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aria-label="Close dialog" tabindex="0"><i class="close" id="robot-toc-close"></i></div><span id="robot-toc-explore">Explore by:</span><div id="robot-toc-selectorWrapper"><select id="robot-toc-selector"><option value="sections">Sections</option><option value="questions">Questions</option><option value="robots">Robots</option></select><i id="robot-toc-downarrow"></i></div></div><div id="robot-toc-content"><div id="robot-toc-sections"><ul class="robot-toc-links"><li class="robot-toc-subheader">Part 1 – We Were Promised Rosie</li><li><a href="#section_intro-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="0">From Babybots to Humanoids</a></li><li><a href="#section_intro-slide_5" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="5">The Helper Robots of Our Sci-Fi Dreams</a></li><li><a href="#section_headline-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-headline" data-slide="-1">Where’s My Robot?</a></li><li class="robot-toc-subheader">Part 2 – The Robot Race Is On</li><li><a href="#section_part1a-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-part1a" data-slide="0">An Exciting Time for Robotics</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1a-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part1a" data-slide="3">The Top Humanoid Robots</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1b-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="1">They Work Hard, They Play Hard</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1b-slide_4" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="4">AI: Fuel for the Robot Explosion</a></li><li class="robot-toc-subheader">Part 3 – Time for Some Robot History</li><li><a href="#section_part2a-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="15">Roomba Roams in Millions of Homes</a></li><li><a href="#section_asimo-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-asimo" data-slide="-1">The Evolution of Asimo</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2b-slide_4" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="4">Why Build Robots That Resemble People?</a></li><li class="robot-toc-subheader">Part 4 – The Uncanny Valley</li><li><a href="#section_part2b-slide_8" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="8">That’s Creepy!</a></li><li><a href="#section_uncanny-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-uncanny" data-slide="0">Entering the Uncanny Valley</a></li><li><a href="#section_uncanny-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-uncanny" data-slide="3">The Uncanny Valley Chart</a></li><li class="robot-toc-subheader">Part 5 – Robot Hardware</li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="0">The Challenges of Building Humanoids</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="1">Sensors, Computers, Batteries</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_7" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="7">The Problem With Actuators</a></li><li class="robot-toc-subheader">Part 6 – AI for Robots</li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_14" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="14">The Software Side</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_17" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="17">Enter AI</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_21" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="21">AI Models for Robots</a></li><li class="robot-toc-subheader">Part 7 – The Future of Robots</li><li><a href="#section_part3-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="0">Are the Robots Coming?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part3-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="3">The Nothing’s-Changed Scenario</a></li><li><a href="#section_part3-slide_8" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="8">Not the Robots From the Movies</a></li><li><a href="#section_part3-slide_13" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="13">Our New AI Robots Are the Best</a></li><li class="robot-toc-subheader">Credits</li><li><a href="#section_team-slide_0" data-id="robot-credits-team" data-slide="-1"><em>IEEE Spectrum</em> Team</a></li><li><a href="#section_more-slide_0" data-id="robot-credits-more" data-slide="-1">More Robots</a></li><li><a href="#section_probe-slide_0" data-id="robot-credits-probe" data-slide="-1">To Probe Further</a></li><li><a href="#section_images-slide_0" data-id="robot-credits-images" data-slide="-1">Photo & Video Credits</a></li></ul></div><div id="robot-toc-questions"><ul class="robot-toc-links"><li class="robot-toc-subheader">Humanoid Robots</li><li><a href="#section_part1a-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part1a" data-slide="3">What are today’s most advanced humanoid robots?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2b-slide_4" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="4">Why do we try to make robots that resemble people?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1b-slide_9" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="9">What are humanoid robots used for?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1b-slide_10" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="10">What types of jobs are humanoids best suited for?</a></li><li><a href="#section_cards-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-cards" data-slide="-1">What are the top humanoid robot companies?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1a-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part1a" data-slide="3">Is Tesla building a humanoid robot?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1a-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part1a" data-slide="1">What is the most famous humanoid robot?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1b-slide_11" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="11">Are today’s humanoids safe for our homes?</a></li><li class="robot-toc-subheader">Robot History</li><li><a href="#section_part2a-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="0">What lessons can robot makers learn from Roomba?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2a-slide_8" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="8">When did Honda start developing Asimo?</a></li><li><a href="#section_asimo-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-asimo" data-slide="-1">How has Asimo evolved?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2b-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="3">When and why did Honda retire Asimo?</a></li><li class="robot-toc-subheader">Creepy Robots</li><li><a href="#section_part2b-slide_7" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="7">What is an example of a lifelike humanoid?</a></li><li><a href="#section_uncanny-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-uncanny" data-slide="1">What is the Uncanny Valley?</a></li><li><a href="#section_uncanny-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-uncanny" data-slide="2">Who came up with the Uncanny Valley idea?</a></li><li><a href="#section_uncanny-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-uncanny" data-slide="3">What is the Uncanny Valley chart?</a></li><li><a href="#section_uncanny-slide_9" data-id="robot-butler-uncanny" data-slide="9">What is the Uncanny Valley used for in robotics?</a></li><li class="robot-toc-subheader">Robot Hardware</li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="1">What hardware does a typical humanoid require?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="2">How are sensors used in a robot?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="3">How are computers used in a robot?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_4" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="4">How are batteries used in a robot?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_5" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="5">How are actuators used in a robot?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_7" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="7">What is the problem with current robot actuators?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_10" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="10">How many actuators does a humanoid need?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_11" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="11">How could we make actuators better?</a></li><li class="robot-toc-subheader">Robots and AI</li><li><a href="#section_part1b-slide_5" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="5">What is one of the hardest problems in robotics?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_15" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="15">What is the goal of a robot learning algorithm?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_18" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="18">Why has generative AI electrified robotics?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_19" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="19">What is the first step to develop AI for robots?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_21" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="21">Can you train AI models in simulation?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_22" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="22">Can AI finally “solve” robot learning?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_23" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="23">What could a general-purpose AI model for robots do?</a></li><li class="robot-toc-subheader">The Future of Robots</li><li><a href="#section_part3-slide_6" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="6">Where will humanoids be used first?</a></li><li><a href="#section_intro-slide_4" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="4">Should we worry about a robot uprising like in movies?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part3-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="1">Can we predict when humanoids will be in our homes?</a></li><li><a href="#section_part3-slide_10" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="10">If not humanoids, what robots could help with housework?</a></li></ul></div><div id="robot-toc-robots"><ul class="robot-toc-links"><li class="robot-toc-subheader">Robots (in alphabetical order)</li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="1">Aila showing its components</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2b-slide_9" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="9">Albert Hubo greeting people</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_12" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="12">AMBIDEX interacting with people and objects</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_22" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="22">Apollo making juice</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1b-slide_10" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="10">Apollo carrying boxes</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2b-slide_5" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="5">Armar holding a power drill</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2a-slide_7" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="7">Asimo daydreaming</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2b-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="0">Asimo running, hopping, and kicking a ball</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2b-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="1">Asimo taking a bow</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2b-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="2">Asimo balancing on one foot</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2b-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="3">Asimo waving goodbye</a></li><li><a href="#section_asimo-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-asimo" data-slide="-1">Asimo evolving from E and P series</a></li><li><a href="#section_part3-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="3">Astro facing forward</a></li><li><a href="#section_part3-slide_4" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="4">Astro spinning around</a></li><li><a href="#section_part3-slide_5" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="5">Astro looking at a dog</a></li><li><a href="#section_part3-slide_12" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="12">Atlas carrying plastic engine covers</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1a-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-part1a" data-slide="2">Atlas demonstrating its flexibility</a></li><li><a href="#section_intro-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="2">Atlas doing push-ups</a></li><li><a href="#section_part3-slide_7" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="7">Atlas HD dancing</a></li><li><a href="#section_intro-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="1">Atlas HD jumping over an obstacle</a></li><li><a href="#section_intro-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="2">Atlas HD doing backflips</a></li><li><a href="#section_intro-slide_4" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="4">Atlas HD stumbling and falling</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1a-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part1a" data-slide="1">Atlas HD jumping and carrying objects</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1b-slide_11" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="11">Atlas HD bumping into objects and falling</a></li><li><a href="#section_intro-slide_4" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="4">DARPA competition robots falling</a></li><li><a href="#section_part3-slide_6" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="6">Digit working in a warehouse</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1b-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="1">Digit carrying bins</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1a-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-part1a" data-slide="0">Digit waving hi</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_14" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="14">Digit navigating and finding bins</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_24" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="24">Digit removing a tray from the oven</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2a-slide_8" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="8">E Series learning to walk</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_15" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="15">Eve opening doors</a></li><li><a href="#section_part3-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="1">Eve standing and smiling</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1b-slide_4" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="4">Everyday Robot grasping toys</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1b-slide_12" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="12">Falcon 9 landing</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_24" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="24">Figure 01 using a coffeemaker</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1b-slide_9" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="9">Figure 02 handling factory parts</a></li><li><a href="#section_part3-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="2">Figure 02 moving its hands</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2b-slide_7" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="7">Geminoid HI-1 sitting next to Hiroshi Ishiguro</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_17" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="17">G1 manipulating a stick</a></li><li><a href="#section_intro-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="2">G1 cracking a walnut</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1b-slide_13" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="13">G1 holding a frying pan</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_10" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="10">G1 running</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1b-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="3">G1 showing off its flexibility</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1b-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="3">GR-1 standing up</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_13" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="13">Hand Arm System showing its cable system</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_16" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="16">HRP-2 falling backwards</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_11" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="11">H1 getting kicked</a></li><li><a href="#section_intro-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="0">iCub crawling</a></li><li><a href="#section_intro-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="2">Nadia boxing</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1b-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="0">Neo picking up a backpack</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2b-slide_6" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="6">Neo grabbing a shirt from a rack</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_24" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="24">Neo unloading a dishwasher</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1b-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="2">Optimus dancing</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1b-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="3">Optimus stretching</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_19" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="19">Optimus training with teleoperation</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1b-slide_6" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="6">Phoenix grasping cups</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_6" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="6">Phoenix showing its head sensors</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_20" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="20">Phoenix making a sandwich</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_23" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="23">π0 assembling boxes</a></li><li><a href="#section_part1b-slide_5" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="5">π0 folding clothes</a></li><li><a href="#section_part3-slide_10" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="10">π0 doing laundry</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2a-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="0">Roomba (first model) vacuuming a carpet</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2a-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="1">Roomba vacuuming popcorn</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2a-slide_4" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="4">Roomba vacuuming granola</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2a-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="2">Roomba going over thick carpet</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2a-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="3">Roomba and cat</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2a-slide_5" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="5">Rosie preparing a snack</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2a-slide_6" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="6">Rosie boiling sausages</a></li><li><a href="#section_part3-slide_8" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="8">Stretch stretching its arm</a></li><li><a href="#section_part3-slide_9" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="9">Stretch serving a drink</a></li><li><a href="#section_part3-slide_10" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="10">Stretch cleaning the kitchen</a></li><li><a href="#section_part3-slide_11" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="11">Stretch dog sitting</a></li><li class="robot-toc-subheader">Groups of Robots (in order of appearance)</li><li><a href="#section_part1a-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part1a" data-slide="3">Robot collage: today’s top humanoids</a></li><li><a href="#section_cards-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-cards" data-slide="-1">Robot cards: Apollo, Atlas, Digit, Figure, GR-1, H1, Neo, Tesla Robot Optimus, and Phoenix</a></li><li><a href="#section_uncanny-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-uncanny" data-slide="1">Creepy collage: lifelike humanoids</a></li><li><a href="#section_uncanny-slide_8" data-id="robot-butler-uncanny" data-slide="8">Uncanny Valley chart: Kuka, Asimo, and Albert Hubo</a></li><li><a href="#section_part2c-slide_21" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="21">AI simulation: Apollo, H1, and Digit learning to walk</a></li><li class="robot-toc-subheader">Sci-Fi Robots (in order of appearance)</li><li><a href="#section_intro-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="3">T-800 from “The Terminator”</a></li><li><a href="#section_intro-slide_7" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="7">Andrew from “Bicentennial Man”</a></li><li><a href="#section_intro-slide_8" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="8">Robot from “Sunny”</a></li><li><a href="#section_intro-slide_9" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="9">Humanoid from “Robot & Frank”</a></li><li><a href="#section_intro-slide_10" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="10">Rosie from “The Jetsons”</a></li><li><a href="#section_team-slide_0" data-id="robot-credits-team" data-slide="-1">C-3PO and R2-D2 from “Star Wars”</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="robotv2-roomba-slide" style="visibility:hidden;"><div id="robotv2-roomba-wrapper"><div id="robotv2-roomba-column-1"><img id="robotv2-roomba-image" src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/files/67738/roomba-800x800-0loss-750kB.gif" alt="Top view of a Roomba vacuum robot that is dark gray, has a button flashing green, and the word iRobot near the front bumper."/></div><div id="robotv2-roomba-column-2"><div id="robotv2-roomba-text-container"><p id="robotv2-roomba-text">Instead we got Roomba.</p></div></div><div id="robotv2-roomba-column-3"></div></div></div><div id="robot-butler-question" class="flourish-embed" data-src="story/2634819?606324"><script src="https://public.flourish.studio/resources/embed.js"></script></div><div id="robot-butler-headline" class="robot-huge-container proc containerHidden"><div class="robot-huge-content"><div class="robot-huge-rubric"><div class="all-related-sections fadein-element" style="padding: 0 0 32px 0;align-items: center;justify-content: center;"><a class="rm-stats-tracked" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/robotics/" style="text-decoration: unset;"> Robotics </a><a class="rm-stats-tracked" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/feature/" style="text-decoration: unset;"> Feature </a></div></div><div class="robot-huge-hed"><h1> Where’s My <span id="robot-huge-hed-robot">Robot?