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aria-controls="toc-Origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetic_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Genetic origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paternal_haplogroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paternal_haplogroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Paternal haplogroups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paternal_haplogroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maternal_haplogroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maternal_haplogroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Maternal haplogroups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maternal_haplogroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkic_Khaganate_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkic_Khaganate_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Turkic Khaganate period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkic_Khaganate_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Islamic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Islamic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Early Islamic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Islamic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samanid_Empire,_Ghaznavids,_and_Kara-Khanid_Khanate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samanid_Empire,_Ghaznavids,_and_Kara-Khanid_Khanate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Samanid Empire, Ghaznavids, and Kara-Khanid Khanate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samanid_Empire,_Ghaznavids,_and_Kara-Khanid_Khanate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongol_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Mongol period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rule_of_Timur_and_Timurids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rule_of_Timur_and_Timurids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Rule of Timur and Timurids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rule_of_Timur_and_Timurids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzbek_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzbek_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Uzbek period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uzbek_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghan_Pashtun_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghan_Pashtun_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Afghan Pashtun conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghan_Pashtun_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russo-Soviet_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russo-Soviet_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Russo-Soviet era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russo-Soviet_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.1</span> <span>Russian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.2</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Soviet_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Soviet_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Post-Soviet era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Soviet_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzbek_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzbek_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uzbek diaspora</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uzbek_diaspora-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uzbek diaspora subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uzbek_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kyrgyzstan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kyrgyzstan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kyrgyzstan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kyrgyzstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture and society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uzbek_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzbek_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Uzbek tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uzbek_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Attire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Male_clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male_clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Male clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male_clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Female clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Headgear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headgear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Headgear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headgear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Uzbeks</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 95 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-95" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">95 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oesbeke" title="Oesbeke – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oesbeke" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%83" title="أوزبك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوزبك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekos" title="Uzbekos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Uzbekos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnia_uzbeca" title="Etnia uzbeca – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Etnia uzbeca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zb%C9%99kl%C9%99r" title="Özbəklər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Özbəklər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="اؤزبک تورکلری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اؤزبک تورکلری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek-cho%CC%8Dk" title="Uzbek-cho̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Uzbek-cho̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B7%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Үзбәктәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Үзбәктәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Узбекі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Узбекі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Узбэкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Узбэкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Узбеки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Узбеки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Uzbeks" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Узбексем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Узбексем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeci" title="Uzbeci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uzbeci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wsbeciaid" title="Wsbeciaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wsbeciaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbekere" title="Usbekere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Usbekere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbeken" title="Usbeken – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Usbeken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbekid" title="Usbekid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Usbekid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Ουζμπέκοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουζμπέκοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekos" title="Uzbekos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Uzbekos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekoj" title="Uzbekoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Uzbekoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeko" title="Uzbeko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uzbeko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="ازبک‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ازبک‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouzbeks" title="Ouzbeks – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ouzbeks" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oezbeken" title="Oezbeken – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oezbeken" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Aisb%C3%A9iceast%C3%A1naigh" title="Úisbéiceastánaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Úisbéiceastánaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_uzbeko" title="Pobo uzbeko – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo uzbeko" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek-chhu%CC%8Dk" title="Uzbek-chhu̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Uzbek-chhu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A6%88%EB%B2%A0%ED%81%AC%EC%9D%B8" title="우즈베크인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우즈베크인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ուզբեկներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուզբեկներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="उज़बेक लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उज़बेक लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeci" title="Uzbeci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Uzbeci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Uzbek" title="Suku Uzbek – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Uzbek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Узбекаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Узбекаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeki" title="Uzbeki – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Uzbeki" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%96%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אוזבקים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוזבקים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Uzb%C3%A8k" title="Wong Uzbèk – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Uzbèk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="უზბეკები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უზბეკები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Өзбектер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өзбектер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Bzb%C3%AAk" title="Ûzbêk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ûzbêk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Өзбектер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өзбектер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeki" title="Uzbeki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Uzbeki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekai" title="Uzbekai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Uzbekai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Czb%C3%A9gek" title="Üzbégek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Üzbégek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Узбеци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Узбеци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozbeka_(vahoaka)" title="Ozbeka (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ozbeka (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ഉസ്ബെക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉസ്ബെക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="უზბეკეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უზბეკეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%83" title="اوزبك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوزبك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Uzbek" title="Orang Uzbek – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Uzbek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek-c%C5%ADk" title="Uzbek-cŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Uzbek-cŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%87%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B4" title="Узбекчүүд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Узбекчүүд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oezbeken" title="Oezbeken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oezbeken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%BA%E3%83%99%E3%82%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="ウズベク人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウズベク人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Узбекаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Узбекаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbekere" title="Usbekere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Usbekere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBzbeklar" title="Oʻzbeklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻzbeklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਉਜ਼ਬੇਕ ਲੋਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਜ਼ਬੇਕ ਲੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="ازبک لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ازبک لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اوزبکان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوزبکان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbecy" title="Uzbecy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uzbecy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usbeques" title="Usbeques – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Usbeques" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93zbekler" title="Ózbekler – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ózbekler" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeci" title="Uzbeci – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Uzbeci" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Узбеки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Узбеки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Узбектар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Узбектар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Uzbeks" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek%C3%ABt" title="Uzbekët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Uzbekët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek_people" title="Uzbek people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Uzbek people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%AA" title="ازبڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ازبڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeci" title="Uzbeci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Uzbeci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeki" title="Uzbeki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Uzbeki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئۆزبەکەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆزبەکەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Узбеци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Узбеци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeci" title="Uzbeci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Uzbeci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekit" title="Uzbekit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uzbekit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeker" title="Uzbeker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Uzbeker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="உஸ்பெக்கியர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உஸ்பெக்கியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B7%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Үзбәкләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үзбәкләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81" title="ชาวอุซเบก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวอุซเบก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%AE%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Ӯзбекҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ӯзбекҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zbekler" title="Özbekler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Özbekler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zbekler" title="Özbekler – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Özbekler" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%91%D1%81" title="Узбекъёс – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Узбекъёс" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Узбеки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Узбеки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%DA%A9" title="ازبک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ازبک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%83_%D9%85%D9%89%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="ئۆزبېك مىللىتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئۆزبېك مىللىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Uzbek" title="Người Uzbek – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Uzbek" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%AD%9C%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%97%8F" title="乌孜别克族 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乌孜别克族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%C3%99sb%E1%BA%B9%CC%80k" title="Àwọn Ùsbẹ̀k – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn Ùsbẹ̀k" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E8%8C%B2%E5%88%A5%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="烏茲別克人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="烏茲別克人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek" title="Uzbek – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Uzbek" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%AD%9C%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%97%8F" title="乌孜别克族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乌孜别克族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Usb%C3%A8k" title="Orang Usbèk – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Orang Usbèk" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a 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navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Uzbeks as an ethnic group. For information about citizens of Uzbekistan, see <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Demographics of Uzbekistan">Demographics of Uzbekistan</a>. For a list of notable people from Uzbekistan, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Uzbeks" title="List of Uzbeks">List of Uzbeks</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid 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style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Uzbeks</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="Uzbek-language text"><span lang="uz"><span title="Uzbek-language text"><i lang="uz-Latn">Oʻzbeklar</i></span><br /><span title="Uzbek-language text"><span lang="uz-Cyrl">Ўзбеклар</span></span><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اۉزبېکلر</span>‎</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Uzbek_people_from_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Uzbek_people_from_Afghanistan.jpg/220px-Uzbek_people_from_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Uzbek_people_from_Afghanistan.jpg/330px-Uzbek_people_from_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Uzbek_people_from_Afghanistan.jpg/440px-Uzbek_people_from_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Uzbek people in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29.2 million (2021 estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.3 – 4.8 million (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA-Afghanistan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-Afghanistan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.2 million (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 million (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">643,363 (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-2023_жыл_басына_Қазақстан_Республикасы_халқының_саны_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023_жыл_басына_Қазақстан_Республикасы_халқының_саны-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">400,000 – 450,000 (2023 estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">323,278 (2021 census)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">300,000 (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-Linkages_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linkages-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">283,000 (2024 estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">52,304 (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-AsianPop_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsianPop-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Uzbeks</b> (<a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>: <span lang="uz"><span title="Uzbek-language text"><i lang="uz-Latn">Oʻzbek</i></span>, <span title="Uzbek-language text"><span lang="uz-Cyrl">Ўзбек</span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اۉزبېک</span>‎</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;">plural:</span> <span title="Uzbek-language text"><span lang="uz"><span title="Uzbek-language text"><i lang="uz-Latn">Oʻzbeklar</i></span>, <span title="Uzbek-language text"><span lang="uz-Cyrl">Ўзбеклар</span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اۉزبېکلر</span>‎</span></span>) are a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> native to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, being among the largest Turkic ethnic groups in the area. They comprise the majority <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, next to <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpak</a> minorities, and also form minority groups in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-China_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uzbek diaspora communities also exist in <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Turkey" title="Uzbeks in Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Americans" title="Uzbek Americans">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Pakistan" title="Uzbeks in Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and other countries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkic_tribal_confederations" title="Turkic tribal confederations">Turkic tribal confederations</a></div> <p>The origin of the word <i>Uzbek</i> is disputed. One view holds that it is <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponymously</a> named after <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Khagan" title="Oghuz Khagan">Oghuz Khagan</a>, also known as <i>Oghuz Beg</i>, became the word <i>Uzbeg</i> or <i>Uzbek</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-H._Keane,_A._Hingston_Quiggin_p.312_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H._Keane,_A._Hingston_Quiggin_p.312-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another theory states that the name means <i>independent</i>, <i>genuine man</i>, or the <i>lord himself</i>, from <i>Öz</i> (self) and the Turkic title <i><a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">bek/bey/beg</a></i>. A third theory holds that the variant <i>Uz</i>, of the word <i>uğuz</i>, earlier <i>oğuz</i>, united with the word <i>bek</i> to form <i>Uğuz-bek</i> > <i>Uz-bek</i>, meaning "leader of an oğuz".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The personal name "Uzbek" is found in Arabic and Persian historical writings. Historian <a href="/wiki/Usama_ibn_Munqidh" title="Usama ibn Munqidh">Usama ibn Munqidh</a> (d. 1188), describing the events in Iran under the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a>, notes that one of the leaders of Bursuk's troops in 1115–1116 was the "emir of the troops" Uzbek, the ruler of Mosul.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Rashid ad-din, the last representative of the Oghuz dynasty of Ildegizids who ruled in Tabriz was Uzbek Muzaffar 1210–1225.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name Uzbek seems to have become widely adopted as an ethnonym under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ozbeg_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozbeg Khan">Ozbeg Khan</a>, who converted the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <p>Before the 5th century, what is today's Uzbekistan was part of <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> mainly inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Sogdians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdians">Sogdians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bactrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrians">Bactrians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarazmians</a>, all <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian peoples</a>. It was part of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> in the sixth to fourth centuries BC and, by the 3rd century CE, part of <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelenitskiiMarshak198116_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelenitskiiMarshak198116-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the fifth to sixth century, what is today's Uzbekistan was part of the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a>. From 6th to 8th century, what is today's Uzbekistan was under the rule of <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a>. </p><p>The Turkic component was part of the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> in the fifth century. The seal of the Kidarites, made in the 5th century in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, has a Bactrian inscription containing the title of the ruler: "Oglar Khun", of Turkic origin.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the entry of Central Asia into the Turkic Khaganate (6th century), the process of Turkicization has intensified. In subsequent centuries, the main ethnocultural process that took place on the territory of the Central Asian interfluve was the convergence and partial merging of the settled, Iranian-speaking and Turkic-speaking, with the nomadic, mainly Turkic-speaking population.<sup id="cite_ref-Golden,_Peter_B_1992_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden,_Peter_B_1992-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkic and Chinese migration into Central Asia occurred during the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, and Chinese armies commanded by <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Tang_military" title="Turks in the Tang military">Turkic generals</a> stationed in large parts of Central Asia. But Chinese influence ended with the <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a>. During the ninth and tenth centuries, <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> was ruled by the Persian <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a>. From the 11th century on, <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> was under the rule of the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a>, their arrival in Transoxiana signalled a definitive shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance in Central Asia. The Kara-Khanid ruler <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Satuq_Bughra_Khan" title="Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan">Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan</a> was the first Turkic ruler to convert to Islam, most people of Central Asia soon followed. In the 12th century, Transoxiana was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> (Western Liao), a sinicized <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> dynasty, they brought to Central Asia the Chinese system of government. In the 13th century, Kara-Khanid Khanate was destroyed by the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty" title="Anushtegin dynasty">Anushtegin dynasty</a>, a former vassal of the Qara Khitai. </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Turko-Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Turko-Mongol">Turko-Mongol</a> infiltration into Central Asia had started early,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the influence of the Turkic tribes was felt in Khwarazm before the campaigns of the Mongols, after the beginning of the Chingizid rule, bilingualism became more common.<sup id="cite_ref-Golden,_Peter_B._1992_p._407-408_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden,_Peter_B._1992_p._407-408-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally believed that these ancient <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European-speaking</a> peoples were linguistically assimilated by smaller but dominant Turkic-speaking groups while the sedentary population finally adopted the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a>, the traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> of the eastern Islamic lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language-shift from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Iranian languages">Middle Iranian</a> to Turkic and New Persian was predominantly the result of an <i>elite dominance</i> process.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Golden" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter B. Golden">Peter B. Golden</a><sup id="cite_ref-Golden,_Peter_B._1992_p._407-408_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden,_Peter_B._1992_p._407-408-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> listed three basic ethnic elements contributing to the Uzbeks' ethnogenesis: </p> <ol><li>the Turkicized, formerly Iranian-speaking sedentary <a href="/wiki/Sart" title="Sart">Sarts</a>, a composite population including both Iranians (<a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Sakas</a>, Sogdians, Khwarzamians, <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushano-Bactrians</a>) and some Arab elements;</li> <li>the pre-Uzbek amalgam of nomadic Türk(î) or Chagatays, who consisted of <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yagma" title="Yagma">Yaghmas</a> and other tribes of the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a>' khaganates, and later of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turkss</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kangly" title="Kangly">Kangly</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> (particularly in the western region) and many Turkicized Mongol tribes (<a href="/wiki/Barlas" title="Barlas">Barlas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalair" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalair">Jalair</a>, etc.), who entered <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Central Asia">Mongol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timurid_conquests_and_invasions" title="Timurid conquests and invasions">Timurid conquests and invasions</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Fergana_Kipchak_language" title="Fergana Kipchak language">East Kipchak-speaking</a> "Pure Uzbeks" (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_tribes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzbek tribes (page does not exist)">Taza Özbek</a></i>).</li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khiva,_Uzbekistan_74_(161).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Khiva%2C_Uzbekistan_74_%28161%29.jpg/220px-Khiva%2C_Uzbekistan_74_%28161%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Khiva%2C_Uzbekistan_74_%28161%29.jpg/330px-Khiva%2C_Uzbekistan_74_%28161%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Khiva%2C_Uzbekistan_74_%28161%29.jpg/440px-Khiva%2C_Uzbekistan_74_%28161%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>Uzbek people at a market in <a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a>, Uzbekistan.</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek language</a> is largely derived from the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai language</a> which gained prominence in the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid Empire</a>. The position of Chagatai (and later Uzbek) was further strengthened after the fall of the Timurids and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shaybani" title="Muhammad Shaybani">Shaybanid Uzbek Khaqanate</a> that finally shaped the Turkic language and identity of modern Uzbeks, while the unique grammatical<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and phonetical features of the Uzbek language as well as the modern Uzbek culture reflect the more ancient Iranian roots of the Uzbek people.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_origins">Genetic origins</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uzbek_people_(4934177289).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Uzbek_people_%284934177289%29.jpg/220px-Uzbek_people_%284934177289%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Uzbek_people_%284934177289%29.jpg/330px-Uzbek_people_%284934177289%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Uzbek_people_%284934177289%29.jpg/440px-Uzbek_people_%284934177289%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1874" data-file-height="2788" /></a><figcaption>Some European admixture can be seen in this Uzbek woman</figcaption></figure> <p>Uzbeks share a large portion of their ancestry with nearby Turkic populations, including <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The western ancestry of Uzbeks includes a Caucasus component (~35–40%), and a (Northern) European component (~5–20%), the Uzbeks eastern ancestry includes an Eastern Asian component (~35%), and a (Central and East) Siberian component (~5–20%). The best proxy for their western ancestry are modern day <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz people">Abkhaz people</a>, while the best proxy for their eastern ancestry are <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a> (or alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study on modern Central Asians comparing them to ancient historical samples found that Uzbeks can be modeled as 48.8–65.1% Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a>, and 34.9–51.2% Eastern Steppe <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paternal_haplogroups">Paternal haplogroups</h3></div> <p>Based on the research of several studies, the <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">paternal lineages</a> of Uzbeks have been described:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">Haplogroup R1a</a>1</b>, a West Eurasian haplogroup, occurs at a rate of 17-32% among Uzbek men, making it the predominant Y-DNA lineage among Uzbeks.