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.sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg/150px-Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg/225px-Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg/300px-Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2666" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Personal property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">Community property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">Real property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unowned_property" title="Unowned property">Unowned property</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Acquisition</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gift_(law)" title="Gift (law)">Gift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_possession" title="Adverse possession">Adverse possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_(property_law)" title="Accession (property law)">Accession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost,_mislaid,_and_abandoned_property" title="Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property">Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_trove" title="Treasure trove">Treasure trove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailment" title="Bailment">Bailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License" title="License">License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">Alienation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">Estates in land</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">Allodial title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fee_simple" title="Fee simple">Fee simple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fee_tail" title="Fee tail">Fee tail</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Life_estate" title="Life estate">Life estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeasible_estate" title="Defeasible estate">Defeasible estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_interest" title="Future interest">Future interest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remainder_(law)" title="Remainder (law)">remainder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_estate" title="Concurrent estate">Concurrent estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">Leasehold estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condominium_(living_space)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condominium (living space)">Condominiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Conveyancing" title="Conveyancing">Conveyancing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bona_fide_purchaser" title="Bona fide purchaser"><i>Bona fide</i> purchaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrens_title" title="Torrens title">Torrens title</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Strata_title" title="Strata title">Strata title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeds_registration" title="Deeds registration">Deeds registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estoppel_by_deed" title="Estoppel by deed">Estoppel by deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quitclaim" title="Quitclaim">Quitclaim deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_law" title="Mortgage law">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitable_conversion" title="Equitable conversion">Equitable conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_title" title="Quiet title">Action to quiet title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">Escheat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Future_interest" title="Future interest">Future use</a> control</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation" title="Restraint on alienation">Restraint on alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_against_perpetuities" title="Rule against perpetuities">Rule against perpetuities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_in_Shelley%27s_Case" title="Rule in Shelley's Case">Rule in <i>Shelley's Case</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_worthier_title" title="Doctrine of worthier title">Doctrine of worthier title</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Nonpossessory_interest_in_land" title="Nonpossessory interest in land">Nonpossessory interest</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lien" title="Lien">Lien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">Easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(real_property)" title="Profit (real property)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">Usufruct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(law)" title="Covenant (law)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitable_servitude" title="Equitable servitude">Equitable servitude</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixture_(property_law)" title="Fixture (property law)">Fixtures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_(law)" title="Waste (law)">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(law)" title="Partition (law)">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practicing_without_a_license" title="Practicing without a license">Practicing without a license</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Mineral rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water rights</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">prior appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_and_subjacent_support" title="Lateral and subjacent support">Lateral and subjacent support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assignment_(law)" title="Assignment (law)">Assignment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nemo_dat_quod_non_habet" title="Nemo dat quod non habet">Nemo dat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quicquid_plantatur_solo,_solo_cedit" title="Quicquid plantatur solo, solo cedit">Quicquid plantatur</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_property_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict of property laws">Conflict of property laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackacre" title="Blackacre">Blackacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_deposit" title="Security deposit">Security deposit</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Tort law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trusts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li></ul> <hr /> <i>Higher category:</i> <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Property_law" title="Template:Property law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Property_law" title="Template talk:Property law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Property_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Property law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/American_legal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="American legal system">American legal system</a>, <b>prior appropriation <a href="/wiki/Water_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Water rights">water rights</a></b> is the doctrine that the first person to take a quantity of water from a water source for "<a href="/wiki/Beneficial_use" title="Beneficial use">beneficial use</a>" (agricultural, industrial or household) has the right to continue to use that quantity of water for that purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wex_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wex-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent users can take the remaining water for their own use if they do not impinge on the rights of previous users. The doctrine is sometimes summarized, "<b>first in time, first in right</b>". </p><p>Prior appropriation rights do not constitute a full <a href="/wiki/Ownership_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Ownership right">ownership right</a> in the water, merely the right to withdraw it, and can be abrogated if not used for an extended period of time. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prior-appropriation_water_rights&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water is very scarce in the West and so must be allocated sparingly, based on the productivity of its use. The prior appropriation doctrine developed in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a> from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> (and later <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a>) <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> and differs from the <a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian water rights</a> that apply in the rest of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The appropriation doctrine originated in Gold-Rush–era California, when miners sought to acquire water for mining operations. In the 1855 case of <i>Irwin v. Phillips</i>, Matthew Irwin diverted a stream for his mining operation. Shortly afterward, Robert Phillips started a mining operation downstream and eventually tried to divert the water back to its original streambed. The case was taken to the <a href="/wiki/California_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="California Supreme Court">California Supreme Court</a>, which ruled for Irwin.<sup id="cite_ref-SaxowskyLay_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SaxowskyLay-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nature_of_the_right">Nature of the right</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prior-appropriation_water_rights&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nature of the right"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The legal details of prior appropriation vary from state to state. Under the prior appropriation system, the right is initially allotted to those who are "first in time of use"; these rights of withdrawal can then trade on the <a href="/wiki/Open_market" title="Open market">open market</a>, like other property.<sup id="cite_ref-Sedalia_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedalia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For water sources with many users, a government or quasi-government agency is usually charged with overseeing allocations. Allocations involving water sources that cross state borders or international borders can be quite contentious, and are generally governed by <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal</a> court rulings, interstate agreements and international <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a>. </p><p>A claim of prior appropriation must prove four sub-claims: diversion (that the water had been withdrawn), priority (that the withdrawer had diverted water prior to the other claimant), intent (that the water had been withdrawn by design), and beneficial use (that the water was put to a publicly-acceptable end). If proved, the initial person to use a quantity of water from a water source for a <a href="/wiki/Beneficial_use" title="Beneficial use">beneficial use</a> has the right to continue to use the same quantity of water for the same purpose. Subsequent users can use the remaining water for their own beneficial purposes provided that they do not impinge on the rights of previous users; this is the priority element of the doctrine. But neither can a senior user change the manner (i.e., location) in which they appropriate water to the detriment of a junior user.<sup id="cite_ref-Moot_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moot-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <i>Preservation of Conditions</i> were granted to the second user after <i>Farmers Highline Canal & Reservoir Co. v. City of Golden</i>, 272 P.2d 629 (Colo. 1954). A senior water user could, for example, only have been using the water during a particular season. Then the purchaser of the water right could only use the water in the same season as when the right was established. In addition, the state may put additional conditions on the use of the water right to prevent polluting or inefficient uses of water.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beneficial use is commonly defined as <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industrial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">household</a> use. The doctrine has historically excluded <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecological</a> purposes, such as maintaining a natural body of water and the wildlife that depends on it, but some jurisdictions now accept such claims. The extent to which private parties may own such rights varies among the states.<sup id="cite_ref-BLMTable_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLMTable-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each water right has a yearly quantity and an appropriation date. Each year, the user with the earliest appropriation date (known as the "senior appropriator") may use up to their full allocation (provided the water source can supply it). Then the user with the next earliest appropriation date may use their full allocation and so on. In cases of water shortages, prior-appropriation does not require a senior user to utilize less water than usual. Therefore, during times of <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>, users with junior appropriation dates might not receive their full allocation or even any water at all.<sup id="cite_ref-Drought_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drought-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a water right is sold, it retains its original appropriation date. Only the amount of water historically <a href="/wiki/Consumptive_use_of_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumptive use of water">consumed</a> can be transferred if a water right is sold. For example, if <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a> is grown using <a href="/wiki/Flood_irrigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood irrigation">flood irrigation</a>, the amount of the <a href="/wiki/Return_flow" title="Return flow">return flow</a> may not be transferred, only the amount that would be necessary to irrigate the amount of alfalfa historically grown. </p><p>Prior appropriation rights are subject to certain <a href="/wiki/Adverse_possession" title="Adverse possession">adverse possession</a>-type rules to reduce <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Institutions_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institutions-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Withdrawal rights can be lost or shrunk over time if unused for a certain number of years, or if a litigant can demonstrate that the water's use is not beneficial.