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ICL > Romania > Index
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//]]></script><!-- END WAYBACK TOOLBAR INSERT --> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-dark mb-3 pl-0 fixed-top" style="background-color: #009900;"> <div class="container-fluid"><a class="navbar-brand mr-3 dropdown-toggle" id="navbarDropdown" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <img src="/web/20210629083432im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/b/atlogo-white.png" height="28" class="d-inline-block align-top" alt="" loading="lazy" pr-3> ICL Project </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/http://www.verfassungsvergleich.de/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">International Constitutional Law (ICL)</a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/http://www.fallrecht.ch/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Das Fallrecht (DFR)</a> <a 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href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/al__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ag__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ao__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ar__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/am__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/as__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/au__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/aj__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ba__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bo__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/be__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/br__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cb__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ca__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cc__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ch__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">China</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cf__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cs__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cy__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ez__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/da__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/er__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/en__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/et__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fj__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fi__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">France</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gm__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/h1__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ic__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">India</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/id__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/iz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ei__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/is__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/it__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ja__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ke__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/le__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/li__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ly__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lh__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ma__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mt__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mo__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/wa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/np__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/nl__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/nz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/kn__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/no__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pl__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/po__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/qa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ro__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" active><b>Romania</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/rs__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/rw__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ri__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sn__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lo__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/si__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sf__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ks__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sp__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sw__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sy__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tw__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ti__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/th__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/t1__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ts__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/uk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/us__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">United States of America</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/vm__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a 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href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/an__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bf__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bl__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/by__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ci__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Congo-Kinshasa</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/co__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/dr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ec__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/eg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gt__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ho__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/my__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mx__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/md__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bm__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/nu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ni__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pm__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pp__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pe__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/rp__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/rq__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sl__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/so__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ce__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/su__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ug__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/up__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/uz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ve__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Venezuela</a></li> </ul> </ul></li> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="col-sm-10" style="margin-bottom: 70px; margin-top: 50px;"> <div class="container-fluid sticky-top pl-0 pt-3 pb-1 bg-white" style="top: 50px;"> <h1 class="display-5">Romania</h1> </div><!-- Content --> <ul> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ro00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Constitution</a> (<a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ro00t___.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">1991</a>)<a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ro00c___.doc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"><img src="/web/20210629083432im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/download.gif" alt=" Download Document" border="0" height="13" width="15"></a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ro01000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Law on the Constitution Court</a> (<a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ro01t___.