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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Midgley</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 31 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%8A" title="توماس ميدغلي - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس ميدغلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Micli" title="Tomas Micli - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tomas Micli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Midgley" title="Thomas Midgley - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thomas Midgley" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Midgley" title="Thomas Midgley - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Midgley" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Midgley_Jr." title="Thomas Midgley Jr. - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thomas Midgley Jr." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Midgley" title="Thomas Midgley - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Midgley" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Midgley_Jr." title="Thomas Midgley Jr. - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Thomas Midgley Jr." data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Midgley" title="Thomas Midgley - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thomas Midgley" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Midgley" title="Thomas Midgley - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Midgley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1" title="توماس میدگلی جونیور - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توماس میدگلی جونیور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Midgley,_Jr." title="Thomas Midgley, Jr. - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Midgley, Jr." data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Midgley_Jr." title="Thomas Midgley Jr. - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Midgley Jr." data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%92%27%D7%9C%D7%99" title="תומאס מידג'לי - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס מידג'לי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Թոմաս Միջլի - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թոմաս Միջլի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Midgley_Jr." title="Thomas Midgley Jr. - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomas Midgley Jr." data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="トマス・ミジリー - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トマス・ミジリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Кіші Томас Миджли - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кіші Томас Миджли" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_%EB%AF%B8%EC%A6%90%EB%A6%AC" title="토머스 미즐리 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토머스 미즐리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Midgley_Jr." title="Thomas Midgley Jr. - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Thomas Midgley Jr." data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Midgley" title="Thomas Midgley - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Midgley" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Midgley_jr." title="Thomas Midgley jr. - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Midgley jr." data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Midgley" title="Thomas Midgley - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Midgley" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Midgley" title="Thomas Midgley - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas Midgley" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Midgley_Jr." title="Thomas Midgley Jr. - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thomas Midgley Jr." data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Миджли, Томас - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миджли, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Midgley" title="Thomas Midgley - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomas Midgley" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Midgley_Jr." title="Thomas Midgley Jr. - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Midgley Jr." data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Midgley_Jr." title="Thomas Midgley Jr. - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thomas Midgley Jr." data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BB%D1%96_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Томас Міджлі (молодший) - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Томас Міджлі (молодший)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Midgley" title="Thomas Midgley - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thomas Midgley" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%9F%BA%E5%88%A9" title="托马斯·米基利 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="托马斯·米基利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q324992#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Thomas_Midgley%2C_Jr.jpg/330px-Thomas_Midgley%2C_Jr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Thomas_Midgley%2C_Jr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Midgley</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Thomas Midgley</b> (<a href="/wiki/Beaver_Falls" title="Beaver Falls">Beaver Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/18_maggio" title="18 maggio">18 maggio</a> <a href="/wiki/1889" title="1889">1889</a> – <a href="/wiki/Worthington_(Ohio)" title="Worthington (Ohio)">Worthington</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_novembre" title="2 novembre">2 novembre</a> <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>) è stato un <a href="/wiki/Ingegnere" title="Ingegnere">ingegnere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chimico" title="Chimico">chimico</a> e <a href="/wiki/Inventore" title="Inventore">inventore</a> <a href="/wiki/Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Stati Uniti d'America">statunitense</a>, noto per aver scoperto le proprietà antidetonanti del <a href="/wiki/Piombo_tetraetile" title="Piombo tetraetile">piombo tetraetile</a> addizionato alla <a href="/wiki/Benzina" title="Benzina">benzina</a> e per aver inventato il <a href="/wiki/Diclorodifluorometano" title="Diclorodifluorometano">diclorodifluorometano</a>, prototipo dei <a href="/wiki/Clorofluorocarburi" class="mw-redirect" title="Clorofluorocarburi">clorofluorocarburi</a>, utilizzato come gas refrigerante e propellente. È stato osservato che Midgley "ha avuto sull'atmosfera un impatto superiore a quello di qualsiasi altro singolo essere vivente nella <a href="/wiki/Storia_della_Terra" title="Storia della Terra">storia della Terra</a>" a causa dell'inquinamento prodotto dai suoi ritrovati chimici<sup id="cite_ref-McNeill_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNeill-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografia">Biografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Midgley&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Biografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Midgley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Biografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thomas Midgley era nato a Beaver Falls, una piccola cittadina della <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, in una famiglia della borghesia colta: suo padre era stato anch'egli <a href="/wiki/Inventore" title="Inventore">inventore</a>. Trascorse la giovinezza a <a href="/wiki/Columbus_(Ohio)" title="Columbus (Ohio)">Columbus (Ohio)</a> e nel <a href="/wiki/1911" title="1911">1911</a> si laureò in <a href="/wiki/Ingegneria_meccanica" title="Ingegneria meccanica">ingegneria meccanica</a> alla <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fame_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fame-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Nel <a href="/wiki/1916" title="1916">1916</a> fu assunto nel laboratorio di ricerca della Dayton, una controllata della <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> (GM); qui nel dicembre <a href="/wiki/1921" title="1921">1921</a>, sotto la guida di <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Kettering" title="Charles F. Kettering">Charles Kettering</a>, Midgley scoprì che l'aggiunta di <a href="/wiki/Piombo_tetraetile" title="Piombo tetraetile">piombo tetraetile</a> (TEL) nella <a href="/wiki/Benzina" title="Benzina">benzina</a> aumentava l'efficienza e prolungava la vita dei motori: a causa del basso <a href="/wiki/Numero_di_ottano" title="Numero di ottano">numero di ottano</a>, i