<sup id="cite_ref-SaxowskyLay_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SaxowskyLay-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moot_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moot-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abandonment of a water right is rare, but occurred in Colorado in a case involving the South Fork of San Isabel Creek in <a href="/wiki/Saguache_County,_Colorado" title="Saguache County, Colorado">Saguache County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abandonment_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abandonment-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interaction_with_other_allocation_methods">Interaction with other allocation methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prior-appropriation_water_rights&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interaction with other allocation methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some states, junior upstream water users may take water from downstream users, as long as they return the water in comparable quantity and quality.<sup id="cite_ref-COLay_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COLay-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>California and Texas grant waterfront property owners water allocations prior to any other users, in a hybrid system with riparian water rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Moot_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moot-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCSLDB_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSLDB-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Oregon, landowners have rights to water on their own land at a certain time at which it is then incorporated into the appropriation system.<sup id="cite_ref-AgencyTable_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AgencyTable-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prior-appropriation_water_rights&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wyoming all use the prior appropriation doctrine, with permitting and reporting as their regulatory system.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSLDB_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSLDB-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, California, Texas, and Oregon recognize a dual doctrine system that employs both riparian and prior appropriation rights (see <a href="#Interaction_with_other_allocation_methods">§ Interaction with other allocation methods</a>). Eight states (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming) engage in prior appropriation without recognizing the riparian doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-Econ_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Econ-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, prior appropriation does not always determine water allocation in these states because various federal regulations also have priority over senior users.<sup id="cite_ref-AvCNews_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvCNews-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AvCOp_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvCOp-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act of 1973</a> seeks to protect animals at risk of extinction, so a senior user's rights may be restricted in favor of federal regulation protecting the habitats of endangered animals.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These federal rules manifest as a prior allotment by the Secretary of the Interior.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arizona">Arizona</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prior-appropriation_water_rights&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arizona"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arizona adopted the prior appropriation doctrine such that a person could acquire this water right simply by applying it to beneficial use and posting an appropriation notice at the point of diversion.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 12, 1919, they enacted the Public Water Code in which the person must apply for and obtain a permit for water use.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colorado">Colorado</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prior-appropriation_water_rights&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Colorado"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The appropriation doctrine was adopted in Colorado in 1872 when the territorial court ruled in <i>Yunker v. Nichols</i>, 1 Colo. 552 (1872), that a non-riparian user who had previously applied part of the water from a stream to beneficial use had superior rights to the water with respect to a riparian owner who claimed a right to use of all the water at a later time. The question was not squarely presented again to the Colorado Court until 1882 when in the landmark case, <i>Coffin v. Left Hand Ditch Co.</i>, 6 Colo. 443 (1882), the court explicitly adopted the appropriation doctrine and rejected the riparian doctrine, citing Colorado irrigation and mining practices and the nature of the climate. The decision in <i>Coffin</i> ruled that prior to adoption of the appropriation doctrine in the Colorado Constitution of 1876 that the riparian doctrine had never been the law in Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-Colorado_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colorado-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVranesh198762–63_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVranesh198762–63-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within 20 years the appropriation doctrine, the so-called Colorado Doctrine, had been adopted, in whole or part, by most of the states in the Western United States that had an arid climate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVranesh198763–64_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVranesh198763–64-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Mexico">New Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prior-appropriation_water_rights&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New Mexico enacted its appropriate Surface-Water Code in 1907. Later, in 1931, New Mexico enacted the Underground Water Law that adapted the state's surface law to ground water.