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<li id="toc-Communist_Party_of_Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_Party_of_Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Communist Party of Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_Party_of_Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal_Communist_Party_(Marxist–Leninist)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal_Communist_Party_(Marxist–Leninist)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Nepal Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal_Communist_Party_(Marxist–Leninist)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Socialist)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Socialist)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Socialist)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist–Leninist)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist–Leninist)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist–Leninist)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology_and_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology_and_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ideology and policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology_and_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="background:white"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Communism_in_Nepal" title="Category:Communism in Nepal">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communism in Nepal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg/150px-South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg/225px-South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg/300px-South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Lal_Amatya" title="Tulsi Lal Amatya">Tulsi Lal Amatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshar_Jung_Rayamajhi" title="Keshar Jung Rayamajhi">Keshar Jung Rayamajhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Mohan_Adhikari" title="Man Mohan Adhikari">Man Mohan Adhikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpa_Lal_Shrestha" title="Pushpa Lal Shrestha">Pushpa Lal Shrestha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahana_Pradhan" title="Sahana Pradhan">Sahana Pradhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Bikram_Singh" title="Mohan Bikram Singh">Mohan Bikram Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhala_Nath_Khanal" title="Jhala Nath Khanal">Jhala Nath Khanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Bhandari" title="Madan Bhandari">Madan Bhandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._P._Mainali" title="C. P. Mainali">Chandra Prakash Mainali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KP_Sharma_Oli" class="mw-redirect" title="KP Sharma Oli">Khadga Prasad Oli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhav_Kumar_Nepal" title="Madhav Kumar Nepal">Madhav Kumar Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baburam_Bhattarai" title="Baburam Bhattarai">Baburam Bhattarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpa_Kamal_Dahal" title="Pushpa Kamal Dahal">Pushpa Kamal Dahal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1951_Nepalese_revolution" title="1951 Nepalese revolution">Revolution of 1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Kathmandu_municipal_election" title="1953 Kathmandu municipal election">1953 Kathmandu municipal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhapa_rebellion" title="Jhapa rebellion">Jhapa rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sector_Kanda" title="Sector Kanda">Sector Kanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nepalese_revolution" title="1990 Nepalese revolution">1990 People's Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Nepalese_general_election" title="1991 Nepalese general election">1991 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Multiparty_Democracy" title="People's Multiparty Democracy">People's Multiparty Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Mohan_Adhikari_cabinet" title="Man Mohan Adhikari cabinet">Adhikari cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Achham_incident" title="2002 Achham incident">2002 Achham incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Beni_attack" title="2004 Beni attack">2004 Beni attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Khara" title="Second Battle of Khara">Second Battle of Khara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution" title="2006 Nepalese revolution">2006 Democracy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Accord" title="Comprehensive Peace Accord">Comprehensive Peace Accord</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly" title="1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly">1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2013 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election">2013 Constituent Assembly elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Constitution of Nepal 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_split_in_Nepalese_communist_parties" title="2021 split in Nepalese communist parties">2021 split in Nepalese communist parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Nepal" title="Federalism in Nepal">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multi-party democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">People's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Current organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Nepal_Democratic_Youth_Association" title="All Nepal Democratic Youth Association">ANDYA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Nepal_Democratic_Youth_Association_(RJM_group)" title="All Nepal Democratic Youth Association (RJM group)">ANDYA (RJM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Nepal_National_Free_Students_Union_(Sixth)" class="mw-redirect" title="All Nepal National Free Students Union (Sixth)">ANNFSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Nepal_National_Independent_Students%27_Union_(Revolutionary)" title="All Nepal National Independent Students' Union (Revolutionary)">ANNISU (R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Nepal_National_Independent_Students_Union_(Sixth)_(RJM_group)" title="All Nepal National Independent Students Union (Sixth) (RJM group)">ANNISU (Sixth) (RJM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Nepal_National_Independent_Students_Union_(Unified)" title="All Nepal National Independent Students Union (Unified)">ANNISU (Unified)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Nepal_Women%27s_Association_(Revolutionary)" title="All Nepal Women's Association (Revolutionary)">ANWA (R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(2013)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (2013)">CPN (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist)_(2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) (2014)">CPN (Maoist) (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)">CPN (Maoist Centre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Marxist)_(2006)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) (2006)">CPN (Marxist) (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Masal)_(2006)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Masal) (2006)">CPN (Masal) (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_(2002)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (2002)">CPN (ML) (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist%E2%80%93Maoist)_Samyabadi" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist–Maoist) Samyabadi">CPN (MLM) Samyabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(United)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (United)">CPN (United)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)">CPN (UML)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Revolutionary_Maoist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Revolutionary Maoist)">CPN (Revolutionary Maoist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Federation_of_Nepalese_Trade_Unions" title="General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions">GEFONT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Samata_Samaj" title="Jatiya