carburanti allora in uso si incendiavano prematuramente e "battevano in testa", ossia provocavano un caratteristico rumore. Le compagnie petrolifere e i produttori di automobili, in particolare la General Motors divenuta proprietaria del <a href="/wiki/Brevetto" title="Brevetto">brevetto</a>, pubblicizzarono con vigore la nuova benzina addizionata con TEL come alternativa ai carburanti dell'epoca a cui era generalmente addizionato bromuro di etile<sup id="cite_ref-Secret_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Secret-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La tossicità del <a href="/wiki/Piombo" title="Piombo">piombo</a> (Pb) era comunque nota da secoli, per cui nei rapporti tecnici e nella pubblicità si evitò ogni riferimento al piombo indicando la nuova sostanza come "Ethyl"<sup id="cite_ref-Secret_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Secret-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nel dicembre <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> assegnò a Midgley la «<i>William H. Nichols Medal</i>», il primo dei numerosi e importanti premi vinti da Midgley nel corso della sua carriera<sup id="cite_ref-Fame_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fame-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'aggiunta di TEL nella benzina portò progressivamente al rilascio di enormi quantità di <a href="/wiki/Piombo" title="Piombo">piombo inorganico</a> nell'<a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">atmosfera</a> prima assente, che persiste tuttora con gravi ripercussioni sanitarie in tutto il mondo<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lo stesso Midgley manifestò segni di <a href="/wiki/Saturnismo" title="Saturnismo">saturnismo</a>, dovette astenersi per un lungo periodo di tempo dal lavoro a causa della malattia e trascorse a <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> una lunga <a href="/wiki/Convalescenza" title="Convalescenza">convalescenza</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kovarik_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovarik-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nell'aprile <a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</a>, la General Motors creò la <i>General Motors Chemical Company</i> (GMCC), una società avente lo scopo di controllare la produzione di TEL da parte dell'azienda <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a>; Charles Kettering ne fu il presidente e Thomas Midgley assunse l'incarico di vicepresidente. Nel frattempo i casi di avvelenamento da Pb diventavano sempre più frequenti fra i lavoratori addetti alla produzione di TEL; dopo due decessi e numerosi casi di saturnismo fra i lavoratori dell'impianto di Dayton, nel <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924</a> la dirigenza della General Motors fu sul punto di sospendere l'intero programma di produzione del TEL. L'anno successivo otto persone sarebbero morte al <i>Deepwater DuPont</i>, un impianto del <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kovarik_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovarik-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SignalGasPump.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/SignalGasPump.jpg/220px-SignalGasPump.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/SignalGasPump.jpg/330px-SignalGasPump.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/SignalGasPump.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Pompa di Benzina vintage, col marchio <i>Ethyl</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Insoddisfatti per la ridotta produttività di TEL attraverso il "processo al bromuro" attuato della <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a>, nel <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924</a> la <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> e <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a> proposero un nuovo metodo produttivo basato su un "processo al cloruro di etile" che richiedeva il ricorso a più alte temperature di produzione<sup id="cite_ref-Kovarik_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovarik-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; fu creata la «<i>Ethyl Gasoline Corporation</i>» e costruito un nuovo impianto, per la produzione di TEL secondo il nuovo processo, nella <i>Bayway Refinery</i> a Linden, nel New Jersey. Tuttavia già nei primi due mesi di funzionamento, nella <i>Bayway Refinery</i> si verificarono, oltre a cinque morti, un maggior numero di casi di saturnismo, caratterizzati da gravi patologie psichiatriche. Il 30 ottobre <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924</a> Midgley partecipò a una conferenza stampa convocata per dimostrare la sicurezza del TEL. In quell'occasione Midgley si versò del <a href="/wiki/Piombo_tetraetile" title="Piombo tetraetile">piombo tetraetile</a> sulle mani e respirò per sessanta secondi i vapori di TEL provenienti da una bottiglia che aveva avvicinato al proprio naso, dichiarando che avrebbe potuto esporsi al TEL in questo modo ogni giorno senza conseguenze negative per la salute<sup id="cite_ref-Deceit_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deceit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. L'impianto di Linden fu tuttavia chiuso definitivamente per ordine dello Stato del <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> pochi giorni dopo, e alla <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a> fu vietata la produzione TEL senza il permesso dello Stato. Midgley fu sollevato dalla vicepresidenza del GMCC nell'aprile <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a> per la sua inesperienza in materia di organizzazione; ma continuò a lavorare alle dipendenze della <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>. </p><p>Nel <a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a> la General Motors incaricò Midgley di studiare una sostanza frigorigena non tossica e sicura da utilizzare nei frigoriferi domestici. Insieme a Charles Kettering Midgley scoprì il <a href="/wiki/Diclorodifluorometano" title="Diclorodifluorometano">diclorodifluorometano</a>, un <a href="/wiki/Clorofluorocarburi" class="mw-redirect" title="Clorofluorocarburi">clorofluorocarburo</a> (CFC) che sarà prodotto dalla <i>DuPont</i> col nome commerciale «<i><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></i>». I CFC sostituirono in breve tempo le varie sostanze utilizzate in precedenza come refrigeranti per frigoriferi e condizionatori d'aria tutte tossiche e potenzialmente esplosive. I CFC furono usati anche per la produzione di propellenti per <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosol</a>, materiali espansi e <a href="/wiki/Solvente" title="Solvente">solventi</a> per la pulizia di componenti elettronici. Per questa scoperta nel <a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a> Midgley fu insignito della <i>Medaglia Perkin</i>. Nel <a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a>, l'American Chemical Society conferì a Midgley la sua più alta onorificenza, la <i>Medaglia Priestley</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, seguita dalla <i>Willard Gibbs Medal</i> nel <a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a>. Midgley ottenne anche due lauree <i><a href="/wiki/Laurea_honoris_causa" title="Laurea honoris causa">honoris causa</a></i>, e fu eletto alla <i><a href="/wiki/Accademia_nazionale_delle_scienze_(Stati_Uniti_d%27America)" title="Accademia nazionale delle scienze (Stati Uniti d'America)">National Academy of Sciences</a></i>. Nel <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>, fu nominato presidente dell'American Chemical Society<sup id="cite_ref-Fame_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fame-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Circa tre decenni dopo si scoprì che i CFC costituiscono in realtà dei pericolosi <a href="/wiki/Inquinante" title="Inquinante">inquinanti</a> dell'atmosfera, in quanto contribuiscono in misura significativa sia all'<a href="/wiki/Effetto_serra" title="Effetto serra">effetto serra</a> che alla riduzione dell'<a href="/wiki/Ozono" title="Ozono">ozono</a> nella <a href="/wiki/Stratosfera" title="Stratosfera">stratosfera</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Nel 1940, all'età di 51 anni, Midgley contrasse la <a href="/wiki/Poliomielite" title="Poliomielite">poliomielite</a>, malattia che lo rese disabile e lo spinse a progettare un complesso meccanismo fatto di <a href="/wiki/Corda" title="Corda">corde</a> e <a href="/wiki/Carrucola" title="Carrucola">carrucole</a> per alzarsi in modo autonomo dal letto. Nel 1944, Midgley rimase accidentalmente impigliato in questo meccanismo e morì per strangolamento.