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear if this haplogroup in Uzbeks came from local Bronze Age Indo-European pastoralists, or if it originates from Turkic migrants, because despite being considered a diagnostic Indo-Iranian haplogroup, it occurs at a high frequency among Turkic males from Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2017216_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2017216-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup J</a></b>, a West Eurasian haplogroup, occurs at a rate of 5.9–21.4% in Uzbek males. This haplogroup has been present in the Middle East for tens of thousands of years.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C-M217" title="Haplogroup C-M217">Haplogroup C2</a></b>, an East Eurasian haplogroup, occurs at a rate of 4–18% among Uzbek men. In one sample from Afghanistan, 41.2% of Uzbek men carried this haplogroup. Lee & Kuang posit that the males in this sample are descended from the nomadic Uzbeks of the Qipchaq steppe. It is likely that haplogroup C2 was brought to the middle east by Turkic or <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic</a> peoples, along with minor Uzbek haplogroups O3 and N.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maternal_haplogroups">Maternal haplogroups</h3></div> <p>According to a 2010 study, slightly more than 50% of Uzbeks from <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> belong to East Eurasian and South Asian <a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup">maternal haplogroups</a>, while nearly 50% belong to West Eurasian haplogroups.<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A majority of Uzbeks from <a href="/wiki/Ferghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferghana">Ferghana</a> belong to East Eurasian and South Asian maternal haplogroups, while considerably fewer belong to West Eurasian haplogroups.<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Khorzem and Qashkadarya, a majority of Uzbeks belong to West Eurasian maternal haplogroups, while considerably fewer belong to East Eurasian and South Asian haplogroups.<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Uzbeks" title="Timeline of the Uzbeks">Timeline of the Uzbeks</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaunakes_Bactria_Louvre_AO31917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kaunakes_Bactria_Louvre_AO31917.jpg/170px-Kaunakes_Bactria_Louvre_AO31917.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kaunakes_Bactria_Louvre_AO31917.jpg/255px-Kaunakes_Bactria_Louvre_AO31917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kaunakes_Bactria_Louvre_AO31917.jpg/340px-Kaunakes_Bactria_Louvre_AO31917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Female statuette bearing the kaunakes. Chlorite and limestone, <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, beginning of the 2nd millennium BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, there was a Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex, which has recently been dated to c. 2250–1700 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyonnet,_Bertille,_and_Nadezhda_A._Dubova,_(2020b)_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyonnet,_Bertille,_and_Nadezhda_A._Dubova,_(2020b)-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That name is the modern archaeological designation for a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> of Central Asia, previously dated to c. 2400–1900 BC by Sandro Salvatori.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyonnet,_Bertille,_and_Nadezhda_A._Dubova,_(2020b)_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyonnet,_Bertille,_and_Nadezhda_A._Dubova,_(2020b)-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> nomads arrived from the northern grasslands of what is now Uzbekistan sometime in the first millennium BC. These nomads, who spoke Iranian dialects, settled in Central Asia and began to build an extensive irrigation system along the rivers of the region. At this time, cities such as Bukhara and Samarkand began to appear as centers of government and culture. By the 5th century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Soghdian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Tokharian</a> states dominated the region. </p><p>Alexander the Great conquered Sogdiana and Bactria in 329 BC, marrying <a href="/wiki/Roxana" title="Roxana">Roxana</a>, daughter of a local Bactrian chieftain. The conquest was supposedly of little help to Alexander as popular resistance was fierce, causing Alexander's army to be bogged down in the region that became the northern part of Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a>. For many centuries the region of Uzbekistan was ruled by Persian empires, including the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> Empires. </p><p>In the first centuries, the northern territories of modern Uzbekistan were part of the <a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a> nomad state.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the arrival of the Greeks, writing based on the Greek alphabet began to spread on the territory of Bactria and Sogdiana. As a result of archaeological research on the territory of Sogdiana and Bactria, fragments of pottery with Greek inscriptions have been found. </p><p>In 2nd century BC China began to develop its silk trade with the West. Because of this trade on what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Route" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk Route">Silk Route</a>, Bukhara and Samarkand eventually became extremely wealthy cities, and at times Mawarannahr (Transoxiana) was one of the most influential and powerful Persian provinces of antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-eh_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eh-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 350–375 AD, Sogdiana and Tashkent oasis were captured by the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Xionite" class="mw-redirect" title="Xionite">Xionite</a> tribes who arrived from the steppe regions of Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khingila_portrait_(young).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Khingila_portrait_%28young%29.jpg/140px-Khingila_portrait_%28young%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Khingila_portrait_%28young%29.jpg/210px-Khingila_portrait_%28young%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Khingila_portrait_%28young%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="302" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:173px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afrasiab,_elongated_skull_600-800_CE,_Afrasiab_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Afrasiab%2C_elongated_skull_600-800_CE%2C_Afrasiab_Museum.jpg/144px-Afrasiab%2C_elongated_skull_600-800_CE%2C_Afrasiab_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Afrasiab%2C_elongated_skull_600-800_CE%2C_Afrasiab_Museum.jpg/216px-Afrasiab%2C_elongated_skull_600-800_CE%2C_Afrasiab_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Afrasiab%2C_elongated_skull_600-800_CE%2C_Afrasiab_Museum.jpg/288px-Afrasiab%2C_elongated_skull_600-800_CE%2C_Afrasiab_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="776" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><b>Left</b>: portrait of Alchon king <a href="/wiki/Khingila" class="mw-redirect" title="Khingila">Khingila</a>, from his coinage (circa 450 CE). <b>Right</b>: <a href="/wiki/Elongated_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Elongated skull">Elongated skull</a> excavated in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> (dated 600–800 CE), <a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_Museum_of_Samarkand" title="Afrasiab Museum of Samarkand">Afrasiab Museum of Samarkand</a>.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkic_Khaganate_period">Turkic Khaganate period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_officers_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE,_Afrasiyab,_Samarkand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Turkish_officers_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg/220px-Turkish_officers_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Turkish_officers_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg/330px-Turkish_officers_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Turkish_officers_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg/440px-Turkish_officers_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="1369" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Western_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turks">Turkish officers</a> during an audience with king <a href="/wiki/Varkhuman" title="Varkhuman">Varkhuman</a> of Samarkand. 648–651 CE, <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab murals</a>, Samarkand.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The First Turkic Khaganate and migration of the population played a large role in the formation of a sedentary Turkic population in the territory of the oases of Central Asia in the 6th–8th centuries. </p><p>In the Western Turkic Khaganate, in addition to various Turkic tribes, there were Iranian nomadic elements, which were gradually assimilated by the Turks. The urban population of Sogd, Khwarazm, Bactria was in close contact with the Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-Golden,_Peter_B_1992_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden,_Peter_B_1992-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkic names and titles are found in Bactrian documents of the 7th–8th centuries: kagan, tapaglig eltabir, tarkhan, tudun, the names Kutlug Tapaglig Bilga savuk, Kara-tongi, Tongaspar, Turkic ethnic names: halach, Turk.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the excavations of the Sogdian Penjikent, a fragment of a draft letter in the Sogdian language was discovered, in the text of which there is a Turkic name Turkash <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Turkic population of the Fergana Valley had their own runic writing. The Turkic rulers of Ferghana, <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> and Chach issued their own coins.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Turkic population of certain regions of Central Asia in the early Middle Ages had their own urban culture and used the proper Turkic terms, for example, baliq, which meant city.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Turks had a great influence in the development of the armament of the Sogdians.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turks are depicted in the wall paintings of ancient Samarkand. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahi_Tegin_(Sri_Shahi)._After_679_in_the_style_of_the_Nezak_Huns.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early coin of Tegin Shah, in the style of the Nezak Huns, whom he displaced. Tokharistan, late 7th century CE."><img alt="Early coin of Tegin Shah, in the style of the Nezak Huns, whom he displaced. Tokharistan, late 7th century CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Shahi_Tegin_%28Sri_Shahi%29._After_679_in_the_style_of_the_Nezak_Huns.jpg/200px-Shahi_Tegin_%28Sri_Shahi%29._After_679_in_the_style_of_the_Nezak_Huns.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Shahi_Tegin_%28Sri_Shahi%29._After_679_in_the_style_of_the_Nezak_Huns.jpg/300px-Shahi_Tegin_%28Sri_Shahi%29._After_679_in_the_style_of_the_Nezak_Huns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Shahi_Tegin_%28Sri_Shahi%29._After_679_in_the_style_of_the_Nezak_Huns.jpg/400px-Shahi_Tegin_%28Sri_Shahi%29._After_679_in_the_style_of_the_Nezak_Huns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early coin of <a href="/wiki/Tegin_Shah" title="Tegin Shah">Tegin Shah</a>, in the style of the <a href="/wiki/Nezak" class="mw-redirect" title="Nezak">Nezak Huns</a>, whom he displaced. Tokharistan, late 7th century CE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahi_Tegin_728_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trilingual coin of Tegin Shah towards the end of his reign. Tokharistan, 728 CE."><img alt="Trilingual coin of Tegin Shah towards the end of his reign. Tokharistan, 728 CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Shahi_Tegin_728_CE.jpg/200px-Shahi_Tegin_728_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Shahi_Tegin_728_CE.jpg/300px-Shahi_Tegin_728_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Shahi_Tegin_728_CE.jpg/400px-Shahi_Tegin_728_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trilingual coin of <a href="/wiki/Tegin_Shah" title="Tegin Shah">Tegin Shah</a> towards the end of his reign. Tokharistan, 728 CE.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Islamic_period">Early Islamic period</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">conquest of Central Asia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, which was completed in the 8th century AD, brought to the region a new religion that continues to be dominant. The Arabs first invaded Mawarannahr in the middle of the 7th century through sporadic raids during their conquest of Persia. Available sources on the Arab conquest suggest that the Soghdians and other Iranian peoples of Central Asia were unable to defend their land against the Arabs because of internal divisions and the lack of strong indigenous leadership. The Arabs, on the other hand, were led by a brilliant general, <a href="/wiki/Qutaybah_ibn_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutaybah ibn Muslim">Qutaybah ibn Muslim</a>, and were also highly motivated by the desire to spread their new faith, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, the official beginning of which was in AD 622. Because of these factors, the population of Mawarannahr was easily subdued. The new religion brought by the Arabs spread gradually into the region. The native religious identities, which in some respects were already being displaced by Persian influences before the Arabs arrived, were further displaced in the ensuing centuries. Nevertheless, the destiny of Central Asia as an Islamic region was firmly established by the Arab victory over the Chinese armies in 750 in a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">battle</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Talas_River" title="Talas River">Talas River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eip_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eip-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Despite brief Arab rule, Central Asia successfully retained much of its Iranian characteristic, remaining an important center of culture and trade for centuries after the adoption of the new religion. Mawarannahr continued to be an important political player in regional affairs, as it had been under various Persian dynasties. In fact, the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, which ruled the Arab world for five centuries beginning in 750, was established thanks in great part to assistance from Central Asian supporters in their struggle against the then-ruling <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eip_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eip-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the height of the Abbasid Caliphate in the 8th and 9th centuries, Central Asia and Mawarannahr experienced a truly golden age. Bukhara became one of the leading centers of learning, culture, and art in the Muslim world, its magnificence rivaling contemporaneous cultural centers such as <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordoba</a>. Some of the greatest historians, scientists, and geographers in the history of Islamic culture were natives of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-eip_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eip-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Abbasid Caliphate began to weaken and local Islamic Iranian states emerged as the rulers of Iran and Central Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> continued its preeminent role in the region as the language of literature and government. The rulers of the eastern section of Iran and of Mawarannahr were Persians. Under the <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Buyids" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyids">Buyids</a>, the rich Perso-Islamic culture of Mawarannahr continued to flourish.