</span></h1></div><div class="robot-huge-dek fadein-element"><p>Here’s how we could finally build humanoid robots that do all our domestic chores</p></div><div class="robot-huge-byline fadein-element"><div class="robot-huge-authors"><p> By <a class="robot-huge-footer_author" target="_blank" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/u/erico-guizzo">Erico Guizzo</a> & <a class="robot-huge-footer_author" target="_blank" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/u/randi-klett">Randi Klett</a></p></div><div class="robot-huge-pubdate"><p>11 Nov 2024</p></div><div class="robot-huge-pubdate"><p>Updated 18 Nov 2024</p></div><div class="robot-huge-readtime"><p>12 MIN READ</p></div><div class="robot-huge-save like-button loaded rm-preact fadein-element" data-post-likes="2"><a class="like-btn unlike" href="javascript:;" aria-label="Save to read later"><i class="heart fa fa-heart"></i></a><span class="like-label"><span class="like-count">3</span></span></div></div><div class="robot-huge-share widget__shares share-panel fadein-element"><a aria-label="Share via Email" class="share share-popup share-email" data-track-share="Email" href="mailto:?subject=Where%27s%20My%20Robot%3F&body=https://spectrum.ieee.org/ai-robots" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><i aria-hidden="true" class="icons-share em fa fa-envelope"></i></a><a class="share share-copy-link rm-stats-tracked" data-clipboard-text="https://spectrum.ieee.org/ai-robots" href="javascript:void(0)" title="Copy this link to clipboard"><i class="icons-share" style="width: 60%"></i></a><a aria-label="Share on Twitter" class="share share-popup share-tw rm-stats-tracked" data-track-share="Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/ai-robots&text=Where%27s%20My%20Robot%3F&" rel="noopener 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id="robot-butler-part1a" class="flourish-embed" data-src="story/2627499?606324"><script src="https://public.flourish.studio/resources/embed.js"></script></div><div id="robot-butler-cards" class="flourish-embed flourish-cards" data-src="visualisation/19567359?606324"><script src="https://public.flourish.studio/resources/embed.js"></script></div><div id="robot-butler-part1b" class="flourish-embed" data-src="story/2635893?606324"><script src="https://public.flourish.studio/resources/embed.js"></script></div><div id="robot-butler-part2a" class="flourish-embed" data-src="story/2636530?606324"><script src="https://public.flourish.studio/resources/embed.js"></script></div><span id="robot-butler-asimo"></span><div id="asimo-wrapper"><div id="asimo-container"><div id="asimo-overlay" class="asimo-overlay">Click to see the evolution of Asimo</div><img id="asimo-cycleImage" src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168569&width=1200" alt="Sequence of 11 images showing Honda's humanoid efforts, which started with the E series of bipedal robots in the late 1980s, advanced through the 1990s with the P series, and culminated with its most advanced full-body humanoid, Asimo, in the 2000s."/></div></div><div id="robot-butler-part2b" class="flourish-embed" data-src="story/2662443?606324"><script src="https://public.flourish.studio/resources/embed.js"></script></div><div id="robot-butler-gradient"></div><div id="robot-butler-uncanny" class="flourish-embed" data-src="story/2636533?606324"><script src="https://public.flourish.studio/resources/embed.js"></script></div><div id="robot-butler-gradient-reverse"></div><div id="robot-butler-part2c" class="flourish-embed" data-src="story/2636583?606324"><script src="https://public.flourish.studio/resources/embed.js"></script></div><div id="robot-butler-part3" class="flourish-embed" data-src="story/2636600?606324"><script src="https://public.flourish.studio/resources/embed.js"></script></div><span id="robot-butler-credits"></span><div id="robotv2-roomba2-slide" style="visibility:hidden;"><div id="robotv2-roomba2-wrapper"><div id="robotv2-roomba2-column-1"><img id="robotv2-roomba2-image" src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/files/67738/roomba-800x800-0loss-750kB.gif" alt="Top view of a Roomba vacuum robot that is dark gray, has a button flashing green, and the word iRobot near the front bumper."/></div><div id="robotv2-roomba2-column-2"><div id="robotv2-roomba2-text-container"><p id="robotv2-roomba2-text">Thanks for scrolling!</p></div></div><div id="robotv2-roomba2-column-3"></div></div></div><span id="robot-butler-team"></span><div id="robot-credits-container" class="containerHidden"><div id="robot-credits-humans" class="robot-credits-content"><div class="robot-credits-wrapper"><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Concept & Text/Media</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Erico Guizzo & Randi Klett</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Development</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Erico Guizzo & Erik Vrielink</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Additional Reporting</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Evan Ackerman</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Special Issue Editor</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Eliza Strickland</p></div><div class="robot-credits-group"><div class="robot-credits-editors" style="order:1;"><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Executive Editor</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Jean Kumagai</p></div></div><div class="robot-credits-editors" style="order:3;"><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Creative Director</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Mark Montgomery</p></div></div><div class="robot-credits-editors" style="order:2;"><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Editor in Chief</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Harry Goldstein</p></div></div></div><div class="robot-droids-header"><span id="robot-droids-link" role="button" aria-label="Open hidden image" tabindex="0"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="white" class="robot-droids-boticon" viewbox="0 0 20 18"><path d="M19.352 8.06514H17.8569L17.857 4.67485C17.857 4.33789 17.5832 4.04308 17.2252 4.04308H11.0974V1.11606C11.0974 0.50546 10.6132 0 9.98139 0C9.37079 0 8.86533 0.505422 8.86533 1.11606V4.04308H2.73754C2.37958 4.04308 2.10577 4.33788 2.10577 4.67485V8.06514H0.631769C0.273807 8.06514 0 8.35994 0 8.69691V13.3507C0 13.7086 0.273795 13.9824 0.631769 13.9824H2.10577V17.3727C2.10577 17.7097 2.37957 18.0045 2.73754 18.0045H17.2463C17.5833 18.0045 17.8781 17.7307 17.8781 17.3727V14.0033H19.3732C19.7102 14.0033 20.005 13.7295 20.005 13.3715L20.0049 8.69672C19.9839 8.35976 19.6891 8.06495 19.3521 8.06495L19.352 8.06514ZM4.92751 8.80208C4.92751 7.83335 5.7066 7.05429 6.67529 7.05429C7.64399 7.05429 8.42308 7.83339 8.42308 8.80208C8.42308 9.77081 7.64399 10.5499 6.67529 10.5499C5.70656 10.5289 4.92751 9.77077 4.92751 8.80208ZM13.4138 14.6772C13.4138 15.0141 13.14 15.3089 12.782 15.3089H7.15958C6.82263 15.3089 6.52782 15.0141 6.52782 14.6772V13.9823C6.52782 13.6453 6.82262 13.3505 7.15958 13.3505H12.782C13.1189 13.3505 13.4138 13.6453 13.4138 13.9823V14.6772ZM13.2874 10.5288C12.3187 10.5288 11.5396 9.74972 11.5396 8.78102C11.5396 7.81229 12.3187 7.03323 13.2874 7.03323C14.2561 7.03323 15.0352 7.81233 15.0352 8.78102C15.0351 9.77074 14.256 10.5288 13.2874 10.5288Z"></path></svg></span></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Special Thanks</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>To all robot makers and researchers who kindly helped us with information and materials, and allowed us to feature their amazing projects here.</p></div></div></div><div id="robot-droids-container"><img id="robot-droids-image" src="https://assets.rbl.ms/54455475/origin.png" alt="C-3PO and R2-D2 droids from Star Wars, with C-3PO speech bubble saying 'Ah, humanoid robots are truly remarkable if I do say so myself,' and R2-D2 speech bubble replying 'Beep beep boop' with an asterisk, with the asterisk providing a translation that says 'Yes, but who saved the galaxy?'."/></div><div id="robot-droids-overlay"></div><span id="robot-butler-more"></span><div id="robot-credits-more" class="robot-credits-content"><div class="robot-credits-wrapper"><div class="robot-credits-header"><h3>More Robots</h3></div><div class="robot-credits-role"></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p> Learn more about the robots and technologies featured in this story, most of which you can find on <em>IEEE Spectrum’s</em><a href="https://robotsguide.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Robots Guide</a>. <em>In order of appearance:</em><a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/icub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">iCub</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/atlas2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Atlas HD</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/atlas" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Atlas</a>, <a href="https://robots.ihmc.us/nadia" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Nadia</a>, <a href="https://www.unitree.com/g1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">G1</a>, <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/darpa-robotics-challenge-drc-finals-know-your-robots" target="_self">Florian</a>, <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/darpa-robotics-challenge-drc-finals-know-your-robots" target="_self">Hercules</a>, <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/darpa-robotics-challenge-drc-finals-know-your-robots" target="_self">Johnny 05</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/roomba" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Roomba</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/digit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Digit</a>, <a href="https://www.tesla.com/en_eu/AI" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Optimus</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/valkyrie" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Valkyrie</a>, <a href="https://www.ubtrobot.com/en/humanoid/products/WalkerS1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Walker S1</a>, <a href="https://global.toyota/en/detail/19666346" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">T-HR3</a>, <a href="https://www.1x.tech/neo" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Neo</a>, <a href="https://www.sanctuary.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Phoenix</a>, <a href="https://apptronik.com/apollo" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Apollo</a>, <a href="https://www.fftai.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GR-1</a>, <a href="https://www.unitree.com/h1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">H1</a>, <a href="https://www.figure.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Figure 02</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/gitai" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Gitai G1</a>, <a href="https://x.company/projects/everyday-robots/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Everyday Robot</a>, <a href="https://www.physicalintelligence.company/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">π0/Physical Intelligence</a>, <a href="https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/falcon-9/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Falcon 9</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/rosie" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Rosie</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/asimo" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Asimo</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_E_series" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">E Series</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/armar" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Armar</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/geminoidhi1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Geminoid HI-1</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/alberthubo" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Albert Hubo</a>, <a href="https://www.hansonrobotics.com/philip-k-dick/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Philip K. Dick</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/sophia" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sophia</a>, <a href="https://engineeredarts.co.uk/robot/ameca/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Ameca</a>, <a href="https://www.hansonrobotics.com/han/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Han</a>, <a href="https://www.exrobots.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">EXRobots</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/cb2" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">CB2</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/telenoid" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Telenoid</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/erica" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Erica</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/titan" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Titan</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/aila" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Aila</a>, <a href="https://www.robotis.us/dynamixel-y/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> ROBOTIS Dynamixel-Y</a>, <a href="https://www.maxongroup.com/en-us/market-solutions/mobility-solutions/robotics" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Maxon HEJ 90-48-140</a>, <a href="https://www.naverlabs.com/en/ambidex" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">AMBIDEX</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/handarmsystem" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Hand Arm System</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/eve" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Eve</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/robotiq" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Robotiq</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/hrp2" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">HRP-2</a>, <a href="https://robotics-transformer-x.github.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Open X-Embodiment Project</a>, <a href="https://developer.nvidia.com/project-gr00t" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NVIDIA Project GR00T</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/figure" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Figure 01</a>, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Introducing-Amazon-Astro/dp/B078NSDFSB" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Astro</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/stretch" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Stretch</a>. </p></div></div></div><span id="robot-butler-probe"></span><div id="robot-credits-probe" class="robot-credits-content"><div class="robot-credits-wrapper"><div class="robot-credits-header"><h3>To Probe Further</h3></div><div class="robot-credits-role"></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>This story is part of <em>IEEE Spectrum</em>’s “<a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/reinventing-invention/" target="_blank">Reinventing Invention</a>” special issue, in which we highlight both the creative act and the grindingly hard engineering work required to turn an idea into something world changing. As <em>Spectrum</em> celebrates 60 years of publication this year, we take you behind the scenes of some awe-inspiring projects to reveal how technology is being made—and remade—in our time.</p><p>For a complete picture of state-of-the-art humanoid robotics today and the companies competing to build the best bot, see this feature article by <em>Spectrum</em> robotics editor Evan Ackerman: “<a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/humanoid-robots" target="_self">Humanoid Robots Are Getting to Work</a>.”</p><p>University of California, Berkeley, roboticist Ken Goldberg delivers an insightful TED Talk about the science and engineering challenges of bringing humanoid helpers into the real world: “<a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/ken_goldberg_why_don_t_we_have_better_robots_yet?subtitle=en" target="_blank">Why don’t we have better robots yet?</a>”</p><p>In this excellent “Huge If True” episode, Cleo Abram reveals how Boston Dynamics’ Atlas robot works, and the challenges it and other robots face to break free from their lab confines: “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nAgTgwak7ME" target="_blank">I Challenged Boston Dynamics’ Famous Atlas Robot</a>.”</p><p>Sci-fi robots have long captured our imaginations. Featured in this story, T-800 from “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Terminator" target="_blank">The Terminator</a>” (1984), the android Andrew from “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicentennial_Man_(film)" target="_blank">Bicentennial Man</a>” (1999), Rosie from “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jetsons" target="_blank">The Jetsons</a>” (1962–1963), and C-3PO and R2-D2 from “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars" target="_blank">Star Wars</a>” (1977) are all well known. We also feature two lesser-known but fascinating robots: the cheerful domestic bot Sunny from the Apple TV+ show “<a href="https://tv.apple.com/us/show/sunny/umc.cmc.7c5t9dde8dxoaxwyl5rkuw38p" target="_blank">Sunny</a>,” and the Asimo-look-alike humanoid from the comedy-drama film “<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1990314/" target="_blank">Robot & Frank</a>” (2012).</p><p>For more on creepy robots, read our <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/what-is-the-uncanny-valley" target="_blank">Uncanny Valley explainer</a>, as well as Masahiro Mori’s <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-uncanny-valley" target="_blank">original “The Uncanny Valley” essay</a>, which <em>Spectrum</em> published in 2012 as the first English translation authorized by Mori, in collaboration with the <a href="https://www.ieee-ras.org/publications/ram" target="_blank">IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine</a>. Read also our <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/hiroshi-ishiguro-the-man-who-made-a-copy-of-himself" target="_blank">profile of Japanese roboticist Hiroshi Ishiguro</a>, who has created a series of lifelike robots, including <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/geminoidhi1" target="_blank">an android copy of himself</a>.</p></div></div></div><span id="robot-butler-images"></span><div id="robot-credits-images" class="robot-credits-content"><div class="robot-credits-wrapper"><div class="robot-credits-header"><h3>Photo & Video Credits</h3></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Intro</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>iCub crawling: Alessandro Albert; Atlas HD running: Bob O’Connor; Atlas pushups: Boston Dynamics; Nadia boxing: IHMC; G1 nutcracker: Unitree Robotics; Atlas HD backflipping: Boston Dynamics; Terminator: Pictorial Press/Alamy; Florian, Hercules, Johnny 05 falling: DARPA; Atlas falling: Boston Dynamics; Helper robot with tray: Getty Images; Helper robot dusting: iStock; Bicentennial Man: Columbia Pictures/Maximum Film/Alamy; Sunny: Apple; Robot & Frank: Photo12/Alamy; Rosie: Mary Evans/AF Archive/Everett Collection; Roomba moving: iRobot</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>New Humanoids</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Digit waving: Agility Robotics; Atlas HD acrobatic: Boston Dynamics; Atlas contortionist: Boston Dynamics</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Robot Collage</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p><em>Clockwise from top left:</em> Nadia: IHMC; Valkyrie: NASA; Optimus: Tesla; Atlas: Boston Dynamics; Digit: Agility Robotics; Walker S1: UBTECH; T-HR3: Toyota; Neo: 1X Technologies; Phoenix: Sanctuary AI; Apollo: Apptronik; GR-1: Fourier; H1: Unitree Robotics; Figure 02: Figure; G1: Gitai</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Robot Cards</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Apollo: Apptronik; Atlas: Boston Dynamics; Digit: Agility Robotics; Figure 02: Figure; GR-1: Fourier; H1: Unitree Robotics; Neo: 1X Technologies; Optimus: Tesla; Phoenix: Sanctuary AI</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>New Skills</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Neo backpack: 1X Technologies; Digits warehouse: Agility Robotics; Optimus dancing: Tesla; Optimus yoga: Tesla; G1 getting up: Unitree Robotics; GR-1 getting up: Fourier; Everyday Robot: Open X-Embodiment Collaboration; π0 folding clothes: Physical Intelligence; Phoenix grasping: Sanctuary AI; Phoenix sandwich: Sanctuary AI</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Factories First</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Figure 02 factory: Figure; Apollo conveyor: Apptronik; Atlas HD mess: Boston Dynamics; Falcon 9 landing: SpaceX; G1 frying pan: Unitree Robotics </p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Robot History</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Roomba first model: Douglas McFadd/Getty Images; Roomba bottom view: iRobot; Roomba thick carpet: iRobot; Roomba cat: iStock; Roomba nuts: iRobot; Rosie crepes: Kurt Fuchs/CoTeSys; Rosie pretzels: Michael Memminger/CoTeSys; Asimo dreamy: Honda; E Series walking: Honda; Evolution of Asimo: Honda; Asimo demo: Honda; Asimo proud: Honda; Asimo balancing: Honda; Asimo bye: Honda; Armar with drill: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Neo shirt: 1X Technologies</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Uncanny</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Geminoid HI-1 and human: ATR Hiroshi Ishiguro Laboratories; Creepy heads: Anadolu Agency/Getty Images; Alberto Hubo: Seung-il Ryu/Nur Photo/Getty Images. <em>Uncanny Valley collage:</em> Clockwise from top left: Philip K. Dick: Vaughn Ridley/Sportsfile for Web Summit/Getty Images; Sophia: Sopa Images/Alamy; Ameca: Johannes Simon/Getty Images; Han: Nora Tam/South China Morning Post/Getty Images; EX Robot: Pedro Pardo/AFP/Getty Images; CB2: Yoshikazu Tsuno/AFP/Getty Images; Geminoid HI-5: Osaka University; Telenoid: Osaka University and ATR Hiroshi Ishiguro Laboratories; Erica: JST ERATO ISHIGURO Symbiotic Human-Robot Interaction Project. <em>Uncanny Valley chart:</em> Titan: Kuka; Asimo: Honda; Albert Hubo: Seung-il Ryu/Nur Photo/Getty Images; Einstein: Library of Congress</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Robot Hardware</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Aila: DFKI; Phoenix sensors: Sanctuary AI; Actuator on hand: David Mareuil/Anadolu/Getty Images; Actuator exploded: ROBOTIS; Actuator silver: Maxon; G1 x-ray: Unitree Robotics; H1 kicked: Unitree Robotics; Ambidex demo: Naver Labs; Hand Arm System: DLR</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Robot Software</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Digit 3D vision: Agility Robotics; Eve door opening: 1X Technologies; HRP-2 falling back: DARPA; G1 stick: Unitree Robotics; AI collage: Open-X Embodiment Collaboration/Google Deepmind; Optimus training: Tesla; Phoenix sandwich making: Sanctuary AI; GR00T simulation: NVIDIA; Apollo juice teleoperation: Apptronik; π0 robot foundation model: Physical Intelligence; Neo dishwasher: 1X Technologies; Figure 01 coffee maker: Figure; Digit baker: Agility Robotics</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Futures</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Eve with maker: 1X Technologies; Figure 02 fingers: Figure; Astro looking: Amazon; Astro spinning: Amazon; Astro and dog: Amazon; Atlas HD dance: Boston Dynamics; Digits with bins: Agility Robotics; Stretch stretched: Hello Robot; Stretch serving drink: Hello Robot; π0 laundry: Physical Intelligence; Stretch kitchen: Hello Robot; Stretch dogs: Hello Robot; Atlas working: Boston Dynamics; Helper robot cooking: iStock; Helper robot dishwashing and ironing: Getty Images; Three Rosies: Mary Evans/AF Archive/Everett Collection</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Credits</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Roomba: iRobot; C-3PO: Vince Bucci/Getty Images; R2-D2: Collection Christophel/Alamy</p></div></div></div></div></article></div></div><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span><div class="mb-2 scrolly-post-body" id="sRobot_Scrolly_Post_0_0_21_0_0_1_16"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="None" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="current_post" data-source-type="current_post" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="false" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sRobot_Scrolly_Post_0_0_21_0_0_1_16" data-attr-layout_quality="1" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[robot_scrolly_post]/abtests/abtest[1]/element_wrapper[1]/posts-" data-attr-source_url="current_post" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-limit="1" data-attr-show_full_post_body="true" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-element_classes="scrolly-post-body" data-attr-all_element_order="" data-attr-layout_remove_image="true" data-attr-filters="section,post_body_pager" data-attr-section_url="" data-attr-source="" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-is_current_post="true"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget post-partial tag-humanoid-robots tag-mobile-manipulators tag-robot-butler tag-ai-robots tag-boston-dynamics tag-tesla post-section--topic/robotics" data-category="Robotics"><article elid="2669273474" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2669273474" data-category="Robotics"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__head"></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669273474" class="post-context post-context-2669273474"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Erico Guizzo, Randi Klett","11":2669273474,"7":"humanoid robots, mobile manipulators, robot butler, ai robots, boston dynamics, tesla","10":"ai robots","6":"robotics","8":"11/11/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2669273474, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 497728259, 539626628, 2241528964, 2266693161, 544169516, 544169517, 539266128, 539633585, 554864534, 2241528953], "authors": [20366475, 20372186], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div></div><div class="robot-scrolly-noscript" id="sRobot_Scrolly_Post_0_0_21_0_0_2"><noscript><style> .main, .all-content-wrapper { background-color: #ecece9 !important; 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} .accordion > input[type="checkbox"]:checked ~ .content { height: auto; overflow: visible; } .accordion label { display: block; } </style></noscript><noscript><h1 class="robots-noscript-headline">Where’s My Robot?