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Midgley&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Midgley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McNeill-1"><a href="#cite_ref-McNeill_1-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">McNeill, J.R. <i>Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World</i> (2001) New York: Norton, xxvi, pp. 421 e segg. (secondo la versione in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dizzy.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/volume_9/1101bess.html">Journal of Political Ecology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040328013401/http://dizzy.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/volume_9/1101bess.html">Archiviato</a> il 28 marzo 2004 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fame-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Fame_2-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Fame_2-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Fame_2-2">c</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/193.html">Inventors Hall of Fame Profile: Thomas Midgely</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501223406/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/193.html">Archiviato</a> il 1º maggio 2009 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Secret-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Secret_3-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Secret_3-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20000320/kitman">The Secret History of Lead</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100227121446/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20000320/kitman">Archiviato</a> il 27 febbraio 2010 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.», <i>The Nation</i>, March 20, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Antonio Menditto, Ferdinando Chiodo, Marina Patriarca e Gino Morisi. «Evoluzione dell'esposizione al piombo negli ambienti di vita e di lavoro in Italia. Indagini effettuate nel periodo 1978-1996». <i><a href="/wiki/Annali_dell%27Istituto_Superiore_di_Sanit%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità">Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità</a></i>, <b>34</b>(1): 1-156, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kovarik-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Kovarik_5-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Kovarik_5-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Kovarik_5-2">c</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Kovarik, Bill. "Charles F. Kettering and the 1921 Discovery of Tetraethyl Lead In the Context of Technological Alternatives", relazione presentata al convegno della <i>Society of Automotive Engineers Fuels & Lubricants Conference</i>, Baltimora, Maryland, 1994; rivista nel 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deceit-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Deceit_6-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Markowitz, Gerald and Rosner, David. <i>Deceit and Denial: The Deadly Politics of Industrial Pollution</i>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">American Chemical Society, «1941: Thomas Midgley Jr. (1889–1944)» (2008, April 7), <i>Chemical & Engineering News</i>, <b>86</b>(14), ISSN 0009-2347 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/cen/priestley/recipients/1941midgely.html">on-line</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Rowland FS. «Stratospheric ozone depletion». <i>Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci</i> (2006 May 29); <b>361</b>(1469):769-90, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16627294?dopt=Abstract">PMID 16627294</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1609402/?tool=pubmed">on-line</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bryson" title="Bill Bryson">Bill Bryson</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Breve_storia_di_(quasi)_tutto" title="Breve storia di (quasi) tutto">Breve storia di (quasi) tutto</a></i>, Milano : Guanda, 2005, p.171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> Alan Bellows, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=932"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Ethyl-Poisoned Earth</span></a>, 8 dicembre 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dKQtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2pgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6754,506951&dq=midgley&hl=en">[1]</a>" <i>Montreal gazette</i>, 3 novembre 1944</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Midgley&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Midgley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jacopo Prisco (marzo 2010), «La benzina al piombo, i CFC e una morte tragicomica», <i><a href="/wiki/Newton_(rivista)" title="Newton (rivista)">Newton</a></i>, <b>XIV</b>(1): 44.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Midgley&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Midgley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Thomas Midgley"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thomas_Midgley?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thomas_Midgley?uselang=it">Thomas Midgley</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Midgley&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Midgley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Thomas Midgley (1942, Aug 14), "A Critical Examination of Some Concepts in Rubber Chemistry", <i><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a></i> <b>96</b>(2485): 143–146, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.96.2485.143">10.1126/science.96.2485.143</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17833986?dopt=Abstract">PMID 17833986</a></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/tmidgley.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Charles F. Kettering, Biographical Memoir of Thomas Midgley jr.</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">books.nap.edu</span>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Medaglia_Priestley"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medaglia_Priestley" title="Template:Medaglia Priestley"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Medaglia_Priestley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Medaglia Priestley (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Medaglia_Priestley&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title">Vincitori della <a href="/wiki/Medaglia_Priestley" title="Medaglia Priestley">Medaglia Priestley</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">ACS</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox_list navbox_center navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Ira_Remsen" title="Ira Remsen">Ira Remsen</a> (1923) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Fahs_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edgar Fahs Smith (la pagina non esiste)">Edgar Fahs Smith</a> (1926) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_P._Garvan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis P. Garvan (la pagina non esiste)">Francis P. Garvan</a> (1929) • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lathrop_Parsons" title="Charles Lathrop Parsons">Charles Lathrop Parsons</a> (1932) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_A._Noyes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William A. Noyes (la pagina non esiste)">William A. Noyes</a> (1935) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marston_T._Bogert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marston T. Bogert (la pagina non esiste)">Marston T. Bogert</a> (1938) • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Midgley</a> (1941) • <a href="/wiki/James_Bryant_Conant" title="James Bryant Conant">James Bryant Conant</a> (1944) • <a href="/wiki/Ian_Morris_Heilbron" title="Ian Morris Heilbron">Ian Morris Heilbron</a> (1945) • <a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a> (1946) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_K._Lewis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warren K. Lewis (la pagina non esiste)">Warren K. Lewis</a> (1947) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_R._Weidlein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward R. Weidlein (la pagina non esiste)">Edward R. Weidlein</a> (1948) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_B._Lamb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur B. Lamb (la pagina non esiste)">Arthur B. Lamb</a> (1949) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_August_Kraus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles August Kraus (la pagina non esiste)">Charles August Kraus</a> (1950) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evan_J._Crane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evan J. Crane (la pagina non esiste)">Evan J. Crane</a> (1951) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_C._Lind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel C. Lind (la pagina non esiste)">Samuel C. Lind</a> (1952) • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chimico)" title="Robert Robinson (chimico)">Robert Robinson</a> (1953) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Albert_Noyes,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. Albert Noyes, Jr. (la pagina non esiste)">W. Albert Noyes, Jr.