<sup id="cite_ref-eip_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eip-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samanid_Empire,_Ghaznavids,_and_Kara-Khanid_Khanate"><span id="Samanid_Empire.2C_Ghaznavids.2C_and_Kara-Khanid_Khanate"></span>Samanid Empire, Ghaznavids, and Kara-Khanid Khanate</h3></div> <p>The Samanids were a Persian state that reigned for 180 years, encompassing a vast territoriy stretching from Central Asia to West Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Samanids were descendants of <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram Chobin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-America_pg._123_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-America_pg._123-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lineage_of_Samanids_pg.79_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lineage_of_Samanids_pg.79-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus descended from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Mihran" title="House of Mihran">House of Mihrān</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Great_Houses_of_Iran" title="Seven Great Houses of Iran">Seven Great Houses of Iran</a>. In governing their territory, the Samanids modeled their state organization after the <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a>, mirroring the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>'s court and organization.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were rewarded for supporting the <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transoxania" class="mw-redirect" title="Transoxania">Transoxania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, and with their established capitals located in <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, they carved their kingdom after defeating the <a href="/wiki/Saffarids" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffarids">Saffarids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-America_pg._123_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-America_pg._123-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Samanid Empire was the first native Persian dynasty to arise after the Muslim Arab conquest. The four grandsons of the dynasty's founder, <a href="/wiki/Saman_Khuda" title="Saman Khuda">Saman Khuda</a>, had been rewarded with provinces for their faithful service to the Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mamun" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mamun">al-Mamun</a>: Nuh obtained <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>; Ahmad, <a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Fergana</a>; Yahya, Shash; and Elyas, <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>. Ahmad's son Nasr became governor of <a href="/wiki/Transoxania" class="mw-redirect" title="Transoxania">Transoxania</a> in 875, but it was his brother and successor, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Samani" title="Ismail Samani">Ismail Samani</a> who overthrew the Saffarids and the Zaydites of Tabaristan, thus establishing a semiautonomous rule over Transoxania and Khorasan, with Bukhara as his capital. </p><p>Samanid rule in <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> was not formally recognized by the caliph until the early 10th century when the Saffarid ruler <a href="/wiki/Amr-i_Laith_Saffari" class="mw-redirect" title="Amr-i Laith Saffari">'Amr-i Laith</a> had asked the caliph for the investiture of Transoxiana. The caliph, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">Al-Mu'tadid</a> however sent the Samanid amir, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Samani" title="Ismail Samani">Ismail Samani</a>, a letter urging him to fight Amr-i Laith and the Saffarids whom the caliph considered usurpers. According to the letter, the caliph stated that he prayed for Ismail who the caliph considered as the rightful ruler of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter had a profound effect on Ismail, as he was determined to oppose the Saffarids. </p><p>Since the 9th century, the Turkization of the population of the Central Asian interfluve has been increasing. At this time, a military system was created, in which the influence of the Turkic military was strong.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 9th century, the continued influx of nomads from the northern steppes brought a new group of people into Central Asia. These people were the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a> who lived in the great grasslands stretching from <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. Introduced mainly as slave soldiers to the Samanid dynasty, these Turks served in the armies of all the states of the region, including the Abbasid army. In the late 10th century, as the Samanids began to lose control of <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> (Mawarannahr) and northeastern Iran, some of these soldiers came to positions of power in the government of the region, and eventually established their own states, albeit highly <a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianized</a>. With the emergence of a Turkic ruling group in the region, other Turkic tribes began to migrate to Transoxiana.<sup id="cite_ref-tm_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tm-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first of the Turkic states in the region was the Persianate <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Empire</a>, established in the last years of the 10th century. The Ghaznavid state, which captured Samanid domains south of the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a>, was able to conquer large areas of Iran, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> apart from Central Asia, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud of Ghazna">Sultan Mahmud</a>. The Ghaznavids were closely followed by the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Qarakhanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarakhanids">Qarakhanids</a>, who took the Samanid capital Bukhara in 999 AD, and ruled Transoxiana for the next two centuries. Samarkand was made the capital of the Western Qarakhanid state.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Peter Golden, the Karakhanid state was one of the first Turkic-Islamic states.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Islamization of the Karakhanids and their Turkic subjects played an important role in the cultural development of the Turkic culture. In the late 10th–early 11th century for the first time in the history of the Turkic peoples, Tafsir (commentary on the Koran) was translated into the Turkic language.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The founder of the Western Karakhanid Kaganate, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ritigin" title="Böritigin">Ibrahim Tamgach Khan</a> (1040–1068), for the first time erected a madrasah in Samarkand with state funds and supported the development of culture in the region. One of the famous scholars was the historian Majid ad-din al-Surkhakati, who in Samarkand wrote the "History of Turkestan", which outlined the history of the Karakhanid dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most striking monument of the Karakhanid era in Samarkand was the palace of Ibrahim ibn Hussein (1178–1202), which was built in the citadel in the 12th century, where fragments of monumental painting depicting a Turkic ruler were discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dominance of Ghazna was curtailed, however, when the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuks</a> led themselves into the western part of the region, conquering the Ghaznavid territory of <a href="/wiki/Khorazm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorazm">Khorazm</a> (also spelled Khorezm and Khwarazm).<sup id="cite_ref-tm_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tm-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Seljuks also defeated the Qarakhanids, but did not annex their territories outright. Instead they made the Qarakhanids a vassal state.<sup id="cite_ref-sinor_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinor-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Seljuks</a> dominated a wide area from <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> to the western sections of Transoxiana in the 11th century. The Seljuk Empire then split into states ruled by various local Turkic and Iranian rulers. The culture and intellectual life of the region continued unaffected by such political changes, however. Turkic tribes from the north continued to migrate into the region during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-tm_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tm-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The power of the Seljuks however became diminished when the Seljuk Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Sanjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Sanjar">Ahmed Sanjar</a> was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khitans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara-Khitans">Kara-Khitans</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qatwan" title="Battle of Qatwan">Battle of Qatwan</a> in 1141. </p><p>Turkic words and terms characteristic of the literature of the 11th century are used in the modern Bukhara dialect of the Uzbeks.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 12th century, a Turkic leader of Khorazm, which is the region south of the Aral Sea, united Khorazm, Transoxiana, and Iran under his rule. Under the rule of the Khorazm <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a> <a href="/wiki/Kutbeddin_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutbeddin Muhammad">Kutbeddin Muhammad</a> and his son, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Khwarazm" title="Muhammad II of Khwarazm">Muhammad II</a>, Transoxiana continued to be prosperous and rich while maintaining the region's Perso-Islamic identity. However, a new incursion of nomads from the north soon changed this situation. This time the invader was <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> armies.<sup id="cite_ref-tm_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tm-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongol_period">Mongol period</h3></div> <p>The Mongol invasion of Central Asia is one of the turning points in the history of the region. The Mongols had such a lasting impact because they established the tradition that the legitimate ruler of any Central Asian state could only be a blood descendant of Genghis Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-mp_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mp-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Mongol conquest of Central Asia</a>, which took place from 1219 to 1225, led to a wholesale change in the population of Mawarannahr. The conquest quickened the process of Turkification in some parts of the region because, although the armies of Genghis Khan were led by Mongols, they were made up mostly of Turkic tribes that had been incorporated into the Mongol armies as the tribes were encountered in the Mongols' southward sweep. As these armies settled in Mawarannahr, they intermixed with the local populations which did not flee. Another effect of the Mongol conquest was the large-scale damage the soldiers inflicted on cities such as Bukhara and on regions such as Khorazm. As the leading province of a wealthy state, Khorazm was treated especially severely. The <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> networks in the region suffered extensive damage that was not repaired for several generations.<sup id="cite_ref-mp_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mp-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Iranian-speaking populations were forced to flee southwards in order to avoid persecution. </p><p>Following the death of Genghis Khan in 1227, his empire was divided among his four sons and his family members. Despite the potential for serious fragmentation, <a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Mongol law</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> maintained orderly succession for several more generations, and control of most of Mawarannahr stayed in the hands of direct descendants of <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chaghatai</a>, the second son of Genghis. Orderly succession, prosperity, and internal peace prevailed in the Chaghatai lands, and the Mongol Empire as a whole remained strong and united.<sup id="cite_ref-rt_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rt-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rule_of_Timur_and_Timurids">Rule of Timur and Timurids</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teymur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Teymur.jpg/170px-Teymur.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Teymur.jpg/255px-Teymur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Teymur.jpg/340px-Teymur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Timur feasts in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 14th century, however, as the empire began to break up into its constituent parts, the Chaghatai territory also was disrupted as the princes of various tribal groups competed for influence. One tribal chieftain, <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> (Tamerlane), emerged from these struggles in the 1380s as the dominant force in Mawarannahr. Although he was not a descendant of Genghis, Timur became the de facto ruler of Mawarannahr and proceeded to conquer all of western Central Asia, Iran, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, Asia Minor, and the southern steppe region north of the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>. He also invaded Russia before dying during an invasion of China in 1405.<sup id="cite_ref-rt_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rt-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulugh_Beg_with_ladies_of_his_harem_and_retainers,_Timurid_1425-50.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ulugh_Beg_with_ladies_of_his_harem_and_retainers%2C_Timurid_1425-50.jpg/220px-Ulugh_Beg_with_ladies_of_his_harem_and_retainers%2C_Timurid_1425-50.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ulugh_Beg_with_ladies_of_his_harem_and_retainers%2C_Timurid_1425-50.jpg/330px-Ulugh_Beg_with_ladies_of_his_harem_and_retainers%2C_Timurid_1425-50.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ulugh_Beg_with_ladies_of_his_harem_and_retainers%2C_Timurid_1425-50.jpg/440px-Ulugh_Beg_with_ladies_of_his_harem_and_retainers%2C_Timurid_1425-50.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ulugbeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulugbeg">Ulugbeg</a> with ladies of his harem and retainers, 1425–1450</figcaption></figure> <p>Timur initiated the last flowering of Mawarannahr by gathering in his capital, Samarkand, numerous artisans and scholars from the lands he had conquered. By supporting such people, Timur imbued his empire with a very rich Perso-Islamic culture. During Timur's reign and the reigns of his immediate descendants, a wide range of religious and palatial construction projects were undertaken in Samarkand and other population centers. Timur also patronized scientists and artists; his grandson <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg" title="Ulugh Beg">Ulugh Beg</a> was one of the world's first great astronomers. It was during the Timurid dynasty that Turkic, in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Chaghatai_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaghatai dialect">Chaghatai dialect</a>, became a <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a> in its own right in Mawarannahr, although the Timurids were Persianate in nature. The greatest Chaghataid writer, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shir_Nava%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Shir Nava'i">Ali Shir Nava'i</a>, was active in the city of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, now in northwestern Afghanistan, in the second half of the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-rt_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rt-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Timurids supported the development of literature in the Turkic language. In 1398, Timur's son Miranshah ordered to draw up an official document in the Turkic language in the Uyghur script.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Timur's grandson Iskandar Sultan had a court that included a group of poets, for example, Mir Khaidar, whom Iskandar encouraged to write poetry in the Turkic language. Thanks to the patronage of Iskandar Sultan, the Turkic poem "Gul and Navruz" was written.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Timurid state quickly broke into two halves after the death of Timur. The chronic internal fighting of the Timurids attracted the attention of the <a href="/wiki/Fergana_Kipchak_language" title="Fergana Kipchak language">Eastern Kipchak-speaking</a> nomadic tribes called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_tribes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzbek tribes (page does not exist)">Taza Uzbeks</a> who were living to the north of the Aral Sea. In 1501, the Uzbeks began a wholesale invasion of Mawarannahr.