</h1><p class="robots-noscript-subheadline">Here’s how we could finally build humanoid robots that do all our domestic chores</p><p class="robots-noscript-authors">By Erico Guizzo & Randi Klett</p><p class="robots-noscript-pubdate">Published 11/11/2024 - Updated 11/18/2024</p><hr/><p class="robots-noscript-text">This is a non-interactive version of our story “Where’s My Robot?” — it includes all text, images, and videos (note that videos have no audio).</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">This story is part of <em>IEEE Spectrum</em>’s “<a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/reinventing-invention/" target="_blank">Reinventing Invention</a>” special issue.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/ai-robots" target="_blank">See the interactive version on our site by using a browser with JavaScript enabled →</a></p><hr/><figure class="robots-noscript-figure robots-noscript-lead-image"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/homepage-2-jpg.jpg?id=54170090&width=1200" alt="The robot helper Rosie from the TV show The Jetsons appears next to a group of advanced AI robots consisting of Neo from 1X Technologies, Apollo from Apptronik, Figure 02 from Figure AI, Phoenix from Sanctuary AI, Optimus from Tesla, and Atlas from Boston Dynamics."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">A new generation of advanced AI-powered humanoid robots that includes Neo from 1X Technologies, Apollo from Apptronik, Figure 02 from Figure AI, Phoenix from Sanctuary AI, Optimus from Tesla, and Atlas from Boston Dynamics is bringing us closer to the home robot helpers of our sci-fi dreams. What breakthroughs in AI and robot hardware could finally turn an autonomous robot assistant that do all our domestic chores, like Rosie from The Jetsons, into reality?</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">IEEE Spectrum</span></figcaption></figure><div id="explore-by"><h2>Explore by...</h2><section class="accordion"><input type="checkbox" name="collapse" id="handle1"/><h3 class="handle"><label for="handle1">Sections</label></h3><div class="content"><p><strong>Part 1 – We Were Promised Rosie</strong></p><p><a href="#section_intro-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="0">From Babybots to Humanoids</a></p><p><a href="#section_intro-slide_5" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="5">The Helper Robots of Our Sci-Fi Dreams</a></p><p><a href="#section_headline-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-headline" data-slide="-1">Where’s My Robot?</a></p><br/><p><strong>Part 2 – The Robot Race Is On</strong></p><p><a href="#section_part1a-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-part1a" data-slide="0">An Exciting Time for Robotics</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1a-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part1a" data-slide="3">The Top Humanoid Robots</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1b-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="1">They Work Hard, They Play Hard</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1b-slide_4" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="4">AI: Fuel for the Robot Explosion</a></p><br/><p><strong>Part 3 – Time for Some Robot History</strong></p><p><a href="#section_part2a-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="15">Roomba Roams in Millions of Homes</a></p><p><a href="#section_asimo-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-asimo" data-slide="-1">The Evolution of Asimo</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2b-slide_4" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="4">Why Build Robots That Resemble People?</a></p><br/><p><strong>Part 4 – The Uncanny Valley</strong></p><p><a href="#section_part2b-slide_8" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="8">That’s Creepy!</a></p><p><a href="#section_uncanny-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-uncanny" data-slide="0">Entering the Uncanny Valley</a></p><p><a href="#section_uncanny-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-uncanny" data-slide="3">The Uncanny Valley Chart</a></p><br/><p><strong>Part 5 – Robot Hardware</strong></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="0">The Challenges of Building Humanoids</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="1">Sensors, Computers, Batteries</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_7" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="7">The Problem With Actuators</a></p><br/><p><strong>Part 6 – AI for Robots</strong></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_14" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="14">The Software Side</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_17" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="17">Enter AI</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_21" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="21">AI Models for Robots</a></p><br/><p><strong>Part 7 – The Future of Robots</strong></p><p><a href="#section_part3-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="0">Are the Robots Coming?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part3-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="3">The Nothing’s-Changed Scenario</a></p><p><a href="#section_part3-slide_8" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="8">Not the Robots From the Movies</a></p><p><a href="#section_part3-slide_13" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="13">Our New AI Robots Are the Best</a></p><br/><p><strong>Credits</strong></p><p><a href="#section_team-slide_0" data-id="robot-credits-team" data-slide="-1"><em>IEEE Spectrum</em> Team</a></p><p><a href="#section_more-slide_0" data-id="robot-credits-more" data-slide="-1">More Robots</a></p><p><a href="#section_probe-slide_0" data-id="robot-credits-probe" data-slide="-1">To Probe Further</a></p><p><a href="#section_images-slide_0" data-id="robot-credits-images" data-slide="-1">Photo & Video Credits</a></p></div></section><section class="accordion"><input type="checkbox" name="collapse2" id="handle2"/><h3 class="handle"><label for="handle2">Questions</label></h3><div class="content"><p><strong>Humanoid Robots</strong></p><p><a href="#section_part1a-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part1a" data-slide="3">What are today’s most advanced humanoid robots?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2b-slide_4" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="4">Why do we try to make robots that resemble people?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1b-slide_9" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="9">What are humanoid robots used for?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1b-slide_10" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="10">What types of jobs are humanoids best suited for?</a></p><p><a href="#section_cards-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-cards" data-slide="-1">What are the top humanoid robot companies?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1a-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part1a" data-slide="3">Is Tesla building a humanoid robot?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1a-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part1a" data-slide="1">What is the most famous humanoid robot?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1b-slide_11" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="11">Are today’s humanoids safe for our homes?</a></p><br/><p><strong>Robot History</strong></p><p><a href="#section_part2a-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="0">What lessons can robot makers learn from Roomba?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2a-slide_8" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="8">When did Honda start developing Asimo?</a></p><p><a href="#section_asimo-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-asimo" data-slide="-1">How has Asimo evolved?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2b-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="3">When and why did Honda retire Asimo?</a></p><br/><p><strong>Creepy Robots</strong></p><p><a href="#section_part2b-slide_7" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="7">What is an example of a lifelike humanoid?</a></p><p><a href="#section_uncanny-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-uncanny" data-slide="1">What is the Uncanny Valley?</a></p><p><a href="#section_uncanny-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-uncanny" data-slide="2">Who came up with the Uncanny Valley idea?</a></p><p><a href="#section_uncanny-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-uncanny" data-slide="3">What is the Uncanny Valley chart?</a></p><p><a href="#section_uncanny-slide_9" data-id="robot-butler-uncanny" data-slide="9">What is the Uncanny Valley used for in robotics?</a></p><br/><p><strong>Robot Hardware</strong></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="1">What hardware does a typical humanoid require?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="2">How are sensors used in a robot?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="3">How are computers used in a robot?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_4" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="4">How are batteries used in a robot?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_5" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="5">How are actuators used in a robot?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_7" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="7">What is the problem with current robot actuators?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_10" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="10">How many actuators does a humanoid need?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_11" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="11">How could we make actuators better?</a></p><br/><p><strong>Robots and AI</strong></p><p><a href="#section_part1b-slide_5" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="5">What is one of the hardest problems in robotics?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_15" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="15">What is the goal of a robot learning algorithm?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_18" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="18">Why has generative AI electrified robotics?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_19" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="19">What is the first step to develop AI for robots?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_21" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="21">Can you train AI models in simulation?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_22" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="22">Can AI finally “solve” robot learning?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_23" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="23">What could a general-purpose AI model for robots do?</a></p><br/><p><strong>The Future of Robots</strong></p><p><a href="#section_part3-slide_6" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="6">Where will humanoids be used first?</a></p><p><a href="#section_intro-slide_4" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="4">Should we worry about a robot uprising like in movies?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part3-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="1">Can we predict when humanoids will be in our homes?</a></p><p><a href="#section_part3-slide_10" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="10">If not humanoids, what robots could help with housework?</a></p></div></section><section class="accordion"><input type="checkbox" name="collapse2" id="handle3"/><h3 class="handle"><label for="handle3">Robots</label></h3><div class="content"><p><strong>Robots (in alphabetical order)</strong></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="1">Aila showing its components</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2b-slide_9" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="9">Albert Hubo greeting people</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_12" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="12">AMBIDEX interacting with people and objects</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_22" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="22">Apollo making juice</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1b-slide_10" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="10">Apollo carrying boxes</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2b-slide_5" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="5">Armar holding a power drill</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2a-slide_7" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="7">Asimo daydreaming</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2b-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="0">Asimo running, hopping, and kicking a ball</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2b-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="1">Asimo taking a bow</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2b-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="2">Asimo balancing on one foot</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2b-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="3">Asimo waving goodbye</a></p><p><a href="#section_asimo-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-asimo" data-slide="-1">Asimo evolving from E and P series</a></p><p><a href="#section_part3-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="3">Astro facing forward</a></p><p><a href="#section_part3-slide_4" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="4">Astro spinning around</a></p><p><a href="#section_part3-slide_5" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="5">Astro looking at a dog</a></p><p><a href="#section_part3-slide_12" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="12">Atlas carrying plastic engine covers</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1a-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-part1a" data-slide="2">Atlas demonstrating its flexibility</a></p><p><a href="#section_intro-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="2">Atlas doing push-ups</a></p><p><a href="#section_part3-slide_7" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="7">Atlas HD dancing</a></p><p><a href="#section_intro-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="1">Atlas HD jumping over an obstacle</a></p><p><a href="#section_intro-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="2">Atlas HD doing backflips</a></p><p><a href="#section_intro-slide_4" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="4">Atlas HD stumbling and falling</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1a-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part1a" data-slide="1">Atlas HD jumping and carrying objects</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1b-slide_11" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="11">Atlas HD bumping into objects and falling</a></p><p><a href="#section_intro-slide_4" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="4">DARPA competition robots falling</a></p><p><a href="#section_part3-slide_6" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="6">Digit working in a warehouse</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1b-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="1">Digit carrying bins</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1a-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-part1a" data-slide="0">Digit waving hi</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_14" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="14">Digit navigating and finding bins</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_24" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="24">Digit removing a tray from the oven</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2a-slide_8" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="8">E Series learning to walk</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_15" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="15">Eve opening doors</a></p><p><a href="#section_part3-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="1">Eve standing and smiling</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1b-slide_4" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="4">Everyday Robot grasping toys</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1b-slide_12" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="12">Falcon 9 landing</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_24" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="24">Figure 01 using a coffeemaker</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1b-slide_9" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="9">Figure 02 handling factory parts</a></p><p><a href="#section_part3-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="2">Figure 02 moving its hands</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2b-slide_7" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="7">Geminoid HI-1 sitting next to Hiroshi Ishiguro</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_17" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="17">G1 manipulating a stick</a></p><p><a href="#section_intro-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="2">G1 cracking a walnut</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1b-slide_13" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="13">G1 holding a frying pan</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_10" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="10">G1 running</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1b-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="3">G1 showing off its flexibility</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1b-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="3">GR-1 standing up</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_13" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="13">Hand Arm System showing its cable system</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_16" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="16">HRP-2 falling backwards</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_11" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="11">H1 getting kicked</a></p><p><a href="#section_intro-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="0">iCub crawling</a></p><p><a href="#section_intro-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="2">Nadia boxing</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1b-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="0">Neo picking up a backpack</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2b-slide_6" data-id="robot-butler-part2b" data-slide="6">Neo grabbing a shirt from a rack</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_24" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="24">Neo unloading a dishwasher</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1b-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="2">Optimus dancing</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1b-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="3">Optimus stretching</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_19" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="19">Optimus training with teleoperation</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1b-slide_6" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="6">Phoenix grasping cups</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_6" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="6">Phoenix showing its head sensors</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_20" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="20">Phoenix making a sandwich</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_23" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="23">π0 assembling boxes</a></p><p><a href="#section_part1b-slide_5" data-id="robot-butler-part1b" data-slide="5">π0 folding clothes</a></p><p><a href="#section_part3-slide_10" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="10">π0 doing laundry</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2a-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="0">Roomba (first model) vacuuming a carpet</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2a-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="1">Roomba vacuuming popcorn</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2a-slide_4" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="4">Roomba vacuuming granola</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2a-slide_2" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="2">Roomba going over thick carpet</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2a-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="3">Roomba and cat</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2a-slide_5" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="5">Rosie preparing a snack</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2a-slide_6" data-id="robot-butler-part2a" data-slide="6">Rosie boiling sausages</a></p><p><a href="#section_part3-slide_8" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="8">Stretch stretching its arm</a></p><p><a href="#section_part3-slide_9" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="9">Stretch serving a drink</a></p><p><a href="#section_part3-slide_10" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="10">Stretch cleaning the kitchen</a></p><p><a href="#section_part3-slide_11" data-id="robot-butler-part3" data-slide="11">Stretch dog sitting</a></p><br/><p><strong>Groups of Robots (in order of appearance)</strong></p><p><a href="#section_part1a-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-part1a" data-slide="3">Robot collage: today’s top humanoids</a></p><p><a href="#section_cards-slide_0" data-id="robot-butler-cards" data-slide="-1">Robot cards: Apollo, Atlas, Digit, Figure, GR-1, H1, Neo, Tesla Robot Optimus, and Phoenix</a></p><p><a href="#section_uncanny-slide_1" data-id="robot-butler-uncanny" data-slide="1">Creepy collage: lifelike humanoids</a></p><p><a href="#section_uncanny-slide_8" data-id="robot-butler-uncanny" data-slide="8">Uncanny Valley chart: Kuka, Asimo, and Albert Hubo</a></p><p><a href="#section_part2c-slide_21" data-id="robot-butler-part2c" data-slide="21">AI simulation: Apollo, H1, and Digit learning to walk</a></p><br/><p><strong>Sci-Fi Robots (in order of appearance)</strong></p><p><a href="#section_intro-slide_3" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="3">T-800 from “The Terminator”</a></p><p><a href="#section_intro-slide_7" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="7">Andrew from “Bicentennial Man”</a></p><p><a href="#section_intro-slide_8" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="8">Robot from “Sunny”</a></p><p><a href="#section_intro-slide_9" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="9">Humanoid from “Robot & Frank”</a></p><p><a href="#section_intro-slide_10" data-id="robot-butler-intro" data-slide="10">Rosie from “The Jetsons”</a></p><p><a href="#section_team-slide_0" data-id="robot-credits-team" data-slide="-1">C-3PO and R2-D2 from “Star Wars”</a></p></div></section></div><h2 class="robots-noscript-h2">Part 1 – We Were Promised Rosie</h2><span id="section_intro-slide_0"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Robots are getting more and more advanced.