CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>JANET - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c8735ff4-4870-4078-b1ff-11bbda8d1cbe","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"JANET","wgTitle":"JANET","wgCurRevisionId":1247002802,"wgRevisionId":1247002802,"wgArticleId":16438,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2020","1984 establishments in the United Kingdom","Academic computer network organizations","Academic organisations based in the United Kingdom","Organisations based in Oxfordshire","Education in the United Kingdom","Government of the United Kingdom","Government research","History of computing in the United Kingdom","Jisc","National research and education networks","Science and technology in Oxfordshire"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"JANET","wgRelevantArticleId":16438,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6107679","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":[ "brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Janet_logo.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="550"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Janet_logo.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="366"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="293"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="JANET - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/JANET"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=JANET&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JANET"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-JANET rootpage-JANET skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=JANET" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=JANET" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=JANET" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=JANET" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_academic_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_academic_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early academic networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_academic_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JANET" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JANET"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>JANET</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JANET-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JIPS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JIPS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>JIPS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JIPS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SuperJanet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SuperJanet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>SuperJanet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SuperJanet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">JANET</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6107679#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:JANET" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/JANET"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=JANET&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=JANET&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/JANET"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=JANET&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=JANET&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/JANET" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/JANET" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=JANET&oldid=1247002802" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=JANET&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=JANET&id=1247002802&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJANET"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJANET"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=JANET&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=JANET&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6107679" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Academic computer network in the United Kingdom</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the British computer network. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Janet_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Janet (disambiguation)">Janet (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Janet</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Janet_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Janet Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Janet_logo.png" decoding="async" width="155" height="71" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="155" data-file-height="71" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">SERCnet<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1 April 1984</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_research_and_education_network" title="National research and education network">National research and education network</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">To manage the operation and development of the UK's national education and research network</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harwell,_Oxfordshire" title="Harwell, Oxfordshire">Harwell, Oxfordshire</a>, United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">UK</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director (Jisc Technologies)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Tim Kidd</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jisc.ac.uk/janet">www<wbr />.jisc<wbr />.ac<wbr />.uk<wbr />/janet</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6107679#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Formerly called</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Janet(UK); JANET</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Janet</b> is a high-speed network for the UK research and education community provided by <a href="/wiki/Jisc" title="Jisc">Jisc</a>, a not-for-profit company set up to provide computing support for education.<sup id="cite_ref-JANET30_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JANET30-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It serves 18 million users and is the busiest <a href="/wiki/National_Research_and_Education_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research and Education Network">National Research and Education Network</a> in Europe by volume of data carried.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, Janet was a private, UK-government funded organisation, which provided the JANET <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a> and related collaborative services to UK research and education. </p><p>All further- and higher-education organisations in the UK are connected to the Janet network, as are all the <a href="/wiki/UK_Research_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Research Councils">Research Councils</a>; the majority of these sites are connected via 20 <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area_network" title="Metropolitan area network">metropolitan area networks</a> across the UK (though Janet refers to these as regions, emphasising that Janet connections are not just confined to a metropolitan area<sup id="cite_ref-regional_delivery_options_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regional_delivery_options-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The network also carries traffic between schools within the UK, although many of the schools' networks maintain their own general Internet connectivity. The name was originally a contraction of Joint Academic NETwork