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montana">Montana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prior-appropriation_water_rights&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Montana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prior-appropriation doctrine was adopted in 1973 in Montana under the 1973 Water Use Act. Later, they then passed the Montana Ground Water Assessment Act in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texas">Texas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prior-appropriation_water_rights&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Texas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1967, Texas passed the Water Rights Adjudication Act in regards to surface waters such that the allocation of these waters was under a unified permit system.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prior-appropriation_water_rights&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Each drop of rain falling through the sky has already been allocated to a user. Leave the hose running between rinses while you wash your car and you won't run afoul of the law; but if you gather a pailful of rainwater and pour on your tomato plant, look over your shoulder for a water cop. You will be preventing those raindrops from entering the watershed, depriving people downstream from the surrounding creeks and rivers of their rights to use their apportioned amounts of streamflow. The doctrine of prior appropriation comes crashing up against the imperative to conserve scarce water. Colorado made it legal for some homeowners to harvest rain and snow from their roofs. Tucson is encouraging its citizens to gather rainwater. Santa Fe made catchment devices mandatory for new dwellings. But, in Utah and Washington (with the exception of Seattle), harvesting raindrops is still a crime.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Stephen Grace<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Even though water markets increasingly gain ground, many criticize the prior appropriation system for failing to adequately adjust to society's evolving values and needs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmentalists and recreational river-users demand more water be left in rivers and streams, but courts have been slow to accept these requests as beneficial uses.<sup id="cite_ref-RepairingRivers_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RepairingRivers-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Recreation_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recreation-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, the tool of beneficial use is too tied to custom to encourage users to conserve. An appropriator who uses water inefficiently retains the right to the full allotment, but an appropriator who uses only a portion risks losing the right to the rest, and water right markets remain too illiquid to purchase any excess.<sup id="cite_ref-Custom_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Custom-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Recreation_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recreation-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the vast majority of water in the West still is allocated to agricultural uses despite cries for additional water from growing cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Institutions_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institutions-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High demand can cause an over-appropriation of the waters, in which there are more water rights for a particular stream than water actually available.<sup id="cite_ref-COLay_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COLay-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This leads to an apparent inefficiency: if a water source is over-appropriated, the latest users will almost never see water from their claims. But without those claims, excess water from an unusually wet year will go to waste. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_goods">In other goods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prior-appropriation_water_rights&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In other goods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water is not the only public good that has been subject to prior appropriation. The same <i>first in time, first in right</i> theory has been used in the United States to encourage and give a legal framework for other commercial activities. </p><p>The early prospectors and miners in the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a> of 1849, and later gold and silver rushes in the western United States, applied appropriation theory to mineral deposits. The first one to discover and begin mining a deposit was acknowledged to have a legal right to mine. Because appropriation theory in mineral lands and water rights developed in the same time and place, it is likely that they influenced one another.<sup id="cite_ref-CWL_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWL-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with water rights, mining rights could be forfeited by nonuse. The miners codes were later legalized by the federal government in 1866, and then in the <a href="/wiki/Mining_Law_of_1872" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining Law of 1872">Mining Law of 1872</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Homestead Act">Homestead Act</a> of 1862 granted legal title to the first farmer to put public land into agricultural production. This <i>first in time</i> right to agricultural land may have been influenced by appropriation theory applied to mineral lands. </p><p>In recent years, there has been some discussion of limiting air pollution by granting rights to existing pollution sources. Then it has been argued, a free <a href="/wiki/Cap_and_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap and trade">cap and trade</a> market could develop in pollution rights. This would be prior appropriation theory applied to air pollution. Recent concern over <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> has led to an economic market in CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, in which some companies wish to balance emissions increases by offsetting decreases in existing emissions sources. This is essentially acknowledging a prior appropriation right to existing CO<sub>2</sub> emitters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prior-appropriation_water_rights&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rights" title="Air rights">Air rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryside_and_Rights_of_Way_Act_2000" title="Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000">Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000</a> (in the UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown land</a> (see "Logging and mineral rights" under <a href="/wiki/Crown_land#Canada" title="Crown land">Canada</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">Easement</a> ("the right of use over the real property of another")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Land rights">Land rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_public_access_to_the_wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of public access to the wilderness">Right of public access to the wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">Riparian water rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_groundwater_law" title="United States groundwater law">United States groundwater law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law (legal system)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prior-appropriation_water_rights&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">78 Am. Jur. 2d <i>Waters</i> § 355 (2021).