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/87cdade3-2352-4136-b052-22b54efa5fe4.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/366e3f44-525e-45bc-98da-985356456659.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">The robot baby iCub learns to crawl on the floor.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ICUB (<a href="https://icub.iit.it/" target="_blank">ITALIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_intro-slide_1"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">From crawling baby bots to agile humanoids.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/e1cbc519-20c3-4d08-91d5-2dfa1e2fcc24.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/0ef84342-a2ba-4957-a55d-c262719be7de.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Humanoid robot Atlas HD can run and jump over obstacles.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ATLAS HD (<a href="https://bostondynamics.com/" target="_blank">BOSTON DYNAMICS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_intro-slide_2"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Some people worry robots could maybe get a little too advanced…</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/26e7d92d-ff29-4ef8-9227-49083ac5beee.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/0e174c36-d220-447c-b304-4f3dc6ebca08.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">The latest version of Atlas can do push-ups; another humanoid, Nadia, practices its boxing skills under teleoperation; the robot G1 cracks a walnut with its fist; and two Atlas HD robots perform two backflips in a row.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ATLAS/ATLAS HD (<a href="https://bostondynamics.com/" target="_blank">BOSTON DYNAMICS</a>); NADIA (<a href="https://www.ihmc.us/" target="_blank">IHMC</a>); G1 (<a href="https://www.unitree.com/g1" target="_blank">UNITREE ROBOTICS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_intro-slide_3"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">…and try to take over like in sci-fi movies.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/855a71c8-5785-470e-bdc3-dd62c303e41f.jpg" alt="T-800 from The Terminator movie looking at camera with other robots in the background."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">T-800 from The Terminator movie.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">“THE TERMINATOR” (1984)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_intro-slide_4"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">The reality is robots still need a lot of improvement.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Before they can rise up, robots need to stop falling down.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/fdd8521e-4d7f-47d9-ad5e-d0e3a5d9b402.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/3de1958a-908e-4fa1-a51d-4f227fd38f24.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Three robots collapse during the DARPA Robotics Challenge Finals; Atlas HD humanoids stumble and fall down on an obstacle course at Boston Dynamics.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">FLORIAN (<a href="https://github.com/team-vigir" target="_blank">TEAM VIGIR</a>); HERCULES (<a href="https://traclabs.com/projects/drc/" target="_blank">TRAC LABS</a>); JOHNNY 05 (<a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/darpa-robotics-challenge-finals-will-have-25-teams" target="_blank">TEAM HECTOR</a>); ATLAS HD (<a href="https://bostondynamics.com/" target="_blank">BOSTON DYNAMICS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_intro-slide_5"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">So forget the evil robots.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Let’s talk about the helper robots we’ve always dreamed of.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/1d043850-d4a5-41fb-8be1-e4ecc6127d5b.jpg" alt="A digital illustration of a humanoid robot carrying a tray with coffee and cookies in a modern looking home."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Household humanoids could do tasks like preparing and serving meals.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit"></span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_intro-slide_6"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Robots to help us with chores around the house.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Cleaning. Cooking. Organizing.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/aa1c4e24-28c8-488f-9903-3a54936aa2f6.jpg" alt="A digital illustration of a humanoid robot holding a spray bottle and a duster and cleaning a kitchen counter in a modern looking home."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Household humanoids could also do cleaning tasks like dusting surfaces.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit"></span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_intro-slide_7"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Even keeping us company.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/1b2d0cec-f4cd-4875-a130-285f95ea19fe.jpg" alt="Robin Williams as Andrew the android in the movie Bicentennial Man uses a paintbrush along with a child with long brown hair who also holds a paintbrush."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Robin Williams plays the android Andrew in the movie "Bicentennial Man."</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">“BICENTENNIAL MAN” (1999)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_intro-slide_8"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">These robots would give us something of immense value: more free time.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/008e00c6-2f33-45e0-85b8-a40d760475c5.jpg" alt="A white robot with a large face watches TV next to a woman sitting on a couch in a modern looking home."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Rashida Jones plays an American woman living in Japan with a domestic robot called Sunny in the Apple TV+ show "Sunny."</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">“SUNNY” (2024)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_intro-slide_9"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">They could also help aging individuals remain independent.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/c648fd7e-b943-418f-a73b-60a8e25f1b0b.jpg" alt="A white humanoid robot arm wrestles a man with white hair on a kitchen table."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Frank Langella stars in the sci-fi comedy-drama "Robot & Frank," which features a companion humanoid robot.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">“ROBOT & FRANK” (2012)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_intro-slide_10"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">We were promised Rosie.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/7af0339b-ac9c-41be-ace7-fb8000573a16.jpg" alt="Rosie, the household robot helper from The Jetsons."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Rosie, the household robot helper from "The Jetsons."</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">“THE JETSONS” (1962-1963)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_intro-slide_11"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Instead we got Roomba.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/files/67738/roomba-800x800-0loss-750kB.gif" alt="A Roomba vacuum robot with a dark gray round body and a green blinking button labeled Clean is seen from above."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Roomba is known for its disc-shaped design.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ROOMBA (<a href="https://www.irobot.com/en_US/roomba.html" target="_blank">IROBOT</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><p class="robots-noscript-text">So the question is…</p><span id="section_headline-slide_0"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Where’s My Robot?</p><h2 class="robots-noscript-h2">Part 2 – The Robot Race Is On</h2><span id="section_part1a-slide_0"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">First the good news: It’s an exciting time for robotics right now.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">New humanoids are jumping into action at a pace never before seen.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/98230933-3311-4741-af6f-5acfb75e3522.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/97827c80-5fde-4caa-864b-031844c7f6b4.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Digit waves hi.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">DIGIT (<a href="https://agilityrobotics.com/" target="_blank">AGILITY ROBOTICS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part1a-slide_1"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">One of the most famous is Atlas, the acrobatic humanoid from Boston Dynamics.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/a103515f-72bc-4e16-9f01-0fc50432dc09.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/d390acd9-abbf-490f-bcaa-62f7e347d178.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Atlas HD can jump, lift heavy objects, and do backflips.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ATLAS HD (<a href="https://bostondynamics.com/" target="_blank">BOSTON DYNAMICS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part1a-slide_2"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">The newest version of Atlas can contort its body in ways you most definitely can’t.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/881f15f3-fcd9-4c94-88b8-7f5519965860.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/6ef38060-9469-43c0-a464-23dad1c4360e.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">The new all-electric Atlas has impressive flexibility.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ATLAS (<a href="https://bostondynamics.com/" target="_blank">BOSTON DYNAMICS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part1a-slide_3"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">But Atlas has company.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Tesla and a host of startups are building impressive new humanoids.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/d807fdc9-cd8f-4cf0-b525-aada599be225.jpg" alt="A photo collage showing fourteen advanced AI humanoid robots: Nadia from IHMC, Valkyrie from NASA, Optimus from Tesla, Atlas from Boston Dynamics, Digit from Agility Robotics, Walker S1 from UBTECH, T-HR3 from Toyota, Neo from 1X Technologies, Phoenix from Sanctuary AI, Apollo from Apptronik, GR-1 from Fourier Intelligence, H1 from Unitree Robotics, Figure 02 from Figure AI, and G1 from Gitai."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">The next generation of AI robots is starting a robotics race.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT: NADIA (<a href="https://www.ihmc.us/" target="_blank">IHMC</a>); VALKYRIE (<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/technology/r5/" target="_blank">NASA</a>); OPTIMUS (<a href="https://www.tesla.com/AI" target="_blank">TESLA</a>); ATLAS (<a href="https://bostondynamics.com/" target="_blank">BOSTON DYNAMICS</a>); DIGIT (<a href="https://agilityrobotics.com/" target="_blank">AGILITY ROBOTICS</a>); WALKER S1 (<a href="https://www.ubtrobot.com/en/humanoid/products/WalkerS1" target="_blank">UBTECH</a>); T-HR3 (<a href="https://global.toyota/en/detail/19666346" target="_blank">TOYOTA</a>); NEO (<a href="https://www.1x.tech/neo" target="_blank">1X TECHNOLOGIES</a>); PHOENIX (<a href="https://www.sanctuary.ai/" target="_blank">SANCTUARY AI</a>); APOLLO (<a href="https://apptronik.com/" target="_blank">APPTRONIK</a>); GR-1 (<a href="https://www.fftai.com/" target="_blank">FOURIER</a>); H1 (<a href="https://www.unitree.com/h1" target="_blank">UNITREE ROBOTICS</a>); FIGURE 02 (<a href="https://www.figure.ai/" target="_blank">FIGURE</a>); G1 (<a href="https://gitai.tech/" target="_blank">GITAI</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><p class="robots-noscript-text">The robot race is on. Check out some of the contenders.</p><span id="section_cards-slide_0"></span><h2 class="robots-noscript-h2">Who's Going to Build the Best Robot?</h2><h3 class="robots-noscript-h3">Apollo</h3><p class="robots-noscript-text robots-noscript-company">Apptronik</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" style="max-width: 600px;" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/7e6a9a3f-d739-4eee-89e6-fd3bb09ad981.jpg" alt="A humanoid robot about the size of an adult, with a beige and black body, person stands facing forward."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption"><a href="https://apptronik.com/" target="_blank" style="color:#ff4c00;">Apptronik</a> has worked on more than half a dozen humanoid robots over the past eight years, including NASA’s Valkyrie. Apollo is the culmination of all this experience and is designed for manufacturability. The company plans to release the robot commercially following a series of pilot projects to demonstrate its autonomous skills.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">Apptronik</span></figcaption></figure><h3 class="robots-noscript-h3">Atlas</h3><p class="robots-noscript-text robots-noscript-company">Boston Dynamics</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" style="max-width: 600px;" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/7bcb19c1-890d-4fd9-8c50-20213660b18e.jpg" alt="A humanoid robot about the size of an adult person, with a silver metal body and a round blue head, stands facing forward."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption"><a href="https://bostondynamics.com/" target="_blank" style="color:#ff4c00;">Boston Dynamics</a> is known for its highly agile robots. The company, acquired by Hyundai in 2020, has recently unveiled a new fully-electric Atlas humanoid. Unlike previous generations, it doesn't rely on hydraulics and is lighter and more compact, while also being able to move and bend its body in ways that exceed human capabilities.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">Boston Dynamics</span></figcaption></figure><h3 class="robots-noscript-h3">Digit</h3><p class="robots-noscript-text robots-noscript-company">Agility Robotics</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" style="max-width: 600px;" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/19d20838-157e-4ce9-8c01-f7cc962e94ef.jpg" alt="A humanoid robot about the size of an adult person, with a green and black body and a head with square eyes, stands facing forward."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Created by <a href="https://agilityrobotics.com/" target="_blank" style="color:#ff4c00;">Agility Robotics</a>, Digit is most accurately described as “bipedal” rather than “humanoid.” It has two legs, but its legs look more like those of an ostrich rather than a human’s. This is a side effect of Agility’s design process, the goal of which was to maximize the efficiency and robustness of legged locomotion.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">Agility Robotics</span></figcaption></figure><h3 class="robots-noscript-h3">Figure 02</h3><p class="robots-noscript-text robots-noscript-company">Figure</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" style="max-width: 600px;" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/ff8bc20f-7088-4b36-b708-94e988a214fc.jpg" alt="A humanoid robot about the size of an adult person, with a sleek dark gray body, stands facing forward."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Founded in 2022, <a href="https://www.figure.ai/" target="_blank" style="color:#ff4c00;">Figure</a> has a very experienced team, which traces its heritage back through the DARPA Robotics Challenge. By iterating very quickly through hardware prototypes, Figure expects to demonstrate commercial viability in real-world use cases, and scale from there to “integrate humanoids into the labor force.”</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">Figure</span></figcaption></figure><h3 class="robots-noscript-h3">GR-1</h3><p class="robots-noscript-text robots-noscript-company">Fourier Intelligence</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" style="max-width: 600px;" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/d9268fc0-e3c5-4748-894a-e7cea83646dc.jpg" alt="A humanoid robot about the size of an adult person, with a gray and purple body, stands facing forward."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Singapore-based <a href="https://robots.fourierintelligence.com/" target="_blank" style="color:#ff4c00;">Fourier Intelligence</a> is already mass-producing its GR-1 and GR-2 humanoids. The company’ background is in health-care robotics, and it sees potential applications in medical and rehabilitation contexts, with the robots also available to researchers seeking a humanoid development platform.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">Fourier Intelligence</span></figcaption></figure><h3 class="robots-noscript-h3">H1</h3><p class="robots-noscript-text robots-noscript-company">Unitree Robotics</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" style="max-width: 600px;" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/eb47a5de-6ba4-4af5-8df8-00d150ea7d5e.jpg" alt="A humanoid robot about the size of an adult person, with a gray body and a t-shirt that says Unitree, stands facing forward."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption"><a href="https://www.unitree.com/" target="_blank" style="color:#ff4c00;">Unitree</a>, founded in China in 2016, is well known for its capable and low-cost quadruped robots. H1 was Unitree’s first humanoid, and the company has already introduced a new, smaller model, the G1. Both are designed to be affordable platforms for research, or for companies focused on developing software rather than hardware.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">Unitree Robotics</span></figcaption></figure><h3 class="robots-noscript-h3">Neo</h3><p class="robots-noscript-text robots-noscript-company">1X Technologies</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" style="max-width: 600px;" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/56869ead-f9fa-4bcf-9cf8-624f90807066.jpg" alt="A humanoid robot about the size of an adult person, covered in gray, black, and white fabric, stands facing forward."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption"><a href="https://www.1x.tech/" target="_blank" style="color:#ff4c00;">1X</a>’s soft, tendon-based robot Neo is designed to have very low inertia, with the goal of building a robot that’s safe for humans to be around. The robot will weigh just 30 kilograms, with a carrying capacity of up to 20 kg. 1X, backed by OpenAI, hopes that Neo will become “an all-purpose android assistant to your daily life.”</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">1X Technologies</span></figcaption></figure><h3 class="robots-noscript-h3">Optimus</h3><p class="robots-noscript-text robots-noscript-company">Tesla</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" style="max-width: 600px;" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/aa532737-a544-474e-9c7c-726affda75e5.jpg" alt="A humanoid robot about the size of an adult person, with a sleek gray and black body, stands facing forward."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption"><a href="https://www.tesla.com/" target="_blank" style="color:#ff4c00;">Tesla</a> has a few unique advantages when it comes to building and deploying robots. The company has substantial experience in battery technology, as well as in advanced sensing, computing, and AI for mobile systems. And Tesla is potentially its own first customer for humanoids, finding work for them in its car factories.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">Tesla</span></figcaption></figure><h3 class="robots-noscript-h3">Phoenix</h3><p class="robots-noscript-text robots-noscript-company">Sanctuary AI</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" style="max-width: 600px;" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/fe418133-4338-4b8a-a40e-50bc50803d5f.jpg" alt="A humanoid robot about the size of an adult person, with a light gray and orange body, stands facing forward."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption"><a href="https://sanctuary.ai/" target="_blank" style="color:#ff4c00;">Sanctuary AI</a>’s goal is to “create the world’s first humanlike intelligence in general-purpose robots.” The company has been collecting extensive amounts of data of humans teleoperating its robots through complex manipulation tasks. Sanctuary AI hopes to leverage that data to train its robots to perform those tasks autonomously.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">Sanctuary AI</span></figcaption></figure><h2 class="robots-noscript-h2">New Humanoids, New Skills</h2><span id="section_part1b-slide_0"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">These robots are learning a lot of new skills.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/b65ac1a5-350c-4187-89c2-057973697e08.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/6db6816e-1bc1-47af-a976-2cb26eabf912.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Neo can lift an object like a backpack and hand it to a person.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">NEO (<a href="https://www.1x.tech/neo" target="_blank">1X TECHNOLOGIES</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part1b-slide_1"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">They work hard.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/d5e940b6-d356-404c-814e-af29c808af11.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/35c97bb6-e1af-46da-b1e0-3ffb580321e2.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Digit was put to work carrying bins in a warehouse.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">DIGIT (<a href="https://agilityrobotics.com/" target="_blank">AGILITY ROBOTICS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part1b-slide_2"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">They play hard.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/67e4b4ed-f58f-4ca5-b546-0882accb2b92.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/81dc4c8c-e97a-4569-be15-ba5046a7d5f9.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Optimus robots from Tesla display their dance moves.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">OPTIMI (<a href="https://www.tesla.com/AI" target="_blank">TESLA</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part1b-slide_3"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">And they are constantly trying to outdo each other.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/16ec94d8-1fc8-4217-86cd-1600653489a5.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/759ba2af-1677-4bbe-92e2-894bf2ff7578.