<sup id="cite_ref-rt_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rt-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shaybani" title="Muhammad Shaybani">Muhammad Shaybani</a>, the Uzbeks conquered the key cities of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> in 1505 and 1507, respectively, and founded the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uzbek_period">Uzbek period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Shaybani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Muhammad_Shaybani.jpg/220px-Muhammad_Shaybani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Muhammad_Shaybani.jpg/330px-Muhammad_Shaybani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Muhammad_Shaybani.jpg/440px-Muhammad_Shaybani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Shaybani Khan, 1507</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1510, the Uzbeks had completed their conquest of Central Asia<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, including the territory of the present-day Uzbekistan. Of the states they established, the most powerful, the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a>, centered on the city of Bukhara. The khanate controlled Mawarannahr, especially the region of <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fergana_Valley" title="Fergana Valley">Fergana Valley</a> in the east, and northern Afghanistan. A second Uzbek state, the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a> was established in the oasis of <a href="/wiki/Khorazm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorazm">Khorazm</a> at the mouth of the Amu Darya. The Khanate of Bukhara was initially led by the energetic <a href="/wiki/Shaybanids" title="Shaybanids">Shaybanid dynasty</a>, the successors of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shaybani" title="Muhammad Shaybani">Muhammad Shaybani</a>. The Shaybanids initially competed against Iran for a few years, which was led by the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a>, for the rich far-eastern territory of present-day Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-Eraly2007_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eraly2007-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The struggle with the Safavids also had a religious aspect, because the Uzbeks were <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Muslims while Iran was <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-up_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Shaybani Khan wrote poetry under the pseudonym "Shibani". A collection of poems by Shaybani Khan, written in the Central Asian Turkic literary language, is currently kept in the Topkapi manuscript collection in Istanbul. The manuscript of his philosophical and religious work: "Bahr ul-Khudo", written in the Central Asian Turkic literary language in 1508, is located in London.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shaybani-khan's nephew <a href="/wiki/Ubaydulla_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubaydulla Khan">Ubaydulla Khan</a> was a very educated person, he skillfully recited the Koran and provided it with commentaries in the Turkic language. Ubaydulla himself wrote poetry in Turkic, Persian and Arabic under the literary pseudonym Ubaydiy. A collection of his poems has reached us.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "92 Uzbek tribes", which appeared in the fifteenth-century Dasht-i Qipchaq, began to be used with a variety of meanings in the following centuries depending on the political and cultural context.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Near the end of the 16th century, the Uzbek states<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Bukhara and Khorazm began to weaken because of their endless wars against each other and the Persians and because of strong competition for the throne among the khans in power and their heirs. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Shaybanid dynasty was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Janid_dynasty" title="Janid dynasty">Janid dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-up_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another factor contributing to the weakness of the Uzbek khanates in this period was the general decline of trade moving through the region. This change had begun in the previous century when ocean trade routes were established from Europe to India and China, circumventing the Silk Route. As European-dominated ocean transport expanded and some trading centers were destroyed, cities such as Bukhara, <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a>, and Samarkand in the Khanate of Bukhora and <a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urganch" class="mw-redirect" title="Urganch">Urganch</a> (Urgench) in Khorazm began to steadily decline.<sup id="cite_ref-up_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Uzbeks' struggle with Iran also led to the cultural isolation of Central Asia from the rest of the Islamic world. In addition to these problems, the struggle with the nomads from the northern steppe continued. In the 17th and 18th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a> nomads and Mongols continually raided the Uzbek khanates, causing widespread damage and disruption. In the beginning of the 18th century, the Khanate of Bukhara lost the fertile Fergana region, and a <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kokand" title="Khanate of Kokand">new Uzbek khanate</a> was formed in <a href="/wiki/Quqon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quqon">Quqon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-up_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghan_Pashtun_conquest">Afghan Pashtun conquest</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunduz" title="Kunduz">Kunduz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maymana" title="Maymana">Maymana</a></div> <p>An Uzbek Khanate existed in <a href="/wiki/Maimana" class="mw-redirect" title="Maimana">Maimana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaffetz1981_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaffetz1981-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pashtuns battled and conquered the Uzbeks and forced them into a state of subjugation and discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2011_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2011-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Out of anti-Russian strategic interests, the British assisted the Afghan conquest of the Uzbek Khanates. The British gave weapons to the Afghans and backed the Afghan colonization of northern Afghanistan, which involved sending a huge number of Pashtun colonists onto Uzbek land. Furthermore, British literature from the period demonized the Uzbeks.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Soviet-era arrivals in Afghanistan from Uzbekistan are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_groups_of_Afghanistan#Jogi" title="Peripatetic groups of Afghanistan">Jogi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russo-Soviet_era">Russo-Soviet era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defence_of_the_Samarkand_Citadel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Defence_of_the_Samarkand_Citadel.JPG/220px-Defence_of_the_Samarkand_Citadel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Defence_of_the_Samarkand_Citadel.JPG/330px-Defence_of_the_Samarkand_Citadel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Defence_of_the_Samarkand_Citadel.JPG/440px-Defence_of_the_Samarkand_Citadel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1226" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>The Defence of the Samarkand Citadel in 1868. From the Russian Illustrated Magazine "Niva" (1872).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_Empire">Russian Empire</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div> <p>In the 19th century, Russian interest in the area increased greatly, sparked by nominal concern over British designs on Central Asia; by anger over the situation of Russian citizens held as slaves; and by the desire to control the trade in the region and to establish a secure source of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> for Russia. When the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Civil War">United States Civil War</a> prevented cotton delivery from Russia's primary supplier, the southern United States, Central Asian cotton assumed much greater importance for Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-rc_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rc-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As soon as the Russian conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> was completed in the late 1850s, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of War (Russia)">Ministry of War</a> began to send military forces against the Central Asian khanates. Three major population centers of the khanates—Tashkent, Bukhara, and Samarkand—were captured in 1865, 1867, and 1868, respectively. In 1868 the Khanate of Bukhara signed a treaty with Russia making Bukhara a Russian <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>. Khiva became a Russian protectorate in 1873, and the Khanat of Kokand finally was incorporated into the Russian Empire, also as a protectorate, in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-rc_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rc-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1876, Russia had incorporated all three khanates (hence all of present-day Uzbekistan) into its empire, granting the khanates limited autonomy. In the second half of the 19th century, the Russian population of Uzbekistan grew and some industrialization occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadidists</a> engaged in educational reform among Muslims of Central Asia. To escape <a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Russians slaughtering them in 1916</a>, Uzbeks escaped to China.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Types_of_Nationalities_in_the_Turkestan_Krai._Uzbeks._Mulla_Dzhan_Turdi_Ali,_Uncle_of_the_Kokand_Khan%27s_Older_Son_WDL11107.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Types_of_Nationalities_in_the_Turkestan_Krai._Uzbeks._Mulla_Dzhan_Turdi_Ali%2C_Uncle_of_the_Kokand_Khan%27s_Older_Son_WDL11107.png/220px-Types_of_Nationalities_in_the_Turkestan_Krai._Uzbeks._Mulla_Dzhan_Turdi_Ali%2C_Uncle_of_the_Kokand_Khan%27s_Older_Son_WDL11107.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Types_of_Nationalities_in_the_Turkestan_Krai._Uzbeks._Mulla_Dzhan_Turdi_Ali%2C_Uncle_of_the_Kokand_Khan%27s_Older_Son_WDL11107.png/330px-Types_of_Nationalities_in_the_Turkestan_Krai._Uzbeks._Mulla_Dzhan_Turdi_Ali%2C_Uncle_of_the_Kokand_Khan%27s_Older_Son_WDL11107.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Types_of_Nationalities_in_the_Turkestan_Krai._Uzbeks._Mulla_Dzhan_Turdi_Ali%2C_Uncle_of_the_Kokand_Khan%27s_Older_Son_WDL11107.png/440px-Types_of_Nationalities_in_the_Turkestan_Krai._Uzbeks._Mulla_Dzhan_Turdi_Ali%2C_Uncle_of_the_Kokand_Khan%27s_Older_Son_WDL11107.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1297" /></a><figcaption>Uzbek Mulla Dzhan Turdi Ali, uncle of the Kokand Khan's older son, 19th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort concentration camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_mistreatment_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war">German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands#The_Second_World_War" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Islam in the Netherlands § The Second World War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a></div> <p>In the 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> invaded the Soviet Union. In response, many Central Asians, including Uzbeks or <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkandites</a>, were sent to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1941)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1941)">fight the Germans</a> in the area of <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>. However, a number of them, including <a href="/wiki/Hatam_Kadirov" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatam Kadirov">Hatam Kadirov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zair_Muratov" class="mw-redirect" title="Zair Muratov">Zair Muratov</a>, were captured, transported to the Netherlands, where they were abused and killed. Their bodies were buried in <a href="/wiki/Rusthof_cemetery" title="Rusthof cemetery">Rusthof cemetery</a> near <a href="/wiki/Amersfoort" title="Amersfoort">Amersfoort</a>. For some time, these 101 victims were not identified, apart from the fact that they were Soviets, until an investigation by journalist <a href="/wiki/Remco_Reiding" class="mw-redirect" title="Remco Reiding">Remco Reiding</a>. Their plight was also studied by Uzbek historian Bahodir Uzakov of <a href="/wiki/Gouda,_South_Holland" title="Gouda, South Holland">Gouda, South Holland</a>. Witness <a href="/wiki/Henk_Broekhuizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Henk Broekhuizen">Henk Broekhuizen</a> said that, despite having seeing them once as a teenager, he would recall the soldiers' faces, whenever he closed his eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-Soldat_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soldat-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC2017CentralAsians_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2017CentralAsians-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moscow's control over Uzbekistan weakened in the 1970s as Uzbek party leader <a href="/wiki/Sharaf_Rashidov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharaf Rashidov">Sharaf Rashidov</a> brought many cronies and relatives into positions of power. In the mid-1980s, Moscow attempted to regain control by again purging the entire Uzbek party leadership. However, this move increased <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_nationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzbek nationalism (page does not exist)">Uzbek nationalism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="ru:Узбекский национализм">ru</a>]</span>, which had long resented Soviet policies such as the imposition of cotton monoculture and the suppression of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> traditions. In the late 1980s, the liberalized atmosphere of the Soviet Union under Mikhail S. Gorbachev (in power 1985–91) fostered political opposition groups and open (albeit limited) opposition to Soviet policy in Uzbekistan. In 1989, a series of violent ethnic clashes, involving Uzbeks, brought the appointment of ethnic Uzbek outsider <a href="/wiki/Islam_Karimov" title="Islam Karimov">Islam Karimov</a> as Communist Party chief.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Soviet_era">Post-Soviet era</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uzbek_people_(4956184285).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Uzbek_people_%284956184285%29.jpg/200px-Uzbek_people_%284956184285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Uzbek_people_%284956184285%29.jpg/300px-Uzbek_people_%284956184285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Uzbek_people_%284956184285%29.jpg/400px-Uzbek_people_%284956184285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="1749" /></a><figcaption>Uzbek elders</figcaption></figure> <p>When the Supreme Soviet of Uzbekistan reluctantly approved independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Karimov became president of the Republic of Uzbekistan.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 31, 1991, Uzbekistan declared independence, marking September 1 as a national holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uzbek_diaspora">Uzbek diaspora</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia#Exiles" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia § Exiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey#Uzbeks" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities in Turkey § Uzbeks</a></div> <p>Dissident Islamist and anti-Soviet Central Asians fled to Afghanistan, British India, and to the Hijaz in Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last Emir of Bukhara <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Alim_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Alim Khan">Mohammed Alim Khan</a> fled to Afghanistan. The Islamist Uzbek <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Q%C4%81sim_bin_Abd_al-Jabbaar_Al-Andijaani" title="Sayyid Qāsim bin Abd al-Jabbaar Al-Andijaani">As-Sayyid Qāsim bin Abd al-Jabbaar Al-Andijaani</a> (Arabic: السيد قاسم بن عبد الجبار الأنديجاني) was born in Fergana valley's Andijan city in Turkestan (Central Asia). He went to British India was educated at Darul Uloom Deoband,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then returned to Turkestan where he preached against Communist Russian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then fled to Afghanistan, then to British India and then to Hijaz where he continued his education in Mecca and Medina and wrote several works on Islam and engaged in anti-Soviet activities. </p><p>In the recent times, many Uzbeks started to migrate to various countries as <a href="/wiki/Labour_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour migration">labour migrants</a>, especially to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan">Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osh_Bazar_(3968045289).