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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tito–Stalin split</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tito–Stalin_split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ideology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_communism_or_proletarian_internationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_communism_or_proletarian_internationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>National communism or proletarian internationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_communism_or_proletarian_internationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تيتوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تيتوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoizm" title="Titoizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Titoizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Цітаізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цітаізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Титовизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Титовизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoizam" title="Titoizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Titoizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titisme" title="Titisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Titisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoisme" title="Titoisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Titoisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoismus" title="Titoismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Titoismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8A%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Τιτοϊσμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τιτοϊσμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito%C3%ADsmo" title="Titoísmo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Titoísmo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoismo" title="Titoismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Titoismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoismo" title="Titoismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Titoismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="تیتوئیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیتوئیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titisme" title="Titisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Titisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%ED%86%A0%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="티토주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="티토주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Տիտոիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիտոիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoizam" title="Titoizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Titoizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoisme" title="Titoisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Titoisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADt%C3%B3ismi" title="Títóismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Títóismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titismo" title="Titismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Titismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%95" title="ລັກທິຕິໂຕ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລັກທິຕິໂຕ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoizmus" title="Titoizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Titoizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Титоизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Титоизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito%C3%AFsme" title="Titoïsme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Titoïsme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="チトー主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チトー主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoisme" title="Titoisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Titoisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoisme" title="Titoisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Titoisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoizm" title="Titoizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Titoizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito%C3%ADsmo" title="Titoísmo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Titoísmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Titoism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Титоизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Титоизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoizmi" title="Titoizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Titoizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoizem" title="Titoizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Titoizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoizam" title="Titoizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Titoizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoizam" title="Titoizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Titoizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titolaisuus" title="Titolaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Titolaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Titoism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95" title="ลัทธิตีโต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิตีโต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoizm" title="Titoizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Titoizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тітоїзм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тітоїзм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Titoism%22">"Titoism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Titoism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Titoism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Titoism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Titoism%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Titoism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut%2C_Josip_Broz_Tito_in_Micha%C5%82_%C5%BBymierski.Rijeka_1946.jpg/520px-Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut%2C_Josip_Broz_Tito_in_Micha%C5%82_%C5%BBymierski.Rijeka_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> meeting with <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_%C5%BBymierski" class="mw-redirect" title="Michał Żymierski">Michał Żymierski</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> in 1946.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#003893;font-size:160%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Socialism in Yugoslavia</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Josip_Broz_Tito_in_Yugoslav_Star.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Yugoslav star with Josip Broz Tito"><img alt="Yugoslav star with Josip Broz Tito" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Josip_Broz_Tito_in_Yugoslav_Star.png/120px-Josip_Broz_Tito_in_Yugoslav_Star.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Josip_Broz_Tito_in_Yugoslav_Star.png/250px-Josip_Broz_Tito_in_Yugoslav_Star.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DE0000;background:transparent;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">Ethnic federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">Neutral country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_patriotism" title="Socialist patriotism">Socialist patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_self-management" title="Socialist self-management">Socialist self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-Worldism" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-Worldism">Third-Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DE0000;background:transparent;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ilasism" title="Đilasism">Đilasism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankovi%C4%87ism" title="Rankovićism">Rankovićism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Titoism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DE0000;background:transparent;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bakari%C4%87" title="Vladimir Bakarić">Vladimir Bakarić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEemal_Bijedi%C4%87" title="Džemal Bijedić">Džemal Bijedić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milovan_Djilas" title="Milovan Djilas">Milovan Djilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stane_Dolanc" title="Stane Dolanc">Stane Dolanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filip_Filipovi%C4%87_(politician)" title="Filip Filipović (politician)">Filip Filipović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Kardelj" title="Edvard Kardelj">Edvard Kardelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Kidri%C4%8D" title="Boris Kidrič">Boris Kidrič</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Koli%C5%A1evski" title="Lazar Koliševski">Lazar Koliševski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergej_Kraigher" title="Sergej Kraigher">Sergej Kraigher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragi%C5%A1a_Lap%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Dragiša Lapčević">Dragiša Lapčević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franc_Lesko%C5%A1ek" title="Franc Leskošek">Franc Leskošek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihailo_Markovi%C4%87" title="Mihailo Marković">Mihailo Marković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cvijetin_Mijatovi%C4%87" title="Cvijetin Mijatović">Cvijetin Mijatović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajo_Petrovi%C4%87" title="Gajo Petrović">Gajo Petrović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%A1a_Pijade" title="Moša Pijade">Moša Pijade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90uro_Pucar" title="Đuro Pucar">Đuro Pucar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Ranković">Aleksandar Ranković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ribar" title="Ivan Ribar">Ivan Ribar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mika_%C5%A0piljak" title="Mika Špiljak">Mika Špiljak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Stamboli%C4%87" title="Petar Stambolić">Petar Stambolić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Velebit" title="Vladimir Velebit">Vladimir Velebit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veljko_Vlahovi%C4%87" title="Veljko Vlahović">Veljko Vlahović</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DE0000;background:transparent;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centruma%C5%A1i" title="Centrumaši">Centrumaši</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia" title="4th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia">4th Congress of the CPY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_volunteers_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War">Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_consultations" title="May consultations">May consultations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leftist_errors" title="Leftist errors">Leftist errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Council_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia">AVNOJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="6th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">6th Congress of the LCY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informbiro_period" title="Informbiro period">Informbiro period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement">Yugoslavia in the NAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_student_demonstrations_in_Yugoslavia" title="1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia">1968 student demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito">Death and funeral of Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Anti-bureaucratic revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazimestan_speech" title="Gazimestan speech">Gazimestan speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">14th Congress of the LCY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DE0000;background:transparent;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="League of Communists of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Croatia" title="League of Communists of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Macedonia" title="League of Communists of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Montenegro" title="League of Communists of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="League of Communists of Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Kosovo" title="League of Communists of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Vojvodina" title="League of Communists of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Slovenia" title="League of Communists of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Socialist_Youth_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Socialist Youth of Yugoslavia">League of Socialist Youth of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alliance_of_Working_People" title="Socialist Alliance of Working People">Socialist Alliance of Working People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Pioneers_of_Yugoslavia" title="Union of Pioneers of Yugoslavia">Union of Pioneers of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_National_Liberation_Front" title="Unitary National Liberation Front">Unitary National Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Antifascist_Front_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Antifascist Front of Yugoslavia">Women's Antifascist Front</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DE0000;background:transparent;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Borba_(newspaper)" title="Borba (newspaper)">Borba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Brotherhood and unity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conversations_with_Stalin" title="Conversations with Stalin">Conversations with Stalin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Economy of the SFRY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History of communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="Leader of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">Leader of the LCY</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Class:_An_Analysis_of_the_Communist_System" title="The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System">The New Class</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_School" title="Praxis School">Praxis School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/20px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/40px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a> <br /> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/20px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/40px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_in_Yugoslavia" title="Template:Socialism in Yugoslavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_in_Yugoslavia" title="Template talk:Socialism in Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_in_Yugoslavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism in Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Titoism</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">socialist political philosophy</a> most closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> and refers to the ideology and policies of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (LCY) during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilczynski1981597Tito_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilczynski1981597Tito-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is characterized by a broad <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav identity">Yugoslav identity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_self-management" title="Socialist self-management">socialist workers' self-management</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">political separation</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and leadership in the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collected_-_Tito_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collected_-_Tito-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tito led the communist <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II in Yugoslavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeanMcMillan2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeanMcMillan2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perović,_2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perović,_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, tensions arose between <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and the Soviet Union. Although these issues alleviated over time, Yugoslavia still remained largely independent in ideology and policy<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazar2011312_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazar2011312-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the leadership of Tito,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who led Yugoslavia until <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Josip_Broz_Tito" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Josip Broz Tito">his death</a> in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tito himself claimed he was not a Titoist; "Titoism as a separate ideological line does not exist. [...] Should Titoism become an ideological line, we would become revisionists; we would have renounced Marxism. We are Marxists; I am a Marxist, and therefore I cannot be a Titoist."