Samata Samaj">Jatiya Samata Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Rastriya_Dalit_Mukti_Sangathan" title="Nepal Rastriya Dalit Mukti Sangathan">Nepal Rastriya Dalit Mukti Sangathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Samyabadi_Dal" title="Nepal Samyabadi Dal">Nepal Samyabadi Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Utpidit_Dalit_Jatiya_Mukti_Samaj" title="Nepal Utpidit Dalit Jatiya Mukti Samaj">Nepal Utpidit Dalit Jatiya Mukti Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Workers_Peasants_Party" title="Nepal Workers Peasants Party">NWPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_National_Teachers_Association" title="Nepal National Teachers Association">NNTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Progressive_Student_Federation" title="Nepal Progressive Student Federation">NPSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Revolutionary_Students%27_Union" title="Nepal Revolutionary Students' Union">NRSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army,_Nepal" title="People's Liberation Army, Nepal">PLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Janamorcha" title="Rastriya Janamorcha">RJM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_League,_Nepal" title="Young Communist League, Nepal">YCL</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Defunct organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Nepal_Communist_Revolutionary_Coordination_Committee_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" class="mw-redirect" title="All Nepal Communist Revolutionary Coordination Committee (Marxist–Leninist)">ANCRCC (ML)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Nepal_National_Free_Students_Union_(Sixth)" class="mw-redirect" title="All Nepal National Free Students Union (Sixth)">ANNFSU (Sixth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barre_Sangarsh_Samuha" title="Barre Sangarsh Samuha">Barre Sangarsh Samuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_(Nepal)" title="Communist League (Nepal)">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(2006)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (2006)">CPN (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Fourth_Convention)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Fourth Convention)">CPN (4th Convention)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Amatya)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Amatya)">CPN (Amatya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Burma)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Burma)">CPN (Burma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Democratic)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Democratic)">CPN (D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Janamukhi)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Janamukhi)">CPN (Janamukhi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Manmohan)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Manmohan)">CPN (Manmohan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Marxist)_(1986%E2%80%9391)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) (1986–91)">CPN (Marxist) (1st)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Marxist)_(1991%E2%80%932005)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) (1991–2005)">CPN (Marxist) (2nd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Masal)_(historical)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Masal) (historical)">CPN (Masal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Masal)_(1999)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Masal) (1999)">CPN (Masal) (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Mashal)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Mashal)">CPN (Mashal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Matri_Samuha)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Matri Samuha)">CPN (Matri Samuha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_(1978)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (1978)">CPN (ML)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_(1998)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (1998)">CPN (ML) (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist%E2%80%93Maoist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist–Maoist)">CPN (MLM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist%E2%80%93Maoist_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist–Maoist Centre)">CPN (MLM Centre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Pushpa_Lal)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Pushpa Lal)">CPN (Pushpa Lal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unity_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre)">CPN (UC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unity_Centre%E2%80%93Masal)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre–Masal)">CPN (UC–M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(United_Marxist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist)">CPN (UM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified)">CPN (Unified)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(United)_(1991%E2%80%932005)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (United) (1991–2005)">CPN (United)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_Marxist%E2%88%92Leninist_(Samajbadi)" title="Communist Party of Nepal Marxist−Leninist (Samajbadi)">CPN-ML (Samajbadi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janamorcha_Nepal" title="Janamorcha Nepal">Janamorcha Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukti_Morcha_Samuha" title="Mukti Morcha Samuha">Mukti Morcha Samuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Communist_League" title="Nepal Communist League">NCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Communist_Party" title="Nepal Communist Party">NCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Red_Communist_Party" title="Nepal Red Communist Party">Nepal Red Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Workers_and_Peasants_Organisation_(D.P._Singh)" title="Nepal Workers and Peasants Organisation (D.P. Singh)">NWPO (D.P. Singh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Workers_and_Peasants_Organisation_(Hareram_Sharma)" title="Nepal Workers and Peasants Organisation (Hareram Sharma)">NWPO (Hareram Sharma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Revolutionary_Organisation_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Nepal Revolutionary Organisation (Marxist–Leninist)">NRO (ML)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Samyabadi_Party_(Marksbadi%E2%80%93Leninbadi%E2%80%93Maobadi)" title="Nepal Samyabadi Party (Marksbadi–Leninbadi–Maobadi)">NSP (Malema)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_United_Front" title="People's Democratic United Front">People's Democratic United Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Communist_League" title="Proletarian Communist League">Proletarian Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Revolutionary_Organisation,_Nepal" title="Proletarian Revolutionary Organisation, Nepal">Proletarian Revolutionary Organisation, Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebel_Unity_Centre" title="Rebel Unity Centre">Rebel Unity Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Organisation,_Nepal" title="Revolutionary Communist Organisation, Nepal">Revolutionary Communist Organisation, Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Organising_Committee" title="Revolutionary Communist Organising Committee">Revolutionary Communist Organising Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Left_Wing" title="Revolutionary Left Wing">Revolutionary Left Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandesh_Samuha" title="Sandesh Samuha">Sandesh Samuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_People%27s_Front_of_Nepal" title="United People's Front of Nepal">SJM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Left_Front_(Nepal,_1990)" title="United Left Front (Nepal, 1990)">ULF (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Left_Front_(Nepal,_2002)" title="United Left Front (Nepal, 2002)">ULF (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_National_People%27s_Movement" title="United National People's Movement">UNPM</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nepal" title="Elections in Nepal">Elections in Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">History of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties_in_Nepal" title="List of communist parties in Nepal">List of communist parties in Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Prachanda Path</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_democracy_movement" title="Nepalese democracy movement">Nepalese democracy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal" title="Politics of Nepal">Politics of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Front_(Nepal)" title="Socialist Front (Nepal)">Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Women in the Nepalese Civil War">Women in the Nepalese Civil War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism_in_Nepal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism in Nepal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Communism" title="Category:Communism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/50px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/75px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/100px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">"From each according to his ability,<br />to each according to his needs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">Communist Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">WPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">WFDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">IUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">WIDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">WFSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation of Journalists">IOR</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_Zizek" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavoj Zizek">Zizek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Korea" title="Communism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of communism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Red star</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Criticism </div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related  topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a> <br /> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism" title="Template:Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism" title="Template talk:Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Communism in Nepal</b> traces its roots back to the <a href="/wiki/1951_Nepalese_revolution" title="1951 Nepalese revolution">pro-democracy movement of 1951</a>, and the subsequent overthrow of the autocratic <a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana regime</a> and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> in Nepal. The <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> movement in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> has split into factions multiple times and multiple factions have come together into a single fold at times as well. It has a history of getting banned from open political discourse, as well as multiple instances of embracing <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla insurgency</a>, most notably, the <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> insurgency in the 1990s and early 2000s that led to the <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a>, claiming at least 17,000 lives. </p><p>In 2006, the Maoists and other main political parties (communist and otherwise) formed a united coalition, launching a successful <a href="/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution" title="2006 Nepalese revolution">peaceful civil resistance</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictatorial</a> <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>. This resistance movement resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">abolition of the monarchy</a> in 2008 and the drafting of a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">new constitution</a>. The constitution affirmed Nepal as a <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, which strived towards <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a>. The two main communist parties of Nepal contested the first election according to the new constitution as a <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalition</a>, eventually leading to <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Communist_Party" title="Nepal Communist Party">their unification</a> in 2018. The unified party had a strong majority in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Nepal" title="Federal Parliament of Nepal">federal parliament</a>, as well as six out of <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Provinces of Nepal">seven provinces</a> of Nepal, until splitting again into the original two parties in 2021. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Communism arrived relatively late in Nepal because of the country's isolation from the rest of the world during the Rana regime.<sup id="cite_ref-mr2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mr2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1930, communist writings had begun to be smuggled into Nepal and two of the four great martyrs, <a href="/wiki/Dashrath_Chand" title="Dashrath Chand">Dasharath Chand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gangalal_Shrestha" title="Gangalal Shrestha">Gangalal Shrestha</a> were known to have been readers of communist literature.<sup id="cite_ref-jst_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country was still largely illiterate.<sup id="cite_ref-jst_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of what would become the first communist party of Nepal was born during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_Party_of_Nepal">Communist Party of Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Communist Party of Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal" title="Communist Party of Nepal">Communist Party of Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pushpa_Lal_Shrestha" title="Pushpa Lal Shrestha">Pushpa Lal Shrestha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg/220px-South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg/330px-South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg/440px-South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Nepali communist parties use the traditional banner with <a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">hammer and sickle</a> which represent workers and peasants respectively.</figcaption></figure> <p>The communist movement in Nepal traces its history back to <a href="/wiki/Pushpa_Lal_Shrestha" title="Pushpa Lal Shrestha">Pushpa Lal Shrestha</a>, the father of Nepali communism and the founder and general secretary of the first Nepali communist party, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal" title="Communist Party of Nepal">Communist Party of Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mr_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Younger brother to Gangalal Shrestha, Pushpa Lal joined the political fight against the autocratic Rana regime at a young age.<sup id="cite_ref-mr2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mr2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began his political career as a member of <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Praja_Parishad" title="Nepal Praja Parishad">Nepal Praja Parishad</a>, which was dissolved in 1941, following the execution of the great martyrs. While continuing to be a part of the Indian independence movement, many Nepali students, leaders and activists in India, began to organise under the common goal of birthing a conscious political movement against the Rana regime, and bringing democracy to Nepal, with the help of the Indian friends, after independence was achieved in India.