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Osh_Bazar_%283968045289%29.jpg/207px-Osh_Bazar_%283968045289%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Osh_Bazar_%283968045289%29.jpg/311px-Osh_Bazar_%283968045289%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Osh_Bazar_%283968045289%29.jpg/414px-Osh_Bazar_%283968045289%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>An Uzbek elder man in bazaar in <a href="/wiki/Osh" title="Osh">Osh</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan">Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan</a> are an ethnic group native to Kyrgyzstan. In Kyrgyzstan, Uzbeks are the largest minority group, comprising about 15% of the population. They have a long history in the region and have played a significant role in the culture and economy of Kyrgyzstan. Many Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan live in the southern part of the country, particularly in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Osh" title="Osh">Osh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalal-Abad" title="Jalal-Abad">Jalal-Abad</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%B6n" title="Özgön">Özgön</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3></div> <p>Uzbek exiles in Saudi Arabia from Soviet ruled Central Asia also adopted the identity "Turkistani".<sup id="cite_ref-Schlyter2005_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlyter2005-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-memberclicks1_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memberclicks1-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lot of them are also called "Bukhari".<sup id="cite_ref-MaiselShoup2009_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaiselShoup2009-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of Saudi "Uzbeks" do not consider themselves as Uzbek and instead consider themselves as Muslim Turkestanis.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Uzbeks in Saudi Arabia adopted the <a href="/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)#Nisba_to_a_place" title="Nisba (onomastics)">Arabic nisba</a> of their home city in Uzbekistan, such as Al Bukhari from Bukhara, Al Samarqandi from Samarkand, Al Tashkandi from Tashkent, Al Andijani from Andijan, Al Kokandi from Kokand, Al Turkistani from Turkistan. Bukhari and Turkistani were labels for all the Uzbeks in general while specific names for Uzbeks from different places were Farghani, Marghilani, Namangani, and Kokandi.<sup id="cite_ref-memberclicks1_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memberclicks1-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kokandi was used to refer to Uzbeks from Ferghana.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shami Domullah introduced Salafism to Soviet Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KemperMotika2009_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KemperMotika2009-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosques in Uzbekistan are funded by Saudi-based Uzbeks.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saudis have tried to propagate their version of Islam into Uzbekistan following the collapse of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gorder2008_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorder2008-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saudi Arabia's "Bukharian brethren" were led by Nuriddin al-Bukhari as of 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Association1990_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Association1990-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Official figures have placed anywhere between 400 thousand to 800 thousand Uzbeks in Saudi Arabia. <sup id="cite_ref-Linkages_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linkages-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Pakistan" title="Uzbeks in Pakistan">Uzbeks in Pakistan</a></div> <p>Many ethnic Uzbeks moved from Afghanistan to Pakistan owing to the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan" title="War in Afghanistan">Afghan War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shalinsky1994_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shalinsky1994-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to aid requirements for refugees, repatriation of camp dwellers took place.<sup id="cite_ref-Shalinsky1994_2_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shalinsky1994_2-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1800s, Konya's north Bogrudelik was settled by Tatar <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukharlyks</a>. In 1981, many <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Pakistan" title="Uzbeks in Pakistan">Uzbek refugees in Pakistan</a> moved to Turkey to join the existing <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zeytinburnu" title="Zeytinburnu">Zeytinburnu</a>-based communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Espace_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espace-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uzbek_tribes">Uzbek tribes</h3></div> <p>Uzbeks are said to have included 92 tribes in their orbit: <a href="/wiki/Manghut" class="mw-redirect" title="Manghut">Manghut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qiyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiyat">Qiyat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Qipchaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitai</a>, Qanghli, Kenigas, Durman, Darghut, Shoran, Shurin, Toma, Bahrin, Giray, Aghrikur, Anghit, Barkut, Tubin, Sart, Romdan, Matin, Busa, Yojqar, Qilwa, Dojar, Jurat, Qurlat, Mehdi, Kilaj, Sakhtiyon, Qirgh, <a href="/wiki/Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming">Ming</a>, Yuz, Salor, Loqai, Qushchi, <a href="/wiki/Kerait" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerait">Kerait</a>, Chaqmok, Utarchi, <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turcoman</a>, Arlot, Kait, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyzs">Qirghuz</a>, Qalon, Ushin, Ormaq, Chubi, Lechi, Qari, Moghol, Hafiz dad Kaln, Belad Bustan, Quchi, <a href="/wiki/Qataghan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qataghan">Qataghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barlas" title="Barlas">Barlas</a>, Yabu, <a href="/wiki/Jalair" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalair">Jalair</a>, Musit, <a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a>, Semarjiq, <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Qarluq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a>, Oklan, <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Qalmaq</a>, Fuladchi, Jalot Uljin or Olchin, Chimbay, Tilab, Machar or Majar, Ojinbai, Badai, Kelchi, Ilaj, Jebirgan, Botiya, Timan, Yankuz, <a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghlan_Province" title="Baghlan Province">Baghlan or Baghan</a>, Danghut, <a href="/wiki/Manghut" class="mw-redirect" title="Manghut">Manghut</a>, Shagird, Pesha, Tushlub, Onli, Biyat, Ozlaji, Joslayi, Tuwadiq, Ghariband Jit.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the semi-nomadic tribes of these khanates, belonging to the "92 tribes" meant in certain cases a privileged position and a higher socio-economic status. In certain cases, the term "92 Uzbek tribes" was used with a political meaning to legitimize the ruling Uzbek dynasties of the Manghyts and Mings.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibrahimbek_Chaqaboev.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ibrahimbek_Chaqaboev.png/200px-Ibrahimbek_Chaqaboev.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Ibrahimbek_Chaqaboev.png 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Bek" title="Ibrahim Bek">Ibrahim Bek</a>, islamist leader against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, in 1920.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek language</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek language</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic language">Turkic language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Karluk_languages" title="Karluk languages">Karluk</a> branch. Modern Uzbek is written in wide variety of scripts including <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a>. After the independence of Uzbekistan from the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the government decided to replace the Cyrillic script with a modified Latin alphabet, specifically for Turkic languages. Historically, the nomadic Uzbeks who founded the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Khanate" title="Uzbek Khanate">Uzbek Khanate</a> and its other successor states spoke various dialects of Turkic language.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uzbekistan" title="Islam in Uzbekistan">Islam in Uzbekistan</a></div> <p>Uzbeks come from a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslim</a> background, usually of the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school,<sup id="cite_ref-EofI_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EofI-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but variations exist between northern and southern Uzbeks. According to a 2009 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> report, Uzbekistan's population is 96.3% Muslim,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> around 54% identifies as <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">non-denominational Muslim</a>, 18% as <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> and 1% as <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And around 11% say they belong to a <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> order.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of Uzbeks from the former <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> came to practice religion with a more liberal interpretation due to the movement of <a href="/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadidism</a> which arose as an indigenous reform movement during the time of <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarist Empire">Russian imperial rule</a>, while Uzbeks in Afghanistan and other countries to the south have remained more conservative adherents of Islam. However, with Uzbek independence in 1991 came an Islamic revival amongst segments of the population. People living in the area of modern Uzbekistan were first converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> as early as the 8th century, as <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> conquered the area, displacing the earlier faiths of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2015 study estimates some 10,000 Muslim Uzbek converted to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, most of them belonging to some sort of <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Charismatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic">charismatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to 2009 national census 1,794 Uzbeks in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> are <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stat.kz_010411_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stat.kz_010411-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> there are some long-term Uzbek workers who have converted to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> through <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient pre-Islamic religion of Uzbekistan-<a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> survives today and is followed by 7,000 people in Uzbekistan.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to 2009 national census 1,673 Uzbeks in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> are <a href="/wiki/Atheists" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheists">atheists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stat.kz_010411_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stat.kz_010411-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attire">Attire</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uzbek_in_traditional_costume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Uzbek_in_traditional_costume.jpg/200px-Uzbek_in_traditional_costume.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Uzbek_in_traditional_costume.jpg/300px-Uzbek_in_traditional_costume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Uzbek_in_traditional_costume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption> Traditional Uzbek costume circa 1840.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Male_clothing">Male clothing</h4></div> <p>Uzbek clothing includes a loose-fitting cotton coat, called <a href="/wiki/Chapan" title="Chapan">Chapan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">Kaftan</a>, which is usually made from a variety of colorful stripes, or other types of patterns. The <i>chapan </i> is usually of knee length, and includes different elements in various regions of the country. The botton of the sleeves, center edges, hem and neckline of the coat ate sown with a decorative braid, which was believed to protect from "evil powers". In the past, wearing two or more coats at the same time, both in winter and summer, was seen as a status symbol, and indicated a certain level of prestige for the family. </p><p>The coat, or the shirt worn underneath, is tied with a folded handlerchief or a band <i>belbog</i>. The band is viewed as an important accessory, and can be made of fine fabrics and silks, decorated with intricate silver embroidery, and fitted with little bags for tobacco and keys. Traditionally, a hand crafted knife is placed in the band, known as <i>pichoq</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chust made knives are famous in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shirts are white and wide, made of cotton, and usually worn underneath the coat. Some of them have patterns on the sleeves and the neckline, called <i>jiyak</i>. Pants, also known as <i>ishton</i>, are loosely cut, but narrow to the bottom, and are tucked into soft leather boots with pointed toes, for the ease of horse riding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Female_clothing">Female clothing</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khiva,_Uzbekistan_74_(175).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Khiva%2C_Uzbekistan_74_%28175%29.jpg/200px-Khiva%2C_Uzbekistan_74_%28175%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Khiva%2C_Uzbekistan_74_%28175%29.jpg/300px-Khiva%2C_Uzbekistan_74_%28175%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Khiva%2C_Uzbekistan_74_%28175%29.jpg/400px-Khiva%2C_Uzbekistan_74_%28175%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>Uzbek children, in traditional clothing 19th–20th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samarkand,_school_girls_(6237877843).