</a> (1954) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_A._Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles A. Thomas (la pagina non esiste)">Charles A. Thomas</a> (1955) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_S._Marvel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl S. Marvel (la pagina non esiste)">Carl S. Marvel</a> (1956) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farrington_Daniels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farrington Daniels (la pagina non esiste)">Farrington Daniels</a> (1957) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_H._Volwiler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest H. Volwiler (la pagina non esiste)">Ernest H. Volwiler</a> (1958) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Irving_Schlesinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Irving Schlesinger (la pagina non esiste)">Hermann Irving Schlesinger</a> (1959) • <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Reed_Brode" title="Wallace Reed Brode">Wallace Reed Brode</a> (1960) • <a href="/wiki/Louis_Plack_Hammett" title="Louis Plack Hammett">Louis Plack Hammett</a> (1961) • <a href="/wiki/Joel_Henry_Hildebrand" title="Joel Henry Hildebrand">Joel Henry Hildebrand</a> (1962) • <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a> (1963) • <a href="/wiki/John_C._Bailar_Jr." title="John C. Bailar Jr.">John C. Bailar Jr.</a> (1964) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Sparks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William J. Sparks (la pagina non esiste)">William J. Sparks</a> (1965) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_O._Baker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William O. Baker (la pagina non esiste)">William O. Baker</a> (1966) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph Connor (la pagina non esiste)">Ralph Connor</a> (1967) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_G._Young&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William G. Young (la pagina non esiste)">William G. Young</a> (1968) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_S._Pitzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth S. Pitzer (la pagina non esiste)">Kenneth S. Pitzer</a> (1969) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Tishler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Tishler (la pagina non esiste)">Max Tishler</a> (1970) • <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Rossini" title="Frederick Rossini">Frederick Rossini</a> (1971) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._Kistiakowsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George B. Kistiakowsky (la pagina non esiste)">George B. Kistiakowsky</a> (1972) • <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a> (1973) • <a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a> (1974) • <a href="/wiki/Henry_Eyring" title="Henry Eyring">Henry Eyring</a> (1975) • <a href="/wiki/George_S._Hammond" title="George S. Hammond">George S. Hammond</a> (1976) • <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gilman" title="Henry Gilman">Henry Gilman</a> (1977) • <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a> (1978) • <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Theodore_Seaborg" title="Glenn Theodore Seaborg">Glenn Theodore Seaborg</a> (1979) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Harris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milton Harris (la pagina non esiste)">Milton Harris</a> (1980) • <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brown" title="Herbert Brown">Herbert Brown</a> (1981) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bryce_Crawford,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bryce Crawford, Jr. (la pagina non esiste)">Bryce Crawford, Jr.</a> (1982) • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mulliken" title="Robert Mulliken">Robert Mulliken</a> (1983) • <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> (1984) • <a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a> (1985) • <a href="/wiki/Karl_August_Folkers" title="Karl August Folkers">Karl August Folkers</a> (1986) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dombrowski_Roberts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Dombrowski Roberts (la pagina non esiste)">John D. Roberts</a> (1987) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_H._Westheimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank H. Westheimer (la pagina non esiste)">Frank H. Westheimer</a> (1988) • <a href="/wiki/George_C._Pimentel" title="George C. Pimentel">George C. Pimentel</a> (1989) • <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a> (1990) • <a href="/wiki/Harry_B._Gray" title="Harry B. Gray">Harry B. Gray</a> (1991) • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a> (1992) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_W._Parry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert W. Parry (la pagina non esiste)">Robert W. Parry</a> (1993) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_E._Simmons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard E. Simmons (la pagina non esiste)">Howard E. Simmons</a> (1994) • <a href="/wiki/Derek_Harold_Richard_Barton" title="Derek Harold Richard Barton">Derek Harold Richard Barton</a> (1995) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_L._Eliel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest L. Eliel (la pagina non esiste)">Ernest L. Eliel</a> (1996) • <a href="/wiki/Mary_L._Good" title="Mary L. Good">Mary L. Good</a> (1997) • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Albert_Cotton" title="Frank Albert Cotton">Frank Albert Cotton</a> (1998) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Breslow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Breslow (la pagina non esiste)">Ronald Breslow</a> (1999) • <a href="/wiki/Darleane_C._Hoffman" title="Darleane C. Hoffman">Darleane C. Hoffman</a> (2000) • <a href="/wiki/Fred_Basolo" title="Fred Basolo">Fred Basolo</a> (2001) • <a href="/wiki/Allen_Bard" title="Allen Bard">Allen Bard</a> (2002) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_J._Vandenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin J. Vandenberg (la pagina non esiste)">Edwin J. Vandenberg</a> (2003) • <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias J. Corey</a> (2004) • <a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah">George A. Olah</a> (2005) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_S._Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul S. Anderson (la pagina non esiste)">Paul S. Anderson</a> (2006) • <a href="/wiki/George_M._Whitesides" title="George M. Whitesides">George M. Whitesides</a> (2007) • <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_Arpad_Somorjai" title="Gábor Arpad Somorjai">Gábor Arpad Somorjai</a> (2008) • <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hawthorne" title="Frederick Hawthorne">Frederick Hawthorne</a> (2009) • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Zare" title="Richard Zare">Richard Zare</a> (2010) • <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed H. Zewail</a> (2011) • <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a> (2012) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_J._Stang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter J. Stang (la pagina non esiste)">Peter J. Stang</a> (2013) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_J._Lippard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen J. Lippard (la pagina non esiste)">Stephen J. Lippard</a> (2014) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacqueline_Barton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacqueline Barton (la pagina non esiste)">Jacqueline