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wex-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wex_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Prior appropriation doctrine". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/prior_appropriation_doctrine"><i>Wex</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell">Cornell</a> Legal Information Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prior+appropriation+doctrine&rft.btitle=Wex&rft.pub=Cornell+Legal+Information+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2Fprior_appropriation_doctrine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrior-appropriation+water+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SaxowskyLay-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SaxowskyLay_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SaxowskyLay_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxowsky2011" class="citation book cs1">Saxowsky, David (12 Jan 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~saxowsky/aglawtextbk/chapters/waterlaw/PriorAppro1.html"><i>Ag Law Text</i></a>. Fargo, ND: <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_State_University" title="North Dakota State University">NDSU</a> Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ag+Law+Text&rft.place=Fargo%2C+ND&rft.pub=NDSU+Department+of+Agribusiness+and+Applied+Economics&rft.date=2011-01-12&rft.aulast=Saxowsky&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndsu.edu%2Fpubweb%2F~saxowsky%2Faglawtextbk%2Fchapters%2Fwaterlaw%2FPriorAppro1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrior-appropriation+water+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sedalia-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sedalia_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Douglas County v. Sedalia Water and Sanitation District</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/concerning-the-application-for-water-rights-of-sedalia-water-v-applicant">343 P.3d 16</a> (Colo. 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moot-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moot_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moot_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moot_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undeerc.org/Water/Decision-Support/Water-Law/pdf/Water-Appr-Systems.pdf">"Water Appropriation Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Energy & Environmental Research Center</i>. University of North Dakota.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Energy+%26+Environmental+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Water+Appropriation+Systems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundeerc.org%2FWater%2FDecision-Support%2FWater-Law%2Fpdf%2FWater-Appr-Systems.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrior-appropriation+water+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGetches2009" class="citation book cs1">Getches, David H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waterlawinnutshe0000getc_a0e1/page/108"><i>Water law in a nutshell</i></a>. St. Paul, Minnesota: Thomson/West. p. 109–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-314-19951-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-314-19951-5"><bdi>978-0-314-19951-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Rev. Stat. Ann. § 45-141 Waters (2021).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213023206/http://www.azwater.gov/azdwr/SurfaceWater/SurfaceWaterRights/default.htm">"ADWR - Surface Water Rights"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azwater.gov/azdwr/SurfaceWater/SurfaceWaterRights/default.htm">the original</a> on 2014-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Managing+Montana%27s+Water&rft.pub=Clark+Fork+River+Basin+Task+Force&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdnrc.mt.gov%2Fwrd%2Fwater_mgmt%2Fclarkforkbasin_taskforce%2Fpdfs%2Fappropriation_paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrior-appropriation+water+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texaswater.tamu.edu/water-law.html">"Texas water law"</a>. <i>Texas Water</i>. <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a>. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Water&rft.atitle=Texas+water+law&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftexaswater.tamu.edu%2Fwater-law.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrior-appropriation+water+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrace2012" class="citation book cs1">Grace, Stephen (2012). <i>Dam Nation</i>. p. 224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dam+Nation&rft.pages=224&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Grace&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrior-appropriation+water+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniels2008">Daniels 2008</a>, fn. 271: "While the case law has been slow to evolve, some courts have seemed to indicate that they are willing to consider beneficial use in relative rather than objective terms. See, e.g., <i>Butler, Crockett, and Walsh Dev. Corp. v. Pinecrest Pipeline Operating Co.</i>, 98 P.3d 1, 11-12 (Utah 2004); <i>Imperial Irrigation Dist. v. State Water Res. Control Bd.</i>, 225 Cal. App. 3d 548, 570 (Cal. Ct. App. 1990). Despite this, courts have been unwilling to impose relative standards in a meaningful way."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RepairingRivers-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RepairingRivers_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd2003" class="citation journal cs1">Boyd, Jesse A. (Fall 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nrj/vol43/iss4/8">"Hip Deep: A Survey of State Instream Flow Law from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean"</a>. <i>Natural Resources Journal</i>. <b>43</b> (4): 1151–1216 – via UNM digital repository.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+Resources+Journal&rft.atitle=Hip+Deep%3A+A+Survey+of+State+Instream+Flow+Law+from+the+Rocky+Mountains+to+the+Pacific+Ocean&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1151-1216&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Jesse+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalrepository.unm.edu%2Fnrj%2Fvol43%2Fiss4%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrior-appropriation+water+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Recreation-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Recreation_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Recreation_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbeln2005" class="citation journal cs1">Abeln, Rebecca (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.du.