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJović200972_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200972-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the term "Titoism" is sometimes used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Yugo-nostalgia" title="Yugo-nostalgia">Yugo-nostalgia</a> across political spectrum, a longing for reestablishment of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> or revival of Yugoslavism by the citizens of <a href="/wiki/Former_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia's successor states</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Not referenced in body of article, nor listed as a meaning in the OED (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titoism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Titoism" title="Special:EditPage/Titoism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Initially a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Soviet Union–Yugoslavia relations">personal favourite of the USSR</a>, Tito led the national liberation war to the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Nazi occupation</a> during World War II, where the <a href="/wiki/Partisans_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisans (Yugoslavia)">Yugoslav Partisans</a> liberated Yugoslavia with only limited help from the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaug2012128–129Chapter_5:_Introducing_A_Socialist_Solution_to_the_National_Question_in_Yugoslavia,_1945–1948_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaug2012128–129Chapter_5:_Introducing_A_Socialist_Solution_to_the_National_Question_in_Yugoslavia,_1945–1948-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnkovski-Korica201660Chapter_1:_National_Roads_to_Socialism_and_the_Tito-Stalin_Split,_1944-8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnkovski-Korica201660Chapter_1:_National_Roads_to_Socialism_and_the_Tito-Stalin_Split,_1944-8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tito met with the Soviet leadership several times immediately after the war to negotiate the future of Yugoslavia. Initially aligned with Soviet policy, over time, these negotiations became less cordial because Tito had the intention neither of handing over <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">executive power</a> nor of accepting foreign intervention or influence (a position Tito later continued within the Non-Aligned Movement).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Yugoslav regime first pledged allegiance, from 1945 to 1948, to Stalinism. But according to the <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> (hence <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist">anti-Stalinist</a>) historian Jean-Jacques Marie,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stalin had planned to <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">liquidate</a> Tito as early as the end of the 1930s, and again after the Spanish Civil War, during which Tito participated in the recruitment and to the organization of the Dimitrov Battalion, a Balkan unit of the International Brigades, some of whose ex-combatants would be assassinated by the Soviets. </p><p>Tito's agreement with <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a> on <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_irredentism" title="Yugoslav irredentism">Greater Yugoslavia</a> projects, which meant to merge the two Balkan countries into a <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Federation" title="Balkan Federation">Balkan Federation</a>, made Stalin anxious. This led to the 1947 <a href="/wiki/Bled_agreement_(1947)" title="Bled agreement (1947)">cooperation agreement</a> signed in <a href="/wiki/Bled" title="Bled">Bled</a> (Dimitrov also pressured <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a> to join such a federation, expressing his beliefs during a visit to <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> in early 1948).<sup id="cite_ref-Perović,_2007_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perović,_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bled agreement, also referred to as the "Tito–Dimitrov treaty", was signed 1 August 1947 in Bled, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a>. It foresaw also unification between <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia" title="Vardar Macedonia">Vardar Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pirin_Macedonia" title="Pirin Macedonia">Pirin Macedonia</a> and return of <a href="/wiki/Western_Outlands" title="Western Outlands">Western Outlands</a> to Bulgaria. The integrationist policies resulting from the agreement were terminated after the <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a> in June 1948, when Bulgaria was being subordinated to the interests of the Soviet Union and took a stance against Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-Perović,_2007_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perović,_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The policy of regional blocs had been the norm in <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a> policies, displaying Soviet resentment of the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and of the consequences of <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a>. With the 1943 dissolution of Comintern and the subsequent advent of the <a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a> came Stalin's dismissal of the previous ideology, and adaptation to the conditions created for Soviet <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tito–Stalin_split"><span id="Tito.E2.80.93Stalin_split"></span>Tito–Stalin split<span class="anchor" id="Tito-Stalin_split"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titoism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tito–Stalin split"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></div> <p>Moreover, Stalin did not have free rein in Yugoslavia as he did in other countries of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1944)" title="Moscow Conference (1944)">Fourth Moscow Conference</a> on the partition of Europe; the USSR had not obtained preponderance there, as it was agreed in the <a href="/wiki/Percentages_agreement" title="Percentages agreement">Percentages agreement</a> that he would retain only 50% influence over Yugoslavia. Tito therefore benefited from a margin of maneuver far greater than that of the other Southeast European leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the rest of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern bloc">Eastern Europe</a> became <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite states</a> of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia refused to accept the 1948 <i>Resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUlam1972451–465_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlam1972451–465-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perović,_2007_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perović,_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which condemned the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Canapa_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canapa-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for allegedly abandoning <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and any communists who sympathised with Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period from 1948 to 1955, known as the <a href="/wiki/Informbiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Informbiro">Informbiro</a>, was marked by severe repression of opponents and many others accused of pro-Stalin attitudes being sent to the <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">penal camp</a> on <a href="/wiki/Goli_Otok" title="Goli Otok">Goli Otok</a> in Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, real and accused Titoists or 'Titoites' were met with similar treatment in Eastern Bloc countries,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakovina2016107_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakovina2016107-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which furthermore served to publicize the dangers of challenging subservience to Moscow, as well as to purge 'unwanted' individuals from their Communist parties.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titoism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru%E2%80%99s_tour_of_Belgrade,_Yugoslavia,_1961_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jawaharlal_Nehru%E2%80%99s_tour_of_Belgrade%2C_Yugoslavia%2C_1961_%2801%29.jpg/250px-Jawaharlal_Nehru%E2%80%99s_tour_of_Belgrade%2C_Yugoslavia%2C_1961_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jawaharlal_Nehru%E2%80%99s_tour_of_Belgrade%2C_Yugoslavia%2C_1961_%2801%29.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru%E2%80%99s_tour_of_Belgrade%2C_Yugoslavia%2C_1961_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jawaharlal_Nehru%E2%80%99s_tour_of_Belgrade%2C_Yugoslavia%2C_1961_%2801%29.jpg/500px-Jawaharlal_Nehru%E2%80%99s_tour_of_Belgrade%2C_Yugoslavia%2C_1961_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Tito, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a> in 1961, three of the five founders of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Elements of Titoism are characterized by policies and practices based on the principle that in each country the means of attaining ultimate communist goals must be dictated by the conditions of that particular country, rather than by a pattern set in another country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnkovski-Korica201633Chapter_1:_National_Roads_to_Socialism_and_the_Tito-Stalin_Split,_1944-8_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnkovski-Korica201633Chapter_1:_National_Roads_to_Socialism_and_the_Tito-Stalin_Split,_1944-8-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Josip Broz Tito's era, this specifically meant that the communist goal should be pursued independently of and often in opposition to the policies of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaug2012125Chapter_5:_Introducing_A_Socialist_Solution_to_the_National_Question_in_Yugoslavia,_1945–1948_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaug2012125Chapter_5:_Introducing_A_Socialist_Solution_to_the_National_Question_in_Yugoslavia,_1945–1948-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilczynski1981598Titoism_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilczynski1981598Titoism-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s policy of "<a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">socialism in one country</a>", Tito advocated cooperation between developing nations in the world through the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> while at the same time pursuing socialism in whatever ways best suited particular nations. During Tito's era, his ideas specifically meant that the communist goal should be pursued independently of (and often in opposition to) what he referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialist</a> policies of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Perović,_2007_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perović,_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this split and subsequent policies some commentators have grouped Titoism with <a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reformism#Socialism" title="Reformism">reformist socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also meant to demonstrate the viability of a third way between the capitalist <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the socialist <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson2017_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson2017-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In fact, on the economic level, Tito simply took note of the inability of the Stalinist-type centralized bureaucratic economy to meet human needs and expanded the number and power of <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a>, several years before <a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">Lieberman Reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> in the USSR, before <a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dubcek" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Dubcek">Alexander Dubcek</a> in Czechoslovakia, and <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> in China.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout his time in office, Tito prided himself on Yugoslavia's independence from the Soviet Union, with Yugoslavia never accepting full membership in <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a> and Tito's open rejection of many aspects of Stalinism as the most obvious manifestations of this. The Soviets and their satellite states often accused Yugoslavia of <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>, charges loosely based on Tito's <a href="/wiki/Socialist_self-management" title="Socialist self-management">socialist self-management</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Definition_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Definition-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attempts at greater democratization in the workplace, and the theory of associated labor (<a href="/wiki/Profit_sharing" title="Profit sharing">profit sharing</a> policies and worker-owned industries initiated by him, <a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan Đilas">Milovan Đilas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Kardelj" title="Edvard Kardelj">Edvard Kardelj</a> in 1950).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in these things that the Soviet leadership accused of harboring the seeds of <a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">council communism</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatism</a>. Despite Tito's numerous disagreements with the USSR, Yugoslavia restored relations with the USSR in 1956 with the <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_declaration" title="Belgrade declaration">Belgrade declaration</a> and it became an associated member of the Comecon in 1964. Therefore, Yugoslavia once again strengthened its economic and political ties with the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, Yugoslavia joined the US-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact_(1953)" title="Balkan Pact (1953)">Balkan Pact</a> in July 1953, a military alliance with two NATO member states — Greece and Turkey. The pact had been signed a few days before Stalin died, and the new Soviet government failed to develop any response. However, it was continually met with opposition by Albanian leader <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a>, who accused Tito and Yugoslavia for being agents of American imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha1978_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha1978-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tito signed this pact to bolster the defense of Yugoslavia against a potential Soviet military invasion. It also made the option of Yugoslavia's NATO membership more plausible at its time. Under this pact, any potential Soviet invasion of Yugoslavia could also lead to NATO intervention to help defend Yugoslavia due to the NATO memberships of Greece and Turkey. However, the foreign policy disagreements between the three countries in the pact eventually crippled the alliance itself, thus ending the possibility of Yugoslavia's NATO membership.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Trotskyists considered Tito to be an 'unconscious Trotskyist' because of the split with Stalin.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other Trotskyists claimed that there were no fundamental differences in principles between Stalin and Tito, despite significant evidence suggesting the contrary. Most notably, Trotskyist writer <a href="/wiki/Ted_Grant" title="Ted Grant">Ted Grant</a> published several articles criticizing both leaders in the British Trotskyist newspaper, of which he was the editor.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Titoist" regime adopted a policy of economic "self-management", generalized from 1950, wishing to put the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> under <a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">social ownership</a> of direct producers, thus excluding the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> as was the case in other communist regimes.