<sup id="cite_ref-mr2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mr2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pushpa Lal went on to become a prominent member of the <a href="/wiki/1951_Nepalese_revolution#National_congress" title="1951 Nepalese revolution">Nepal Rastriya Congress (NRC)</a>, one of the prominent forebears of <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mr2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mr2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disillusioned by the political infighting within the party, and the party's willingness to cooperate with some Ranas, Pushpa Lal left the party he was the office secretary of, and sought to birth an "uncompromising political struggle" against the Rana regime.<sup id="cite_ref-jst_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mr2_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mr2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his meeting with the noted Indian communist leader <a href="/wiki/Nripen_Chakraborty" title="Nripen Chakraborty">Nripendra Chakrawarti</a>, he settled upon founding a communist party, deeming the support of the international socialist movement an indispensable asset in the struggle against <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mr2_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mr2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 April 1949, he founded the Communist Party of Nepal along with four other colleagues, in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jst_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mr_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He translated <i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> and other writings of <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mao" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao">Mao</a>, in addition to his own original writings on Nepali struggle for democracy and Nepal's future path.<sup id="cite_ref-gp_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pp_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mr2_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mr2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jst_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the end of the Rana regime in 1951, Nepal saw a brief period of exercise in democracy, with Nepali Congress, <a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_of_Nepal" title="Tribhuvan of Nepal">the king</a> and the Ranas as the main players. Pushpa Lal Shrestha and his party returned to Nepal. Following the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raksadal_Revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raksadal Revolt (page does not exist)">Raksadal Revolt</a> of 1952, the party was banned on 24 January 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954, the party held its first general conference where <a href="/wiki/Man_Mohan_Adhikari" title="Man Mohan Adhikari">Man Mohan Adhikari</a> was elected secretary-general.<sup id="cite_ref-jst_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the municipal elections held in September 1953, NCP candidates won six seats, even though the party was officially banned. The ban lasted four years and was lifted in 1956. In 1957, the leader of the pro-monarchy faction, <a href="/wiki/Keshar_Jung_Rayamajhi" title="Keshar Jung Rayamajhi">Keshar Jung Rayamajhi</a>, replaced Adhikari as the secretary-general.<sup id="cite_ref-jst_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mr2_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mr2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party had a poor showing in the general election of 1959, under the Rayamajhi leadership, winning just four seats out of 109 and 7.4% of the total votes cast. On 15 December 1960, king <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_of_Nepal" title="Mahendra of Nepal">Mahendra</a>, in a bloodless coup, deposed the democratically elected Nepali Congress government, imprisoned many political leaders including the deposed prime minister <a href="/wiki/B._P._Koirala" class="mw-redirect" title="B. P. Koirala">B. P. Koirala</a>, and established the "partyless" <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat system</a>. Keshar Jung Rayamajhi faction joined the Panchayat system and was expelled from the party by the third party congress held in Benaras in exile, in 1962; <a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Lal_Amatya" title="Tulsi Lal Amatya">Tulsi Lal Amatya</a> became the secretary-general.<sup id="cite_ref-jst_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mr2_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mr2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The communist movement further splintered into many factions in the coming decades of political struggle against the Panchayat system, while in exile and underground.<sup id="cite_ref-pp_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jst_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal_Communist_Party_(Marxist–Leninist)"><span id="Nepal_Communist_Party_.28Marxist.E2.80.93Leninist.29"></span>Nepal Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nepal Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_(1978)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (1978)">Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (1978)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_(1998)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (1998)">Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (1998)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_(2002)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (2002)">Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (2002)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madan_bhandari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Madan_bhandari.jpg/220px-Madan_bhandari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Madan_bhandari.jpg/330px-Madan_bhandari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Madan_bhandari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Madan_Bhandari" title="Madan Bhandari">Madan Bhandari</a> was one of the most influential thinkers of Nepali communist movement.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most significant factions to emerge was the <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> movement known as <a href="/wiki/Jhapa_rebellion" title="Jhapa rebellion">Jhapa movement</a>, led by young activists <a href="/wiki/Mohan_Chandra_Adhikari" title="Mohan Chandra Adhikari">Mohan Chandra Adhikari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Prakash_Mainali" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandra Prakash Mainali">Chandra Prakash Mainali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna_Mainali" title="Radha Krishna Mainali">Radha Krishna Mainali</a>, and influenced by <a href="/wiki/Charu_Majumdar" title="Charu Majumdar">Charu Majumdar</a>, the architect of <a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxalite</a> guerrilla movement in neighbouring north-east India.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guerrilla insurgency was brought to an abrupt halt in 1971, when <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Army" title="Nepali Army">Nepali Army</a> launched an effective counter-insurgency, killing many cadres. The comprehensive failure of Jhapa movement led to self-reflection among the increasingly intellectual ranks of the Nepali communist movement. In the subsequent decades, there emerged an increased skepticism of dogmatic import of foreign ideas and strategies, and an appreciation for the development of an original path to socialism in Nepal, particularly designed to be suited to the Nepali reality.