Barton</a> (2015) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mostafa_El-Sayed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mostafa El-Sayed (la pagina non esiste)">Mostafa El-Sayed</a> (2016) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobin_J._Marks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tobin J. Marks (la pagina non esiste)">Tobin J. Marks</a> (2017) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geraldine_L._Richmond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geraldine L. Richmond (la pagina non esiste)">Geraldine L. Richmond</a> (2018) • <a href="/wiki/Barry_Sharpless" title="Barry Sharpless">Barry Sharpless</a> (2019)</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r141815314"><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Medaglia_Perkin"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medaglia_Perkin" title="Template:Medaglia Perkin"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Medaglia_Perkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Medaglia Perkin (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Medaglia_Perkin&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title">Vincitori della <a href="/wiki/Medaglia_Perkin" title="Medaglia Perkin">medaglia Perkin</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox_list navbox_center navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Perkin" title="William Henry Perkin">William Henry Perkin</a> (1906) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown_Francis_Herreshoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Brown Francis Herreshoff (la pagina non esiste)">J. B. F. Herreshoff</a> (1908) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Behr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Behr (la pagina non esiste)">Arno Behr</a> (1909) • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Goodrich_Acheson" title="Edward Goodrich Acheson">Edward G. Acheson</a> (1910) • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martin_Hall" title="Charles Martin Hall">Charles Martin Hall</a> (1911) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herman_Frasch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herman Frasch (la pagina non esiste)">Herman Frasch</a> (1912) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Gayley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Gayley (la pagina non esiste)">James Gayley</a> (1913) • <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Hyatt" title="John Wesley Hyatt">John W. Hyatt</a> (1914) • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Weston_(chimico)" title="Edward Weston (chimico)">Edward Weston</a> (1915) • <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Baekeland</a> (1916) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Twitchell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Twitchell (la pagina non esiste)">Ernst Twitchell</a> (1917) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auguste_J._Rossi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auguste J. Rossi (la pagina non esiste)">Auguste J. Rossi</a> (1918) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Gardner_Cottrell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Gardner Cottrell (la pagina non esiste)">Frederick G. Cottrell</a> (1919) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Frederick_Chandler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Frederick Chandler (la pagina non esiste)">Charles F. Chandler</a> (1920) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willis_Rodney_Whitney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willis Rodney Whitney (la pagina non esiste)">Willis Rodney Whitney</a> (1921) • <a href="/wiki/William_Merriam_Burton" title="William Merriam Burton">William Merriam Burton</a> (1922) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_C._Whitaker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milton C. Whitaker (la pagina non esiste)">Milton C. Whitaker</a> (1923) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Mark_Becket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Mark Becket (la pagina non esiste)">Frederick Mark Becket</a> (1924) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_K._Moore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh K. Moore (la pagina non esiste)">Hugh K. Moore</a> (1925) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_B._Moore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard B. Moore (la pagina non esiste)">Richard B. Moore</a> (1926) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Edgar_Teeple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Edgar Teeple (la pagina non esiste)">John E. Teeple</a> (1927) • <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a> (1928) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_C._Sullivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene C. Sullivan (la pagina non esiste)">Eugene C. Sullivan</a> (1929) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_H._Dow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert H. Dow (la pagina non esiste)">Herbert H. Dow</a> (1930) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Dehon_Little&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Dehon Little (la pagina non esiste)">Arthur Dehon Little</a> (1931) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_F._Burgess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles F. Burgess (la pagina non esiste)">Charles F. Burgess</a> (1932) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Oenslager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Oenslager (la pagina non esiste)">George Oenslager</a> (1933) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_G._Fink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colin G. Fink (la pagina non esiste)">Colin G. Fink</a> (1934) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_O._Curme,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George O. Curme, Jr. (la pagina non esiste)">George O. Curme, Jr.</a> (1935) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_Kendall_Lewis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warren Kendall Lewis (la pagina non esiste)">Warren K. Lewis</a> (1936) • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Midgley,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Midgley, Jr.">Thomas Midgley, Jr.</a> (1937) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Tone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank J. Tone (la pagina non esiste)">Frank J. Tone</a> (1938) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_S._Landis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter S. Landis (la pagina non esiste)">Walter S. Landis</a> (1939) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Stine (la pagina non esiste)">Charles Stine</a> (1940) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Van_Nostrand_Dorr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Van Nostrand Dorr (la pagina non esiste)">John V. N. Dorr</a> (1941) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Ittner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Ittner (la pagina non esiste)">Martin Ittner</a> (1942) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert E. Wilson (la pagina non esiste)">Robert E. Wilson</a> (1943) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaston_F._Dubois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaston F. Dubois (la pagina non esiste)">Gaston F. Dubois</a> (1944) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Keiser_Bolton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elmer Keiser Bolton (la pagina non esiste)">Elmer Keiser Bolton</a> (1945) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_C._Frary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis C. Frary (la pagina non esiste)">Francis C. Frary</a> (1946) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Runnels_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Runnels Williams (la pagina non esiste)">Robert R. Williams</a> (1947) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clarence_W._Balke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clarence W. Balke (la pagina non esiste)">Clarence W. Balke</a> (1948) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_S._Miner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl S. Miner (la pagina non esiste)">Carl S. Miner</a> (1949) • <a href="/wiki/Eger_Vaughan_Murphree" class="mw-redirect" title="Eger Vaughan Murphree">Eger V. Murphree</a> (1950) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Howard_(chimico)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Howard (chimico) (la pagina non esiste)">Henry Howard</a> (1951) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_M._Burns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert M. Burns (la pagina non esiste)">Robert M. Burns</a> (1952) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_A._Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles A. Thomas (la pagina non esiste)">Charles A. Thomas</a> (1953) • <a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a> (1954) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Williams_(chimico)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Williams (chimico) (la pagina non esiste)">Roger Williams</a> (1955) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edgar_C._Britton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edgar C. Britton (la pagina non esiste)">Edgar C. Britton</a> (1956) • <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Theodore_Seaborg" title="Glenn Theodore Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> (1957) • <a href="/wiki/William_Justin_Kroll" title="William Justin Kroll">William Justin Kroll</a> (1958) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Jules_Houdry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugène Jules Houdry (la pagina non esiste)">Eugène J. Houdry</a> (1959) • <a href="/wiki/Karl_August_Folkers" title="Karl August Folkers">Karl August Folkers</a> (1960) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Frederick_Prutton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Frederick Prutton (la pagina non esiste)">Carl F. Prutton</a> (1961) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_George_Rochow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene George Rochow (la pagina non esiste)">Eugene G. Rochow</a> (1962) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Oliver_Baker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Oliver Baker (la pagina non esiste)">William O. Baker</a> (1963) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Joseph_Sparks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Joseph Sparks (la pagina non esiste)">William J. Sparks</a> (1964) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Shipp_Marvel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Shipp Marvel (la pagina non esiste)">Carl S. Marvel</a> (1965) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manson_Benedict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manson Benedict (la pagina non esiste)">Manson Benedict</a> (1966) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Haensel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Haensel (la pagina non esiste)">Vladimir Haensel</a> (1967) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_B._Hass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry B. Hass (la pagina non esiste)">Henry B. Hass</a> (1968) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_W._Cairns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert W. Cairns (la pagina non esiste)">Robert W. Cairns</a> (1969) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Harris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milton Harris (la pagina non esiste)">Milton Harris</a> (1970) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Franklin_Hyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Franklin Hyde (la pagina non esiste)">James F. Hyde</a> (1971) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Burns_MacMullin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Burns MacMullin (la pagina non esiste)">Robert Burns MacMullin</a> (1972) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_L._Cairns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore L. Cairns (la pagina non esiste)">Theodore L. Cairns</a> (1973) • <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Herbert_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Herbert Land">Edwin H. Land</a> (1974) • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a> (1975) • <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hastings_Sarett" title="Lewis Hastings Sarett">Lewis H. Sarett</a> (1976) • <a href="/wiki/Paul_John_Flory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul John Flory">Paul J. Flory</a> (1977) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Othmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Othmer (la pagina non esiste)">Donald Othmer</a> (1978) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_D._Idol_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James D. Idol Jr. (la pagina non esiste)">James D. Idol Jr.</a> (1979) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herman_F._Mark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herman F. Mark (la pagina non esiste)">Herman F. Mark</a> (1980) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Landau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph Landau (la pagina non esiste)">Ralph Landau</a> (1981) • <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a> (1982) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Bruce_Hannay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Bruce Hannay (la pagina non esiste)">Norman Bruce Hannay</a> (1983) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_H._Sinfelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John H. Sinfelt (la pagina non esiste)">John H. Sinfelt</a> (1984) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Burgan_Weisz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Burgan Weisz (la pagina non esiste)">Paul B. Weisz</a> (1985) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Regna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Regna (la pagina non esiste)">Peter Regna</a> (1986) • <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Hogan" title="John Paul Hogan">John Paul Hogan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Banks_(chimico)" title="Robert Banks (chimico)">Robert Banks</a> (1987) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_F._Roth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James F. Roth (la pagina non esiste)">James F. Roth</a> (1988) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_J._Karol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick J. Karol (la pagina non esiste)">Frederick J. Karol</a> (1989) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_E._Franz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John E. Franz (la pagina non esiste)">John E. Franz</a> (1990) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Angel_Ondetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel Angel Ondetti (la pagina non esiste)">Miguel A. Ondetti</a> (1991) • <a href="/wiki/Edith_Marie_Flanigen" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Marie Flanigen">Edith M. Flanigen</a> (1992) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lubomyr_Taras_Romankiw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lubomyr Taras Romankiw (la pagina non esiste)">Lubomyr T. Romankiw</a> (1993) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marinus_Los&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marinus Los (la pagina non esiste)">Marinus Los</a> (1994) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delbert_H._Meyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delbert H. Meyer (la pagina non esiste)">Delbert H. Meyer</a> (1995) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_D._Francis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marion D. Francis (la pagina non esiste)">Marion D. Francis</a> (1996) • <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Louise_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Louise Kwolek">Stephanie Louise Kwolek</a> (1997) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_R._Bryant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David R. Bryant (la pagina non esiste)">David R. Bryant</a> (1998) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_A._Carr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert A. Carr (la pagina non esiste)">Albert A. Carr</a> (1999) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_N._Li&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman N. Li (la pagina non esiste)">Norman N. Li</a> (2000) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsa_Reichmanis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elsa Reichmanis (la pagina non esiste)">Elsa Reichmanis</a> (2001) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_S._Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul S. Anderson (la pagina non esiste)">Paul S. Anderson</a> (2002) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Joyce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William