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> attacks centered on the <a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">caricature</a> of "Tito the Butcher" of the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>, aimed to pinpoint him as a covert agent of Western imperialism, pointing to Tito's partial cooperation with western and imperialist nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Jovanović_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jovanović-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tito and Yugoslavia were seen by Western powers as a strategic ally with the possibility to "[drive] a wedge into the Communist monolith".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakovina2016106_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakovina2016106-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titoism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Titoism" title="Special:EditPage/Titoism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:172px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edvard_Kardelj_in_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Edvard_Kardelj_in_1959.jpg/250px-Edvard_Kardelj_in_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Edvard_Kardelj_in_1959.jpg/330px-Edvard_Kardelj_in_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Kardelj" title="Edvard Kardelj">Edvard Kardelj</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:172px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87_%281%29.jpg/126px-Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87_%281%29.jpg/189px-Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87_%281%29.jpg/252px-Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="1253" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Ranković">Aleksandar Ranković</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:172px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stevan_Kragujevic,_Milovan_Djilas,1950.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Milovan_Djilas%2C1950.JPG/250px-Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Milovan_Djilas%2C1950.JPG" decoding="async" width="126" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Milovan_Djilas%2C1950.JPG/330px-Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Milovan_Djilas%2C1950.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="1804" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan Đilas">Milovan Đilas</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>From 1949 the central government began to cede power to communal local governments, seeking to decentralise the government<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilczynski1981598Titoism_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilczynski1981598Titoism-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and work towards a <a href="/wiki/Withering_away_of_the_state" title="Withering away of the state">withering away of the state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson2017_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson2017-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaug2012137Chapter_6:_Towards_Self-Management_Socialism_and_Yugoslav_Unity,_1948–1958_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaug2012137Chapter_6:_Towards_Self-Management_Socialism_and_Yugoslav_Unity,_1948–1958-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the system of local self-government, higher-level bodies could supervise compliance with the law by lower-level bodies, but could not issue orders to them.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Kardelj" title="Edvard Kardelj">Edvard Kardelj</a> declared in the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Yugoslavia" title="Assembly of Yugoslavia">Assembly of Yugoslavia</a> "that no perfect bureaucratic apparatus, however brilliant the people at the top, can build socialism. Socialism can grow only from the initiatives of the masses of the people."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rankovi%C4%87ism" title="Rankovićism">Rankovićism</a> disagreed with this decentralisation, viewing it as a threat to the stability of Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other socialist states also criticised this move for deviating from <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a> with declarations that it "is an outright denial of the teachings of Marxism-Leninism and the universal laws on the construction of socialism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha1978_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha1978-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> retained solid power; the legislature did little more than rubber stamp decisions already made by the LCY's Politburo. The <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a>, the <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security Administration">State Security Administration</a> (UDBA), while operating with considerably more restraint than its counterparts in the rest of Eastern Europe, was nonetheless a feared tool of government control. UDBA was particularly notorious for assassinating suspected "enemies of the state" who lived in exile overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-schindler_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schindler-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The media remained under restrictions that were onerous by Western standards, but still had more latitude than their counterparts in other Communist countries. Nationalist groups were a particular target of the authorities, with numerous arrests and prison sentences handed down over the years for separatist activities. Although the Soviets revised their attitudes under Nikita Khrushchev during the process of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931985)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1985)">de-Stalinization</a> and sought to normalize relations with the Yugoslavs while obtaining influence in the Non-Aligned Movement,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrwin2016148–149_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrwin2016148–149-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the answer they got was never enthusiastic and the Soviet Union never gained a proper outlet to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. At the same time, the Non-Aligned states failed to form a third Bloc, especially after the split at the outcome of the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>. </p><p>Industry was nationalized, agriculture <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">forcibly collectivized</a>, and a rigid industrialization program based on the <a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">Soviet model</a> was adopted. Yugoslav and Soviet companies signed contracts for numerous joint ventures. According to the American historian <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ulam" title="Adam Ulam">Adam Ulam</a>, in no other country in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> was Sovietization "as rapid and as ruthless as in Yugoslavia".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUlam1972451_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlam1972451-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the initial thaw between the USSR and the Yugoslavian authorities following the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_declaration" title="Belgrade declaration">Belgrade declaration</a>, relations became tense again between the two countries after Yugoslavia sheltered <a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a> following the invasion of Hungary. Tito initially approved the Soviet military intervention in his letter to Khrushchev due to fears of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution</a> provoking a similar anti-communist and nationalist movement in Yugoslavia. Still, Tito later sheltered Nagy to prove Yugoslavia's sovereign status and non-aligned foreign policy to gain sympathy from the international community. The abduction and the execution of Nagy by the Hungarian government under <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a> cooled the bilateral relationship between Yugoslavia and Hungary, despite Tito's initial support and recommendations of Kadar as the successor of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a> and Nagy.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yugoslavia backed <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>'s leader <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a> during the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> and then cultivated a special (albeit incidental) relation with the maverick Romanian President <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>. Titoism was similar to Dubček's <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_a_human_face" title="Socialism with a human face">socialism with a human face</a>, while Ceaușescu attracted sympathies for his refusal to condone (and take part in) the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, which briefly seemed to constitute a <i><a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a></i> between <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and the Soviets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, Ceaușescu was an unlikely member of the alliance<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> since he profited from the events in order to push his authoritarian agenda inside Romania. </p><p>After a significant expansion of the private sector in the 1950s and 1960s and a shift towards a more <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market-oriented economy</a>, the Yugoslavian leadership did put a halt to overt capitalist attempts (such as <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Mesi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Mesić">Stjepan Mesić</a>'s experiment with <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orahovica" title="Orahovica">Orahovica</a>) and crushed the <a href="/wiki/Dissidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissidence">dissidence</a> of liberal or democratic socialist thinkers such as the former leader <a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan Đilas">Milovan Đilas</a>, while it also clamped down on centrifugal attempts, promoting <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_patriotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav patriotism">Yugoslav patriotism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although still claimed as official policies, nearly all aspects of Titoism went into rapid decline after Tito's death in 1980, being replaced by the rival policies of constituent republics. During the late 1980s, nationalism was again on the rise one decade after the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a>, and inter-republic ethnic tensions escalated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titoism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Victims of show trials for alleged Titoism</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:113px;max-width:113px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudolf_Slansky_(1901-1952).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rudolf_Slansky_%281901-1952%29.png/120px-Rudolf_Slansky_%281901-1952%29.png" decoding="async" width="111" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rudolf_Slansky_%281901-1952%29.png/250px-Rudolf_Slansky_%281901-1952%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1058" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD" title="Rudolf Slánský">Rudolf Slánský</a></div></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajk_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Sr._1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rajk_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Sr._1947.jpg/125px-Rajk_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Sr._1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rajk_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Sr._1947.jpg/188px-Rajk_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Sr._1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rajk_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Sr._1947.jpg/250px-Rajk_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Sr._1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1397" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Rajk" title="László Rajk">László Rajk</a></div></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Titoism has been perceived very differently by international figures. During Stalin's lifetime, the Soviet Union and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries reacted against Titoism with aggressive hostility. Participants in alleged Titoist conspiracies, such as the GDR historian <a href="/wiki/Walter_Markov" title="Walter Markov">Walter Markov</a>, were subjected to reprisals, and some were put through staged <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trials</a> that ended with death sentences, such as the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Rajk#Trial" title="László Rajk">Rajk trial</a> in Budapest in 1949 or the <a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a> in Prague in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About forty important trials against "Titoists" took place during the Informbiro period, in addition to persecution, arrest and deportation of thousands of less prominent individuals who were presumed to hold pro-Yugoslav sympathies.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, the Cominform ordered the central committee of the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> to condemn "Titoism" in 1948<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With prominent members such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Servin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Servin (page does not exist)">Marcel Servin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Servin" class="extiw" title="fr:Marcel Servin">fr</a>]</span> writing of the need to hunt down "Titoist spies" within the party.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Stalin's death, the Soviet conspiracy theories around Titoism subsided but continued. In the mid-1950s, Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union temporarily reconciled. Nevertheless, Titoism was generally condemned as revisionism in the Eastern bloc. </p><p>In Marxist circles in the West, Titoism was considered a form of Western socialism alongside Eurocommunism, which was appreciated by left-wing intellectuals who were breaking away from the Soviet line in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s, political scientists understood Titoist state narrative as a form of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_patriotism" title="Socialist patriotism">socialist patriotism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartl,_1968_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartl,_1968-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meier_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meier-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ulam" title="Adam Ulam">Adam Ulam</a> was more critical of Titoism and writes that Titoism has always "retained its (albeit mild) totalitarian one-party character".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUlam1972463_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlam1972463-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a>, outlined in his <a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Muammar_Gaddafi)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Green Book (Muammar Gaddafi)"><i>Green Book</i></a> which informed Libyan national policy from its formation in 1975 until Gaddafi's downfall in 2011, was heavily inspired by and shared many similarities with Titoism and Yugoslav workers' self-management.<sup id="cite_ref-RCMLibya_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCMLibya-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Titoism gained influence in the communist parties in the 1940s, including Poland (<a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a>), Hungary (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Rajk" title="László Rajk">László Rajk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a>), Bulgaria (<a href="/wiki/Traicho_Kostov" title="Traicho Kostov">Traicho Kostov</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Czechoslovakia<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_Clementis" title="Vladimír Clementis">Vladimír Clementis</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and Romania (<a href="/wiki/Lucre%C8%9Biu_P%C4%83tr%C4%83%C8%99canu" title="Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu">Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_communism_or_proletarian_internationalism">National communism or proletarian internationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titoism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: National communism or proletarian internationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Titoism has sometimes been referred to as a form of "<a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">national communism</a>", an attempt to reconcile <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, traditionally considered incompatible by Marxist social philosophers.