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Samarkand%2C_school_girls_%286237877843%29.jpg/200px-Samarkand%2C_school_girls_%286237877843%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Samarkand%2C_school_girls_%286237877843%29.jpg/300px-Samarkand%2C_school_girls_%286237877843%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Samarkand%2C_school_girls_%286237877843%29.jpg/400px-Samarkand%2C_school_girls_%286237877843%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Women in school uniform, <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>The female version of the attire consists of a traditional robe, functional dress made of satin, and <i>lozim</i> – wide, light, light trousers narrowing in the lower parts. The long, loose tunic has wide sleeves, reaching down to the wrists. The loose-cut pants, are made to match the tunic, and thus are usually made of the same fabric, or one completely to the tunic. The bottom of the pants is gathered and decorated with embroidered braid. The coats, are in many ways similar to the <i>chapan</i> worn by males, and are made of various fabrics, such as <i>atlas</i>, <i>khan-atlas</i>, <i>bekasama</i>, <i>alacha</i> and <i>kalami</i>. Textile patterns are brightly colored in the shades of yellow, blue, green, violet, and orange, and often include up to six or seven different colors in various floral and/or geometrical designs. </p><p>In the past, color of the costume was an important signal of a person's age or social status. Notably, red and pink were common for girls and young women, whereas middle-aged women wore shades of light blue and gray. White however, was appropriate for all ages, especially the elderly, and is used widely to this day. </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> and the subsequent establishment of communism in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, women wore traditional veils, known as <i>parandga</i>, on all occasions in public. The designs were varied, some adhering to one or two basic colors in their designs, while others included colored floral or geometrical elements, with the face-lid, usually being made of black fabric. The face-lid could be lifted back, for ease of communication. </p><p>However, after the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, a movement to liberate women from the "patrarchal" and "outdated" practice of wearing veils, known as <a href="/wiki/Hujum" title="Hujum">Hujum</a>, gained track, and in the 20s and early 30s, public abandonments and burnings of veiles were encouraged. The result was a conservative pushback, however in the following years, with the increased participation of women in the workplace, and their gradual liberation, veils were phased out of the common use by women throughout the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Headgear">Headgear</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uzbekistani_old_man_in_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An Uzbek man wearing a skullcap, otherwise known as doppa or tyubeteika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Uzbekistani_old_man_in_2005.jpg/200px-Uzbekistani_old_man_in_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Uzbekistani_old_man_in_2005.jpg/300px-Uzbekistani_old_man_in_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Uzbekistani_old_man_in_2005.jpg/400px-Uzbekistani_old_man_in_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>An Uzbek man wearing a skullcap, otherwise known as doppa or tyubeteika</figcaption></figure> <p>The square skullcap, known as <i>do'ppi</i> in Uzbek and <a href="/wiki/Tyubeteika" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyubeteika">Tyubeteika</a> in Russian, is worn by both males and females. They are made of either velvet or wool and embroidered with silk or silver threads. The design varies for males and females, with the variant worn by females, being more colorful and decorated with beads, while the male variant is usually black with four arches of pepper, which are believed to keep "evil and enemies" abay. The exception to this are the southern regions of Uzbekistan, where a more round and colorful cap is worn by both males and females. In the western region of <a href="/wiki/Khorezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorezm">Khorezm</a> and in the Autonomous Republic of <a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a>, men, also wear a traditional fur hat, made out of sheepskin in predominantly white and black colors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sart" title="Sart">Sart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_In_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbeks In Russia">Uzbeks In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Karakhanid Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Mongol invasion of Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Pakistan" title="Uzbeks in Pakistan">Uzbeks in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">Ethnic groups in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uzbekistan" title="Culture of Uzbekistan">Culture of Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Uzbekistan" title="Portal:Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.egov.uz/eng/data/6117a05996188a0f14ac917b?page=1">"Permanent population by national and / Or ethnic group, urban / Rural place of residence"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202184355/https://data.egov.uz/eng/data/6117a05996188a0f14ac917b?page=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Intelligence+Agency+%28CIA%29&rft.atitle=Afghan+Population%3A+34%2C940%2C837+%28July+2018+est.%29+%5BUzbeks+%3D+11%25%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fafghanistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/countries/AF">"Afghanistan people groups, languages and religions | Joshua Project"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240228155752/https://joshuaproject.net/countries/AF">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+people+groups%2C+languages+and+religions+%26%23124%3B+Joshua+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fcountries%2FAF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/tajikistan-population">"Tajikistan Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)"</a>. <i>worldpopulationreview.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811210416/https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/tajikistan-population">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chrono-tm.org/en/2015/02/the-results-of-census-in-turkmenistan/">the original</a> on 2016-10-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+results+of+census+in+Turkmenistan+%26%23124%3B+Chronicles+of+Turkmenistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chrono-tm.org%2Fen%2F2015%2F02%2Fthe-results-of-census-in-turkmenistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.gov.tm/">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720125616/https://www.stat.gov.tm/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.tm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Национальный состав населения"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. rosstat.gov.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%22&rft.pub=rosstat.gov.ru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FTom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linkages-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Linkages_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linkages_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrajakti_Kalra2009" class="citation book cs1">Prajakti Kalra, Siddharth Saxena (2009). "Hidden Linkages: The Republic of Uzbekistan and the Gulf Region in a Changing World Order". In Terterov, Marat (ed.). <i>Russian and CIS Relations with the Gulf Region: Current Trends in Political and Economic Dynamics</i>. Gulf Research Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9948-424-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9948-424-00-0"><bdi>978-9948-424-00-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hidden+Linkages%3A+The+Republic+of+Uzbekistan+and+the+Gulf+Region+in+a+Changing+World+Order&rft.btitle=Russian+and+CIS+Relations+with+the+Gulf+Region%3A+Current+Trends+in+Political+and+Economic+Dynamics&rft.pub=Gulf+Research+Center&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9948-424-00-0&rft.aulast=Prajakti+Kalra&rft.aufirst=Siddharth+Saxena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14039/PK">"Uzbek in Pakistan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917121445/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14039/PK">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbek+in+Pakistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F14039%2FPK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AsianPop-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AsianPop_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240728143514/https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2022.B02018?q=B02018">"ASIAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ONE OR MORE OTHER RACES, AND WITH ONE OR MORE ASIAN CATEGORIES FOR SELECTED GROUPS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a>. 2022. Archived from the original on 28 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=ASIAN+ALONE+OR+IN+COMBINATION+WITH+ONE+OR+MORE+OTHER+RACES%2C+AND+WITH+ONE+OR+MORE+ASIAN+CATEGORIES+FOR+SELECTED+GROUPS&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%2FACSDT5Y2022.B02018%3Fq%3DB02018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. August 9, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-China-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-China_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulnoll.com/China/Minorities/min-Uzbek.html">"Uzbek Minority – Chinese Nationalities (Ozbek)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003450/http://www.paulnoll.com/China/Minorities/min-Uzbek.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbek+Minority+%E2%80%93+Chinese+Nationalities+%28Ozbek%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paulnoll.com%2FChina%2FMinorities%2Fmin-Uzbek.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H._Keane,_A._Hingston_Quiggin_p.312-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H._Keane,_A._Hingston_Quiggin_p.312_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. H. Keane, A. Hingston Quiggin, A. C. Haddon, Man: Past and Present, p.312, Cambridge University Press, 2011, Google Books, quoted: "Who take their name from a mythical Uz-beg, Prince Uz (beg in Turki=a chief, or hereditary ruler)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeodBradley_Mayhew" class="citation book cs1">MacLeod, Calum; Bradley Mayhew. <i>Uzbekistan: Golden Road to Samarkand</i>. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan%3A+Golden+Road+to+Samarkand&rft.pages=31&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Calum&rft.au=Bradley+Mayhew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2013)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Usama ibn Munkyz. Kniga nazidaniya. per. Yu. I. Krachkovskogo. Moscow, 1958, p.134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Rashid ad-din</i>. Sbornik letopisey. T.1., kn.1. Moscow, 1952</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlene_Laruelle2017" class="citation book cs1">Marlene Laruelle (2017). <i>Constructing the Uzbek State: Narratives of Post-Soviet Years</i>. Lexington Books. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498538374" title="Special:BookSources/9781498538374"><bdi>9781498538374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+the+Uzbek+State%3A+Narratives+of+Post-Soviet+Years&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781498538374&rft.au=Marlene+Laruelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoo-Yup_Lee2015" class="citation book cs1">Joo-Yup Lee (2015). <i>Qazaqlïq, or Ambitious Brigandage, and the Formation of the Qazaqs: State and Identity in Post-Mongol Central Eurasia</i>. 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Levin, The Music and Tradition of the Bukharan Shashmaqam in Soviet Uzbekistan, Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton, 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillemsKhusnutdinovaKivisildYepiskoposyan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Villems, Richard; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Kivisild, Toomas; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Voevoda, Mikhail; Osipova, Ludmila; Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Damba, Larisa (2015-04-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4405460">"The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia"</a>. <i>PLOS Genetics</i>. <b>11</b> (4): e1005068. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1005068">10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-7404">1553-7404</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4405460">4405460</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25898006">25898006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Genetic+Legacy+of+the+Expansion+of+Turkic-Speaking+Nomads+across+Eurasia&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e1005068&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4405460%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1553-7404&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25898006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1005068&rft.aulast=Villems&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Khusnutdinova%2C+Elza&rft.au=Kivisild%2C+Toomas&rft.au=Yepiskoposyan%2C+Levon&rft.au=Voevoda%2C+Mikhail&rft.au=Osipova%2C+Ludmila&rft.au=Malyarchuk%2C+Boris&rft.au=Derenko%2C+Miroslava&rft.au=Damba%2C+Larisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4405460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span> ". In contrast, populations closer to the SSM area (Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and Uygurs, and also Bashkirs from the Volga-Ural region) still demonstrated a statistically significant excess of IBD sharing. 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Sulaiman, Xierzhatijiang; Isakova, Jainagul; Xu, Wei-Fang; Abdulloevich, Najmudinov Tojiddin; Afanasevna, Manilova Elena; Ibrohimovich, Khudoidodov Behruz; Chen, Xi; Yang, Wei-Kang; Wang, Ming-Shan; Shen, Quan-Kuan; Yang, Xing-Yan; Yao, Yong-Gang; Aldashev, Almaz A; Saidov, Abdusattor (2022-08-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msac179">"The Genetic Echo of the Tarim Mummies in Modern Central Asians"</a>. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i>. <b>39</b> (9). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsac179">10.1093/molbev/msac179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0737-4038">0737-4038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9469894">9469894</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36006373">36006373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+Genetic+Echo+of+the+Tarim+Mummies+in+Modern+Central+Asians&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2022-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9469894%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0737-4038&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36006373&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsac179&rft.aulast=Dai&rft.aufirst=Shan-Shan&rft.au=Sulaiman%2C+Xierzhatijiang&rft.au=Isakova%2C+Jainagul&rft.au=Xu%2C+Wei-Fang&rft.au=Abdulloevich%2C+Najmudinov+Tojiddin&rft.au=Afanasevna%2C+Manilova+Elena&rft.au=Ibrohimovich%2C+Khudoidodov+Behruz&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xi&rft.au=Yang%2C+Wei-Kang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ming-Shan&rft.au=Shen%2C+Quan-Kuan&rft.au=Yang%2C+Xing-Yan&rft.au=Yao%2C+Yong-Gang&rft.au=Aldashev%2C+Almaz+A&rft.au=Saidov%2C+Abdusattor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsac179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Joo-Yup (18 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/inas/19/2/article-p197_197.xml?language=en">"A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples"</a>. <i>Inner Asia</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 218–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22105018-12340089">10.1163/22105018-12340089</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2210-5018">2210-5018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inner+Asia&rft.atitle=A+Comparative+Analysis+of+Chinese+Historical+Sources+and+y-dna+Studies+with+Regard+to+the+Early+and+Medieval+Turkic+Peoples&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=218-219&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22105018-12340089&rft.issn=2210-5018&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Joo-Yup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Finas%2F19%2F2%2Farticle-p197_197.xml%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2017">Lee 2017</a>, p. 219: "See Wells et al. (2001: 10245, table 1: M17, M130, M46, M172, M175 and 122, and M48 correspond to haplogroups R1a1, C2, N1c1, J, O, and C2b1b1, respectively); Zerjal et al. (2002: 474, table 3: haplogroups 3, 9, 10, 13, 16, and 36 correspond to haplogroups R1a1, J, C2, O3, N1c1, and C2b1b1, respectively); Haber et al. (2012: table S4). According to another recent survey, the Uzbeks of Afghanistan exhibit R1a1 (29%), J (18%), Q (8.6%), C (4%), N (4%), R1b1a1a1 (3%), R2 (3%) and O (2.3%): see Di Cristofaro et al. (2013: figure S7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2017216-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2017216_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2017">Lee 2017</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2017">Lee 2017</a>, pp. 218–219: "As to haplogroup R1a1 among the modern-day Uzbeks and Xinjiang Uighurs, the extent to which it originated from the Bronze Age Indo-European pastoralists and from the Turkic and Turkicized Inner Asian nomadic groups, respectively, remains open to speculation." ... "The modern Uzbeks, who also descend from the ancient Indo-European (Iranic) populations and various Inner Asian nomadic peoples (Golden 1992: 407), including the Shibanid Uzbeks, exhibit a set of haplogroups similar to those of the Xinjiang Uighurs: R1a1 (17.6~32%), J (5.9~21.4%), C2 (7~18%, 41.2%), O3 (0~12%) and N (0~5.9%)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2017">Lee 2017</a>, pp. 218–219: "Haplogroup J is a patrilineal lineage originating in the Middle East and probably reached Central Asia with Neolithic farmers from the Middle East. Haplogroups O3, C2, and N were in all likelihood brought to Transoxiana by various Turkic and Mongolic peoples."