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Optimus, G1, and GR-1 show off their flexibility.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">OPTIMUS (<a href="https://www.tesla.com/AI" target="_blank">TESLA</a>); G1 (<a href="https://www.unitree.com/g1" target="_blank">UNITREE ROBOTICS</a>); GR-1 (<a href="https://www.fftai.com/" target="_blank">FOURIER</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part1b-slide_4"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Adding fuel to this robot explosion is AI.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Some believe that the current artificial intelligence boom will propel robots too.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/d819641b-5013-4c76-b2e2-5dfefb67ffee.jpeg" alt="A white robot with a long neck, camera head, and one arm, holds a little dinosaur toy in its gripper."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">AI could help robots learn tasks that have proved difficult for them like grasping arbitrary objects.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">OPEN X-EMBODIMENT COLLABORATION</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part1b-slide_5"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">AI could finally solve the hardest problems in robotics—such as performing complex and dexterous tasks.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/2c0fa21d-dd11-4c5b-8b4f-482b26f70acf.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/4ac1b5b6-8ef3-4872-bddf-5754ea206048.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">This two-armed robot powered by AI created by Physical Intelligence can fold clothing autonomously.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">π0 (<a href="https://www.physicalintelligence.company/" target="_blank">PHYSICAL INTELLIGENCE</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part1b-slide_6"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">These problems have largely kept humanoids confined to labs as experiments.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/3641a6a1-1ec1-41b9-b747-323c90d5b084.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/20768431-379a-4af4-aea0-f8863eaf2f8f.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Phoenix can grasp cups of different shapes, sizes, and materials.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">PHOENIX (<a href="https://www.sanctuary.ai/" target="_blank">SANCTUARY AI</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part1b-slide_7"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">The recent wave of AI breakthroughs gave us ChatGPT.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Next, will it teach robots how to make you a sandwich?</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/e899d966-8b05-4f79-8e6c-5feb284ab21a.jpg" alt="A teleoperated humanoid robot looks down while using its hands to assemble a turkey sandwich in a kitchen laboratory."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">AI could finally teach robots useful tasks — like making a sandwich.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">PHOENIX (<a href="https://www.sanctuary.ai/" target="_blank">SANCTUARY AI</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part1b-slide_8"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Now for the bad news about this fresh batch of bots.</p><span id="section_part1b-slide_9"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">They’re not headed straight for your home.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">They’ll first be found in factories and warehouses.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/5d24ca7d-dc31-43f3-905d-809319657538.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/8a05d6d1-892e-4b0a-8587-aef3427455e9.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Figure 02 robots working at a car factory.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">FIGURE 02 (<a href="https://www.figure.ai/" target="_blank">FIGURE AI</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part1b-slide_10"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">That’s because they are best suited for dirty, dull, and dangerous jobs—jobs you find in an industrial setting, not in our homes.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/97c69a88-272a-4025-b30f-98001ece45d0.jpg" alt="A humanoid robot the size of a person picks up a cardboard box from a conveyor belt."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Humanoid robot Apollo can lift and carry boxes from one place to another.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">APOLLO (<a href="https://apptronik.com/" target="_blank">APPTRONIK</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part1b-slide_11"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">These robots are still too complex, too costly, and too unsafe for home use.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">You definitely don’t want one of them staggering in your kitchen.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/6ab04fda-ddbd-4466-a01e-1e49b87fc5b3.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/ae7b306f-05ce-4d86-ba6b-891bf322fb81.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Atlas HD accidentally crashes into objects and falls down.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ATLAS HD (<a href="https://bostondynamics.com/" target="_blank">BOSTON DYNAMICS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part1b-slide_12"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">So in an era of promising breakthroughs in…autonomous vehicles, planetary exploration, quantum computers, reusable rockets, fusion reactors, drug discovery, and more…</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/6be7c989-d41b-4c6a-ae53-c01115938a09.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/bfce5121-feca-4627-a63f-0b7597d5eda3.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Rockets can be robots, too.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">FALCON 9 (<a href="https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/falcon-9/" target="_blank">SPACEX</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part1b-slide_13"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">What makes it so hard to invent a robot butler?</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/3c6e6cb4-e02f-48b3-b461-324d701978cb.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/11c3a793-ea4a-43e5-8696-bc48809bb604.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">G1 can perform dynamic tasks like tossing food with a frying pan.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">G1 (<a href="https://www.unitree.com/g1" target="_blank">UNITREE ROBOTICS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part1b-slide_14"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Why, so glad you asked!</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Time for some robot history.</p></noscript><noscript><h2 class="robots-noscript-h2">Part 3 – Time for Some Robot History</h2><span id="section_part2a-slide_0"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Roomba first hit stores more than 20 years ago.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Now it roams in millions of homes around the world.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/db909abc-4fd5-474e-8433-8606b6eb33a7.jpg" alt="The first version of the Roomba robot vacuums crumbs from a purple carpet."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">iRobot's first Roomba model was introduced in September 2002.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ROOMBA (<a href="https://www.irobot.com/" target="_blank">IROBOT</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2a-slide_1"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Take a minute to appreciate what an incredible feat of engineering that is.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/fbead74d-f2dd-48c9-b35c-3de66a98a92a.jpeg" alt="A Roomba vacuuming popcorn seen from below through a transparent surface."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Roomba sucks at its job — but that's a good thing!</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ROOMBA (<a href="https://www.irobot.com/" target="_blank">IROBOT</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2a-slide_2"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">You see, a home is a treacherous place if you’re a lowly little disk on the floor.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Thick rugs. Power cords. Staircases.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/138a588f-1d60-4820-87c5-03a8b0819627.jpeg" alt="A Roomba vacuum robot drives over a thick rug in a modern looking living room."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Roomba can conquer almost any carpet.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ROOMBA (<a href="https://www.irobot.com/" target="_blank">IROBOT</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2a-slide_3"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Not to mention…pets.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/61ed7816-ea63-4cc3-9ff5-657a232ee4c7.jpg" alt="A gray cat with yellow eyes looks forward while sitting on a Roomba-type vacuum robot."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Cats and robots can be best friends.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit"></span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2a-slide_4"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Everywhere Roomba goes there’s a trap lurking.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">And it’s just sucking dirt.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/b40409d1-40e1-46fe-bf6c-6605afea730d.jpeg" alt="A Roomba robot vacuums almonds and other debris from a white carpet."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Roomba can vacuum up even large debris like cereal and nuts off the floor.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ROOMBA (<a href="https://www.irobot.com/" target="_blank">IROBOT</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2a-slide_5"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Now picture a humanoid stepping into your kitchen to make you a snack.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">The number of hazards just ballooned by orders of magnitude.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/56a5aa3a-1178-43f7-8153-975fa2219dab.jpg" alt="A tall humanoid robot with two orange arms and large robotic hands holds a spatula and pours batter on a hot plate to make pancakes or crepes in a kitchen."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">German humanoid robot Rosie demonstrates its cooking skills.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ROSIE (<a href="https://www.mcn.uni-muenchen.de/affil_research/centers/cotesys/index.html" target="_blank">TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY MUNICH/COTESYS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2a-slide_6"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Uneven surfaces, slippery objects, hard-to-reach spaces, clutter—one small mishap and you end up with a big mess and no food.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/d14b29c1-4354-4b72-bb35-d57e57e31cb4.jpg" alt="A tall humanoid robot with orange arms and large robotic hands removes sausages from boiling water in a kitchen."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Rosie prepares pretzels and sausages.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ROSIE (<a href="https://www.mcn.uni-muenchen.de/affil_research/centers/cotesys/index.html" target="_blank">TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY MUNICH/COTESYS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2a-slide_7"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Humanoid robots are indeed maddeningly complex machines.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Just look at Asimo, one of the most ambitious humanoid projects ever.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/1b0ce26a-4f51-4cc7-a6ef-204a6bb6e9ef.webp" alt="Japanese humanoid robot Asimo looks to the right of the frame with a dreamy look on its face."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Asimo daydreaming.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ASIMO (<a href="https://global.honda/en/robotics/" target="_blank">HONDA</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2a-slide_8"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Japanese automaker Honda developed the first prototypes in the 1980s.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">It took decades and vast sums to turn Asimo into a skilled humanoid.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/9d30222b-f604-4005-aa45-d0a58e5480db.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/9dd83fd8-cc87-441d-ad9f-0b9f569432cf.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">The legged robots in Honda's E Series were the precursors to its full-body humanoids.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">E SERIES (<a href="https://global.honda/en/robotics/" target="_blank">HONDA</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_asimo-slide_0"></span><h2 class="robots-noscript-h2">The Evolution of Asimo</h2><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/6d4ac4ec-0a56-4b3f-aa66-334937cd0df2.gif" alt="Animated sequence of images showing the evolution of Asimo, starting with the E0 bipedal robot in 1986, the P series in the 1990s, and ending with the latest version of Asimo introduced in the 2000s."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Honda's humanoid efforts started with the E series of bipedal robots in the late 1980s, advanced through the 1990s with the P series, and culminated with its most advanced full-body humanoid, Asimo, in the 2000s.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">E SERIES, P SERIES, ASIMO (<a href="https://global.honda/en/robotics/" target="_blank">HONDA</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2b-slide_0"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">In a 2011 demo, Asimo danced, walked over uneven terrain, and ran in circles.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">It also climbed stairs, hopped on one foot, and kicked a ball.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/d198c91b-5943-43d5-9453-f72701872915.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/159eeba7-ab67-4c70-b318-b74be388cc38.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Asimo was able to perform an impressive variety of tasks.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ASIMO (<a href="https://global.honda/en/robotics/" target="_blank">HONDA</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2b-slide_1"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">But the flawless performance belied a more underwhelming reality: </p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Asimo’s actions needed to be pre-choreographed.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/6fa3009d-cdbd-4a8a-bb1a-02b62840079d.jpeg" alt="Japanese humanoid Asimo, with a white body that looks like an Astronaut suit, places one hand over its chest while lifting the other as if saluting an audience. "/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Bravo, Asimo!</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ASIMO (<a href="https://global.honda/en/robotics/" target="_blank">HONDA</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2b-slide_2"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Any changes in the environment risked throwing off its routine.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/0fd2326d-2b0e-4cdf-b816-b30ff3d96e00.jpeg" alt="Japanese humanoid Asimo, with a white body that looks like an Astronaut suit, waves both arms while balancing on one foot."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Asimo could stand and even hop on one foot, using its arms for balance.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ASIMO (<a href="https://global.honda/en/robotics/" target="_blank">HONDA</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2b-slide_3"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">In 2022, Honda forced the robot into retirement.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Poor Asimo wasn’t ready for the real world.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/151dc44d-20ba-4125-a740-eab6032b49db.jpeg" alt="Japanese humanoid Asimo, with a white body that looks like an Astronaut suit, looks at the camera while waving one hand as if saying goodbye."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Goodbye, Asimo!</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ASIMO (<a href="https://global.honda/en/robotics/" target="_blank">HONDA</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2b-slide_4"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">If building a humanoid is so much trouble, it’s fair to ask: Why make robots that resemble people anyway?</p><span id="section_part2b-slide_5"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Proponents say such robots can operate in human spaces and use human tools.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">That means we don’t have to remake our world to suit them.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/0de6bf8d-520b-4fe5-a0e7-1fcee9bade0f.jpg" alt="German humanoid robot Armar, with a green metal body and round face, holds a power drill."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">German humanoid robot Armar can use human tools like a power drill.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ARMAR (<a href="https://h2t.iar.kit.edu/english/index.php" target="_blank">KARLSRUHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2b-slide_6"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">It also means robots can work alongside and collaborate with us.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/80f13d38-a293-472c-8358-b99fee8b7075.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/bf84b5d1-706b-43da-9233-3634b2bb4c20.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Neo can help you choose a shirt.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">NEO (<a href="https://www.1x.tech/" target="_blank">1X TECHNOLOGIES</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2b-slide_7"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">That’s all well and good, but it doesn’t answer another question: Why are some humanoids designed to look exactly like humans?</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/f89bd6aa-81c7-4d13-953c-ab5e1bbbcff5.jpg" alt="Japanese roboticist Hiroshi Ishiguro, with dark hair and glasses, stands next to his android twin Geminoid HI-1, which has the same hair and glasses."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Japanese roboticist Hiroshi Ishiguro next to his android copy Geminoid HI-1.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">GEMINOID HI-1 (<a href="https://eng.irl.sys.es.osaka-u.ac.jp/" target="_blank">OSAKA UNIVERSITY</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2b-slide_8"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">That’s creepy!</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/6b189c03-1b2e-448f-bc05-80fa98a49feb.jpeg" alt="About half-dozen lifelike robotic heads with rubber-like skin and eyes and teeth that look real sit on a shelf."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">It's difficult to build very realistic androids because any imperfections can make the robots appear "creepy."</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit"></span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2b-slide_9"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">It turns out creepy robots are a fascinating topic.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Surely you want to know more about it!</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/12793f89-7205-4df3-bd50-c2a234917dec.jpg" alt="Albert Hubo, a lifelike humanoid robot with a robotic body and a head that's a copy of Albert Einstein's looks forward."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Albert Hubo features a robotic body topped with an Einstein head.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ALBERT HUBO (<a href="https://kis.kaist.ac.kr/?mid=KIR_R_1" target="_blank">KAIST</a>/<a href="https://www.hansonrobotics.com/albert-hubo/" target="_blank">HANSON ROBOTICS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><p class="robots-noscript-text">Buckle up for a detour into the Uncanny Valley.</p><h2 class="robots-noscript-h2">Part 4 – The Uncanny Valley</h2><span id="section_uncanny-slide_0"></span><span id="section_uncanny-slide_1"></span><span id="section_uncanny-slide_2"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">You are now entering the Uncanny Valley.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">The creepy feeling you may get when you see a really humanlike robot—that’s the Uncanny Valley phenomenon in action.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">It was proposed by Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori in 1970.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/0f8abeca-8fbf-414d-9d35-1a0900c09f13.jpg" alt="Photo collage showing nine creepy lifelike robot heads."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Lifelike androids like CB2, Telenoid, and Geminoid HI-5 are used for research in human-robot interaction. Other robots, like Ameca from Engineered Arts, are used in entertainment, exhibitions, and presentations.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT: PHILIP K. DICK (<a href="https://www.hansonrobotics.com/" target="_blank">HANSON ROBOTICS</a>); SOPHIA (<a href="https://www.hansonrobotics.com/" target="_blank">HANSON ROBOTICS</a>); AMECA (<a href="https://engineeredarts.co.uk/robot/ameca/" target="_blank">ENGINEERED ARTS</a>); HAN (<a href="https://www.hansonrobotics.com/" target="_blank">HANSON ROBOTICS</a>); WOMAN (<a href="https://www.exrobots.net/" target="_blank">EX ROBOT</a>); CB2 (<a href="http://www.er.ams.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/asadalab/?lang=en" target="_blank">OSAKA UNIVERSITY</a>); GEMINOID HI-5 (<a href="https://eng.irl.sys.es.osaka-u.ac.jp/" target="_blank">OSAKA UNIVERSITY</a>); TELENOID (<a href="http://www.geminoid.jp/en/index.html" target="_blank">OSAKA UNIVERSITY/ATR ISHIGURO LAB</a>); ERICA (<a href="https://www.jst.go.jp/erato/ishiguro/en/" target="_blank">JST ERATO ISHIGURO</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_uncanny-slide_3"></span><span id="section_uncanny-slide_4"></span><span id="section_uncanny-slide_5"></span><span id="section_uncanny-slide_6"></span><span id="section_uncanny-slide_7"></span><span id="section_uncanny-slide_8"></span><h3 class="robots-noscript-h3">The Uncanny Valley Chart</h3><p class="robots-noscript-text">Mori-san conceived this clever chart to convey his idea.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Let’s look first at an industrial robot arm.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Your reaction to its appearance is likely neither positive nor negative.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Now consider a cute humanoid robot.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">It can elicit a more positive response because it begins to resemble people.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">A human being produces a maximum positive response according to Mori’s chart.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">That’s because evolution made humans really good at recognizing other humans.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">But our reaction plunges into negative territory if we see a creepy robot.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">If it’s not perfectly lifelike, it may resemble a human corpse or a zombie!</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">That creepy zone is the Uncanny Valley.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/f6800cb4-503f-4d74-8bb9-0860c3dea5cf.png" alt="A chart showing a curve that grows until it plunges and then grows back higher than before, and along the curve are an industrial robot (start of curve), a humanoid robot (middle), a creepy lifelike robot (at the bottom of the valley formed by the curve's plunge), and a healthy person represented by Albert Einstein (end of the curve)."