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartl,_1968_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartl,_1968-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meier_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meier-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Walker_Connor" title="Walker Connor">Walker Connor</a> posits that Titoism is more akin to "<a href="/wiki/State_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="State communism">state communism</a>", and that Tito advocated patriotism rather than nationalism, as the loyalty is to a state comprising multiple nations. Nationalism was, therefore a threat to Titoism.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tito and the Yugoslav leadership firmly rejected existence of 'national communism', describing the accusations as "attempts to stigmatise recognition of the diversity of forms in socialist processes"<sup id="cite_ref-programme_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-programme-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and asserted that Yugoslav communists too are proletarian internationalists, stating that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... internationalism does not start where autonomy and independence end. Real revolutionary unity and socialist solidarity must be based on such a community of interests and views as arises from the full independence and responsibility of each party. Today, more than ever before, the international workers' movement needs such unity as does not conceal differences; but, on the contrary, recognized them. After all, total unity in the international workers' movement has never existed.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Josip Broz Tito, (1965)<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Yugoslav interpretation of proletarian internationalism was outlined in "The Programme of the League of Yugoslav Communists": "Proletarian internationalism demands correct relationships, and support of and solidarity with every socialist country and every socialist movement genuinely fighting for socialism, peace, and active peaceful coexistence between peoples."<sup id="cite_ref-programme_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-programme-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This posture was contrasted to Stalin's conception of proletarian internationalism "which required unity within the Communist Camp under the leadership of one party which was committed to the interest of one country, the Soviet Union."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titoism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Economy of the former Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Fidelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Marhaenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_School" title="Praxis School">Praxis School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Soviet Union–Yugoslavia relations">Soviet Union–Yugoslavia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="United States–Yugoslavia relations">United States–Yugoslavia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)#Doctrine" title="Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)">Total National Defense (Yugoslavia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugo-nostalgia" title="Yugo-nostalgia">Yugo-nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titoism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoeckh2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name">Boeckh, Katrin (2014). "Allies Are Forever (Until They Are No More): Yugoslavia's Multivectoral Foreign Policy During Titoism". In Keil, Soeren; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Stahl" class="extiw" title="de:Bernhard Stahl">Stahl, Bernhard</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (eds.). <i>The Foreign Policies of Post-Yugoslav States</i>. New Perspectives on South-East Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">18–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137384133_2">10.1057/9781137384133_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-38412-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-38412-6"><bdi>978-1-137-38412-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Allies+Are+Forever+%28Until+They+Are+No+More%29%3A+Yugoslavia%27s+Multivectoral+Foreign+Policy+During+Titoism&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policies+of+Post-Yugoslav+States&rft.place=London&rft.series=New+Perspectives+on+South-East+Europe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137384133_2&rft.isbn=978-1-137-38412-6&rft.aulast=Boeckh&rft.aufirst=Katrin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilczynski1981597Tito-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilczynski1981597Tito_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilczynski1981">Wilczynski 1981</a>, p. 597, Tito.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBocanegra" class="citation cs2">Bocanegra, Lidia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lbocanegra.eu/UserFiles/File/titoism.pdf"><i>Titoism</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831164953/https://www.lbocanegra.eu/UserFiles/File/titoism.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Titoism&rft.aulast=Bocanegra&rft.aufirst=Lidia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbocanegra.eu%2FUserFiles%2FFile%2Ftitoism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collected_-_Tito-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collected_-_Tito_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLeanMcMillan2009">McLean & McMillan (2009)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFÁgh2011">Ágh (2011)</a>, p. 2458; <a href="#CITEREFRobertson2017">Robertson (2017)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeanMcMillan2009-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeanMcMillan2009_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLeanMcMillan2009">McLean & McMillan 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perović,_2007-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perović,_2007_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perović,_2007_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perović,_2007_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perović,_2007_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perović,_2007_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerović2007" class="citation journal cs1">Perović, Jeronim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/62735/1/Perovic_Tito.pdf">"The Tito–Stalin split: a reassessment in light of new evidence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Cold_War_Studies" title="Journal of Cold War Studies">Journal of Cold War Studies</a></i>. <b>9</b> (2). MIT Press: <span class="nowrap">32–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjcws.2007.9.2.32">10.1162/jcws.2007.9.2.32</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57567168">57567168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Tito%E2%80%93Stalin+split%3A+a+reassessment+in+light+of+new+evidence&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fjcws.2007.9.2.32&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57567168%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Perovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Jeronim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F62735%2F1%2FPerovic_Tito.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazar2011312-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazar2011312_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLazar2011">Lazar 2011</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNaimarkPonsQuinn-Judge2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Naimark, Norman</a>; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Pons" class="extiw" title="it:Silvio Pons">Pons, Silvio</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Italian]</span>; Quinn-Judge, Sophie (2017). "Introduction to Volume II". In <a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Naimark, Norman</a>; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Pons" class="extiw" title="it:Silvio Pons">Pons, Silvio</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Italian]</span>; Quinn-Judge, Sophie (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Communism</i>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316459850">10.1017/9781316459850</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-45985-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-45985-0"><bdi>978-1-316-45985-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Volume+II&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Communism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316459850&rft.isbn=978-1-316-45985-0&rft.aulast=Naimark&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Pons%2C+Silvio&rft.au=Quinn-Judge%2C+Sophie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/597295/Josip-Broz-Tito">"Josip Broz Tito"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Josip+Broz+Tito&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F597295%2FJosip-Broz-Tito&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJović200972-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJović200972_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJović2009">Jović 2009</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMawdsley2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Mawdsley" title="Evan Mawdsley">Mawdsley, Evan</a> (2017). "World War II, Soviet Power and International Communism". In <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Pons" class="extiw" title="it:Silvio Pons">Pons, Silvio</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Italian]</span>; Smith, Stephen A. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Communism</i>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316459850">10.1017/9781316459850</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-45985-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-45985-0"><bdi>978-1-316-45985-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=World+War+II%2C+Soviet+Power+and+International+Communism&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Communism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316459850&rft.isbn=978-1-316-45985-0&rft.aulast=Mawdsley&rft.aufirst=Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaug2012128–129Chapter_5:_Introducing_A_Socialist_Solution_to_the_National_Question_in_Yugoslavia,_1945–1948-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaug2012128–129Chapter_5:_Introducing_A_Socialist_Solution_to_the_National_Question_in_Yugoslavia,_1945–1948_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaug2012">Haug 2012</a>, p. 128–129, Chapter 5: Introducing A Socialist Solution to the National Question in Yugoslavia, 1945–1948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnkovski-Korica201660Chapter_1:_National_Roads_to_Socialism_and_the_Tito-Stalin_Split,_1944-8-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnkovski-Korica201660Chapter_1:_National_Roads_to_Socialism_and_the_Tito-Stalin_Split,_1944-8_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnkovski-Korica2016">Unkovski-Korica 2016</a>, p. 60, Chapter 1: National Roads to Socialism and the Tito-Stalin Split, 1944-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008014412/http://www.namegypt.org/Relevant%20Documents/01st%20Summit%20of%20the%20Non-Aligned%20Movement%20-%20Final%20Document%20(Belgrade_Declaration).pdf">"Belgrade declaration of non-aligned countries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Egyptian presidency website. 6 September 1961. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belgrade+declaration+of+non-aligned+countries&rft.pub=Egyptian+presidency+website&rft.date=1961-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.namegypt.org%2FRelevant%2520Documents%2F01st%2520Summit%2520of%2520the%2520Non-Aligned%2520Movement%2520-%2520Final%2520Document%2520%28Belgrade_Declaration%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarie2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Marie" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Jacques Marie">Marie, Jean-Jacques</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span> (2001). <i>Staline: naissance d'un destin</i> [<i>Stalin: birth of a destiny</i>] (in French). Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86260-832-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86260-832-7"><bdi>978-2-86260-832-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staline%3A+naissance+d%27un+destin&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-86260-832-7&rft.aulast=Marie&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTolstoy1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tolstoy" title="Nikolai Tolstoy">Tolstoy, Nikolai</a> (1977). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Betrayal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Secret Betrayal">The Secret Betrayal</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-15635-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-15635-0"><bdi>0-684-15635-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Betrayal&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-684-15635-0&rft.aulast=Tolstoy&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacridis1952" class="citation journal cs1">Macridis, Roy (January 1952). "Stalinism and the Meaning of Titoism". <i><a href="/wiki/World_Politics" title="World Politics">World Politics</a></i>. <b>4</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">219–</span>238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2009046">10.2307/2009046</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2009046">2009046</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154384077">154384077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=Stalinism+and+the+Meaning+of+Titoism&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.date=1952-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154384077%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2009046%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2009046&rft.aulast=Macridis&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlam1972451–465-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUlam1972451–465_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUlam1972">Ulam 1972</a>, pp. 451–465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canapa-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canapa_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCanapa1973" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Canapa, Marie-Paule (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/receo_0035-1415_1973_num_4_2_1152">"Le conflit entre le Kominform et la rupture entre la Yougoslavie"</a> [The conflict between the Cominform and the break between Yugoslavia]. <i>Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest</i> (in French). <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">153–</span>172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27%C3%A9tudes+comparatives+Est-Ouest&rft.atitle=Le+conflit+entre+le+Kominform+et+la+rupture+entre+la+Yougoslavie&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Canapa&rft.aufirst=Marie-Paule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Freceo_0035-1415_1973_num_4_2_1152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurlejska1972">Turlejska (1972)</a>, pp. 109–110: <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">W drugiej połowie czerwca 1948 roku odbyło się posiedzenie przedstawicieli ośmiu partii w Bukareszcie bez udziału przedstawicieli KPJ, którzy nie zgodzili się przybyć na naradę. Przyjęto rezolucję o sytuacji w Komunistycznej Partii Jugosławii. Podpisali ją: w imieniu BPR(k) – Trajczo Kostow i Wyłko Czerwenkow; RPR – Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, Vasile Luca i Anna Pauker; WPP – Mátyás Rákosi, Michał Farkas, Ernö Gerö; PPR – Jakub Berman i Aleksander Zawadzki; WKP(b) – Andrzej Żdanow, Goergij Malenkow, Michaił Susłow; FPK – Jacques Duclos i Etienne Fajon; KPCz – Rudolf Slánský, Viliam Široký, Bedřich Geminder, Gustav Bareš; WłPK – Palmiro Togliatti i Pietro Secchia.