H. Joyce (la pagina non esiste)">William H. Joyce</a> (2003) • <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon E. Moore</a> (2004) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_W._Gore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert W. Gore (la pagina non esiste)">Robert W. Gore</a> (2005) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Carl_Stevens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Carl Stevens (la pagina non esiste)">James C. Stevens</a> (2006) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Boyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Boyer (la pagina non esiste)">Herbert Boyer</a> (2007) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Shankland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ian Shankland (la pagina non esiste)">Ian Shankland</a> (2008) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bruce_Silverman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Bruce Silverman (la pagina non esiste)">Richard Bruce Silverman</a> (2009) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Breslow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Breslow (la pagina non esiste)">Ronald Breslow</a> (2010)</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r141815314"><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Premio_Willard_Gibbs"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Premio_Willard_Gibbs" title="Template:Premio Willard Gibbs"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Premio_Willard_Gibbs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Premio Willard Gibbs (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Premio_Willard_Gibbs&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title">Vincitori del <a href="/wiki/Premio_Willard_Gibbs" title="Premio Willard Gibbs">Premio Willard Gibbs</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">ACS</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox_list navbox_center navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a> (1911) • <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore William Richards</a> (1912) • <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Baekeland</a> (1913) • <a href="/wiki/Ira_Remsen" title="Ira Remsen">Ira Remsen</a> (1914) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Amos_Noyes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Amos Noyes (la pagina non esiste)">Arthur Amos Noyes</a> (1915) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willis_R._Whitney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willis R. Whitney (la pagina non esiste)">Willis R. Whitney</a> (1916) • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Morley" title="Edward Morley">Edward Morley</a> (1917) • <a href="/wiki/William_Merriam_Burton" title="William Merriam Burton">William Merriam Burton</a> (1918) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Albert_Noyes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Albert Noyes (la pagina non esiste)">William A. Noyes</a> (1919) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Gardner_Cottrell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Gardner Cottrell (la pagina non esiste)">Frederick Gardner Cottrell</a> (1920) • <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> (1921) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Stieglitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Stieglitz (la pagina non esiste)">Julius Stieglitz</a> (1923) • <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Lewis" title="Gilbert Lewis">Gilbert Lewis</a> (1924) • <a href="/wiki/Moses_Gomberg" title="Moses Gomberg">Moses Gomberg</a> (1925) • <a href="/wiki/James_Colquhoun_Irvine" title="James Colquhoun Irvine">James Colquhoun Irvine</a> (1926) • <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Abel" title="John Jacob Abel">John Jacob Abel</a> (1927) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Draper_Harkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Draper Harkins (la pagina non esiste)">William Draper Harkins</a> (1928) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Silbert_Hudson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Silbert Hudson (la pagina non esiste)">Claude Silbert Hudson</a> (1929) • <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a> (1930) • <a href="/wiki/Phoebus_Levene" title="Phoebus Levene">Phoebus Levene</a> (1931) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Curtis_Franklin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Curtis Franklin (la pagina non esiste)">Edward Curtis Franklin</a> (1932) • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Martin_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Martin Willstätter">Richard Martin Willstätter</a> (1933) • <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a> (1934) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_August_Kraus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles August Kraus (la pagina non esiste)">Charles August Kraus</a> (1935) • <a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a> (1936) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Newby_McCoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Newby McCoy (la pagina non esiste)">Herbert Newby McCoy</a> (1937) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Runnels_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Runnels Williams (la pagina non esiste)">Robert R. Williams</a> (1938) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Dexter_Van_Slyke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Dexter Van Slyke (la pagina non esiste)">Donald Dexter Van Slyke</a> (1939) • <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ipatieff" title="Vladimir Ipatieff">Vladimir Ipatieff</a> (1940) • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Adelbert Doisy</a> (1941) • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Midgley</a> (1942) • <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Arnold_Elvehjem" title="Conrad Arnold Elvehjem">Conrad Arnold Elvehjem</a> (1943) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_O._Curme,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George O. Curme, Jr. (la pagina non esiste)">George O. Curme, Jr.</a> (1944) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_C._Whitmore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank C. Whitmore (la pagina non esiste)">Frank C. Whitmore</a> (1945) • <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> (1946) • <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a> (1947) • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl F. Cori</a> (1948) • <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a> (1949) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Shipp_Marvel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Shipp Marvel (la pagina non esiste)">Carl S. Marvel</a> (1950) <a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Giauque" title="William Francis Giauque">William Francis Giauque</a> (1951) <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cumming_Rose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Cumming Rose (la pagina non esiste)">William C. Rose</a> (1952) • <a href="/wiki/Joel_Henry_Hildebrand" title="Joel Henry Hildebrand">Joel Henry Hildebrand</a> (1953) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Keiser_Bolton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elmer Keiser Bolton (la pagina non esiste)">Elmer K. Bolton</a> (1954) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farrington_Daniels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farrington Daniels (la pagina non esiste)">Farrington Daniels</a> (1955) • <a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vincent du Vigneaud</a> (1956) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Albert_Noyes,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. Albert Noyes, Jr. (la pagina non esiste)">W. Albert Noyes, Jr.