but it is now known as Janet in its own right. </p><p>The network is linked to other European and worldwide <a href="/wiki/National_Research_and_Education_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research and Education Network">NRENs</a> through <a href="/wiki/G%C3%89ANT" title="GÉANT">GÉANT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peering" title="Peering">peers</a> extensively with other <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISPs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Exchange_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Exchange Point">Internet Exchange Points</a> in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any other networks are reached via <a href="/wiki/Internet_transit" title="Internet transit">transit services</a> from commercial <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISPs</a> using Janet's Peering Policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Janet_Peering_Policy_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janet_Peering_Policy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Janet network is operated by Jisc Services Limited, part of Jisc. Janet is also responsible for the .ac.uk and .gov.uk <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">domains</a>. On 1 December 2012, Janet and Jisc Collections joined to form Jisc Collections and Janet Limited, as subsidiary organisations to Jisc. In March 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-Companies_House_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Companies_House-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jisc Collections and Janet Limited was renamed to Jisc Services Limited. Jisc Services continues to operate under the brand name of Janet, with the same remit. Janet was previously known as the JNT Association, and prior to that, UKERNA (the United Kingdom Education and Research Networking Association). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JANET&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_academic_networks">Early academic networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JANET&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early academic networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">Packet switching</a>, <a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Internet in the United Kingdom">Internet in the United Kingdom § History</a></div> <p>Janet developed out of academic networks built in Britain since the late 1960s. Planning for the first regional network, South West Universities Computer Network (SWUCN), centred on Bristol began in 1967 and work started in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of national computer facilities serving the <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council" title="Science and Engineering Research Council">Science Research Council</a> (SRC) community developed in the early 1970s, each with their own star network (<a href="/wiki/University_of_London_Computer_Centre" title="University of London Computer Centre">ULCC London</a>, UMRCC Manchester, <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_Appleton_Laboratory" title="Rutherford Appleton Laboratory">Rutherford Appleton Laboratory</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other regional networks followed in the mid-late 1970s around Edinburgh (RCOnet), London (METROnet), the Midlands (MIDnet), and Newcastle (NUMAC - the Northern Universities Multiple Access Computer<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) among others such as Yorkshire and the South East.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These groups of institutions <a href="/wiki/Shared_resource" title="Shared resource">pooled resources</a> to provide better computing facilities than could be afforded individually. The star networks developed into distributed computer networks but each was based on one manufacturer's standards and were mutually incompatible and overlapping.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ieee-kirstein_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-kirstein-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JANET">JANET</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JANET&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: JANET"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1980s a standardisation and interconnection effort started, hosted on an expansion of the SERCnet <a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> research network.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The JANET effort was based on the <a href="/wiki/Coloured_Book_protocols" title="Coloured Book protocols">Coloured Book protocols</a> developed by the British academic community, which provided the first complete X.25 standard,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gave the UK "several years lead over other countries".<sup id="cite_ref-x16_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The naming scheme, <a href="/wiki/JANET_NRS" title="JANET NRS">JANET NRS</a>, established "UK" as the top-level domain. Later that year, the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> adopted British researchers' recommendation to use <a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">country code top-level domains</a>. By then, the UK had a pre-existing national standard, which was retained as the <a href="/wiki/.uk" title=".uk">.uk</a> Internet country-code top level domain for the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Mueller2002_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller2002-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>JANET went live on 1 April 1984,<sup id="cite_ref-JANET30_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JANET30-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two years before the <a href="/wiki/NSFNET" class="mw-redirect" title="NSFNET">NSFNET</a> initiated operations in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It hosted about 50 sites with line speeds of 9.6 <a href="/wiki/Kbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Kbit/s">kbit/s</a>. In the mid-80s the backbone was upgraded to 2 <a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a>, with 64 kbit/s access links. JANET connected to NSFNET in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JIPS">JIPS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JANET&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: JIPS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Planning began in January 1991 for the JANET Internet Protocol Service (JIPS).<sup id="cite_ref-x16_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was set up as a pilot project in March 1991 to host <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet Protocol</a> (IP) traffic on the existing network.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within eight months the IP traffic had exceeded the levels of X.25 traffic, and the IP support became official in November.