<sup id="cite_ref-pp_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jst_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Revolutionary_Organisation_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Nepal Revolutionary Organisation (Marxist–Leninist)">A faction</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Madhav_Kumar_Nepal" title="Madhav Kumar Nepal">Madhav Kumar Nepal</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Mukti_Morcha_Samuha" title="Mukti Morcha Samuha">another faction</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Madan_Bhandari" title="Madan Bhandari">Madan Bhandari</a> had merged with <a href="/wiki/All_Nepal_Communist_Revolutionary_Coordination_Committee_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" class="mw-redirect" title="All Nepal Communist Revolutionary Coordination Committee (Marxist–Leninist)">All Nepal Communist Revolutionary Coordination Committee (Marxist–Leninist)</a> by 1977, which launched <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_(1978)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (1978)">Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist)</a>, popularly known as <i>Male</i>, in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Male</i> focused on grass-roots movement and mass-education of the workers and peasant class. One member who would later emerge as one of the most powerful communist leaders in Nepal, <a href="/wiki/KP_Sharma_Oli" class="mw-redirect" title="KP Sharma Oli">KP Sharma Oli</a>, is credited by some, for playing a part in shifting the party ideology from violent insurgency to peaceful political struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1980_Nepalese_governmental_system_referendum" title="1980 Nepalese governmental system referendum">1980 referendum</a>, <i>Male</i>, already a party with national reach and a significant grassroots support, actively campaigned for the option of multi-party democracy. With this open campaign for democracy, <i>Male</i> bolstered its support among pro-democracy electorate as well as the international community and had emerged as the premier force of the Nepali communist movement. In 1982, the party officially abandoned armed struggle as a non-viable option, opting for peaceful mass resistance instead; it also deposed Chandra Prakash Mainali, and <a href="/wiki/Jhala_Nath_Khanal" title="Jhala Nath Khanal">Jhala Nath Khanal</a> took over as general secretary. The party continued to absorb minor factions of the communist movement throughout the 1980s, and by the mid-1980s, had emerged as the premier communist force overshadowing the pro-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Marxist)_(1986%E2%80%931991)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) (1986–1991)">Communist Party of Nepal - Marxist</a> (CPN-M) led by veteran leaders <a href="/wiki/Man_Mohan_Adhikari" title="Man Mohan Adhikari">Man Mohan Adhikari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahana_Pradhan" title="Sahana Pradhan">Sahana Pradhan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pushpa_Lal_Shrestha" title="Pushpa Lal Shrestha">Pushpa Lal Shrestha</a>'s widow).<sup id="cite_ref-mr2_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mr2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party continued to move towards democratic socialism, and in 1986, elected <a href="/wiki/Madan_Bhandari" title="Madan Bhandari">Madan Bhandari</a>, who would later go on to architect the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Multiparty_Democracy" title="People's Multiparty Democracy">People's Multiparty Democracy</a> principle, as general secretary. In 1990, it formed the <a href="/wiki/United_Left_Front_(Nepal,_1990)" title="United Left Front (Nepal, 1990)">United Left Front</a> with CPN-M, joined with Nepali Congress, and organised and participated in the <a href="/wiki/1990_Nepalese_revolution" title="1990 Nepalese revolution">peaceful civil resistance</a> of 1990. Following the subsequent end of Panchayat system in favour of constitutional monarchy, the United Left Front would go on to formalise the coalition; CPN-M and CPN-ML uniting into <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)">CPN-UML</a> in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-pp_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Socialist)"><span id="Communist_Party_of_Nepal_.28Unified_Socialist.29"></span>Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Socialist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)">Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madhav_Kumar_Nepal_2009-09-23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Madhav_Kumar_Nepal_2009-09-23.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="292" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>Former PM <a href="/wiki/Madhav_Kumar_Nepal" title="Madhav Kumar Nepal">Madhav Kumar Nepal</a>, chairman of the party has been a key figure of Nepali politics since 1990</figcaption></figure><p>The <b>Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)</b> is the third largest Communist party of Nepal. It was formed in August, 2021 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Madhav_Kumar_Nepal" title="Madhav Kumar Nepal">Madhav Kumar Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It split from CPN (UML) citing dictatorship, arrogance and monopoly of party president KP Sharma Oli. Nepal was supported by former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jhala_Nath_Khanal" title="Jhala Nath Khanal">Jhala Nath Khanal</a>, senior Communist leader <a href="/wiki/Pradeep_Nepal" title="Pradeep Nepal">Pradeep Nepal</a>, 32 parliamentarians and lakhs of party members throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party follows the norms of Marxism–Leninism and People's Multiparty Democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party has become one of the four major parties in Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist–Leninist)"><span id="Communist_Party_of_Nepal_.28Unified_Marxist.E2.80.93Leninist.29"></span>Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2021_split_in_Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist-Leninist)" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 split in Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)">2021 split in Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)</a> (CPN-UML), under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Man_Mohan_Adhikari" title="Man Mohan Adhikari">Man Mohan Adhikari</a>, won 69 out of 205 seats in the <a href="/wiki/1991_Nepalese_general_election" title="1991 Nepalese general election">1991 elections</a>, becoming the second largest party and the main opposition party.<sup id="cite_ref-pp_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1993 general conference ratified the party ideology dubbed <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Multiparty_Democracy" title="People's Multiparty Democracy">People's Multiparty Democracy</a>, and elected its principal architect, <a href="/wiki/Madan_Bhandari" title="Madan Bhandari">Madan Bhandari</a> as the general secretary, with Adhikari remaining party chairman. The manifesto affirmed the party's commitment to democratic socialism and opened path for its recognition in the international arena as a democratic force with a left-lean, rather than a communist party, despite its name. Madan Bhandari, along with the party's Head of Organisation Department, <a href="/wiki/Jibaraj_Ashrit" title="Jibaraj Ashrit">Jibaraj Ashrit</a>, was killed on a jeep accident later that year; and Madhav Kumar Nepal became general secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1994_Nepalese_general_election" title="1994 Nepalese general election">1994 midterm elections</a>, CPN-UML became the largest party, winning 88 seats, mainly on the back of the popular PMD, and public sympathy at the loss of Madan-Ashrit. Man Mohan Adhikari became prime minister of the <a href="/wiki/Adhikari_cabinet,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhikari cabinet, 1994">minority government</a> which lasted only nine months.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, during the short tenure, <a href="/wiki/Adhikari_cabinet,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhikari cabinet, 1994">Adhikari government</a> introduced a number of welfare programs, most significant of which was a monthly stipend to all elderly citizens. The popular welfare program would secure CPN UML's future in Nepali politics for decades to come.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, 46 lawmakers defected to form their own party, including influential figures of the leadership like <a href="/wiki/C._P._Mainali" title="C. P. Mainali">C. P. Mainali</a>, Jhalanath Khanal, Sahana Pradhan and Bamdev Gautam.