</i></span> [In the second half of June 1948, a meeting of representatives of eight parties was held in Bucharest without the participation of CPY representatives, who did not agree to come to the meeting. A resolution on the situation in the Communist Party of Yugoslavia was adopted. It was signed by: on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Workers%27_Party_(Communist)" title="Bulgarian Workers' Party (Communist)">BWP(C)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Traicho_Kostov" title="Traicho Kostov">Traicho Kostov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a>; <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Workers%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Workers' Party">RWP</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Luca" title="Vasile Luca">Vasile Luca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ana_Pauker" title="Ana Pauker">Ana Pauker</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian Working People's Party">HWPP</a> – <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_Farkas" title="Mihály Farkas">Mihály Farkas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ern%C3%B6_Ger%C3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernö Gerö">Ernö Gerö</a>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">PWP</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Berman" title="Jakub Berman">Jakub Berman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Zawadzki" title="Aleksander Zawadzki">Aleksander Zawadzki</a>; <a href="/wiki/All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">AUCP(B)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a>; <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">FCP</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Duclos" title="Jacques Duclos">Jacques Duclos</a> and Etienne Fajon; <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">CPC</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD" title="Rudolf Slánský">Rudolf Slánský</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viliam_%C5%A0irok%C3%BD" title="Viliam Široký">Viliam Široký</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Geminder" title="Bedřich Geminder">Bedřich Geminder</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Bare%C5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Bareš (page does not exist)">Gustav Bareš</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Bare%C5%A1" class="extiw" title="cs:Gustav Bareš">cs</a>]</span>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">ICP</a> – <a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Secchia" title="Pietro Secchia">Pietro Secchia</a>.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarcou1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilly_Marcou" class="extiw" title="fr:Lilly Marcou">Marcou, Lilly</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span> (1977). <i>Le Kominform: Le communisme de guerre froide</i> [<i>The Cominform: Cold war communism</i>] (in French). <a href="/wiki/Presses_de_Sciences_Po" class="mw-redirect" title="Presses de Sciences Po">Presses de Sciences Po</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7246-0381-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7246-0381-1"><bdi>978-2-7246-0381-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Kominform%3A+Le+communisme+de+guerre+froide&rft.pub=Presses+de+Sciences+Po&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-2-7246-0381-1&rft.aulast=Marcou&rft.aufirst=Lilly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrevišić2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Previ%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Martin Previšić">Previšić, Martin</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darhiv.ffzg.unizg.hr/id/eprint/6836/1/Previ%C5%A1i%C4%87,%20Martin.pdf"><i>Povijest informbiroovskog logora na Golom otoku 1949. –1956</i></a> [<i>History of the Goli Otok Cominformist Prison Camp 1949. – 1956.</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Croatian). <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Humanities_and_Social_Sciences,_University_of_Zagreb" title="Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb">Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Povijest+informbiroovskog+logora+na+Golom+otoku+1949.+%E2%80%931956.&rft.pub=Faculty+of+Humanities+and+Social+Sciences%2C+University+of+Zagreb&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Previ%C5%A1i%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarhiv.ffzg.unizg.hr%2Fid%2Feprint%2F6836%2F1%2FPrevi%25C5%25A1i%25C4%2587%2C%2520Martin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrevišić2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Previ%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Martin Previšić">Previšić, Martin</a> (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/134023">"Broj kažnjenika na Golom otoku i drugim logorima za informbirovce u vrijeme sukoba sa SSSR-om (1948.-1956.)"</a> [The Number of Convicts on Goli Otok and other Internment Camps during the Informbiro period (1948–1956)] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historijski zbornik</i> (in Croatian). <b>66</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">173–</span>193<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historijski+zbornik&rft.atitle=Broj+ka%C5%BEnjenika+na+Golom+otoku+i+drugim+logorima+za+informbirovce+u+vrijeme+sukoba+sa+SSSR-om+%281948.-1956.%29&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E193&rft.date=2015-02&rft.aulast=Previ%C5%A1i%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F134023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakovina2016107-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakovina2016107_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJakovina2016">Jakovina 2016</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPiotrow" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Tilson_Piotrow" title="Phyllis Tilson Piotrow">Piotrow, Phyllis Tilson</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1958071600">"Tito and the Soviets"</a>. <i>Editorial Research Reports 1958</i>. <b>2</b>. CQ Researcher<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Editorial+Research+Reports+1958&rft.atitle=Tito+and+the+Soviets&rft.volume=2&rft.aulast=Piotrow&rft.aufirst=Phyllis+Tilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.cqpress.com%2Fcqresearcher%2Fdocument.php%3Fid%3Dcqresrre1958071600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnkovski-Korica201633Chapter_1:_National_Roads_to_Socialism_and_the_Tito-Stalin_Split,_1944-8-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnkovski-Korica201633Chapter_1:_National_Roads_to_Socialism_and_the_Tito-Stalin_Split,_1944-8_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnkovski-Korica2016">Unkovski-Korica 2016</a>, p. 33, Chapter 1: National Roads to Socialism and the Tito-Stalin Split, 1944-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaug2012125Chapter_5:_Introducing_A_Socialist_Solution_to_the_National_Question_in_Yugoslavia,_1945–1948-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaug2012125Chapter_5:_Introducing_A_Socialist_Solution_to_the_National_Question_in_Yugoslavia,_1945–1948_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaug2012">Haug 2012</a>, p. 125, Chapter 5: Introducing A Socialist Solution to the National Question in Yugoslavia, 1945–1948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilczynski1981598Titoism-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilczynski1981598Titoism_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilczynski1981598Titoism_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilczynski1981">Wilczynski 1981</a>, p. 598, Titoism.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeonhard1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Leonhard" title="Wolfgang Leonhard">Leonhard, Wolfgang</a> (1979). <i>Die Dreispaltung des Marxismus. 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Düsseldorf/Vienna. pp. <span class="nowrap">346–</span>355.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Dreispaltung+des+Marxismus.+Ursprung+und+Entwicklung+des+Sowjetmarxismus%2C+Maoismus+%26+Reformkommunismus&rft.place=D%C3%BCsseldorf%2FVienna&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E346-%3C%2Fspan%3E355&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Leonhard&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson2017-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson2017_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson2017_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobertson2017">Robertson 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivescommunistes.chez-alice.fr/nac-fs/fs14.html">"Histoire de la Yougoslavie"</a> [History of Yugoslavia]. <i>archivescommunistes.chez-alice.fr</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Comparative+and+International+Law+Journal+of+Southern+Africa&rft.atitle=The+Comecon%3A+catalyst+for+economic+cooperation+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=330&rft.date=1976-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23905548%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23905548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha1978-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha1978_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha1978_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoxha1978">Hoxha 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVukman" class="citation book cs1">Vukman, Péter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu/30731/1/mediterran_022_025-035.pdf"><i>The Balkan Pact, 1953–58: An analysis of Yugoslav-Greek—Turkish Relations based on British Archival Sources*</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. <span class="nowrap">25–</span>35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231123021058/http://acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu/30731/1/mediterran_022_025-035.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkan+Pact%2C+1953%E2%80%9358%3A+An+analysis+of+Yugoslav-Greek%E2%80%94Turkish+Relations+based+on+British+Archival+Sources%2A&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.aulast=Vukman&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A9ter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facta.bibl.u-szeged.hu%2F30731%2F1%2Fmediterran_022_025-035.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308215241/https://www.socialistalternative.org/history-committee-workers-international/trotsky/">"After Trotsky"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(England,_Wales_%26_Scotland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Alternative (England, Wales & Scotland)">Socialist Alternative</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Socialist+Alternative&rft.atitle=After+Trotsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialistalternative.org%2Fhistory-committee-workers-international%2Ftrotsky%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDraper1949" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Draper, Hal</a> (10 October 1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/draper/1949/10/titos-left.htm">"Tito's 'Left Wing': The Fossil-Trotskyists Whitewash Tito Regime"</a>. <i>Labor Action</i>. Vol. 13, no. 41. p. 3 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labor+Action&rft.atitle=Tito%27s+%27Left+Wing%27%3A+The+Fossil-Trotskyists+Whitewash+Tito+Regime&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1949-10-10&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Hal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fdraper%2F1949%2F10%2Ftitos-left.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBornsteinRichardson1986" class="citation book cs1">Bornstein, Sam; Richardson, Al (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2siAAAAMAAJ"><i>The war and the international: a history of the Trotskyist movement in Britain, 1937–1949</i></a>. Socialist Platform. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9508423-3-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9508423-3-2"><bdi>978-0-9508423-3-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+war+and+the+international%3A+a+history+of+the+Trotskyist+movement+in+Britain%2C+1937%E2%80%931949&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Socialist+Platform&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-9508423-3-2&rft.aulast=Bornstein&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Al&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2siAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnalis1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Analis, Dimitri T. (1978). <i>Les Balkans 1945–1960</i> [<i>The Balkans 1945–1960</i>] (in French). PUF. pp. <span class="nowrap">192–</span>194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Balkans+1945%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E192-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.pub=PUF&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Analis&rft.aufirst=Dimitri+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jovanović-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jovanović_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJovanović2002" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jovanović, Miodrag (19 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crveni.tripod.com/politika/titoizam.htm">"TITOIZAM: i sukobi u bivšoj Jugoslaviji"</a> [TITOISM: and conflicts in the former Yugoslavia]. <i>Pobunjeni um</i> (in Bosnian). Translated by Mirkovic, Amela<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pobunjeni+um&rft.atitle=TITOIZAM%3A+i+sukobi+u+biv%C5%A1oj+Jugoslaviji&rft.date=2002-01-19&rft.aulast=Jovanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Miodrag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrveni.tripod.com%2Fpolitika%2Ftitoizam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakovina2016106-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakovina2016106_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJakovina2016">Jakovina 2016</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVucinichTomasevich1969" class="citation book cs1">Vucinich, Wayne S.; Tomasevich, Jozo (1969). <i>Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">299–</span>301.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Yugoslavia%3A+Twenty+Years+of+Socialist+Experiment&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E299-%3C%2Fspan%3E301&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Vucinich&rft.aufirst=Wayne+S.&rft.au=Tomasevich%2C+Jozo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaug2012137Chapter_6:_Towards_Self-Management_Socialism_and_Yugoslav_Unity,_1948–1958-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaug2012137Chapter_6:_Towards_Self-Management_Socialism_and_Yugoslav_Unity,_1948–1958_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaug2012">Haug 2012</a>, p. 137, Chapter 6: Towards Self-Management Socialism and Yugoslav Unity, 1948–1958.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSzymczak1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Szymczak" class="extiw" title="pl:Tadeusz Szymczak">Szymczak, Tadeusz</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span> (1982). <i>Jugosławia – państwo federacyjne</i> [<i>Yugoslavia – federal state</i>] (in Polish). Łódź. pp. <span class="nowrap">98–</span>99, <span class="nowrap">185–</span>186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jugos%C5%82awia+%E2%80%93+pa%C5%84stwo+federacyjne&rft.place=%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E99%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Szymczak&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDamachiSeibelScheerder1982" class="citation book cs1">Damachi, Ukandi G.; Seibel, Hans D.; Scheerder, Jeroen (1982). <i>Self-Management in Yugoslavia and the Developing World</i>. 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"Tito and the Nagy affair in 1956". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_European_Quarterly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East European Quarterly (page does not exist)">East European Quarterly</a></i>. <b>32</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>55. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA20461598">A20461598</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/195169282">195169282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Tito+and+the+Nagy+affair+in+1956&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Granville&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHodos1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hodos, Georg Hermann (1990). 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Berlin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-86153-010-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-86153-010-4"><bdi>3-86153-010-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Links&rft.btitle=Schauprozesse.