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>JANET became, primarily, a high-speed IP network. A further upgrade in the early 1990s took the backbone to 8 Mbit/s and the access links to 2 Mbit/s, making Janet the fastest <a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> network in the world at the time. </p><p>There had been some talk of moving Janet to <a href="/wiki/Open_Systems_Interconnection" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Systems Interconnection">OSI</a> protocols in the 1990s, but changes in the networking world meant this never happened. The X.25 service was closed in August 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SuperJanet">SuperJanet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JANET&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: SuperJanet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to address speed concerns, several hardware upgrades have been incorporated into the Janet system. In 1989 SuperJanet was proposed, to re-host JANET on a <a href="/wiki/Fibre_optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre optic">fibre optic</a> network. Work started in late 1992, and by late 1993 the first 14 sites had migrated to the new 34 Mbit/s <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">ATM</a> system. SuperJanet also moved solely to IP.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995 SuperJanet2 started, adding 155 Mbit/s ATM backbones and a 10 Mbit/s <a href="/wiki/SMDS" class="mw-redirect" title="SMDS">SMDS</a> network encompassing some of the original JANET nodes. JANET's mandate now included running metropolitan area networks centred on these sites. </p><p>SuperJanet3 created new 155 Mbit/s ATM nodes to fully connect all of the major sites at <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, with 34 Mbit/s links to smaller sites around the country. </p><p>In March 2001 SuperJanet4 was launched. The key challenges for SuperJanet4 were the need to increase network capacity and to strengthen the design and management of the JANET network to allow it to meet a similar increase in the size of its userbase. </p><p>SuperJanet4 saw the implementation of a 2.5 Gbit/s core backbone from which connections to regional network points of presence were made at speeds ranging between 155 Mbit/s to 2.5 Gbit/s depending upon the size of the regional network. In 2002 the core SuperJanet4 backbone was upgraded to 10 Gbit/s. </p><p>SuperJanet4 also saw an increase in the userbase of the JANET network, with the inclusion of the Further Education Community and the use of the SuperJanet4 backbone to interconnect schools' networks. The core point of presence (Backbone) sites in SuperJanet4 were <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>. </p><p>In October 2006 the SuperJanet5 project was launched after £29 million of investment. It provides a 10 Gbit/s backbone, with an upgrade path to 40 Gbit/s over the next few years. The new backbone as a result of the SuperJanet5 project is a hybrid network offering, providing both a high speed IP transit service and private bandwidth channel services provisioned over a dedicated fibre network. It is designed not only to fully accommodate the requirements of the traditional JANET user base - all research institutes, universities and further education - but also to meet the needs of a new userbase in the UK's primary and secondary schools. </p><p>In April 2011 Verizon helped Janet upgrade 4 central locations to run at 100 Gbit/s bringing it to a national research and education network performance parity with <a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a> (which upgraded its backbone to 100 Gbit/s in October 2007). As of October 2011 they have over 18 million end-users.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Janet6 started to go live in July 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was officially launched at an event at the <a href="/wiki/London_Film_Museum" title="London Film Museum">London Film Museum</a> on 26 November 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At launch, Janet6 had an initial capacity of 2 Tbit/s.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regions">Regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JANET&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the Aberdeen Metropolitan Area Network: <a href="/wiki/AbMAN" title="AbMAN">AbMAN</a></div> <p>The Janet network is implemented through 18 regions which connect universities, colleges and schools to the Janet network. Most regions are operated by Janet, although a few operate as independent entities working under contract. </p><p>Each regional network covers a specific geographical area. As of 2014 the following regional networks are connected to Janet:<sup id="cite_ref-regional_delivery_options_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regional_delivery_options-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%26NLMAN" title="C&NLMAN">C&NLMAN</a> – Cumbria and North Lancashire</li> <li>East of England</li> <li>East Midlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPSN" class="mw-redirect" title="KPSN">KPSN</a> Kent Public Services Network (under bespoke contract)</li> <li>London</li> <li>North West</li> <li>North East</li> <li>North East Scotland</li> <li>Northern Ireland</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSBA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSBA (page does not exist)">PSBA</a> Wales (under bespoke contract)</li> <li>South</li> <li>South East Scotland</li> <li>South West</li> <li>South West Scotland</li> <li>Thames Valley</li> <li>The Highlands and Islands (bespoke contract with University of the Highlands & Islands)</li> <li>West Midlands</li> <li>Yorkshire and Humberside</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JANET&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Science Research Council (SRC) was renamed the Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) in 1981 and the computer network was renamed accordingly.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JANET&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene_Network" title="Abilene Network">Abilene Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Internet in the United Kingdom">Internet in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MidMAN" title="MidMAN">MidMAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Wars" title="Protocol Wars">Protocol Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TERENA" title="TERENA">TERENA</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JANET&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNational_Research_Council_(U.S.)._National_Research_Network_Review_Committee,_Leonard_Kleinrock1988" class="citation book cs1">National Research Council (U.S.). National Research Network Review Committee, Leonard Kleinrock; et al. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gGYrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA40"><i>Toward a National Research Network</i></a>. National Academies. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780309581257" title="Special:BookSources/9780309581257"><bdi>9780309581257</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+a+National+Research+Network&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=National+Academies&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780309581257&rft.au=National+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29.+National+Research+Network+Review+Committee%2C+Leonard+Kleinrock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgGYrAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JANET30-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JANET30_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JANET30_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924045457/https://www.jisc.ac.uk/sites/default/files/janet-news-24-pull-out-april-2014.pdf">"1984-2014: 30 years of the Janet network"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Disc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jisc.ac.uk/sites/default/files/janet-news-24-pull-out-april-2014.