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the new party only garnered 6.4% of the vote in the <a href="/wiki/1999_Nepalese_general_election" title="1999 Nepalese general election">1999 elections</a>, and the vote division only led to the victory of Nepali Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the leaders were back to CPN UML by 2002 and only a small splinter group led by C. P. Mainali remained outside, forming <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_(2002)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (2002)">their own party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist)"><span id="Communist_Party_of_Nepal_.28Maoist.29"></span>Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)">Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist)_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) (disambiguation)">Other historical and current Maoist groupings in Nepal - disambiguation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maoist_rebels_on_a_hill_in_Nepal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Maoist_rebels_on_a_hill_in_Nepal.jpg/220px-Maoist_rebels_on_a_hill_in_Nepal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Maoist_rebels_on_a_hill_in_Nepal.jpg/330px-Maoist_rebels_on_a_hill_in_Nepal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Maoist_rebels_on_a_hill_in_Nepal.jpg/440px-Maoist_rebels_on_a_hill_in_Nepal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Maoist rebels in rural Nepal</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pushpa_Kamal_Dahal" title="Pushpa Kamal Dahal">Pushpa Kamal Dahal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baburam_Bhattarai" title="Baburam Bhattarai">Baburam Bhattarai</a> had split from their respective minor communist parties and formed <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)">the Maoist Party</a>, which launched a "<a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">people's war</a>" by 1996. The maoists mainly employed guerilla tactics, attacking police stations and government infrastructures. After Nepal Army was deployed and violence intensified, <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> were committed by both sides. By 2005, the civil war had reached a stalemate, both politically and militarily. <a href="/wiki/King_Gyanendra" class="mw-redirect" title="King Gyanendra">King Gyanendra</a> had taken over direct rule of the country citing failure of the political parties to provide peace and security in the country, the Maoist party was deeply entrenched in the rural villages of Nepal and possessed the capability to bring the country to a standstill by calling a general strike whenever it desired but had no capability to dislodge the Nepali joint armed forces from <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Nepal">district</a> headquarters, while the major political parties, including <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)">CPN (UML)</a> were seeking a way to end violence in the country, as well as end direct rule of the king through popular protests.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All together more than 17,000 people were killed, hundreds went missing and at least 200 000 were displaced during the Nepalese Civil War in 1996–2006.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology_and_policies">Ideology and policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ideology and policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nepali communist parties subscribe to <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a>, or any combination of the three.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Multiparty_Democracy" title="People's Multiparty Democracy">People's multiparty democracy</a> principle of CPN UML and 21st century's people's multiparty democracy principle along with <i>Prachandapath</i> (Prachanda's way) of Maoists are examples of original thought or adaptation of traditional communist philosophy to modern times and Nepali landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the minor communist parties continue to hold a variety of far-left ideologies, including a support for party-less communist autocracy held by many, the mainstream communist parties have affirmed their commitment to multi-party democracy. Indeed, no communist parties that won a significant number of seats in elections did so without announcing an explicit commitment to multiparty democracy. In the case of CPN-UML, it was formalised with the people's multiparty democracy manifesto. In the case of the Maoists, the same policy was put forward as the 21st century's people's multiparty democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NCP continues to reaffirm its commitment to democracy having been the ruling party with a strong majority in all levels of government since the beginning of 2018; however, it is also claimed that the party's ultimate goal is Socialism and the building of a communist society.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The communists are known for their welfare programs.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government stipend to elderly and widows have been increased significantly. Stipends to the unemployed have been promised.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been a rising concern regarding press freedom, censorship and freedom of speech.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nepali communists are also called out for their populist nationalism and anti-India propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-jst_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other minor parties that do not believe in liberal democracy still continue to take part in the democratic process, citing that their main aim is to establish communism via a direct endorsement of the people through elections. Minor splinter groups that separated from Maoist party when it joined the peace process continue to carry out actions designed to intimidate and terrorise people, from time to time.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">History of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal" title="Politics of Nepal">Politics of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties_in_Nepal" title="List of communist parties in Nepal">List of communist parties in Nepal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Nepal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mr2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mr2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mr2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mr2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mr2_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mr2_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mr2_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mr2_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mr2_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mr2_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mr2_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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.cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdhikari" class="citation web cs1">Adhikari, Dipendra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/2513/">"Recalling Pushpa Lal"</a>. <i>My Republica</i>.</cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Himalayan+Times&rft.atitle=New+bill+%27aims+at+curtailing+press+freedom%27&rft.date=2019-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehimalayantimes.com%2Fnepal%2Fnew-bill-aims-at-curtailing-press-freedom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrakar2019" class="citation web cs1">Patrakar, Chhetria (2019-02-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://himalmag.com/nepal-social-media-censorship-2019/">"And then they came for my Instagram filter"</a>. <i>Himal Southasian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Himal+Southasian&rft.atitle=And+then+they+came+for+my+Instagram+filter&rft.date=2019-02-20&rft.aulast=Patrakar&rft.aufirst=Chhetria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhimalmag.com%2Fnepal-social-media-censorship-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/proposed-new-social-media-law-limits-freedom-of-expression/">"Proposed new social media law limits freedom of expression"</a>. <i>The Himalayan Times</i>. 