+Stalinistische+S%C3%A4uberungen+in+Osteuropa+1948%E2%80%931954&rft.place=Berlin&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=3-86153-010-4&rft.aulast=Hodos&rft.aufirst=Georg+Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPirjevec2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C5%BEe_Pirjevec" title="Jože Pirjevec">Pirjevec, Jože</a> (22 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6J1WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA220"><i>Tito and His Comrades</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-31770-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-31770-6"><bdi>978-0-299-31770-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tito+and+His+Comrades&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2018-05-22&rft.isbn=978-0-299-31770-6&rft.aulast=Pirjevec&rft.aufirst=Jo%C5%BEe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6J1WDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCanapa1973" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Canapa, Marie-Paule (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/receo_0035-1415_1973_num_4_2_1152">"Le conflit entre le Kominform et la rupture entre la Yougoslavie"</a> [The conflict between the Cominform and the break between Yugoslavia]. <i>Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest</i> (in French). <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">153–</span>172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Freceo.1973.1152">10.3406/receo.1973.1152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27%C3%A9tudes+comparatives+Est-Ouest&rft.atitle=Le+conflit+entre+le+Kominform+et+la+rupture+entre+la+Yougoslavie&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Freceo.1973.1152&rft.aulast=Canapa&rft.aufirst=Marie-Paule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Freceo_0035-1415_1973_num_4_2_1152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFServin1950" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Servin" class="extiw" title="fr:Marcel Servin">Servin, Marcel</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span> (12 June 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://h'l.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00667006/document">"Contre les espions titistes"</a> [Against the Titoist spies]. <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a></i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Humanit%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Contre+les+espions+titistes&rft.date=1950-06-12&rft.aulast=Servin&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fh%27l.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00667006%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoullandPennetierVaccaro2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boulland, Paul; Pennetier, Claude; Vaccaro, Rossana (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.science/hal-00667006">"André Marty : l'homme, l'affaire, l'archive"</a> [André Marty: the man, the case, the archive] (in French). CODHOS Editions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921192019/https://hal.science/hal-00667006">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2023 – via HAL.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andr%C3%A9+Marty+%3A+l%27homme%2C+l%27affaire%2C+l%27archive&rft.pub=CODHOS+Editions&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Boulland&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Pennetier%2C+Claude&rft.au=Vaccaro%2C+Rossana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.science%2Fhal-00667006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarde2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Garde" class="extiw" title="fr:Paul Garde">Garde, Paul</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span> (2000). <i>Vie et mort de la Yougoslavie</i> [<i>Life and Death of Yugoslavia</i>] (in French) (New ed.). Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-60559-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-213-60559-3"><bdi>978-2-213-60559-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vie+et+mort+de+la+Yougoslavie&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-213-60559-3&rft.aulast=Garde&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartl,_1968-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hartl,_1968_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartl,_1968_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartl1968" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hartl, Hans (1968). "Nationalismus in Rot. Die patriotischen Wandlungen des Kommunismus in Südosteuropa" [Nationalism in Red. The patriotic changes of communism in Southeastern Europe]. <i>Schriftenreihe der Studiengesellschaft für Zeitprobleme e.V. Zeitpolitik</i> (in German). <b>1</b>. Seewald, Stuttgart-Degerloch. 187966-2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Schriftenreihe+der+Studiengesellschaft+f%C3%BCr+Zeitprobleme+e.V.+Zeitpolitik&rft.atitle=Nationalismus+in+Rot.+Die+patriotischen+Wandlungen+des+Kommunismus+in+S%C3%BCdosteuropa&rft.volume=1&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Hartl&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meier-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meier_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meier_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeier1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meier, Viktor E. (1968). <i>Neuer Nationalismus in Südosteuropa</i> [<i>New Nationalism in Southeastern Europe</i>] (in German). Leske, Opladen. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0092XPOV6">B0092XPOV6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neuer+Nationalismus+in+S%C3%BCdosteuropa&rft.place=Leske%2C+Opladen&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0092XPOV6%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Viktor+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlam1972463-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUlam1972463_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUlam1972">Ulam 1972</a>, p. 463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RCMLibya-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RCMLibya_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727202418/http://www.rcmlibya.org/English/RCM%20(1).pdf">"Archived"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Revolutionary Committees Movement</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcmlibya.org/English/RCM%20(1).pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Revolutionary+Committees+Movement&rft.atitle=Archived&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcmlibya.org%2FEnglish%2FRCM%2520%281%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIveković2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iveković, Ivan (3 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109053845/https://h-alter.org/vijesti/libijska-dzamahirija-zmedju-proslosti-i-sadasnjosti-1-dio">"Libijska džamahirija između prošlosti i sadašnjosti – 1. dio"</a> [Libyan Jamahiriya between past and present – Part 1] (in Croatian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-alter.org/vijesti/libijska-dzamahirija-zmedju-proslosti-i-sadasnjosti-1-dio">the original</a> on 9 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Libijska+d%C5%BEamahirija+izme%C4%91u+pro%C5%A1losti+i+sada%C5%A1njosti+%E2%80%93+1.+dio&rft.date=2009-04-03&rft.aulast=Ivekovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-alter.org%2Fvijesti%2Flibijska-dzamahirija-zmedju-proslosti-i-sadasnjosti-1-dio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurlejska1972">Turlejska 1972</a>, pp. 139–140: <div title="Polish-language text"><div lang="pl"><p><i>"Niedługo potem we wrześniu 1949 r. doszło do zerwania stosunków państwowych między ZSRR a Jugosławią. Inne państwa demokracji ludowej poszły tą samą drogą.</i></p> <p><i>W kolejnej rezolucji Biura Informacyjnego nazwano jugosłowiańskie kierownictwo partyjne i rządowe "bandą szpiegów i zdrajców" (listopad 1949 r.).</i></p> <p><i>Latem tego roku na Węgrzech i w Bułgarii (półtora roku później w Czechosłowacji) dokonano aresztowań wielu wybitnych i pełniących odpowiedziałoe funkcje partyjne i państwowe działaczy komunistycznych. W czerwcu 1949 roku znaleźli się w więzieniu Laszló Rajk (od 1946 roku minister spraw wewnętrznych, od 1948 r. minister spraw zagranicznych Węgier), Andrasz Szalay, Tibor Szónyi i wielu innych. Trzech wyżej wymienionych skazano pod koniec września 1949 roku w Budapeszcie za szpiegostwo i zdradę na karę śmierci, trzech innych oskarżonych w tym procesie na dożywocie lub długoletnie więzienie. Wszyscy oskarżeni pod wpływem tortur (a także "dla dobra sprawy") przyznali się do zarzuconych im przestępstw."</i></p></div></div> ["Shortly thereafter, in September 1949, state relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia were severed. Other people's democracy countries followed the same path. <p>Another resolution of the Information Bureau called the Yugoslav party and government leadership "a gang of spies and traitors" (November 1949). </p><p>In the summer of that year, many prominent communist activists holding responsible party and state positions were arrested in Hungary and Bulgaria (a year and a half later in Czechoslovakia). In June 1949, László Rajk (from 1946 the Minister of Internal Affairs, from 1948 the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Hungary), Andrasz Szalay, Tibor Szónyi and many others were imprisoned. The three above-mentioned people were sentenced to death in Budapest at the end of September 1949 for espionage and treason, while three other defendants in this trial were sentenced to life imprisonment or long-term imprisonment. All defendants confessed under torture (and "for the good of the cause") to the crimes they were accused of."] </p> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurlejska1972">Turlejska 1972</a>, p. 140: <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">"W grudniu 1949 roku odbył się w Sofii proces Trajczo Kostowa Dżunewa. Tego wybitnego przywódcę ruchu komunistycznego przed wojną i w czasie okupacji, wicepremiera rządu i sekretarza KC uważano powszechnie przed śmiercią Dymitrowa (która nastąpiła 2 lipca 1949 roku) za jego następcę. Wraz z Kostowem sądzono dziesięciu innych oskarżonych. Jedynie Trajczo Kostow, zarówno w pierwszym dniu rozprawy 7 grudnia, jak i w swym ostatnim słowie — 14 grudnia 1949 roku — oświadczył, że nie przyznaje się do winy, że nie załamał się — jak to głosił akt oskarżenia — w śledztwie w 1942 roku (ówczesny sąd bułgarski skazał go na dożywocie), że w 1944 roku po wyzwoleniu Bułgarii nie zwerbował go Inteligence Service, że nie brał udziału w antypaństwowym ośrodku konspiracyjnym wspólnie z Tito i jego współpracownikami. Kostow skazany został na karę śmierci, sześciu oskarżonych — na dożywocie, trzech — na 15 lat, jeden—na 12 lat więzienia."</i></span> ["In December 1949, the trial of Traicho Kostov Dzhunev took place in Sofia. This outstanding leader of the communist movement before the war and during the occupation, deputy prime minister of the government and secretary of the Central Committee was widely considered to be his successor before Dimitrov's death (which occurred on July 2, 1949). Ten other defendants were tried along with Kostov. Only Traicho Kostov, both on the first day of the trial on December 7 and in his last word – on December 14, 1949 – declared that he was not guilty, that he had not broken down – as the indictment said – during the investigation in 1942 (the then a Bulgarian court sentenced him to life imprisonment), that in 1944, after the liberation of Bulgaria, he was not recruited by the Intelligence Service, that he did not participate in an anti-state conspiracy center together with Tito and his collaborators. Kostov was sentenced to death, six defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment, three were sentenced to 15 years, and one was sentenced to 12 years in prison."]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurlejska1972">Turlejska 1972</a>, p. 139: <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">"Latem tego roku na Węgrzech i w Bułgarii (półtora roku później w Czechosłowacji) dokonano aresztowań wielu wybitnych i pełniących odpowiedziałoe funkcje partyjne i państwowe działaczy komunistycznych."</i></span> ["In the summer of that year, many prominent communist activists holding responsible party and state positions were arrested in Hungary and Bulgaria (a year and a half later in Czechoslovakia)."]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurlejska1972">Turlejska 1972</a>, p. 170: <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">"Mogło się zdawać wówczas, że Clementis ma odegrać rolę „czechosłowackiego Rajka”. Jednak już od jesieni 1950 n zasięg podejrzeń rozszerzył się ze Słowacji na południowe Morawy i Pragę Aresztowany został Otto Šling sekretarz KPCz w Brnie. Na początku 1951 r. aresztowano m.in. wyżsźych funkcjonariuszy MBP i MSZ, przeszło 50 osób, piastujących wysokie stanowiska partyjne i państwowe. 21 lutego 1951 r. sprawa Šlinga, Švermovej, Clementisa, Husaka, Novomeskiego i innych „spiskowców” została przedłożona plenum KC KPCz. Potępiono ich jako zdrajców szpiegów, dywersantów i sabotażystów. Większość aresztowanych potwierdziła oskarżenia. Nieliczni tylko mężnie wytrzymali katusze nie przyznając się do zarzucanych im czynów, jak np. Husak, ale i ci skazani zostali później w niejawnych procesach."</i></span> ["It might have seemed then that Clementis was to play the role of the "Czechoslovak Rajk". However, already in the autumn of 1950, the scope of suspicion spread from Slovakia to southern Moravia and Prague. <a href="/wiki/Otto_%C5%A0ling" title="Otto Šling">Otto Šling</a>, secretary of the Communist Party of the Czech Republic in Brno, was arrested. At the beginning of 1951, people were arrested, among others: senior officers of the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, over 50 people holding high party and state positions. On February 21, 1951, the case of Šling, Švermová, Clementis, <a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Husak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laco_Novomesk%C3%BD" title="Laco Novomeský">Novomeský</a> and other "conspirators" was submitted to the plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Czech Republic. They were condemned as traitors, spies, saboteurs and subterfugists. Most of those arrested confirmed the accusations. Only a few bravely endured the torture without admitting to the crimes they were accused of, such as Husak, but these were also later convicted in secret trials."]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConnor1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walker_Connor" title="Walker Connor">Connor, Walker</a> (1984). <i>The National Question in Marxist-Leninist Theory and Strategy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10163-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10163-7"><bdi>978-0-691-10163-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Question+in+Marxist-Leninist+Theory+and+Strategy&rft.pages=xiv&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-691-10163-7&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-programme-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-programme_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-programme_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lcyprogramme1958/page/71/mode/2up?q=proletarian+internationalism">"On Proletarian Internationalism"</a>. <i>The Programme of the League of Yugoslav Communists</i>. Ljubljana: <a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">VII Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a>. 1958. pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Proletarian+Internationalism&rft.btitle=The+Programme+of+the+League+of+Yugoslav+Communists&rft.place=Ljubljana&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.pub=VII+Congress+of+the+League+of+Communists+of+Yugoslavia&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flcyprogramme1958%2Fpage%2F71%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dproletarian%2Binternationalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"The Role of the League of Communists in the Further Development of Socialist Social Relations and Current Problems in the International Workers Movement and in the Struggle for Peace and Socialism in the World". <i>Practice and Theory of Socialist Development in Yugoslavia</i>. Belgrade: <a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">VIII Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a>. 1965. p. 17 – via Međunarodna Politika.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+the+League+of+Communists+in+the+Further+Development+of+Socialist+Social+Relations+and+Current+Problems+in+the+International+Workers+Movement+and+in+the+Struggle+for+Peace+and+Socialism+in+the+World&rft.btitle=Practice+and+Theory+of+Socialist+Development+in+Yugoslavia&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=VIII+Congress+of+the+League+of+Communists+of+Yugoslavia&rft.date=1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeichsel1967" class="citation thesis cs1">Deichsel, Christine (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231123003742/https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/3240/"><i>Yugoslav Ideology and Its Importance to the Soviet Bloc: An Analysis</i></a> (MA thesis). <a href="/wiki/Western_Michigan_University" title="Western Michigan University">Western Michigan University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/3240">the original</a> on 23 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Yugoslav+Ideology+and+Its+Importance+to+the+Soviet+Bloc%3A+An+Analysis&rft.degree=MA&rft.inst=Western+Michigan+University&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Deichsel&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.wmich.edu%2Fmasters_theses%2F3240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/20px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titoism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÁgh2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81gh_Attila" class="extiw" title="hu:Ágh Attila">Ágh, Attila</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Hungarian]</span> (2011). "Socialist Systems". In <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Badie" title="Bertrand Badie">Badie, Bertrand</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Berg-Schlosser" title="Dirk Berg-Schlosser">Berg-Schlosser, Dirk</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Morlino" title="Leonardo Morlino">Morlino, Leonardo</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Encyclopedia_of_Political_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Encyclopedia of Political Science (page does not exist)">International Encyclopedia of Political Science</a></i>. Vol. 8. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">2456–</span>2461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412994163">10.4135/9781412994163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5963-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5963-6"><bdi>978-1-4129-5963-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Socialist+Systems&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Political+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2456-%3C%2Fspan%3E2461&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412994163&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-5963-6&rft.aulast=%C3%81gh&rft.aufirst=Attila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBordewich1986" class="citation news cs1">Bordewich, Fergus M. (13 April 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206231814/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/13/magazine/yugoslavia-since-tito.html?pagewanted=all">"Yugoslavia since Tito"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/13/magazine/yugoslavia-since-tito.html">the original</a> on 6 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Yugoslavia+since+Tito&rft.date=1986-04-13&rft.aulast=Bordewich&rft.aufirst=Fergus+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F04%2F13%2Fmagazine%2Fyugoslavia-since-tito.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDomin2001" class="citation book cs1">Domin, Thierry (25 July 2001). "Chapter 6: From the end of WWII to 1992". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060417134846/http://www.euforbih.org/bih/chapter6.htm"><i>History of Bosnia and Herzegovina: from the origins to 1992</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euforbih.org/bih/chapter6.htm">the original</a> on 17 April 2006 – via <a href="/wiki/Operation_Althea" title="Operation Althea">European Union Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+From+the+end+of+WWII+to+1992&rft.btitle=History+of+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina%3A+from+the+origins+to+1992&rft.date=2001-07-25&rft.aulast=Domin&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euforbih.org%2Fbih%2Fchapter6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaug2012" class="citation book cs1">Haug, Hilde Katrine (2012). <i>Creating a Socialist Yugoslavia: Tito, Communist Leadership and the National Question</i>. International Library of Twentieth Century History. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-051-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-051-4"><bdi>978-1-84885-051-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+a+Socialist+Yugoslavia%3A+Tito%2C+Communist+Leadership+and+the+National+Question&rft.series=International+Library+of+Twentieth+Century+History&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-051-4&rft.aulast=Haug&rft.aufirst=Hilde+Katrine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoxha1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha, Enver</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/ebooks/yugoslav_selfadministration_a_capitalist_theory_and_practice.pdf"><i>Yugoslav "self-administration" a capitalist theory and practice</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslav+%22self-administration%22+a+capitalist+theory+and+practice&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Hoxha&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fhoxha%2Fworks%2Febooks%2Fyugoslav_selfadministration_a_capitalist_theory_and_practice.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIrwin2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Irwin, Zachary (2016). "The Untold Stories of Yugoslavia and Nonalignment". In Ognjenović, Gorana; Jozelić, Jasna (eds.). <i>Revolutionary Totalitarianism, Pragmatic Socialism, Transition</i>. Vol. One, Tito's Yugoslavia, Stories Untold. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">139–</span>166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-137-59743-4">10.1057/978-1-137-59743-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-59743-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-59743-4"><bdi>978-1-137-59743-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Untold+Stories+of+Yugoslavia+and+Nonalignment&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Totalitarianism%2C+Pragmatic+Socialism%2C+Transition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-137-59743-4&rft.isbn=978-1-137-59743-4&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJakovina2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Jakovina, Tvrtko (2016). "It's Either Tito or the Soviet Aparatchik: Tito's Yugoslavia and the United States of America (1945–1991)". In Ognjenović, Gorana; Jozelić, Jasna (eds.). <i>Revolutionary Totalitarianism, Pragmatic Socialism, Transition</i>. Vol. One, Tito's Yugoslavia, Stories Untold. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">99–</span>138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-137-59743-4">10.1057/978-1-137-59743-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-59743-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-59743-4"><bdi>978-1-137-59743-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=It%27s+Either+Tito+or+the+Soviet+Aparatchik%3A+Tito%27s+Yugoslavia+and+the+United+States+of+America+%281945%E2%80%931991%29&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Totalitarianism%2C+Pragmatic+Socialism%2C+Transition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-137-59743-4&rft.isbn=978-1-137-59743-4&rft.aulast=Jakovina&rft.aufirst=Tvrtko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJović2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dejan_Jovi%C4%87" title="Dejan Jović">Jović, Dejan</a> (2009). <i>Yugoslavia: A State that Withered Away</i>. <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University_Press" title="Purdue University Press">Purdue University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-495-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-495-8"><bdi>978-1-55753-495-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia%3A+A+State+that+Withered+Away&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-495-8&rft.aulast=Jovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dejan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLazar2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lazar" title="Marc Lazar">Lazar, Marc</a> (2011). "Communism". In <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Badie" title="Bertrand Badie">Badie, Bertrand</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Berg-Schlosser" title="Dirk Berg-Schlosser">Berg-Schlosser, Dirk</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Morlino" title="Leonardo Morlino">Morlino, Leonardo</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Encyclopedia_of_Political_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Encyclopedia of Political Science (page does not exist)">International Encyclopedia of Political Science</a></i>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">310–</span>314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412994163">10.4135/9781412994163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412959636" title="Special:BookSources/9781412959636"><bdi>9781412959636</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Communism&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Political+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E310-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412994163&rft.isbn=9781412959636&rft.aulast=Lazar&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLeanMcMillan2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair, eds. (26 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803104745491">"Titoism"</a>. <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920516-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920516-5"><bdi>978-0-19-920516-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Titoism&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Politics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-02-26&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920516-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803104745491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Robertson, James (17 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobinmag.com/2017/07/yugoslav-socialism-tito-self-management-serbia-balkans">"The Life and Death of Yugoslav Socialism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170720192117/https://jacobinmag.com/2017/07/yugoslav-socialism-tito-self-management-serbia-balkans">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=The+Life+and+Death+of+Yugoslav+Socialism&rft.date=2017-07-17&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobinmag.com%2F2017%2F07%2Fyugoslav-socialism-tito-self-management-serbia-balkans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurlejska1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Turlejska" class="extiw" title="pl:Maria Turlejska">Turlejska, Maria</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span> (1972). <i>Zapis pierwszej dekady 1945–1954</i> [<i>Record of the first decade 1945–1954</i>] (in Polish). Warsaw: <a href="/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka_i_Wiedza" title="Książka i Wiedza">Książka i Wiedza</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zapis+pierwszej+dekady+1945%E2%80%931954&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka+i+Wiedza&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Turlejska&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUlam1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ulam" title="Adam Ulam">Ulam, Adam Bruno</a> (1972). "Tito, Titoismus" [Tito, Titoism]. In <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_Dieter_Kernig" class="extiw" title="de:Claus Dieter Kernig">Kernig, Claus D.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (ed.). <i>Sowjetsystem und demokratische Gesellschaft</i> [<i>Soviet system and democratic society</i>] (in German). Vol. 6. pp. <span class="nowrap">451–</span>465.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tito%2C+Titoismus&rft.btitle=Sowjetsystem+und+demokratische+Gesellschaft&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E451-%3C%2Fspan%3E465&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Ulam&rft.aufirst=Adam+Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnkovski-Korica2016" class="citation book cs1">Unkovski-Korica, Vladimir (30 August 2016). <i>The Economic Struggle for Power in Tito's Yugoslavia: From World War II to Non-alignment</i>. Library of Balkan Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-328-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-328-6"><bdi>978-1-78076-328-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Struggle+for+Power+in+Tito%27s+Yugoslavia%3A+From+World+War+II+to+Non-alignment&rft.series=Library+of+Balkan+Studies&rft.date=2016-08-30&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-328-6&rft.aulast=Unkovski-Korica&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilczynski1981" class="citation book cs1">Wilczynski, Jozef, ed. (1981). <i>An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Marxism, Socialism and Communism</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Press">Macmillan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-05806-8">10.1007/978-1-349-05806-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-05806-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-05806-8"><bdi>978-1-349-05806-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+Marxism%2C+Socialism+and+Communism&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-05806-8&rft.isbn=978-1-349-05806-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATitoism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titoism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Cliff" title="Tony Cliff">Tony Cliff</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1958/07/hungary.htm"><i>Background to Hungary (July 1958)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. A contemporary <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyist</a> perspective on Tito's clash with Moscow.</li> <li>Mircea Rusnac. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090717061233/http://www.banaterra.eu/romana/rusnac-mircea-procesul-partizanilor-anticomunisti-din-banat-1949">"Procesul partizanilor anticomunisti din Banat 1949"</a>. Banaterra.eu.</li> <li>Mircea Rusnac. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090717061239/http://www.banaterra.eu/romana/rusnac-mircea-deportarea-banatenilor-baragan-1951-din-perspectiva-istorica">"Deportarea banatenilor Baragan 1951 din perspectiva istorica"</a>. Banaterra.eu.</li> <li>Vesna Peric Zimonjic (4 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090609011326/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=47091">"Balkans: Flirting With Marx, for Old Times' Sake"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Inter_Press_Service" title="Inter Press Service">Inter Press Service</a></i>. Ipsnews.net.</li> <li>Mike B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/tito/index.htm">"Josip Broz Tito Internet Archive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War16323" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War16323" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Frost_Crisis" title="Night Frost Crisis">Night Frost Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_Crisis" title="Note Crisis">Note Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paasikivi%E2%80%93Kekkonen_doctrine" title="Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine">Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlandization" title="Finlandization">Finlandization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Atomica" title="Pax Atomica">Pax Atomica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Josip_Broz_Tito699" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Template:Josip Broz Tito"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Template talk:Josip Broz Tito"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Josip Broz Tito"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Josip_Broz_Tito699" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Yugoslavia" title="President of Yugoslavia">President of Yugoslavia</a> (1953–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia" title="Prime Minister of Yugoslavia">Prime Minister of Yugoslavia</a> (1944–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="Leader of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">Leader of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (1939–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Yugoslavia" title="Marshal of Yugoslavia">Marshal of Yugoslavia</a> (1943–1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumrovec" title="Kumrovec">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li>Parliamentary elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1945_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1945 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1950 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1953 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1958 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1963 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1969 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1974 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1978 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1978</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Josip_Broz_Tito" title="List of international trips made by Josip Broz Tito">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Josip Broz Tito"><img alt="Josip Broz Tito" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg/100px-Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg/150px-Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg/200px-Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="3927" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Premiership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Titoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93%C5%A0uba%C5%A1i%C4%87_Agreements" title="Tito–Šubašić