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1984-2014%3A+30+years+of+the+Janet+network&rft.pub=Disc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jisc.ac.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjanet-news-24-pull-out-april-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jisc.ac.uk/janet">"Janet Network"</a>. Jisc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Janet+Network&rft.pub=Jisc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jisc.ac.uk%2Fjanet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regional_delivery_options-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-regional_delivery_options_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-regional_delivery_options_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ja.net/products-services/janet-connect/janet-connections/janet-connected-sites/regional/">Regional Delivery Options</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peeringdb.com/view.php?asn=786">Peering Networks Detailed View</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janet_Peering_Policy-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Janet_Peering_Policy_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://community.jisc.ac.uk/library/network-and-technology-policies/janet-peering-policy">Janet Peering Policy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Companies_House-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Companies_House_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/02881024">Companies House</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutter2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Rutter, Dorian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/1197/1/WRAP_THESIS_Rutter_2005.pdf"><i>From Diversity to Convergence: British Computer Networks and the Internet, 1970-1995</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Computer Science thesis). The University of Warwick.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=From+Diversity+to+Convergence%3A+British+Computer+Networks+and+the+Internet%2C+1970-1995&rft.degree=Computer+Science&rft.inst=The+University+of+Warwick&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Rutter&rft.aufirst=Dorian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwrap.warwick.ac.uk%2F1197%2F1%2FWRAP_THESIS_Rutter_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.bath.ac.uk/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=52897300">"Computing Service History - BUCS - History and Archive - University Wiki"</a>. <i>wiki.bath.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiki.bath.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Computing+Service+History+-+BUCS+-+History+and+Archive+-+University+Wiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.bath.ac.uk%2Fpages%2Fviewpage.action%3FpageId%3D52897300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/43344/Northumbrian-Universities-Multiple-Access-Computer-The-NUMAC-Data-Entry-System/">"Northumbrian Universities Multiple Access Computer - the NUMAC Data Entry System - Manual - Computing History"</a>. <i>History of Computing</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Northumbrian+Universities+Multiple+Access+Computer+-+the+NUMAC+Data+Entry+System+-+Manual+-+Computing+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computinghistory.org.uk%2Fdet%2F43344%2FNorthumbrian-Universities-Multiple-Access-Computer-The-NUMAC-Data-Entry-System%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1980" class="citation journal cs1">Powell, Kit (1 July 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-3664%2880%2990069-9">"Evolution of networks using standard protocols"</a>. <i>Computer Communications</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 117–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0140-3664%2880%2990069-9">10.1016/0140-3664(80)90069-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-3664">0140-3664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Communications&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+networks+using+standard+protocols&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=117-122&rft.date=1980-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0140-3664%2880%2990069-9&rft.issn=0140-3664&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Kit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2F0140-3664%252880%252990069-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ieee-kirstein-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ieee-kirstein_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirstein1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kirstein, Peter T. (January–March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810133640/http://nrg.cs.ucl.ac.uk/mjh/kirstein-arpanet.pdf">"Early Experiences with the ARPANET and INTERNET in the UK"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>21</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F85.759368">10.1109/85.759368</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrg.cs.ucl.ac.uk/mjh/kirstein-arpanet.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Early+Experiences+with+the+ARPANET+and+INTERNET+in+the+UK&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1999-01%2F1999-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F85.759368&rft.aulast=Kirstein&rft.aufirst=Peter+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrg.cs.ucl.ac.uk%2Fmjh%2Fkirstein-arpanet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1988" class="citation journal cs1">Wells, Mike (1 November 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1629%2F010328">"JANET-the United Kingdom Joint Academic Network"</a>. <i>Serials</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 28–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1629%2F010328">10.1629/010328</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-3308">1475-3308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Serials&rft.atitle=JANET-the+United+Kingdom+Joint+Academic+Network&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=28-36&rft.date=1988-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1629%2F010328&rft.issn=1475-3308&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1629%252F010328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2007" class="citation conference cs1">Reid, Jim (3 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528040321/http://www.uknof.com/uknof7/Reid-History.pdf">"The Good Old Days: Networking in UK Academia ~25 Years Ago"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UKNOF7</i>. Manchester. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uknof.com/uknof7/Reid-History.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Good+Old+Days%3A+Networking+in+UK+Academia+~25+Years+Ago&rft.btitle=UKNOF7&rft.place=Manchester&rft.date=2007-04-03&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uknof.com%2Fuknof7%2FReid-History.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070621051719/http://www.uknof.org.uk/uknof6/">"6th UK Network Operators' Forum Meeting Agenda"</a>. <i>www.uknof.