2019-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Himalayan+Times&rft.atitle=Proposed+new+social+media+law+limits+freedom+of+expression&rft.date=2019-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehimalayantimes.com%2Fnepal%2Fproposed-new-social-media-law-limits-freedom-of-expression%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/opinion/2019/05/10/communism-and-nepal">"Communism and Nepal"</a>. <i>kathmandupost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kathmandupost.com&rft.atitle=Communism+and+Nepal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Fopinion%2F2019%2F05%2F10%2Fcommunism-and-nepal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/ncell-blast-victims-kin-wants-govt-to-act-against-chands-cpn/">"Ncell blast victim's kin wants govt to act against Chand's CPN"</a>. <i>The Himalayan Times</i>. 2019-02-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Himalayan+Times&rft.atitle=Ncell+blast+victim%27s+kin+wants+govt+to+act+against+Chand%27s+CPN&rft.date=2019-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehimalayantimes.com%2Fnepal%2Fncell-blast-victims-kin-wants-govt-to-act-against-chands-cpn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/netra-bikram-chand-leading-a-terrorist-outfit/">"Chand leading 'a terrorist outfit'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Himalayan Times</i>. 2019-03-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nepal_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nepal_topics" title="Template:Nepal topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nepal_topics" title="Template talk:Nepal topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nepal_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nepal topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nepal_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrabahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrabahu">Bhadrabahu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_Buddha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (mother of Buddha)">Maya (mother of Buddha)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kirata kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalamber">Yalamber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (kingdom)">Lichchhavi rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manadeva" title="Manadeva">Manadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amshuverma" title="Amshuverma">Amshuverma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrikuti" title="Bhrikuti">Bhrikuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araniko" title="Araniko">Araniko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Medieval<br />and<br />modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arimalla" title="Arimalla">Arimalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa kingdom">Khasa kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baise_Rajya" title="Baise Rajya">Baise Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaubisi_Rajya" title="Chaubisi Rajya">Chaubisi Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Mandala" title="Nepal Mandala"> Newa kingdoms</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Early Shah rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Pande" title="Kalu Pande">Kalu Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Nepal" title="List of monarchs of Nepal">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kot_massacre" title="Kot massacre">Kot massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Jung Bahadur Rana">Jung Bahadur Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Tibetan War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamjang_and_Kaski" title="Lamjang and Kaski">Lamjang and Kaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_of_Nepal" title="Tribhuvan of Nepal">Tribhuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Britain_Treaty_of_1923" title="Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923">Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Rana and <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1951_Nepalese_revolution" title="1951 Nepalese revolution">1951 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Village_National_Campaign" title="Back to the Village National Campaign">Back to the Village campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Multi-party democracy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nepalese_revolution" title="1990 Nepalese revolution">Jana Andolan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Royal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nepal_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Nepal coup d'état">2005 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution" title="2006 Nepalese revolution">Jana Andolan II</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 earthquake - <a href="/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="April 2015 Nepal earthquake">April</a> - <a href="/wiki/May_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="May 2015 Nepal earthquake">May</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nepal" title="Geography of Nepal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Nepal" title="List of mountains in Nepal">Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kanchenjunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalu" title="Makalu">Makalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaslu" title="Manaslu">Manaslu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna" title="Annapurna">Annapurna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal" title="List of cities in Nepal">Cities of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Terai_Valleys_of_Nepal" title="Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal">Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor <span style="font-size:85%;">(Chicken's Neck)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Nepal" title="List of rivers of Nepal">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arun_River,_China-Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arun River, China-Nepal">Arun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Karnali <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ghaghara)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Koshi River">Koshi <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kosi)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Narayani <span style="font-size:85%;">(Gandaki)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Rapti_River" title="West Rapti River">West Rapti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Nepal" title="Environmental issues in Nepal">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nepal" title="Climate change in Nepal">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Nepal" title="Deforestation in Nepal">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Nepal" title="List of protected areas of Nepal">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Nepal" title="Wildlife of Nepal">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal" title="Politics of Nepal">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nepal" title="Elections in Nepal">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nepal" title="Foreign relations of Nepal">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Armed_Forces" title="Nepalese Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(Nepal)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (Nepal)">Chief of the Army Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Nepal" title="Federal Parliament of Nepal">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Assembly (Nepal)">Provincial assemblies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nepal" title="List of political parties in Nepal">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Nepal" title="List of heads of state of