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">This illustration shows a simplified version of the original chart that Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori presented in his 1970 article on the Uncanny Valley.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit"></span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_uncanny-slide_9"></span><span id="section_uncanny-slide_10"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">The Uncanny Valley is a conjecture, not scientific fact.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Still, roboticists find it helpful when exploring humanoid design.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Some think that ultrarealistic androids are best for interacting with people.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Others avoid lifelike robots—they don’t want to risk “falling” into the valley.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">All right, let’s get out of here.</p></noscript><noscript><h2 class="robots-noscript-h2">Part 5 – Robot Hardware</h2><span id="section_part2c-slide_0"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Let’s get back to the challenges of building humanoids.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">It comes down to two things: hardware and software.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/d807fdc9-cd8f-4cf0-b525-aada599be225.jpg" alt="A photo collage showing fourteen advanced AI humanoid robots: Nadia from IHMC, Valkyrie from NASA, Optimus from Tesla, Atlas from Boston Dynamics, Digit from Agility Robotics, Walker S1 from UBTECH, T-HR3 from Toyota, Neo from 1X Technologies, Phoenix from Sanctuary AI, Apollo from Apptronik, GR-1 from Fourier Intelligence, H1 from Unitree Robotics, Figure 02 from Figure AI, and G1 from Gitai."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Who's going to build the best robot?</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT: NADIA (<a href="https://www.ihmc.us/" target="_blank">IHMC</a>); VALKYRIE (<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/technology/r5/" target="_blank">NASA</a>); OPTIMUS (<a href="https://www.tesla.com/AI" target="_blank">TESLA</a>); ATLAS (<a href="https://bostondynamics.com/" target="_blank">BOSTON DYNAMICS</a>); DIGIT (<a href="https://agilityrobotics.com/" target="_blank">AGILITY ROBOTICS</a>); WALKER S1 (<a href="https://www.ubtrobot.com/en/humanoid/products/WalkerS1" target="_blank">UBTECH</a>); T-HR3 (<a href="https://global.toyota/en/detail/19666346" target="_blank">TOYOTA</a>); NEO (<a href="https://www.1x.tech/neo" target="_blank">1X TECHNOLOGIES</a>); PHOENIX (<a href="https://www.sanctuary.ai/" target="_blank">SANCTUARY AI</a>); APOLLO (<a href="https://apptronik.com/" target="_blank">APPTRONIK</a>); GR-1 (<a href="https://www.fftai.com/" target="_blank">FOURIER</a>); H1 (<a href="https://www.unitree.com/h1" target="_blank">UNITREE ROBOTICS</a>); FIGURE 02 (<a href="https://www.figure.ai/" target="_blank">FIGURE</a>); G1 (<a href="https://gitai.tech/" target="_blank">GITAI</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_1"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">First, consider the hardware a typical humanoid requires.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/1d1c2548-2475-494f-98cf-37b773f93d3d.png" alt="Humanoid robot Aila, with a mechanical body covered by white plastic casings, looks forward."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Aila is an advanced humanoid built by German researchers.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">AILA (<a href="https://robotik.dfki-bremen.de/en/startpage" target="_blank">DFKI ROBOTICS INNOVATION CENTER</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_2"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Sensors like cameras and 3D vision modules survey the robot’s environment.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/96b42704-d2a3-4229-8004-bb0f39621dd0.png" alt="Humanoid robot Aila, with a mechanical body covered by white plastic casings, looks forward, with circles indicating where the robot's cameras and 3D sensor are located."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Aila has two cameras in its head, and a torso with a short-range laser scanner and 3D time-of-flight camera.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">AILA (<a href="https://robotik.dfki-bremen.de/en/startpage" target="_blank">DFKI ROBOTICS INNOVATION CENTER</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_3"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Computers collect the sensor inputs and determine what the robot should do.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/0edbf7c5-877c-4d3a-91f3-e4a173367f6d.png" alt="Humanoid robot Aila, with a mechanical body covered by white plastic casings, looks forward, with arrows indicating where its computer is located."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Hidden in Aila's belly is a computer running Linux and the Robot Operating System (<a href="https://www.ros.org/" target="_blank">ROS</a>).</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">AILA (<a href="https://robotik.dfki-bremen.de/en/startpage" target="_blank">DFKI ROBOTICS INNOVATION CENTER</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_4"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Batteries supply power so the robot operates without a clumsy cord.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/94311363-ee7d-4a0f-b3f5-75d9fbad7b53.gif" alt="Humanoid robot Aila, with a mechanical body covered by white plastic casings, looks forward, with a circle indicating where the battery is located on the robot's back."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Aila's battery packs are in the back.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">AILA (<a href="https://robotik.dfki-bremen.de/en/startpage" target="_blank">DFKI ROBOTICS INNOVATION CENTER</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_5"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Actuators—electrical motors—make the robot move.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/0b99e1b6-6a96-4b67-9884-67f53a9a3bc5.gif" alt="Humanoid robot Aila, with a mechanical body covered by white plastic casings, looks forward, with nine circles over its arms, neck, and torso indicating where actuators are located."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Aila uses 14 brushless DC motors for its arms, four linear DC motors for its torso, and two servo motors for the head, plus additional motors for its mobile base.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">AILA (<a href="https://robotik.dfki-bremen.de/en/startpage" target="_blank">DFKI ROBOTICS INNOVATION CENTER</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_6"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">The first three—sensors, computers, and batteries—are capable enough.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">They keep getting better thanks to Moore’s Law and new battery innovations.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/fd60e38c-bf3e-4734-be99-cf876153f9d5.jpg" alt="A robot head with multiple cameras looks forward."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Phoenix has multiple cameras in its head.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">PHOENIX (<a href="https://sanctuary.ai/" target="_blank">SANCTUARY AI</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_7"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">But actuators have lagged behind.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">No fundamental breakthroughs have improved them on a similar scale.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/b5febef0-0c19-4e27-a964-55dda04299da.jpg" alt="A cylindrical metal black actuator with wires sticking out rests on a person's palm."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Actuators are typically cylindrical devices, with a metal frame and rotating shaft at its center.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit"></span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_8"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">The most advanced actuators consist of a DC motor coupled to a gearbox.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Inside there are also sensors and power electronics.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/08e4fd6f-cee1-425b-9486-f4a1a8eabf09.png" alt="An exploded view of a robot actuator, showing different components like a brushless DC motor, reduction gear system, sensors, and motor drive boards."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">An advanced actuator packs many components, including a brushless DC motor, position encoders, and a reduction gear system.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">DYNAMIXEL-Y (<a href="https://www.robotis.us/" target="_blank">ROBOTIS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_9"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">These actuators are powerful and accurate, thanks to precision-machined parts.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/ced86b64-7ef2-4fd1-a946-f222236ad6a3.png" alt="A cylindrical silver metal robot actuator with a hollow center, metal frame, and power and communication ports."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Maxon makes some of the most popular robot motors, with the company's devices used in a variety of applications, including research humanoids, soccer-playing mobile robots, and Mars rovers.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">HEJ 90-48-140 (<a href="https://www.maxongroup.com/en-us/market-solutions/mobility-solutions/robotics" target="_blank">MAXON</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_10"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">The challenge is that they are complex, bulky, and expensive.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">And a humanoid may require 20 or more of them.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/93df93a7-9cad-4fd2-b2e0-528163f50879.jpg" alt="An illustration showing the location of the actuators on the G1 humanoid's body."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Every active degree of motion in a robot's body requires an actuator.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">G1 (<a href="https://www.unitree.com/" target="_blank">UNITREE ROBOTICS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_11"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Some robot makers are trying to up their actuator game.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">They are making compact actuators that are strong and robust against, er, impacts.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/342a2b2e-95d6-4c78-8a9b-fc06b0538387.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/030a76fb-c134-4bfc-8d12-dcc216b9cdef.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Getting kicked is part of H1's balance and robustness testing.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">H1 (<a href="https://www.unitree.com/" target="_blank">UNITREE ROBOTICS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_12"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Others are testing direct-drive-type motors, which do away with gears.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Or cable-driven actuators, which are lighter and safer.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/40a088b7-19af-42a0-8aec-0632248772d7.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/6a01b6ff-f5d0-4598-bb06-4bdddd00c379.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">AMBIDEX is a cable-driven robot that can give you a high-five and won't break your hand.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">AMBIDEX (<a href="https://www.naverlabs.com/en/ambidex" target="_blank">NAVER LABS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_13"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Other alternatives may emerge by seeking novel bioinspired designs.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">One way or another, robot actuators are in need of a radical reinvention.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/7702e648-4747-48dd-af53-0ba23f850b50.jpg" alt="A robotic hand with five fingers actuated by thin colorful wires driven by motors housed on the forearm."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">This hand uses thin cables to actuate its finger joints.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">HAND ARM SYSTEM (<a href="https://www.dlr.de/en/rm" target="_blank">DLR</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><h2 class="robots-noscript-h2">Part 6 – AI for Robots</h2><span id="section_part2c-slide_14"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Next, let’s look at the software side of things.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Vision, navigation, control—so many components need to work together.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/71c18cc7-77c8-48bb-a2b1-6e8bee2be6db.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/eb1f53f0-d67c-4a72-834e-14cadf4fcd84.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">How Digit sees and navigates the world.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">DIGIT (<a href="https://agilityrobotics.com/" target="_blank">AGILITY ROBOTICS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_15"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Consider, in particular, robot learning algorithms.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">The goal is learning a task—like opening a door—under varying conditions.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/d11237a9-7611-4915-b5ee-b189ff6a7ce9.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/88a86f24-1300-4662-9a6b-25c21fc27650.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Eve is learning to open different kinds of doors.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">EVE (<a href="https://www.1x.tech/" target="_blank">1X TECHNOLOGIES</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_16"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">But what if your robot encounters a new type of door and it doesn’t know what to do?</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">We need robots to learn like we do—humans adapt, correct, and improvise.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/bca8da0c-5044-4482-9134-1f34c040cb5c.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/f875e4f2-12b2-44df-b39c-25c5a3f94abd.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Japanese robot HRP-2 suffered a malfunction, shutting down and falling backwards, while facing a closed door at the DARPA Robotics Challenge Finals.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">HRP-2 (<a href="https://www.aist.go.jp/index_en.html" target="_blank">AIST-NEDO</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_17"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Enter AI.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Robotics and artificial intelligence have long evolved hand in hand.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/b0256d61-778d-4e92-a389-23739f8738a4.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/cd64d0c6-cfba-418a-925d-f1233f17fc92.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">G1 learned this skill using AI and simulation.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">G1 (<a href="https://www.unitree.com/" target="_blank">UNITREE ROBOTICS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_18"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">So it’s no surprise that the rise of generative AI has electrified the robotics industry.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">The hope is that AI could finally unlock the power of robot learning.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/ac3c23ee-3c30-47dd-b651-d381a831b556.jpg" alt="A photo collage showing over a dozen robot arms performing various grasping and manipulation tasks."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Google Deepmind researchers and their collaborators are using AI to train robot arms to perform a variety of grasping and manipulation tasks.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">OPEN X-EMBODIMENT (<a href="https://deepmind.google/" target="_blank">GOOGLE DEEPMIND</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_19"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">As with most AI systems, the first step is amassing lots of training data.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">One method involves humans teleoperating robots to perform various tasks.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/8e95d8ff-0d6b-4df3-bcb7-78cfcbca446a.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/a9886510-d925-4161-9781-a394f7dc5c5f.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Humans performing tasks while equipped with VR gear and wearable sensors generate AI-training data that can be used to teach robots to perform those tasks autonomously.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">OPTIMUS (<a href="https://www.tesla.com/AI" target="_blank">TESLA</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_20"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Like making a sandwich.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/5b03419c-d437-4ee9-894b-0d03d7285314.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/91852021-3c90-4e51-a40d-a797c7def891.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Phoenix robot, controlled by a human teleoperator, attempts to assemble a sandwich.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">PHOENIX (<a href="https://sanctuary.ai/" target="_blank">SANCTUARY AI</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_21"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Next you use the data to train an AI model, and then test it on a real robot.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Training can also happen in a virtual environment with simulated robots.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/dd741f3f-8b87-4673-b9f7-cdb96851f99e.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/16351e16-f960-4678-8cba-e44958856c0d.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Virtual robots learn to walk and climb in AI-powered simulations as part of Nvidia's Project Gr00t, which focuses on AI for robotics.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">PROJECT GR00T (<a href="https://developer.nvidia.com/project-gr00t" target="_blank">NVIDIA</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_22"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">It’s unclear if AI can finally “solve” robot learning.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">For one thing, training robots one task at a time is a very slow process.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/b9a3b3ca-42a3-4375-89b0-2ae3744fe711.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/155eae91-71a0-4f33-a929-c19a0ee7b0de.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">A human operator remote controls the Apollo humanoid to make juice.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">APOLLO (<a href="https://apptronik.com/" target="_blank">APPTRONIK</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_23"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">One way to speed things up is to develop a general-purpose AI model for robots.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">A single model would let you perform a variety of tasks on a variety of robots.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/41607ffe-a247-439d-af6a-8b8953890034.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/c7269d13-06b4-4150-9501-69bcf0d3ffc3.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">A general-purpose robot model, trained on a large robot interaction dataset, would be able to control many different robots to perform many different tasks.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">π0 (<a href="https://www.physicalintelligence.company/" target="_blank">PHYSICAL INTELLIGENCE</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part2c-slide_24"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Getting this data and training the models will take a lot of time and money.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">But if it works, AI robots may finally be ready for the real world.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/2b075876-e36c-4aa6-8102-ca1c58914ee3.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/3149c77a-9911-4b38-a463-cecd32c733bb.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Neo unloads glasses from a dishwasher; Figure 01 operates a coffeemaker; and Digit removes a tray from a kitchen oven.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">NEO (<a href="https://www.1x.tech/" target="_blank">1X TECHNOLOGIES</a>); FIGURE 01 (<a href="https://www.figure.ai/" target="_blank">FIGURE</a>); DIGIT (<a href="https://agilityrobotics.com/" target="_blank">AGILITY ROBOTICS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><h2 class="robots-noscript-h2">Part 7 – The Future of Robots</h2><span id="section_part3-slide_0"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Where does that leave us? Are the robots coming or what?</p><span id="section_part3-slide_1"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">We don’t know for sure how robots will evolve.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">So let’s explore three possible futures.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/76007949-fb4b-47d6-8c8b-a37b28187581.jpg" alt="Humanoid robot Eve, with torso and arms covered by fabric, wheels for feet, and a smiling screen face, stands next to a smiling man with spiky hair wearing a black shirt."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Eve stands next to 1X Technologies founder and CEO Bernt Bornich.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">EVE (<a href="https://www.1x.tech/" target="_blank">1X TECHNOLOGIES</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part3-slide_2"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Each assumes a different level of technological progress.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">And each imagines how robots may become part of our lives.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/c20252df-4a2f-411a-8a00-ee09e82e08dd.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/e911eb4b-be6b-44c5-b893-23f6d780ddb2.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Figure 02 contemplates its own advanced hands.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">FIGURE 02 (<a href="https://www.figure.ai/" target="_blank">FIGURE</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part3-slide_3"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">FUTURE 1: Small advances in robot hardware and software</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Actuators are still chunky and pricey, and robot learning algorithms remain stuck.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/1b5c7794-f47d-44fc-81ed-eda9a80be9c2.jpg" alt="A knee-high robot with wheels, plastic white body, and a screen as a head."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Amazon's Astro is a home robot that can drive around, play music, and record video.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ASTRO (<a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B078NSDFSB" target="_blank">AMAZON</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part3-slide_4"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Sorry, don’t expect Rosie to show up at your home.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">But you can get a little robot buddy like this one from Amazon.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/f4eb2a26-f448-4567-9ead-5a004fb75b3c.gif" alt="A little knee-high wheeled robot with a white body and a screen as head spins around."