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uknof.org.uk/uknof6/">the original</a> on 21 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>See "15:00 Starting the Commercial Internet in the UK (Peter Houlder)"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uknof.org.uk&rft.atitle=6th+UK+Network+Operators%27+Forum+Meeting+Agenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uknof.org.uk%2Fuknof6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesBressan2010" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Howard; Bressan, Beatrice (26 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DN-t8MpZ0-wC&pg=PA2"><i>A History of International Research Networking: The People who Made it Happen</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-32710-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-32710-2"><bdi>978-3-527-32710-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+International+Research+Networking%3A+The+People+who+Made+it+Happen&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-04-26&rft.isbn=978-3-527-32710-2&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft.au=Bressan%2C+Beatrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDN-t8MpZ0-wC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarnshawVince2007" class="citation book cs1">Earnshaw, Rae; Vince, John (20 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xy7LadoXUVYC&pg=PA42"><i>Digital Convergence - Libraries of the Future</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84628-903-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84628-903-3"><bdi>978-1-84628-903-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Convergence+-+Libraries+of+the+Future&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007-09-20&rft.isbn=978-1-84628-903-3&rft.aulast=Earnshaw&rft.aufirst=Rae&rft.au=Vince%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxy7LadoXUVYC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-x16-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-x16_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-x16_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213100220/http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/ccd/literature/ccd_newsletters/flagship/p012.htm">"FLAGSHIP"</a>. <i>Central Computing Department Newsletter</i> (12). January 1991. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/ccd/literature/ccd_newsletters/flagship/p012.htm">the original</a> on 13 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Computing+Department+Newsletter&rft.atitle=FLAGSHIP&rft.issue=12&rft.date=1991-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chilton-computing.org.uk%2Fccd%2Fliterature%2Fccd_newsletters%2Fflagship%2Fp012.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mueller2002-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mueller2002_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton_Mueller2002" class="citation cs2">Milton Mueller (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sMKmdJq7iE0C&pg=PA79"><i>Ruling the Root: Internet Governance and the Taming of Cyberspace</i></a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 79, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-63298-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-63298-0"><bdi>978-0-262-63298-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruling+the+Root%3A+Internet+Governance+and+the+Taming+of+Cyberspace&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-262-63298-0&rft.au=Milton+Mueller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsMKmdJq7iE0C%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarnshawVince2007" class="citation book cs1">Earnshaw, Rae; Vince, John (20 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xy7LadoXUVYC&pg=PA46"><i>Digital Convergence - Libraries of the Future</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84628-903-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84628-903-3"><bdi>978-1-84628-903-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Convergence+-+Libraries+of+the+Future&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007-09-20&rft.isbn=978-1-84628-903-3&rft.aulast=Earnshaw&rft.aufirst=Rae&rft.au=Vince%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxy7LadoXUVYC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansellMansell2002" class="citation book cs1">Mansell, Robin; Mansell, Dixons Chair in New Media and the Internet Interdepartmental Programme in Media and Communications Robin (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VOciwO7I50AC&pg=PA208"><i>Inside the Communication Revolution: Evolving Patterns of Social and Technical Interaction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829656-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829656-0"><bdi>978-0-19-829656-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Communication+Revolution%3A+Evolving+Patterns+of+Social+and+Technical+Interaction&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829656-0&rft.aulast=Mansell&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Mansell%2C+Dixons+Chair+in+New+Media+and+the+Internet+Interdepartmental+Programme+in+Media+and+Communications+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVOciwO7I50AC%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakon1997" class="citation cs1">Zakon, Robert (November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2235#page-8"><i>RFC 2235</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2235">10.17487/RFC2235</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RFC+2235&rft.pages=p.-8&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=1997-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2235&rft.aulast=Zakon&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2235%26%23035%3Bpage-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFluckiger2000" class="citation journal cs1">Fluckiger, Francois (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fluckiger.web.cern.ch/Fluckiger/Articles/F.Fluckiger-The_European_Researchers_Network.pdf">"The European Researchers' Network"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>La Recherche</i> (328).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Recherche&rft.atitle=The+European+Researchers%27+Network&rft.issue=328&rft.date=2000-02&rft.aulast=Fluckiger&rft.aufirst=Francois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffluckiger.web.cern.ch%2FFluckiger%2FArticles%2FF.Fluckiger-The_European_Researchers_Network.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/ccd/literature/ccd_newsletters/flagship/p016.htm">"FLAGSHIP"</a>. <i>Central Computing Department Newsletter</i> (16). September 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Computing+Department+Newsletter&rft.atitle=FLAGSHIP&rft.issue=16&rft.date=1991-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chilton-computing.org.uk%2Fccd%2Fliterature%2Fccd_newsletters%2Fflagship%2Fp016.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216000740/http://www.webarchive.ja.net/services/publications/archive/reports/quarterly/autumn-97.html#4.1">"Janet(UK) Quarterly Report to the Janet Community: July 1997 to September 1997"</a>. <i>Janet webarchive</i>. 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webarchive.ja.net/services/publications/archive/reports/quarterly/autumn-97.html#4.1">the original</a> on 16 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Janet+webarchive&rft.atitle=Janet%28UK%29+Quarterly+Report+to+the+Janet+Community%3A+July+1997+to+September+1997&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webarchive.ja.net%2Fservices%2Fpublications%2Farchive%2Freports%2Fquarterly%2Fautumn-97.html%234.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1990" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Bob (1990). <i>From Janet to SuperJanet: The Development of a High Performance Network to Support UK Higher Education and Research</i>. The Computer Board for Universities and Research Councils.