Agreements">Tito–Šubašić Agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informbiro_period" title="Informbiro period">Informbiro period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1953_Yugoslav_constitutional_amendments" title="1953 Yugoslav constitutional amendments">1953 amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact_(1953)" title="Balkan Pact (1953)">Balkan Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito#Reforms" title="Josip Broz Tito">Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_student_demonstrations_in_Yugoslavia" title="1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia">1968 student demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974 Constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herta_Haas" title="Herta Haas">Herta Haas</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(second wife)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovanka_Broz" title="Jovanka Broz">Jovanka Budisavljević</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(third wife)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%A1o_Broz" title="Mišo Broz">Aleksandar Broz</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(son)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C5%A1ka_Broz" title="Joška Broz">Joška Broz</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(grandson)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Broz" title="Svetlana Broz">Svetlana Broz</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(granddaughter)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relay_of_Youth" title="Relay of Youth">Relay of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Flowers_(mausoleum)" title="House of Flowers (mausoleum)">House of Flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_Josip_Broz_Tito" title="List of places named after Josip Broz Tito">List of places named after Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_received_by_Josip_Broz_Tito" class="mw-redirect" title="Awards and decorations received by Josip Broz Tito">Awards and decorations received by Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Josip_Broz_Tito%22_Art_Gallery_of_the_Nonaligned_Countries" title=""Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries">"Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uz_Mar%C5%A1ala_Tita" title="Uz Maršala Tita">Uz Maršala Tita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ribar" title="Ivan Ribar">← Ivan Ribar</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Category:Josip Broz Tito">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Josip_Broz_Tito" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Josip Broz Tito">Commons</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Koli%C5%A1evski" title="Lazar Koliševski">Lazar Koliševski →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_%C5%A0uba%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Ivan Šubašić">← Ivan Šubašić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Stamboli%C4%87" title="Petar Stambolić">Petar Stambolić →</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marxism–Leninism413" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Template:Marxism–Leninism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Template talk:Marxism–Leninism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marxism–Leninism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marxism–Leninism413" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative-command_system" title="Administrative-command system">Administrative-command system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensification_of_the_class_struggle_under_socialism" title="Intensification of the class struggle under socialism">Aggravation of class struggle under socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">Central planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type economic planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_heights_of_the_economy" title="Commanding heights of the economy">Commanding heights of the economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developed_socialism" title="Developed socialism">Developed socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_logic" title="Dialectical logic">Dialectical logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foco" title="Foco">Foco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_aristocracy" title="Labor aristocracy">Labour aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_atheism" title="Marxist–Leninist atheism">Marxist–Leninist atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_(politics)" title="Partisan (politics)">Partiinost'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_patriotism" title="Socialist patriotism">Socialist patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_patriotism" title="Soviet patriotism">Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_productive_forces" title="Theory of the productive forces">Theory of the productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Period" title="Third Period">Third Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Wars of national liberation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_democratic_dictatorship" title="People's democratic dictatorship">People's democratic dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_democratic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="People's democratic state">People's democratic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-democratic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="National-democratic state">National-democratic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_socialist_orientation" title="State of socialist orientation">State of socialist orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state_of_the_whole_people" title="Socialist state of the whole people">Socialist state of the whole people</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_committee" title="Central committee">Central committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military_in_communist_states" title="Civilian control of the military in communist states">Civilian control of the military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party">General Secretary of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_organ_of_state_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest organ of state power">Highest organ of state power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_role_of_the_party" title="Leading role of the party">Leading role of the party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_(administrative_office)" title="Secretariat (administrative office)">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_belt" title="Transmission belt">Transmission belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_power" title="Unified power">Unified power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Cuban</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Songun" title="Songun">Songun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea#Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism" title="Ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea">Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea#Kimjongunism" title="Ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea">Kimjongunism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kadarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Gonzalo Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalism" title="Naxalism">Naxalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Prachanda Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao-spontex" title="Mao-spontex">Mao-spontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Soilih#Revolutionary_program" title="Ali Soilih">Islamic Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantherism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantherism">Pantherism</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Intercommunalism" title="Intercommunalism">Intercommunalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Avakian" title="Bob Avakian">New Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwilu_rebellion#Mulelism" title="Kwilu rebellion">Mulelism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane_Thought" title="Kaysone Phomvihane Thought">Kaysone Phomvihane Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot#Political_ideology" title="Pol Pot">Pol Potism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Sankarism" title="Sankarism">Sankarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machelism" title="Machelism">Machelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Dengism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">American</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_socialism" title="Bill of Rights socialism">Bill of Rights socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browderism" title="Browderism">Browderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Marcyism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_a_human_face" title="Socialism with a human face">Dubčekism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zachariadism">Zachariadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taistoism" title="Taistoism">Taistoism</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maclean_(Scottish_socialist)" title="John Maclean (Scottish socialist)">John Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Ernst Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehmetjan_Qasim" title="Ehmetjan Qasim">Ehmetjan Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_D%C3%ADaz_(politician)" title="José Díaz (politician)">José Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Thorez" title="Maurice Thorez">Maurice Thorez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Dolores Ibárruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Harry Pollitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajani_Palme_Dutt" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajani Palme Dutt">Rajani Palme Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Gallacher_(politician)" title="Willie Gallacher (politician)">Willie Gallacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Kaysone Phomvihane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Bakdash" title="Khalid Bakdash">Khalid Bakdash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Zachariadis" title="Nikos Zachariadis">Nikos Zachariadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agostinho_Neto" title="Agostinho Neto">Agostinho Neto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz%C5%8D_Nosaka" title="Sanzō Nosaka">Sanzō Nosaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bishop" title="Maurice Bishop">Maurice Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Samora Machel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Mathieu Kérékou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Muhammad_Taraki" title="Nur Muhammad Taraki">Nur Muhammad Taraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cano" title="Alfonso Cano">Alfonso Cano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpa_Kamal_Dahal" title="Pushpa Kamal Dahal">Pushpa Kamal Dahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohana_Wijeweera" title="Rohana Wijeweera">Rohana Wijeweera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Abimael Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_and_Historical_Materialism" title="Dialectical and Historical Materialism">Dialectical and Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" title="History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Road_to_Socialism" title="Britain's Road to Socialism">Britain's Road to Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism">Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">1953–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">1964–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">1982–1991</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">Industrialization in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">1949–1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1976%E2%80%931989)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)">1976–1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1989%E2%80%932002)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)">1989–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)">2002–present</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="Maoist insurgency in Turkey">Maoist insurgency in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" title="Internal conflict in Peru">Internal conflict in Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia#Democratic_Kampuchea_(Khmer_Rouge_era)_(1975–79)" title="History of Cambodia">Cambodia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic_(1969%E2%80%931990)/Czech_Republic_(1990%E2%80%931992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Socialist Republic (1969–1990)/Czech Republic (1990–1992)">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic_(1969%E2%80%931990)/Slovak_Republic_(1990%E2%80%931992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Socialist Republic (1969–1990)/Slovak Republic (1990–1992)">Slovakia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a>)</li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Albanian Party of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Brazil" title="Communist Party of Brazil">Communist Party of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Communist Party of Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party">Communist Party of Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampuchean_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party">Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Lao People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Communist_Party" title="Nepal Communist Party">Nepal Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista National Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Shining Path</a> (<a href="/wiki/Militarized_Communist_Party_of_Peru" title="Militarized Communist Party of Peru">Militarized Communist Party of Peru</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Communist_Party" title="Portuguese Communist Party">Portuguese Communist Party</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Mass killings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity_under_communist_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes against humanity under communist regimes">Crimes against humanity under Marxist–Leninist regimes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of Marxist–Leninist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Marxist schools of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-communism" title="Post-communism">Post-Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Red_Scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Red Scare">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">State ideology of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-Worldism" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-Worldism">Third-Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/20px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/40px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/20px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/40px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism482" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism" title="Template:Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism" title="Template talk:Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism482" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-communism" title="Crypto-communism">Crypto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">Communist Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">WPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">WFDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">IUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">WIDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">WFSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation of Journalists">IOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Horner_(trade_unionist)" title="Arthur Horner (trade unionist)">Horner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Gallacher_(politician)" title="Willie Gallacher (politician)">Gallacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. 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Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Pollitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Corval%C3%A1n" title="Luis Corvalán">Corvalán</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Griffiths_(politician)" title="Robert Griffiths (politician)">Griffiths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Brazil" title="Communism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Red star</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a 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