</a> (1957) • <a href="/wiki/Willard_Frank_Libby" title="Willard Frank Libby">Willard Frank Libby</a> (1958) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Irving_Schlesinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Irving Schlesinger (la pagina non esiste)">Hermann Irving Schlesinger</a> (1959) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_B._Kistiakowsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George B. Kistiakowsky (la pagina non esiste)">George B. Kistiakowsky</a> (1960) • <a href="/wiki/Louis_Plack_Hammett" title="Louis Plack Hammett">Louis Plack Hammett</a> (1961) • <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a> (1962) • <a href="/wiki/Paul_Doughty_Bartlett" title="Paul Doughty Bartlett">Paul Doughty Bartlett</a> (1963) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izaak_Maurits_Kolthoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izaak Maurits Kolthoff (la pagina non esiste)">Izaak M. Kolthoff</a> (1964) • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mulliken" title="Robert Mulliken">Robert Mulliken</a> (1965) • <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Theodore_Seaborg" title="Glenn Theodore Seaborg">Glenn Theodore Seaborg</a> (1966) • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a> (1967) • <a href="/wiki/Henry_Eyring" title="Henry Eyring">Henry Eyring</a> (1968) • <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg">Gerhard Herzberg</a> (1969) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Henry_Westheimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Henry Westheimer (la pagina non esiste)">Frank H. Westheimer</a> (1970) • <a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a> (1971) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tileston_Edsall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Tileston Edsall (la pagina non esiste)">John T. Edsall</a> (1972) • <a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a> (1973) • <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a> (1974) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herman_Francis_Mark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herman Francis Mark (la pagina non esiste)">Herman F. Mark</a> (1975) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Sanborn_Pitzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer (la pagina non esiste)">Kenneth S. Pitzer</a> (1976) • <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a> (1977) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Oliver_Baker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Oliver Baker (la pagina non esiste)">William O. Baker</a> (1978) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Bright_Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edgar Bright Wilson (la pagina non esiste)">Edgar Bright Wilson</a> (1979) • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Albert_Cotton" title="Frank Albert Cotton">Frank Albert Cotton</a> (1980) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bert_Lester_Vallee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bert Lester Vallee (la pagina non esiste)">Bert Lester Vallee</a> (1981) • <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stork" title="Gilbert Stork">Gilbert Stork</a> (1982) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dombrowski_Roberts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Dombrowski Roberts (la pagina non esiste)">John D. Roberts</a> (1983) • <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias James Corey</a> (1984) • <a href="/wiki/Donald_James_Cram" title="Donald James Cram">Donald James Cram</a> (1985) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Halpern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Halpern (la pagina non esiste)">Jack Halpern</a> (1986) • <a href="/wiki/Allen_Bard" title="Allen Bard">Allen Bard</a> (1987) • <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Marcus" title="Rudolph Marcus">Rudolph Marcus</a> (1988) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Barry_Bernstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Barry Bernstein (la pagina non esiste)">Richard Barry Bernstein</a> (1989) • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Zare" title="Richard Zare">Richard Zare</a> (1990) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Wilke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Günther Wilke (la pagina non esiste)">Günther Wilke</a> (1991) • <a href="/wiki/Harry_Barkus_Gray" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Barkus Gray">Harry B. Gray</a> (1992) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_B._Dervan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter B. Dervan (la pagina non esiste)">Peter B. Dervan</a> (1993) • <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hawthorne" title="Frederick Hawthorne">Frederick Hawthorne</a> (1994) • <a href="/wiki/John_Meurig_Thomas" title="John Meurig Thomas">John Meurig Thomas</a> (1995) • <a href="/wiki/Fred_Basolo" title="Fred Basolo">Fred Basolo</a> (1996) • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a> (1997) • <a href="/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina">Mario Molina</a> (1998) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_F._Dahl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence F. Dahl (la pagina non esiste)">Lawrence F. Dahl</a> (1999) • <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Turro" title="Nicholas Turro">Nicholas Turro</a> (2000) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobin_Jay_Marks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tobin Jay Marks (la pagina non esiste)">Tobin J. Marks</a> (2001) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Hirschmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph Hirschmann (la pagina non esiste)">Ralph Hirschmann</a> (2002) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Isaiah_Brauman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Isaiah Brauman (la pagina non esiste)">John I. Brauman</a> (2003) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Breslow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Breslow (la pagina non esiste)">Ronald Breslow</a> (2004) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_A._Evans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David A. Evans (la pagina non esiste)">David A. Evans</a> (2005) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacqueline_K._Barton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacqueline K. Barton (la pagina non esiste)">Jacqueline K. Barton</a> (2006) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_T._Ceyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylvia T. Ceyer (la pagina non esiste)">Sylvia T. Ceyer</a> (2007) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolyn_Ruth_Bertozzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carolyn Ruth Bertozzi (la pagina non esiste)">Carolyn R. Bertozzi</a> (2008) • <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brus" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Brus">Louis Brus</a> (2009) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Brookhart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Brookhart (la pagina non esiste)">Maurice Brookhart</a> (2010) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_George_Bergman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert George Bergman (la pagina non esiste)">Robert G. Bergman</a> (2011) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Ratner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Ratner (la pagina non esiste)">Mark Ratner</a> (2012) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_M._Lieber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles M. Lieber (la pagina non esiste)">Charles M. Lieber</a> (2013) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_E._Bercaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John E. Bercaw (la pagina non esiste)">John E. Bercaw</a> (2014) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_F._Hartwig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John F. Hartwig (la pagina non esiste)">John F. Hartwig</a> (2015) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laura_Lee_Kiessling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laura Lee Kiessling (la pagina non esiste)">Laura L. Kiessling</a> (2016) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Judith_Klinman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judith Klinman (la pagina non esiste)">Judith Klinman</a> (2017) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynthia_Burrows&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cynthia Burrows (la pagina non esiste)">Cynthia Burrows</a> (2018) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcetta_York_Darensbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcetta York Darensbourg (la pagina non esiste)">Marcetta Y. Darensbourg</a> (2019)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/47683711">47683711</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000061592813">0000 0000 6159 2813</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2002112228">no2002112228</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124000134">124000134</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; 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