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">1992</a>)<a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ro01c___.doc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"><img src="/web/20210629083432im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/download.gif" alt=" Download Document" border="0" height="13" width="15"></a></li><br> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/http://www.cdep.ro/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">Chamber of Deputies</a><img src="/web/20210629083432im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/others.gif" alt=" ..." height="11" width="17"></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/http://www.senat.ro/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">Senate</a><img src="/web/20210629083432im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/others.gif" alt=" ..." height="11" width="17"></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/http://www.guv.ro/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">Government</a><img src="/web/20210629083432im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/others.gif" alt=" ..." height="11" width="17"></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/http://www.ccr.ro/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">Constitutional Court</a><img src="/web/20210629083432im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/others.gif" alt=" ..." height="11" width="17"></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/http://www.presidency.ro/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">President</a><img src="/web/20210629083432im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/others.gif" alt=" ..." height="11" width="17"></li> </ul><br> <h4>Constitutional Background</h4> <div align="left"> The current Romanian Constitution was adopted in November 1991, and came into force after the referendum on 8 December 1991. The Constitution was ammended for the firs time in 2003. </div><br> <div align="left"> Romania's Constitution provides a "Right to Dispose of Oneself" (Art. <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ro00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A026_" target="top">26</a>) and sets the maximum daily working hours to eight (Art. <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ro00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A038_" target="top">38</a>). The Constitution specifies the right to property also by guaranteeing governmental debts (Art. <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ro00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A041_" target="top">41</a>). It explicitly provides for martrimonial equality, legitimacy equality, and civil marriage (Art. <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ro00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A044_" target="top">44</a>). The constitutionality of laws and orders can be submitted to judicial review even before they are adopted (Art. <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ro00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A077_" target="top">77</a>, <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ro00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A114_" target="top">114</a>, <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ro00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A144_" target="top">144</a>). Romania's President has a very powerful office, informally controlling foreign affairs, defence, police, secret service, and appointment of the Prime Minister. The mandate of the President was prolonged from 4 years to a 5 years term in 2003. In November 2004 will be elected for the first time a President for the 5 years mandate. </div><br> <h4>History and News</h4> <ul> <li>16th Dec 2004: Second round of Presidential elections, between <i>Adrian Nastase</i> and <i>Traian Basesu</i> won by the latest. The President is elected for 5 year term instead of 4 years, after revision of the fundamental law in 2003.</li> <li>28th Nov 2004: Presidential (first round) and Parliamentary elections.</li> <li>Aug-Sep 2004: Debates on the new electoral legislation. Sep 2004: new electoral legislation adopted: a Law on Election of the President of the Republic, and a Law on Election of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.</li> <li>6th Jun 2004: Local government elections. 20th Jun 2004: Second round of elections for mayors.</li> <li>March 2004: A new law on the election of local public administration authorities (local governments) adopted. The local electoral system basically remains the same: a proportional one.</li> <li>Dec 2003- Feb 2004: Ongoing debates on electoral reform.</li> <li>Oct 2003: <b>First ammendment</b> of the Romanian Constitution (2003). Political preparations started in year 2000. The text of the ammendment was prepared by a special parliamentary board. In June 2003 the <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/http://www.cdep.ro/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">Chamber of Deputies</a> adopted the Law; the <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/http://www.senat.ro/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">Senate</a> approved it in September 2003, in different wording. The conciliated version were approved on 18th Sep 2003 by both parliamentary chambers. On 18-19 Oct 2003 the referendum approved the Law for the Revision of the Constitution.</li> <li>March 2003: Romania signed the Protocol of Accession to <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/http://www.nato.int/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">NATO</a>.</li> <li>Nov 2002: <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/http://www.nato.int/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">NATO</a> formally invited Romania (and six other countries) to accession talks. The invited countries are expected to join NATO in 2004.</li> <li>June 2001: PDSR and PSDR are fused into the PSD (Social-Democratic Party), the present governing party.</li> <li>May 2001: The <b>new law on local government</b> is drafted (Law no. 215/2001 on local public administration).</li> <li>Nov 2000: Parliamentary and presidential elections; PDSR wins parliamentary elections; defeat in the second round of <i>Corneliu Vadim Tudor,</i> the leader of extremist Greater Romania Party; <i>Ion Iliescu</i> is elected president; prime minister is <i>Adrian Nastase.</i></li> <li>Feb 2000: Romania's EU accession negotiations officially began.</li> <li>Dec 1999: <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/eu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">EU</a><b> invites Romania</b> officially to join its membership process (European Council of Helsinki).</li> <li>1999-2000: <i>Mugur Isarescu</i> is Prime Minister.</li> <li>1998-1999: <i>Radu Vasile</i> is Prime Minister.</li> <li>1996-1998: <i>Victor Ciorbea</i> is Prime Minister.</li> <li>Nov 1996: Parliamentary and presidential elections are won by the oppositional Romanian Democratic Convention (CDR). <i>Emil Constantinescu</i> is elected President of Romania.</li> <li>June 1995: Romania applied for EU membership.</li> <li>Feb 1993: Romania signed the Europe Agreement (EU association agreement). Two years later, the agreement came into effect.</li> <li>Sep 1992: Parliamentary and presidential elections won by PDSR (Party of Social Democracy of Romania) and <i>Ion Iliescu.</i></li> <li>8 Dec 1991: <b>New Constitution approved by referendum</b>.</li> <li>Nov 1991: <b>Parliament adopts new Constitution</b>.</li> <li>May 1990: First parliamentary and presidential elections are won by FSN (National Salvation Front) and <i>Ion Iliescu</i> as president.</li> <li>Dec 1989: Collapse of <i>Nicolae Ceausescu's</i> dictatorial regime.</li> <li>1965: <i>Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</i> dies and <i>Nicolae Ceausescu</i> comes to power. The <b>third soviet-type constitution</b> was adopted.</li> <li>1952: The <b>second soviet-type constitution</b> was adopted.</li> <li>1948: The <b>first soviet-type constitution</b> was adopted.</li> <li>1938: The 1938 Constituion inaugurated the personal dictatorship of <i>King Carol II</i>.</li> <li>1923: The constitution of the interwar Romania came into force. It is considered today as well a generally democratic constitution.</li> <li>1866: The first modern constitution of Romania, based on the Belgian Constitution from 1831, was approved.</li> </ul> <hr size="1"> <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> For methodology see: <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://ssrn.com/abstract=1502125?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> Comparing Constitutions and International Constitutional Law</a>.<br><i>漏 1994 - 27.6.2020 / Thanks to <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/persons.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Em枚d Veress</a>.<br> For corrections please contact <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/rechtsphilosophie/tschentscher.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">A. Tschentscher</a>.</i> </font> </center><!-- /Content --> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-md pl-0 navbar-dark fixed-bottom" style="background-color: #009900;"> <div class="container-fluid"><button type="button" class="navbar-toggler" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#footerCollapse"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="footerCollapse"> <div class="navbar-nav"><a class="nav-link active" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Projects ></a> <a class="nav-link active" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">ICL ></a> <a class="nav-link active" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/index.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Countries ></a> <a class="nav-link active" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ro__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Romania</a> </div> </div> <div class="navbar-nav ml-auto"><a class="nav-link active" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629083432/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/rechtsphilosophie/tschentscher.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">漏 <i>1994-2020 A. 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