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Janet+to+SuperJanet%3A+The+Development+of+a+High+Performance+Network+to+Support+UK+Higher+Education+and+Research&rft.pub=The+Computer+Board+for+Universities+and+Research+Councils&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ja.net/about-janet/about-us">"About Janet"</a>. Janet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Janet&rft.pub=Janet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ja.net%2Fabout-janet%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ja.net/sites/default/files/Janet6%20Migration%20Timetable%20v11.pdf">"Janet6 Migration Timetable"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Janet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Janet6+Migration+Timetable&rft.pub=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ja.net%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FJanet6%2520Migration%2520Timetable%2520v11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ja.net/events/janet6-launch">"Janet6 Launch"</a>. Janet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Janet6+Launch&rft.pub=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ja.net%2Fevents%2Fjanet6-launch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ja.net/sites/default/files/J5524%20Janet6%20Brochure%20with%20Diagram%20Amend%20201212MR.pdf">"Janet6 Brochure and Diagram"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Janet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Janet6+Brochure+and+Diagram&rft.pub=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ja.net%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FJ5524%2520Janet6%2520Brochure%2520with%2520Diagram%2520Amend%2520201212MR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJANET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JANET&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jisc.ac.uk/janet">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6107679#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jisc.ac.uk">Jisc</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Science and technology in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Science and technology in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science and technology in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Official<br />bodies and<br />personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Scientific_Adviser_to_the_Ministry_of_Defence" title="Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence">Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Science_and_Technology" title="Council for Science and Technology">Council for Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Science_and_Technology_Laboratory" title="Defence Science and Technology Laboratory">Defence Science and Technology Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Department for Science, Innovation and Technology">Department for Science, Innovation and Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_Digital_UK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Building Digital UK (page does not exist)">Building Digital UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)">Intellectual Property Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Office_for_Science" title="Government Office for Science">Government Office for Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Chief_Scientific_Adviser" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Chief Scientific Adviser">Chief Scientific Adviser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Technology_Advisor" title="National Technology Advisor">National Technology Advisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Research_and_Innovation" title="UK Research and Innovation">UK Research and Innovation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_and_Biological_Sciences_Research_Council" title="Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council">Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Council" title="Economic and Social Research Council">Economic and Social Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovate_UK" title="Innovate UK">Innovate UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_and_Physical_Sciences_Research_Council" title="Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council">Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)">Medical Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Environment_Research_Council" title="Natural Environment Research Council">Natural Environment Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_England" title="Research England">Research England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Facilities_Council" title="Science and Technology Facilities Council">Science and Technology Facilities Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UK Space Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Environment_Research_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Environment Research Agency">Food and Environment Research Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_government_scientific_research_institutes" title="List of UK government scientific research institutes">List of UK government scientific research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Office_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology">Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Select_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and Technology Select Committee">Science and Technology Select Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Advisory_Group_for_Emergencies" title="Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies">Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Industry<br />sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">Aerospace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_space_programme" title="British space programme">British space programme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Computer companies of the United Kingdom">Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Nuclear technology in the United Kingdom">Nuclear technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom">Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Non-<br />governmental<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal">Education<br />and museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_museums_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Science museums in the United Kingdom">Science museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Science_and_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Science and Industry">National Museum of Science and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Centre" title="National Space Centre">National Space Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">Universities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of universities in the United Kingdom">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(universities)" title="Golden triangle (universities)">Golden triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group">Russell Group</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal">Societies and<br />professional<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Computer_Society" title="British Computer Society">British Computer Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Mass_Spectrometry_Society" title="British Mass Spectrometry Society">British Mass Spectrometry Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Science_Association" title="British Science Association">British Science Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Society_for_the_Philosophy_of_Science" title="British Society for the Philosophy of Science">British Society for the Philosophy of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_Council" title="Engineering