 2002, ISBN:978-0-7923-7684-2</li> <li>Yoshio Nishi, Blanka Magyari-Kope: <i>Advances in Non-volatile Memory and Storage Technology</i>, Woodhead Publishing, 2019, ISBN:9780081025857</li> <li>Hans J. Coufal, Demetri Psaltis, Glenn T. Sincerbox: <i>Holographic Data Storage</i>, Springer, 2012, ISBN:9783540478645</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tipuri_de_memorii" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Format:Tipuri_de_memorii" title="Format:Tipuri de memorii"><abbr title="Vizualizează acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Tipuri_de_memorii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Tipuri de memorii — pagină inexistentă"><abbr title="Discută acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Tipuri_de_memorii&action=edit"><abbr title="Modifică acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">m</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tipuri_de_memorii" class="whiteText" style="font-size:100%;margin:0 4em">Tipuri de <a href="/wiki/Memoria_sistemelor_de_calcul" title="Memoria sistemelor de calcul">memorii</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memorie_volatil%C4%83" title="Memorie volatilă">Volatile</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width: 8em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Istorice</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width: auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memorie_cu_linie_de_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2rziere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memorie cu linie de întârziere — pagină inexistentă">Memorie cu linie de întârziere</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubul_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubul Williams — pagină inexistentă">Tubul Williams</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubul_Selectron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubul Selectron — pagină inexistentă">Tubul Selectron</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Memorie_DRAM" title="Memorie DRAM">DRAM</a> asincronă (<a href="/wiki/Memorie_DRAM#FPM_(Fast_Page_Mode)" title="Memorie DRAM">FPM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Memorie_DRAM#EDO_(Extended_Data_Out)" title="Memorie DRAM">EDO</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Memorie_DRAM#BEDO_(Burst_Extended_Data_Out)" title="Memorie DRAM">BEDO</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=RDRAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RDRAM — pagină inexistentă">RDRAM</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width: 8em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Actuale</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width: auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Memorie_cu_acces_aleator" title="Memorie cu acces aleator">RAM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Memorie_DRAM" title="Memorie DRAM">DRAM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/SRAM" title="SRAM">SRAM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=DPRAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DPRAM — pagină inexistentă">DPRAM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/VRAM" title="VRAM">VRAM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=EDRAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EDRAM — pagină inexistentă">EDRAM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=1T-SRAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1T-SRAM — pagină inexistentă">1T-SRAM</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width: 8em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">În dezvoltare</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width: auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Z-RAM" title="Z-RAM">Z-RAM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/T-RAM" title="T-RAM">T-RAM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=TT-RAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TT-RAM — pagină inexistentă">TT-RAM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/A-RAM" title="A-RAM">A-RAM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=ETA-RAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ETA-RAM — pagină inexistentă">ETA-RAM</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16786155">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:0 auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-group,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-even,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .whiteText{color:#fff}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important;background:transparent!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important;background:transparent!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memorie_nevolatil%C4%83" title="Memorie nevolatilă">Nevolatile</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width: 8em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Istorice</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width: auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Cartel%C4%83_perforat%C4%83" title="Cartelă perforată">Cartelă perforată</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=SmartMedia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SmartMedia — pagină inexistentă">SmartMedia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Dispozitiv_de_stocare_magnetic#Dispozitive_de_stocare_magnetice_analogice" title="Dispozitiv de stocare magnetic">Bandă magnetică</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platane_de_disc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platane de disc — pagină inexistentă">Platane de disc</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Dischet%C4%83" title="Dischetă">Dischetă</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Dispozitiv_de_stocare_magneto-optic" title="Dispozitiv de stocare magneto-optic">Disc magneto-optic</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unitate_Zip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitate Zip — pagină inexistentă">Unitate Zip</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memorie_cu_bule_magnetice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memorie cu bule magnetice — pagină inexistentă">Memorie cu bule magnetice</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memorie_cu_fir_placat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memorie cu fir placat — pagină inexistentă">Memorie cu fir placat</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Memorie_cu_ferite" title="Memorie cu ferite">Memorie cu ferite</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Band%C4%83_perforat%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandă perforată — pagină inexistentă">Bandă perforată</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Memorie_pe_tambur_magnetic" title="Memorie pe tambur magnetic">Tambur magnetic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width: 8em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Suport</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width: auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Band%C4%83_magnetic%C4%83" title="Bandă magnetică">Bandă magnetică</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Memorie_USB" title="Memorie USB">Memorie USB</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Card_de_memorie" title="Card de memorie">Card de memorie</a> (<a href="/wiki/CompactFlash" title="CompactFlash">CompactFlash</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/MultiMedia_Card" title="MultiMedia Card">MMC</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Memory_Stick" title="Memory Stick">Memory Stick</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital">SD</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Card_xD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Card xD — pagină inexistentă">xD</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/XQD" title="XQD">XQD</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Disc_dur" title="Disc dur">Disc dur</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Dispozitive_optice_de_stocare" title="Dispozitive optice de stocare">Disc optic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Disc_compact" title="Disc compact">CD</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray_Ultra-HD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blu-ray Ultra-HD — pagină inexistentă">Blu-ray Ultra-HD</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">HVD</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width: 8em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Tehnologii</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width: auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stocare_%C3%AEn_mas%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stocare în masă — pagină inexistentă">Stocare în masă</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Memorie_flash" title="Memorie flash">Memorie flash</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Memorie_ROM" title="Memorie ROM">ROM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/PROM" title="PROM">PROM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=UVPROM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UVPROM — pagină inexistentă">UVPROM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/SSD" class="mw-redirect" title="SSD">SSD</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  (<a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIM_(comand%C4%83_SSD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRIM (comandă SSD) — pagină inexistentă">TRIM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivelare_a_uzurii_(comand%C4%83_SSD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nivelare a uzurii (comandă SSD) — pagină inexistentă">Nivelare a uzurii</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/SSHD" title="SSHD">SSHD</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVM Express</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width: 8em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">În dezvoltare</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width: auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NVRAM</a> (<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#CBRAM">CBRAM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#FeRAM">FeRAM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Milliped">Millipede</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#MRAM">MRAM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#HRAM">Memorie holografică</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#NRAM">NRAM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#PCRAM">PRAM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#RRAM">RRAM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#3D_XPoint">3D XPoint</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=FJG_RAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FJG RAM — pagină inexistentă">FJG RAM</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#SONOS">SONOS</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Racetrack">Racetrack</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16786155" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16786155" />    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Adus de la <a dir="ltr" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&oldid=16722732">https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NVRAM&oldid=16722732</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categorii" title="Special:Categorii">Categorii</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Memorii_nevolatile" title="Categorie:Memorii nevolatile">Memorii nevolatile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Circuite_integrate" title="Categorie:Circuite integrate">Circuite integrate</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorii ascunse: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Categorie:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Pagini_cu_leg%C4%83turi_externe_nefunc%C8%9Bionale" title="Categorie:Pagini cu legături externe nefuncționale">Pagini cu legături externe nefuncționale</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Pagini_cu_note_flexibile_de_dimensiune_diferit%C4%83" title="Categorie:Pagini cu note flexibile de dimensiune diferită">Pagini cu note flexibile de dimensiune diferită</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> 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