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Astro can create a 3D map of your home and navigate autonomously.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ASTRO (<a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B078NSDFSB" target="_blank">AMAZON</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part3-slide_5"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">It roams around your house taking photos of your pet.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/19fc8d8a-dea7-4ad0-9289-5aaa822df59e.jpg" alt="A little knee-high wheeled robot with a white body and a screen as head stands in front of a black and white dog on a beige couch."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">You can remotely connect to your Astro to check in on your pets.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ASTRO (<a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B078NSDFSB" target="_blank">AMAZON</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part3-slide_6"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">As for humanoids, they find employment in factories and warehouses.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/3c8a3058-5f9b-468c-a89f-b40bea26161b.jpg" alt="Two Digit humanoid robots with green and gray bodies carry yellow plastic bins in a warehouse."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Digit robots never get tired of moving bins in a warehouse.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">DIGIT (<a href="https://agilityrobotics.com/" target="_blank">AGILITY ROBOTICS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part3-slide_7"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Except for Atlas, who becomes the first YouTube robo-influencer.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/763cc3a4-d979-419f-90e1-60d567bcb293.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/9cdd13ee-5ef4-468b-9a99-e02253dc4ec4.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">This robot's dance repertoire is quite large.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ATLAS HD (<a href="https://www.bostondynamics.com/robots" target="_blank">BOSTON DYNAMICS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part3-slide_8"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">FUTURE 2: Moderate advances in robot hardware and software</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">New designs improve actuators, and AI makes robot learning more practical.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/c6bf9563-4a12-4a35-816c-90889a448baa.jpg" alt="A robot consisting of a mobile base that carries a pole with a camera and an arm that can stretch stands against a white background."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Stretch's arm stretches so the robot can reach objects on tables, shelves, and countertops.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">STRETCH (<a href="https://hello-robot.com/" target="_blank">HELLO ROBOT</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part3-slide_9"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">We’re moving out of lab-demo territory, and robots can finally do useful tasks.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">These aren’t the general-purpose humanoids from the movies, though.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/23240210-e9b3-4902-a3bc-e38de2ef3ad8.jpg" alt="A robot consisting of a mobile base that carries a pole with a camera and an arm delivers a cup to a smiling man sitting on a chair while reading a book in a living room."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Stretch uses a simple robotic gripper to grasp household items.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">STRETCH (<a href="https://hello-robot.com/" target="_blank">HELLO ROBOT</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part3-slide_10"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">These handy bots are known as mobile manipulators.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">They do your laundry and clean your kitchen.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/8bef43bd-6b46-483b-849c-2406fe6f4555.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/c2bf9077-27ad-4d2f-84aa-03eb7a2c35cd.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">This two-armed mobile robot from Physical Intelligence can empty a dryer and fold clothing fully autonomously; the Stretch robot from Hello Robot, under teleoperation, can wipe a kitchen counter and load a dishwasher.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">π0 (<a href="https://www.physicalintelligence.company/" target="_blank">PHYSICAL INTELLIGENCE</a>); STRETCH (<a href="https://hello-robot.com/" target="_blank">HELLO ROBOT</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part3-slide_11"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">They can even take care of your pets for you.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text"> What more would you want? <em>Pfft</em>, a sandwich?!</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/e950f4b7-ce56-4f0d-b7b8-5511d95894c2.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/0837b7b6-9738-413d-88ba-bb5524d05e64.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Stretch, under teleoperation, feeds a treat to a dog, and opens the door to let another dog in.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">STRETCH (<a href="https://hello-robot.com/" target="_blank">HELLO ROBOT</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part3-slide_12"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">And the humanoids? They’re still toiling in factories and warehouses.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><video class="robots-noscript-video" controls="controls" controlslist="nofullscreen nodownload" disablepictureinpicture="disablepictureinpicture" preload="none" poster="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/41660b2c-d40e-408e-b99c-b09b3497375f.jpg"><source src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/922f8028-b3e0-4c3f-aad7-a383863cdd86.mp4" type="video/mp4"/> This browser does not support the video tag. </video><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Humanoid robot Atlas moves plastic engine covers from one storage cart to another fully autonomously.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">ATLAS (<a href="https://bostondynamics.com/" target="_blank">BOSTON DYNAMICS</a>)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part3-slide_13"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">FUTURE 3: Massive advances in robot hardware and software</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Big breakthroughs boost actuation and robot learning beyond expectations.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/8402d809-d143-4a25-8ca3-216dff6e0e39.jpg" alt="A digital illustration shows a humanoid robot with black and white body cooking in a kitchen by following a recipe on a screen, with a wooden spatula on its hands and red peppers and other vegetables on the counter."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Future humanoid robots will need fine motor skills and adaptability to handle cooking utensils, pots and pans, and ingredients.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit"></span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part3-slide_14"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">At last the future we’ve been waiting for.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">The first generation of robot helpers is now ready for our homes.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/1861d6f8-dc97-4ada-a5f3-77ca72ca4274.jpg" alt="A digital illustration shows a humanoid robot with purple and white body loading a dirty plate on a dishwasher in a modern bright kitchen."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">Tomorrow's robot helpers will also need to adapt to various household settings, such as different layouts, furniture, and appliances.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit"></span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part3-slide_15"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">Yikes, these droids are pricey! You need a robot lease and robot insurance.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">(Who knew robots would be just like cars!)</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/1073e12b-4740-4bd5-b381-cb58253de79e.jpg" alt="A digital illustration shows a humanoid robot with purple and white body ironing a shirt next to a window in a room with pink walls."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">These robots will have to be extremely safe when operating and navigating in our homes, especially when performing tasks involving heat, chemicals, or sharp objects.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit"></span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_part3-slide_16"></span><p class="robots-noscript-text">But what can we say?</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Our new AI robots are the best. They do the chores. They take care of things.</p><p class="robots-noscript-text">Sit back and relax while Rosie makes you a sandwich.</p><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/23fd0161-112c-438a-a56e-f781c80c3b7e.jpeg" alt="Three identical copies of Rosie the robot maid from The Jetsons next to each other against a light blue background."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">If the right breakthroughs in AI and robot hardware materialize, a friendly robot helper like Rosie from The Jetsons could one day become part of our lives, helping out with our chores, and more.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">“THE JETSONS” (1962-1963)</span></figcaption></figure></noscript><noscript><h2 class="robots-noscript-h2">Credits</h2><div id="robot-credits-container"><span id="section_team-slide_0"></span><div id="robot-credits-humans" class="robot-credits-content"><div class="robot-credits-wrapper"><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Concept & Text/Media</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Erico Guizzo & Randi Klett</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Development</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Erico Guizzo & Erik Vrielink</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Additional Reporting</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Evan Ackerman</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Special Issue Editor</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Eliza Strickland</p></div><div class="robot-credits-group"><div class="robot-credits-editors" style="order:1;"><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Executive Editor</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Jean Kumagai</p></div></div><div class="robot-credits-editors" style="order:3;"><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Creative Director</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Mark Montgomery</p></div></div><div class="robot-credits-editors" style="order:2;"><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Editor in Chief</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Harry Goldstein</p></div></div></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Special Thanks</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>To all robot makers and researchers who kindly helped us with information and materials, and allowed us to feature their amazing projects here.</p></div></div></div><figure class="robots-noscript-figure"><img class="robots-noscript-image" style="max-width: 550px;" src="https://public.flourish.studio/uploads/606324/af7718ac-9d96-4802-a685-8a532749857f.png" alt="C-3PO humanoid robot stands next to R2-D2 droid from Star Wars, with C-3PO speech bubble saying 'Ah, humanoid robots are truly remarkable if I do say so myself,' and R2-D2 speech bubble replying 'Beep beep boop' with an asterisk, with the asterisk providing a droid-to-English translation that says 'Yes, but who saved the galaxy?'."/><figcaption><span class="robots-noscript-caption">C-3PO humanoid robot and R2-D2 droid from Star Wars.</span><span class="robots-noscript-credit">STAR WARS (1977)</span></figcaption></figure><span id="section_more-slide_0"></span><div id="robot-credits-more" class="robot-credits-content"><div class="robot-credits-wrapper"><div class="robot-credits-header"><h3 class="robots-noscript-h3">More Robots</h3></div><div class="robot-credits-role"></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Learn more about the robots and technologies featured in this story, most of which you can find on <em>IEEE Spectrum’s</em><a href="https://robotsguide.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Robots Guide</a>. <em>In order of appearance:</em><a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/icub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">iCub</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/atlas2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Atlas HD</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/atlas" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Atlas</a>, <a href="https://robots.ihmc.us/nadia" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Nadia</a>, <a href="https://www.unitree.com/g1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">G1</a>, <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/darpa-robotics-challenge-drc-finals-know-your-robots" target="_self">Florian</a>, <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/darpa-robotics-challenge-drc-finals-know-your-robots" target="_self">Hercules</a>, <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/darpa-robotics-challenge-drc-finals-know-your-robots" target="_self">Johnny 05</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/roomba" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Roomba</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/digit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Digit</a>, <a href="https://www.tesla.com/en_eu/AI" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Optimus</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/valkyrie" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Valkyrie</a>, <a href="https://www.ubtrobot.com/en/humanoid/products/WalkerS1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Walker S1</a>, <a href="https://global.toyota/en/detail/19666346" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">T-HR3</a>, <a href="https://www.1x.tech/neo" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Neo</a>, <a href="https://www.sanctuary.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Phoenix</a>, <a href="https://apptronik.com/apollo" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Apollo</a>, <a href="https://www.fftai.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GR-1</a>, <a href="https://www.unitree.com/h1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">H1</a>, <a href="https://www.figure.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Figure 02</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/gitai" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Gitai G1</a>, <a href="https://x.company/projects/everyday-robots/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Everyday Robot</a>, <a href="https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/falcon-9/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Falcon 9</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/rosie" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Rosie</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/asimo" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Asimo</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_E_series" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">E Series</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/armar" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Armar</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/geminoidhi1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Geminoid HI-1</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/alberthubo" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Albert Hubo</a>, <a href="https://www.hansonrobotics.com/philip-k-dick/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Philip K. Dick</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/sophia" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sophia</a>, <a href="https://engineeredarts.co.uk/robot/ameca/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Ameca</a>, <a href="https://www.hansonrobotics.com/han/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Han</a>, <a href="https://www.exrobots.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">EXRobots</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/cb2" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">CB2</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/telenoid" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Telenoid</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/erica" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Erica</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/titan" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Titan</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/aila" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Aila</a>, <a href="https://www.robotis.us/dynamixel-y/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> ROBOTIS Dynamixel-Y</a>, <a href="https://www.maxongroup.com/en-us/market-solutions/mobility-solutions/robotics" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Maxon HEJ 90-48-140</a>, <a href="https://www.naverlabs.com/en/ambidex" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">AMBIDEX</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/handarmsystem" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Hand Arm System</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/eve" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Eve</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/robotiq" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Robotiq</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/hrp2" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">HRP-2</a>, <a href="https://robotics-transformer-x.github.io/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Open X-Embodiment Project</a>, <a href="https://developer.nvidia.com/project-gr00t" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NVIDIA Project GR00T</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/figure" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Figure 01</a>, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Introducing-Amazon-Astro/dp/B078NSDFSB" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Astro</a>, <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/stretch" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Stretch</a>. </p></div></div></div><span id="section_probe-slide_0"></span><div id="robot-credits-probe" class="robot-credits-content"><div class="robot-credits-wrapper"><div class="robot-credits-header"><h3 class="robots-noscript-h3">To Probe Further</h3></div><div class="robot-credits-role"></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>This story is part of <em>IEEE Spectrum</em>’s “<a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/reinventing-invention/" target="_blank">Reinventing Invention</a>” special issue, in which we highlight both the creative act and the grindingly hard engineering work required to turn an idea into something world changing. As <em>Spectrum</em> celebrates 60 years of publication this year, we take you behind the scenes of some awe-inspiring projects to reveal how technology is being made—and remade—in our time.</p><p>For a complete picture of state-of-the-art humanoid robotics today and the companies competing to build the best bot, see this feature article by <em>Spectrum</em> robotics editor Evan Ackerman: “<a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/humanoid-robots" target="_self">Humanoid Robots Are Getting to Work</a>.”</p><p>University of California, Berkeley, roboticist Ken Goldberg delivers an insightful TED Talk about the science and engineering challenges of bringing humanoid helpers into the real world: “<a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/ken_goldberg_why_don_t_we_have_better_robots_yet?subtitle=en" target="_blank">Why don’t we have better robots yet?</a>”</p><p>In this excellent “Huge If True” episode, Cleo Abram reveals how Boston Dynamics’ Atlas robot works, and the challenges it and other robots face to break free from their lab confines: “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nAgTgwak7ME" target="_blank">I Challenged Boston Dynamics’ Famous Atlas Robot</a>.”</p><p>Sci-fi robots have long captured our imaginations. Featured in this story, T-800 from “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Terminator" target="_blank">The Terminator</a>” (1984), the android Andrew from “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicentennial_Man_(film)" target="_blank">Bicentennial Man</a>” (1999), Rosie from “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jetsons" target="_blank">The Jetsons</a>” (1962–1963), and C-3PO and R2-D2 from “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars" target="_blank">Star Wars</a>” (1977) are all well known. We also feature two lesser-known but fascinating robots: the cheerful domestic bot Sunny from the Apple TV+ show “<a href="https://tv.apple.com/us/show/sunny/umc.cmc.7c5t9dde8dxoaxwyl5rkuw38p" target="_blank">Sunny</a>,” and the Asimo-look-alike humanoid from the movie “<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1990314/" target="_blank">Robot & Frank</a>” (2012).</p><p>For more on creepy robots, read our <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/what-is-the-uncanny-valley" target="_blank">Uncanny Valley explainer</a>, as well as Masahiro Mori’s <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-uncanny-valley" target="_blank">original “The Uncanny Valley” essay</a>, which <em>Spectrum</em> published in 2012 as the first English translation authorized by Mori, in collaboration with the <a href="https://www.ieee-ras.org/publications/ram" target="_blank">IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine</a>. Read also our <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/hiroshi-ishiguro-the-man-who-made-a-copy-of-himself" target="_blank">profile of Japanese roboticist Hiroshi Ishiguro</a>, who has created a series of lifelike robots, including <a href="https://robotsguide.com/robots/geminoidhi1" target="_blank">an android copy of himself</a>.