Council">Engineering Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics" title="Institute of Physics">Institute of Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics_and_Engineering_in_Medicine" title="Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine">Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Royal Academy of Engineering">Royal Academy of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Aeronautical_Society" title="Royal Aeronautical Society">Royal Aeronautical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Royal Astronomical Society">Royal Astronomical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Entomological_Society" title="Royal Entomological Society">Royal Entomological Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Association_for_Science_Education" title="The Association for Science Education">The Association for Science Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Council" title="Science Council">Science Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Biology" title="Royal Society of Biology">Royal Society of Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_of_England_Institute_of_Mining_and_Mechanical_Engineers" title="North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers">North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Research institutes in the United Kingdom">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Science_and_Engineering" title="Campaign for Science and Engineering">Campaign for Science and Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EngineeringUK" title="EngineeringUK">EngineeringUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Media_Centre" title="Science Media Centre">Science Media Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Trust" title="Wellcome Trust">Wellcome Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_engineers" title="Category:British engineers">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_inventors" title="Category:British inventors">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:British Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_science_writers" title="Category:British science writers">Science writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_scientists" title="Category:British scientists">Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_technology_writers" title="Category:British technology writers">Technology writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burlington_House" title="Burlington House">Burlington House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_London_Tech_City" title="East London Tech City">East London Tech City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_corridor" title="M4 corridor">M4 corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_parks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of science parks in the United Kingdom">Science parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Fen" title="Silicon Fen">Silicon Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Gorge" title="Silicon Gorge">Silicon Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest">Sites of Special Scientific Interest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Innovations and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_science_and_technology_awards" title="Category:British science and technology awards">Science and technology awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_magazines_published_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Science and technology magazines published in the United Kingdom">Science and technology magazines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="National Science Week">National Science Week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6107679#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6107679#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6107679#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000405187556">ISNI</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JANET&oldid=1247002802">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JANET&oldid=1247002802</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1984_establishments_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:1984 establishments in the United Kingdom">1984 establishments in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_computer_network_organizations" title="Category:Academic computer network organizations">Academic computer network organizations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_organisations_based_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Academic organisations based in the United Kingdom">Academic organisations based in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organisations_based_in_Oxfordshire" title="Category:Organisations based in Oxfordshire">Organisations based in Oxfordshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Education in the United Kingdom">Education in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_research" title="Category:Government research">Government research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_computing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:History of computing in the United Kingdom">History of computing in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jisc" title="Category:Jisc">Jisc</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_research_and_education_networks" title="Category:National research and education networks">National research and education networks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_Oxfordshire" title="Category:Science and technology in Oxfordshire">Science and technology in Oxfordshire</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2020">Use dmy dates from June 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 September 2024, at 08:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JANET&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-78f4c97c5d-4vl66","wgBackendResponseTime":127,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.830","walltime":"1.059","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3194,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":87815,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2320,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":111379,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 917.213 1 -total"," 45.97% 421.647 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.36% 168.392 6 Template:Cite_book"," 16.97% 155.663 1 Template:Infobox_organization"," 15.92% 146.045 1 Template:Infobox"," 15.00% 137.583 1 Template:Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom"," 14.97% 137.346 2 Template:Navbox"," 9.02% 82.697 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.51% 59.683 10 Template:Cite_web"," 5.49% 50.315 1 Template:Official_URL"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.531","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6715039,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-565d46677b-zlpxs","timestamp":"20241128121638","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"JANET","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JANET","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6107679","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6107679","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-10T12:18:43Z","dateModified":"2024-09-22T08:45:01Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b5\/Janet_logo.png","headline":"academic computer network in the United Kingdom"}</script> </body> </html>