Nepal">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nepal" title="President of Nepal">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Nepal" title="Vice President of Nepal">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Nepal" title="List of prime ministers of Nepal"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Nepal" title="Council of Ministers of Nepal">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nepal" title="Supreme Court of Nepal">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Nepal" title="Chief Justice of Nepal">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nepal" title="Administrative divisions of Nepal">Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Nepal" title="List of districts of Nepal">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Provinces of Nepal">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Nepal" title="Municipalities of Nepal">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunpalika" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaunpalika">Rural Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal" title="List of cities in Nepal">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatpur,_Nepal" title="Bharatpur, Nepal">Bharatpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biratnagar" title="Biratnagar">Biratnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgunj" title="Birgunj">Birgunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damak" class="mw-redirect" title="Damak">Damak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetauda" title="Hetauda">Hetauda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itahari" title="Itahari">Itahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janakpurdham" class="mw-redirect" title="Janakpurdham">Janakpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu <span style="font-size:85%;">(capital)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitpur,_Nepal" title="Lalitpur, Nepal">Lalitpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalgunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nepal" title="Agriculture in Nepal">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nepal" title="Energy in Nepal">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Nepal" title="Child labour in Nepal">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Nepal" title="List of companies of Nepal">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Free_Trade_Area" title="South Asian Free Trade Area">South Asian Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rupee" title="Nepalese rupee">Rupee <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Nepal" title="Squatting in Nepal">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nepal" title="Telecommunications in Nepal">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nepal" title="Tourism in Nepal">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nepal" title="Transport in Nepal">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Nepal" title="Labour in Nepal">Workforce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nepal" title="Culture of Nepal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nepal_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nepal" title="Demographics of Nepal">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkhas/Gorkhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Nepal" title="International rankings of Nepal">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Nepal">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy" title="Nepal Academy">Nepal Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Nepal Academy of Fine Arts">Nepal Academy of Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis" title="Nepalis">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Nepal" title="Ethnic groups in Nepal">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nepal" title="Public holidays in Nepal">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Nepal" title="Sports in Nepal">Sport</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Nepal" title="List of festivals in Nepal">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashain" title="Dashain">Dashain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihar_(festival)" title="Tihar (festival)">Tihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohani" title="Mohani">Mohani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanti_(festival)" title="Swanti (festival)"> Swonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipankha_Yatra" title="Dipankha Yatra">Dipankha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim holidays">Eid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yomari_punhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yomari punhi">Yomari Punhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadhimai_festival" title="Gadhimai festival">Gadhimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_Jayanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Jayanti">Buddha Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti" title="Maghe Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhauli" title="Udhauli">Udhauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubhauli" title="Ubhauli">Ubhauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalpo_Lhosar" title="Gyalpo Lhosar">Gyalpo Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamu_Lhosar" title="Tamu Lhosar">Tamu Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonam_Lhosar" title="Sonam Lhosar">Sonam Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasok_Tangnam" title="Chasok Tangnam">Chasok Tangnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhechu" title="Chhechu">Chhechu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatra (Nepal)">Jatra</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Celebrations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Celebrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nwaran" title="Nwaran">Nwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasni_(celebration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasni (celebration)">Pasni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Bratabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihi" title="Ihi">Ihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahra_ceremony" title="Bahra ceremony"> Bahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha" title="Śrāddha">Shraddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nepal" title="Abortion in Nepal">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-hunts_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunts in Nepal">Witch-hunts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nepal" title="Capital punishment in Nepal">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nepal" title="Health in Nepal">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nepal" title="Human rights in Nepal">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Nepal" title="Intersex rights in Nepal">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nepal">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Nepal" title="Women's rights in Nepal">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Nepal" title="Human trafficking in Nepal">Human trafficking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Nepal" title="Bibliography of Nepal">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nepal" title="Category:Nepal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Communism in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Bangladesh (page does not exist)">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Japan (page does not exist)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Malaysia" title="Communism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Communism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Turkey (page does not exist)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab 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href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communism_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communism in Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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