</p></div></div></div><span id="section_images-slide_0"></span><div id="robot-credits-images" class="robot-credits-content"><div class="robot-credits-wrapper"><div class="robot-credits-header"><h3 class="robots-noscript-h3">Photo & Video Credits</h3></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Intro</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>iCub crawling: Alessandro Albert; Atlas HD running: Bob O’Connor; Atlas pushups: Boston Dynamics; Nadia boxing: IHMC; G1 nutcracker: Unitree Robotics; Atlas HD backflipping: Boston Dynamics; Terminator: Pictorial Press/Alamy; Florian, Hercules, Johnny 05 falling: DARPA; Atlas falling: Boston Dynamics; Helper robot with tray: Getty Images; Helper robot dusting: iStock; Bicentennial Man: Columbia Pictures/Maximum Film/Alamy; Sunny: Apple; Robot & Frank: Photo12/Alamy; Rosie: Mary Evans/AF Archive/Everett Collection; Roomba moving: iRobot</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>New Humanoids</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Digit waving: Agility Robotics; Atlas HD acrobatic: Boston Dynamics; Atlas contortionist: Boston Dynamics</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Robot Collage</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p><em>Clockwise from top left:</em> Nadia: IHMC; Valkyrie: NASA; Optimus: Tesla; Atlas: Boston Dynamics; Digit: Agility Robotics; Walker S1: UBTECH; T-HR3: Toyota; Neo: 1X Technologies; Phoenix: Sanctuary AI; Apollo: Apptronik; GR-1: Fourier; H1: Unitree Robotics; Figure 02: Figure; G1: Gitai</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Robot Cards</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Apollo: Apptronik; Atlas: Boston Dynamics; Digit: Agility Robotics; Figure 02: Figure; GR-1: Fourier; H1: Unitree Robotics; Neo: 1X Technologies; Optimus: Tesla; Phoenix: Sanctuary AI</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>New Skills</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Neo backpack: 1X Technologies; Digits warehouse: Agility Robotics; Optimus dancing: Tesla; Optimus yoga: Tesla; G1 getting up: Unitree Robotics; GR-1 getting up: Fourier; Everyday Robot: Open X-Embodiment Collaboration; π0 folding clothes: Physical Intelligence; Phoenix grasping: Sanctuary AI; Phoenix sandwich: Sanctuary AI</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Factories First</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Figure 02 factory: Figure; Apollo conveyor: Apptronik; Atlas HD mess: Boston Dynamics; Falcon 9 landing: SpaceX; G1 frying pan: Unitree Robotics </p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Robot History</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Roomba first model: Douglas McFadd/Getty Images; Roomba bottom view: iRobot; Roomba thick carpet: iRobot; Roomba cat: iStock; Roomba nuts: iRobot; Rosie crepes: Kurt Fuchs/CoTeSys; Rosie pretzels: Michael Memminger/CoTeSys; Asimo dreamy: Honda; E Series walking: Honda; Evolution of Asimo: Honda; Asimo demo: Honda; Asimo proud: Honda; Asimo balancing: Honda; Asimo bye: Honda; Armar with drill: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Neo shirt: 1X Technologies</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Uncanny</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Geminoid HI-1 and human: ATR Hiroshi Ishiguro Laboratories; Creepy heads: Anadolu Agency/Getty Images; Alberto Hubo: Seung-il Ryu/Nur Photo/Getty Images. <em>Uncanny Valley collage:</em> Clockwise from top left: Philip K. Dick: Vaughn Ridley/Sportsfile for Web Summit/Getty Images; Sophia: Sopa Images/Alamy; Ameca: Johannes Simon/Getty Images; Han: Nora Tam/South China Morning Post/Getty Images; EX Robot: Pedro Pardo/AFP/Getty Images; CB2: Yoshikazu Tsuno/AFP/Getty Images; Geminoid HI-5: Osaka University; Telenoid: Osaka University and ATR Hiroshi Ishiguro Laboratories; Erica: JST ERATO ISHIGURO Symbiotic Human-Robot Interaction Project. <em>Uncanny Valley chart:</em> Titan: Kuka; Asimo: Honda; Albert Hubo: Seung-il Ryu/Nur Photo/Getty Images; Einstein: Library of Congress</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Robot Hardware</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Aila: DFKI; Phoenix sensors: Sanctuary AI; Actuator on hand: David Mareuil/Anadolu/Getty Images; Actuator exploded: ROBOTIS; Actuator silver: Maxon; G1 x-ray: Unitree Robotics; H1 kicked: Unitree Robotics; Ambidex demo: Naver Labs; Hand Arm System: DLR</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Robot Software</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Digit 3D vision: Agility Robotics; Eve door opening: 1X Technologies; HRP-2 falling back: DARPA; G1 stick: Unitree Robotics; AI collage: Open-X Embodiment Collaboration/Google Deepmind; Optimus training: Tesla; Phoenix sandwich making: Sanctuary AI; GR00T simulation: NVIDIA; Apollo juice teleoperation: Apptronik; π0 robot foundation model: Physical Intelligence; Neo dishwasher: 1X Technologies; Figure 01 coffee maker: Figure; Digit baker: Agility Robotics</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Futures</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Eve with maker: 1X Technologies; Figure 02 fingers: Figure; Astro looking: Amazon; Astro spinning: Amazon; Astro and dog: Amazon; Atlas HD dance: Boston Dynamics; Digits with bins: Agility Robotics; Stretch stretched: Hello Robot; Stretch serving drink: Hello Robot; π0 laundry: Physical Intelligence; Stretch kitchen: Hello Robot; Stretch dogs: Hello Robot; Atlas working: Boston Dynamics; Helper robot cooking: iStock; Helper robot dishwashing and ironing: Getty Images; Three Rosies: Mary Evans/AF Archive/Everett Collection; Roomba: iRobot</p></div><div class="robot-credits-role"><p>Credits</p></div><div class="robot-credits-text"><p>Roomba: iRobot; C-3PO: Vince Bucci/Getty Images; R2-D2: Collection Christophel/Alamy</p></div></div></div></div></noscript></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="JS post functions"></span><script> function feature_post_full_style(){ var feature_post_full = document.querySelectorAll(".feature_post_full:not(.proc)"); for (i = 0; i < feature_post_full.length; i++) { var style_post_color = feature_post_full[i].querySelector(".custom-field-FeaturePostColor"); var style_post_position = feature_post_full[i].querySelector(".custom-field-FeaturePostImgPosition"); if(style_post_color){ feature_post_full[i].classList.add(style_post_color.innerText.trim()); }else{ feature_post_full[i].classList.add('DarkGray'); } if(style_post_position){ feature_post_full[i].classList.add(style_post_position.innerText.trim()); } feature_post_full[i].classList.add('proc'); } } </script><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Footer"></span><div class="footer containerHidden" id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0"><div class="" id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0"><div id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0" class=" row-wrapper clearfix content sm-cp-2 md-cp-4"><div class="row "><div id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m10 l10"><div class="bottom_menu_links" id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0"><div class="list" id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/" target="_blank">About IEEE</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/contact.html" target="_blank">Contact & Support</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/accessibility-statement.html" target="_blank">Accessibility</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/corporate/governance/p9-26.html" target="_blank">Nondiscrimination Policy</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/help/site-terms-conditions.html" target="_blank">Terms</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/security-privacy.html" target="_blank">IEEE Privacy Policy</a><a class="list__item" href="#" target="_self" rel="cookie-preferences">Cookie Preferences</a><a class="list__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/st/ppid-info" target="_self">Ad Privacy Options</a></div></div><div class="ftr-copy" id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_1">© Copyright 2024 IEEE — All rights reserved. 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// After 2 seconds (1s transition + 1s delay), change color back to white setTimeout(() => { button.style.background = 'rgb(186 186 186 / 70%)'; setTimeout(() => { button.style.transition = 'opacity 0.3s ease, transform 0.3s ease'; }, 1100); }, 2000); } window.addEventListener('scroll', function() { document.getElementById('robot-scroll-message').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('robot-toc-button').classList.remove('containerHidden'); document.getElementById('robot-toc-menu').classList.remove('containerHidden'); document.getElementById('robot-toc-overlay').classList.remove('containerHidden'); animateButtonColor(); }, { once: true }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ let clickedByUser = false; let closedByUser = false; const floatingButton = document.getElementById('robot-toc-button'); const popupRectangle = document.getElementById('robot-toc-menu'); const tocOverlay = document.getElementById('robot-toc-overlay'); const closeButton = document.getElementById('robot-toc-button2'); function isMobileDevice() { return /Mobi|Android|iPhone/i.test(navigator.userAgent) || window.innerWidth <= 768; } function openRobotTOC() { floatingButton.classList.add('hidden'); popupRectangle.style.display = 'block'; tocOverlay.style.display = 'block'; setTimeout(() => { popupRectangle.classList.add('visible'); tocOverlay.classList.add('visible'); }, 10); // Apply visibility class for transition tocOverlay.addEventListener('click', closeRobotTOC); document.addEventListener('keydown', function(event) { if (event.key === 'Escape') closeRobotTOC(); }); } function closeRobotTOC() { popupRectangle.classList.remove('visible'); tocOverlay.classList.remove('visible'); setTimeout(() => { popupRectangle.style.display = 'none'; // Completely hide popup after transition tocOverlay.style.display = 'none'; // Completely hide overlay after transition floatingButton.classList.remove('hidden'); }, 100); tocOverlay.removeEventListener('click', closeRobotTOC); document.removeEventListener('keydown', function(event) { if (event.key === 'Escape') closeRobotTOC(); }); floatingButton.classList.remove('openedByUser'); } floatingButton.addEventListener('click', function() { openRobotTOC(); if (floatingButton.classList.contains('openedByUser') === false) floatingButton.classList.add('openedByUser'); closedByUser = false; }); floatingButton.addEventListener("keydown", e => { if (e.key === " " || e.key === "Enter" || e.key === "Spacebar") { openRobotTOC(); if (floatingButton.classList.contains('openedByUser') === false) floatingButton.classList.add('openedByUser'); closedByUser = false; } }); popupRectangle.addEventListener('click', (event) => event.stopPropagation()); var robotTocSelection = document.getElementById('robot-toc-selector'); var robotTocSections = document.getElementById('robot-toc-sections'); var robotTocQuestions = document.getElementById('robot-toc-questions'); var robotTocRobots = document.getElementById('robot-toc-robots'); robotTocSelection.addEventListener('change', function(event){ event.stopImmediatePropagation(); if (robotTocSelection.value == 'sections') { if (robotTocSections.style.display !== 'block') { robotTocSections.style.display = 'block'; robotTocQuestions.style.display = 'none'; robotTocRobots.style.display = 'none'; } } else if (robotTocSelection.value == 'questions') { if (robotTocQuestions.style.display !== 'block') { robotTocQuestions.style.display = 'block'; robotTocSections.style.display = 'none'; robotTocRobots.style.display = 'none'; } } else if (robotTocSelection.value == 'robots') { if (robotTocRobots.style.display !== 'block') { robotTocRobots.style.display = 'block'; robotTocSections.style.display = 'none'; robotTocQuestions.style.display = 'none'; } } }); const hideShowOnScrollRobotTOC = () => { let prevScrollPos = window.scrollY; let debounceTimer; return window.addEventListener('scroll', () => { clearTimeout(debounceTimer); debounceTimer = setTimeout(() => { const currentScrollPos = window.scrollY; if (prevScrollPos > currentScrollPos) { if (clickedByUser === false && closedByUser === false) openRobotTOC(); } else if (prevScrollPos < currentScrollPos) { if (popupRectangle.style.display == 'block' && popupRectangle.classList.contains('mouseoverByUser') === false) { closeRobotTOC(); } } return prevScrollPos = currentScrollPos; }, 50); // debounce }); } const hideShowOnScrollRobotTOCmobile = () => { let prevScrollPos = window.scrollY; let debounceTimer; return window.addEventListener('scroll', () => { clearTimeout(debounceTimer); debounceTimer = setTimeout(() => { const currentScrollPos = window.scrollY; if (prevScrollPos > currentScrollPos) { if (clickedByUser === false) floatingButton.classList.add('expand'); } else if (prevScrollPos < currentScrollPos) { floatingButton.classList.remove('expand'); } return prevScrollPos = currentScrollPos; }, 50); // debounce }); } if (isMobileDevice() === true) hideShowOnScrollRobotTOCmobile(); else hideShowOnScrollRobotTOC(); if (isMobileDevice() === false) { popupRectangle.addEventListener('mouseenter', function(event) { event.stopPropagation(); popupRectangle.classList.add('mouseoverByUser'); document.querySelector('html').style.overflow = 'hidden'; }); popupRectangle.addEventListener('mouseleave', function(event) { event.stopPropagation(); popupRectangle.classList.remove('mouseoverByUser'); document.querySelector('html').style.overflow = 'visible'; }); } closeButton.addEventListener('click', function() { closeRobotTOC(); closedByUser = true; }); closeButton.addEventListener("keydown", e => { if (e.key === " " || e.key === "Enter" || e.key === "Spacebar") { closeRobotTOC(); closedByUser = true; } }); const observerHideButton = new IntersectionObserver(entries => { entries.forEach(entry => { if (entry.isIntersecting) { floatingButton.style.visibility = 'hidden'; } else { floatingButton.style.visibility = 'visible'; } }); }); if (isMobileDevice() === true) { setTimeout(() => { let slidesToHideButton = document.querySelectorAll('#robot-butler-intro div[data-slide="4"], #robot-butler-part1a div[data-slide="3"], #robot-butler-cards, #asimo-wrapper, #robot-butler-gradient, #robot-butler-gradient-reverse, #robot-butler-uncanny div[data-slide="0"], #robot-butler-uncanny div[data-slide="1"], #robot-butler-uncanny div[data-slide="2"], #robot-butler-uncanny div[data-slide="9"], #robot-butler-uncanny div[data-slide="10"], #robot-butler-uncanny div[data-slide="11"], #robot-butler-part2c div[data-slide="0"], #robot-butler-part2c div[data-slide="24"]'); slidesToHideButton.forEach(elem => observerHideButton.observe(elem)); }, 6000); } let scrollIntoViewBehavior = 'instant'; //if (isMobileDevice() === false) scrollIntoViewBehavior = 'smooth'; function trackHash() { window.addEventListener('hashchange', (event) => { event.stopImmediatePropagation(); event.stopPropagation(); let urlHash = window.location.hash; if (urlHash.startsWith('#')) { urlHash = urlHash.split('&')[0]; } const hashPattern = /^#section_(.+)-slide_(.+)$/; // Regex to match #section_x-slide_y format const match = urlHash.match(hashPattern); if (match) { const section = match[1]; const slide = match[2]; clickedByUser = true; closeRobotTOC(); if (floatingButton.classList.contains('expand') === true) floatingButton.classList.remove('expand'); setTimeout(() => { if (section == 'headline' || section == 'asimo' || section == 'cards' || section == 'team' || section == 'more' || section == 'probe' || section == 'images') { document.querySelector('#robot-butler-' + section).scrollIntoView({behavior: scrollIntoViewBehavior, block: 'start'}); } else { document.querySelector('#robot-butler-' + section + ' div[data-slide="' + slide + '"]').scrollIntoView({behavior: scrollIntoViewBehavior, block: 'center'}); } setTimeout(() => { clickedByUser = false; }, 1000); }, 50); } else { console.warn('Hash does not match the expected format:', urlHash); } PARSELY.conversions.trackLinkClick('Robot Scrolly - TOC Clicked'); }); setTimeout(() => { const initialHash = window.location.hash; if (initialHash) { const event = new Event('hashchange'); window.dispatchEvent(event); } }, 2000); } trackHash(); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ // Roombas and text const roomba = document.getElementById('robotv2-roomba-image'); const roombaText = document.getElementById('robotv2-roomba-text'); const roomba2 = document.getElementById('robotv2-roomba2-image'); const roombaText2 = document.getElementById('robotv2-roomba2-text'); // Initial position of the image let xPos = 0; let containerWidth = document.getElementById('robotv2-roomba-wrapper').offsetWidth; const windowWidth = window.innerWidth; let xPos2 = 0; let containerWidth2 = document.getElementById('robotv2-roomba2-wrapper').offsetWidth; const windowWidth2 = window.innerWidth; // Roomba sound, wait to load let roombaSound; setTimeout(() => { roombaSound = new Audio('https://spectrum.ieee.org/files/68891/roomba-audio-8sec-75pct.mp3'); }, 6000); // Detect mobile device function isMobileDevice() { return /Mobi|Android|iPhone/i.test(navigator.userAgent) || window.innerWidth <= 768; } // Set the speed based on the device type let roombaSpeed = 8; if (isMobileDevice()) { roombaSpeed = 6; } else { roombaSpeed = 10; } // Function to move Roomba function moveRoomba() { xPos += roombaSpeed; roomba.style.transform = `translateX(${xPos}px)`; // Get the bounding rectangles of the roomba image and text container const roombaRect = roomba.getBoundingClientRect(); const textRect = roombaText.getBoundingClientRect(); // Check if the roomba image fully overlaps the text if ( roombaRect.right >= textRect.right && // Right edge of image past right edge of text roombaRect.left <= textRect.left && // Left edge of image before left edge of text roombaRect.top <= textRect.top && // Top edge of image above top edge of text roombaRect.bottom >= textRect.bottom // Bottom edge of image below bottom edge of text ) { roombaText.style.visibility = 'hidden'; // Hide the "Roomba" text } // Continue moving until the image is fully off-screen if (roombaRect.left < windowWidth) { requestAnimationFrame(moveRoomba); // Continue moving } else { // Stop the sound when the image moves off the screen roombaSound.pause(); roombaSound.currentTime = 0; // Reset audio to start } } function moveRoomba2() { xPos2 += roombaSpeed; roomba2.style.transform = `translateX(${xPos2}px)`; // Get the bounding rectangles of the roomba image and text container const roombaRect2 = roomba2.getBoundingClientRect(); const textRect2 = roombaText2.getBoundingClientRect(); // Check if the roomba image fully overlaps the text if ( roombaRect2.right >= textRect2.right && // Right edge of image past right edge of text roombaRect2.left <= textRect2.left && // Left edge of image before left edge of text roombaRect2.top <= textRect2.top && // Top edge of image above top edge of text roombaRect2.bottom >= textRect2.bottom // Bottom edge of image below bottom edge of text ) { roombaText2.style.visibility = 'hidden'; // Hide the "Roomba" text } // Continue moving until the image is fully off-screen if (roombaRect2.left < windowWidth) { requestAnimationFrame(moveRoomba2); // Continue moving } else { // Stop the sound when the image moves off the screen roombaSound.pause(); roombaSound.currentTime = 0; // Reset audio to start } } // Add a click event listener to play sound and start Roomba movement roomba.addEventListener('click', () => { if (roombaSound.currentTime == 0) { roombaSound.play(); // Play the sound immediately // Delay the movement by 2 seconds setTimeout(() => { moveRoomba(); // Start the movement after the delay }, 2000); } else { roombaSound.pause(); roombaSound.currentTime = 0; // Reset audio to start } }); // Add a click event listener to play sound and start Roomba2 movement roomba2.addEventListener('click', () => { if (roombaSound.currentTime == 0) { roombaSound.play(); // Play the sound immediately // Delay the movement by 2 seconds setTimeout(() => { moveRoomba2(); // Start the movement after the delay }, 2000); } else { roombaSound.pause(); roombaSound.currentTime = 0; // Reset audio to start } }); // Intersection Observer to detect when the Roomba image enters viewport const observer = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => { entries.forEach(entry => { if (entry.isIntersecting) { observer.disconnect(); setTimeout(() => { //roombaSound.play(); // No sound the first time // Add the spin animation class roomba.classList.add('spin-animation'); setTimeout(() => { roomba.classList.remove('spin-animation'); moveRoomba(); PARSELY.conversions.trackLinkClick('Robot Scrolly - Roomba1 Moved v2'); }, 2500); }, 100); // You can adjust the delay or remove it entirely } }); }, { root: null, // Uses the viewport as root threshold: 0.3 // Trigger when 30% of the image is in the viewport }); // Observe the Roomba image observer.observe(roomba); // Intersection Observer to detect when the Roomba2 image enters viewport const observer2 = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => { entries.forEach(entry => { if (entry.isIntersecting) { observer2.disconnect(); setTimeout(() => { roombaSound.play(); // Play the sound LOL // Add the spin animation class roomba2.classList.add('spin-animation'); setTimeout(() => { roomba2.classList.remove('spin-animation'); moveRoomba2(); PARSELY.conversions.trackLinkClick('Robot Scrolly - Roomba2 Moved v2'); }, 2500); }, 100); // You can adjust the delay or remove it entirely } }); }, { root: null, // Uses the viewport as root threshold: 0.3 // Trigger when 30% of the image is in the viewport }); // Observe the Roomba2 image observer2.observe(roomba2); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ // Detect mobile device function isMobileDevice() { return /Mobi|Android|iPhone/i.test(navigator.userAgent) || window.innerWidth <= 768; } // Set the image set based on the device type let images; if (isMobileDevice()) { images = [ "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168542&width=680", "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168548&width=680", "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168541&width=680", "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168543&width=680", "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168545&width=680", "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168544&width=680", "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168551&width=680", "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168549&width=680", "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168546&width=680", "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168550&width=680", "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168547&width=680" ]; } else { images = [ "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168569&width=1200", "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168570&width=1200", "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168560&width=1200", "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168562&width=1200", "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168564&width=1200", "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168566&width=1200", "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168561&width=1200", "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168567&width=1200", "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168568&width=1200", "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168563&width=1200", "https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=54168565&width=1200" ]; } let currentImageIndex = 0; const cycleImage = document.getElementById('asimo-cycleImage'); const overlay = document.getElementById('asimo-overlay'); // Preload images const preloadedImages = []; images.forEach((url) => { const img = new Image(); img.src = url; preloadedImages.push(img); }); // Set the overlay text based on the device type if (isMobileDevice()) { overlay.textContent = "Tap to see the evolution of Asimo"; } else { overlay.textContent = "Click to see the evolution of Asimo"; } // Image click event handler cycleImage.addEventListener('click', () => { currentImageIndex = (currentImageIndex + 1) % images.length; cycleImage.src = images[currentImageIndex]; // Hide the overlay on the first click if (overlay.style.display !== 'none') { overlay.style.display = 'none'; } PARSELY.conversions.trackLinkClick('Robot Scrolly - Asimo Evolution Click'); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ document.getElementById('robot-droids-link').addEventListener('click', function(event) { //event.stopImmediatePropagation(); const droidsContainer = document.getElementById('robot-droids-container'); const droidsOverlay = document.getElementById('robot-droids-overlay'); droidsOverlay.style.display = "block"; setTimeout(() => { droidsOverlay.style.opacity = "1"; }, 100); // Slight delay for smooth opacity transition droidsContainer.style.display = "block"; setTimeout(() => { droidsContainer.style.transform = "translateX(-50%) translateY(0%)"; }, 100); // Slight delay for smooth slide transition setTimeout(() => { droidsContainer.style.transform = "translateX(-50%) translateY(100%)"; droidsOverlay.style.opacity = "0"; setTimeout(() => { droidsOverlay.style.display = "none"; droidsContainer.style.display = "none"; }, 1000); // Matches the overlay's opacity transition duration + 500ms }, 6000); PARSELY.conversions.trackLinkClick('Robot Scrolly - C3PO & R2D2'); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ const cookieButton = document.querySelectorAll('a[rel="cookie-preferences"]'); for (let i = 0; i < cookieButton.length; i++) { cookieButton[i].addEventListener('click', function(event) { event.preventDefault(); Osano.cm.showDrawer('osano-cm-dom-info-dialog-open') }); 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