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2066&context=wlr">"Instream Flows, Recreation as Beneficial Use, and the Public Interest in Colorado Water Law"</a>. <i>Water Law Review</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 531–532.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Instream+Flows%2C+Recreation+as+Beneficial+Use%2C+and+the+Public+Interest+in+Colorado+Water+Law&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=531-532&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Abeln&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.du.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2066%26context%3Dwlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrior-appropriation+water+rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Custom-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Custom_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumann1998" class="citation journal cs1">Neumann, Janet C. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/bibarticles/neuman_forfeiture.pdf">"Beneficial Use, Waste, and Forfeiture: The Inefficient Search for Efficiency in Western Water Use"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Environmental Law Review</i>. <b>28</b>: 919–996 – via National Agricultural Law Center, especially §III.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Beneficial+Use%2C+Waste%2C+and+Forfeiture%3A+The+Inefficient+Search+for+Efficiency+in+Western+Water+Use&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=919-996&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=Janet+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalaglawcenter.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fassets%2Fbibarticles%2Fneuman_forfeiture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrior-appropriation+water+rights" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CWL-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CWL_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVranesh1987" class="citation book cs1">Vranesh, George (1987). <i>Colorado Water Law</i>. Vol. 1. Boulder, Colorado: Vranesh Publications. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colorado+Water+Law&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Vranesh+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Vranesh&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrior-appropriation+water+rights" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prior-appropriation_water_rights&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060929082742/http://www.blm.gov/nstc/WaterLaws/abstract1.html">Western States Water Laws</a> <a 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title="Communal land">Communal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_land" title="Customary land">Customary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unowned_property" title="Unowned property">Unowned</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croft_(land)" title="Croft (land)">Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">Estate (landed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_property" title="Intangible property">Intangible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">indigenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangible_property" title="Tangible property">Tangible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">Common land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_commons_(economics)" title="Digital commons (economics)">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_commons" title="Information commons">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_of_rights" title="Bundle of rights">Bundle of rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_commodities" title="Fictitious commodities">fictitious commodities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good_(economics)" title="Common good (economics)">Common good (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excludability" title="Excludability">Excludability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_possession_theory_of_property" title="First possession theory of property">First possession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_appropriation" title="Original appropriation">appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">homestead principle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-rider_problem" title="Free-rider problem">Free-rider problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_rent" title="Law of rent">Law of rent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">Ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_property_rights" title="Women's property rights">women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivalry_(economics)" title="Rivalry (economics)">Rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_anticommons" title="Tragedy of the anticommons">anticommons</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acequia" title="Acequia"><i>Acequia</i> (watercourse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejido" title="Ejido"><i>Ejido</i> (agrarian land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Forest types</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">Huerta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executor" title="Executor">executor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation" title="Restraint on alienation">restraint on alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">title</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rights" title="Air rights">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scheduled_Tribes_and_Other_Traditional_Forest_Dwellers_(Recognition_of_Forest_Rights)_Act,_2006" title="The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006">Forest-dwelling (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_to_roam" title="Freedom to roam">Freedom to roam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing_rights" title="Grazing rights">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannage" title="Pannage">pannage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law#Land_rights" title="Land law">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_rights" title="Littoral rights">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Mineral</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bergregal" title="Bergregal">Bergregal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(transit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (transit)">Right of way (transit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(property_access)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (property access)">Right of way (property access)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">prior-appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accumulation_by_dispossession" title="Accumulation by dispossession">Disposession</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">Enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">Eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriation" 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