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2017">Lee 2017</a>, p. 219: "This high frequency of C2 is found among an Uzbek group residing in Afghanistan. We are inclined to think that this group is descended from the nomadic Uzbeks from the Qipchaq Steppe (Haber et al. 2012: table S4)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irwin-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Irwin, Jodi A. (1 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00414-009-0406-z">"The mtDNA composition of Uzbekistan: a microcosm of Central Asian patterns"</a>. <i>International Journal of Legal Medicine</i>. <b>124</b> (3): 195–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00414-009-0406-z">10.1007/s00414-009-0406-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1437-1596">1437-1596</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20140442">20140442</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2759130">2759130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Legal+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+mtDNA+composition+of+Uzbekistan%3A+a+microcosm+of+Central+Asian+patterns&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=195-204&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft.issn=1437-1596&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2759130%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20140442&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00414-009-0406-z&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Jodi+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00414-009-0406-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span> Regional results can be seen in figure 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyonnet,_Bertille,_and_Nadezhda_A._Dubova,_(2020b)-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lyonnet,_Bertille,_and_Nadezhda_A._Dubova,_(2020b)_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyonnet,_Bertille,_and_Nadezhda_A._Dubova,_(2020b)_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Oxus-Civilization/Lyonnet-Dubova/p/book/9781138722873">"Questioning the Oxus Civilization or Bactria- Margiana Archaeological Culture (BMAC): an overview" </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220702085820/https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Oxus-Civilization/Lyonnet-Dubova/p/book/9781138722873">Archived</a> 2022-07-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.), <i>The World of the Oxus Civilization</i>, Routledge, London and New York, <b>p. 32.</b>: "...Salvatori has often dated its beginning very early (ca. 2400 BC), to make it match with Shahdad where a large amount of material similar to that of the BMAC has been discovered. With the start of international cooperation and the multiplication of analyses, the dates now admitted by all place the Oxus Civilization between 2250 and 1700 BC, while its final phase extends until ca. 1500 BC..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/-/es/Bertille-Lyonnet/dp/1138722871?asin=036753309X&revisionId=&format=4&depth=1">"Introduction"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220726193815/https://www.amazon.com/-/es/Bertille-Lyonnet/dp/1138722871?asin=036753309X&revisionId=&format=4&depth=1">Archived</a> 2022-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.), <i>The World of the Oxus Civilization</i>, Routledge, London and New York, <b>p. 1</b> : "The Oxus Civilization, also named the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (or Culture) (BMAC), developed in southern Central Asia during the Middle and Late Bronze Age and lasted for about half a millennium (ca. 2250–1700 BC)..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zadneprovskiy, Y. A. (1 January 1994). "The Nomads of Northern Central Asia After The Invasion of Alexander". In Harmatta, János(ed.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250.UNESCO. pp. 457–472.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eh-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eh_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lubin, Nancy. "Early history". In Curtis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grenet Frantz, Regional interaction in Central Asia and northwest India in the Kidarite and Hephtalites periods in Indo-Iranian languages and peoples. Edited by Nicholas Sims-Williams. Oxford university press, 2003. Р.218–222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2018" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA243"><i>History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2"><bdi>978-1-83860-868-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202223540/https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA243">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Central+Asia%2C+The%3A+4-volume+set&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.isbn=978-1-83860-868-2&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhiWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenet2004" class="citation journal cs1">Grenet, Frantz (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/journal-annales-2004-5-page-1043.htm">"Maracanda/Samarkand, une métropole pré-mongole"</a>. <i>Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales</i>. <b>5/6</b>: Fig. B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024201835/https://www.cairn.info/journal-annales-2004-5-page-1043.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales.+Histoire%2C+Sciences+Sociales&rft.atitle=Maracanda%2FSamarkand%2C+une+m%C3%A9tropole+pr%C3%A9-mongole&rft.volume=5%2F6&rft.pages=Fig.+B&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Grenet&rft.aufirst=Frantz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Fjournal-annales-2004-5-page-1043.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sims-Williams Nicholas, Bactrian documents from Northern Afghanistan. I. Legal and economic documents. London: Oxford university press, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshak Boris. Legends, tales and fables in the art of Sogdiana with an appendix by V.A. Livshits. New York: Bibliotheca persica press, 2002. Р.168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baratova L.S. Drevnetyurkskiye monety Sredney Azii VI-IX vv. (tipologiya, ikonografiya, istoricheskaya interpretatsiya). Avtoref. diss. kand. ist. nauk. Tashkent, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smirnova O. I., Svodnyy katalog sogdiyskikh monet. Moscow, 1981, p.59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartol'd V.V. Raboty po istoricheskoy geografii. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2002. pp.360–363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raspopova V.I. Metallicheskiye izdeliya rannesrednevekovogo Sogda. Leningrad: 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eip-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eip_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eip_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eip_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eip_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lubin, Nancy. "Early Islamic period". In Curtis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tabaḳāt-i-nāsiri: a general history of the Muhammadan dynastics of Asia, pg.31, By Minhāj Sirāj Jūzjānī</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The historical, social and economic setting By M. S. Asimov, pg.79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-America_pg._123-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-America_pg._123_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-America_pg._123_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Iran and America: Re-Kind[l]ing a Love Lost By Badi Badiozamani, Ghazal Badiozamani, pg. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lineage_of_Samanids_pg.79-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lineage_of_Samanids_pg.79_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History of Bukhara by Narshakhi, Chapter XXIV, Pg 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana By Sheila S. Blair, pg. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The book of government, or, Rules for kings: the Siyar al-Muluk, or, Siyasat-nama of Nizam al-Mulk, Niẓām al-Mulk, Hubert Darke, pg.18–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bregel Yuri, Turko-Mongol influences in Central Asia in Turco-Persia in Historical Perspective Edited by R. Canfield (Cambridge University Press), 1991, p.56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tm-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tm_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tm_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tm_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tm_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lubin, Nancy. "Turkification of Mawarannahr". In Curtis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidovich1998" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Davidovich, E. A. (1998), "Chapter 6: The Karakhanids", in Asimov, M. S.; Bosworth, C. E. (eds.), <i>History of Civilisations of Central Asia</i>, vol. 4 part I, UNESCO, pp. 119–144, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9231034671" title="Special:BookSources/978-9231034671"><bdi>978-9231034671</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+The+Karakhanids&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilisations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=119-144&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-9231034671&rft.aulast=Davidovich&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golden, Peter B. "An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples." Ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East (1992): 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borovkov, A.K. Leksika sredneaziatskogo tefsira: XII—XIII vv. Moscow, 1963</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Introduction to The Jawami u'l-hikayat wa Lawami'ur-riwayat of Sadidu'u-din Muhammad al-Awfi by Muhammad Nizamu'd-din. London: Luzac & Co, 1929</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karev, Yuri. "Un cycle de peintures murales d'époque qarakhanide (XIIe-XIIIe siècles) à la citadelle de Samarkand: le souverain et le peintre." 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In Curtis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matsui, Dai, Ryoko WATABE, and Hiroshi Ono. «A Turkic-Persian Decree of Timurid Mīrān Šāh of 800 AH/1398 CE.» Orient 50 (2015): 53–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/eskandar-soltan">"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024737/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eskandar-soltan">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Feskandar-soltan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eraly2007-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eraly2007_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham_Eraly2007" class="citation book cs1">Abraham Eraly (17 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT25"><i>Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-093-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-093-7"><bdi>978-93-5118-093-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202223542/https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT25">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperors+Of+The+Peacock+Throne%3A+The+Saga+of+the+Great+Moghuls&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2007-09-17&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-093-7&rft.au=Abraham+Eraly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh7kPQs8llvkC%26pg%3DPT25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-up-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-up_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-up_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-up_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-up_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lubin, Nancy. "Uzbek period". In Curtis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.J.E.Bodrogligeti, «Muhammad Shaybanî's Bahru'l-huda : An Early Sixteenth Century Didactic Qasida in Chagatay», Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, vol.54 (1982), p. 1 and n.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. V. Norik, Rol shibanidskikh praviteley v literaturnoy zhizni Maverannakhra XVI v. // Rakhmat-name. Sankt Petersburg, 2008, p.230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malikov A. "92 Uzbek Tribes" in Official Discourses and the Oral Traditions from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries. Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2020, vol. 8, no. 3, p.515</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bregel, Yuri. "The New Uzbek States: Bukhara, Khiva and Khoqand: c. 1750–1886." The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age (2009): 392–411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaffetz1981-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chaffetz1981_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Chaffetz1981" class="citation book cs1">David Chaffetz (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUUCK2xrijIC&q=central+asian+features+turkish+popular+blood&pg=PA63"><i>A Journey Through Afghanistan</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 63–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10064-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10064-7"><bdi>978-0-226-10064-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202223544/https://books.google.com/books?id=gUUCK2xrijIC&q=central+asian+features+turkish+popular+blood&pg=PA63">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journey+Through+Afghanistan&rft.pages=63-&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-226-10064-7&rft.au=David+Chaffetz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUUCK2xrijIC%26q%3Dcentral%2Basian%2Bfeatures%2Bturkish%2Bpopular%2Bblood%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams2011-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams2011_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Glyn_Williams2011" class="citation book cs1">Brian Glyn Williams (22 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cYtXJhByzoEC&q=uzbeks+afghanistan&pg=PA32"><i>Afghanistan Declassified: A Guide to America's Longest War</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 32–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0615-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0615-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-0615-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202223545/https://books.google.com/books?id=cYtXJhByzoEC&q=uzbeks+afghanistan&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+Declassified%3A+A+Guide+to+America%27s+Longest+War&rft.pages=32-&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011-09-22&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0615-9&rft.au=Brian+Glyn+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcYtXJhByzoEC%26q%3Duzbeks%2Bafghanistan%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleuer2014" class="citation web cs1">Bleuer, Christian (17 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/from-slavers-to-warlords-descriptions-of-afghanistans-uzbeks-in-western-writing/">"From 'Slavers' to 'Warlords': Descriptions of Afghanistan's Uzbeks in western writing"</a>. <i>Afghanistan Analysts Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401033603/https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/from-slavers-to-warlords-descriptions-of-afghanistans-uzbeks-in-western-writing/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afghanistan+Analysts+Network&rft.atitle=From+%27Slavers%27+to+%27Warlords%27%3A+Descriptions+of+Afghanistan%27s+Uzbeks+in+western+writing&rft.date=2014-10-17&rft.aulast=Bleuer&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afghanistan-analysts.org%2Ffrom-slavers-to-warlords-descriptions-of-afghanistans-uzbeks-in-western-writing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaboory2015" class="citation news cs1">Saboory, Ghafoor (17 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920145418/http://www.tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/20495-jogies-leading-impoverished-life-in-balkh">"Jogies Leading Impoverished Life in Balkh"</a>. <i>Afghanistan News-TOLOnews.com</i>. 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In Curtis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cp-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cp_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Uzbekistan.pdf">"Country Profile: Uzbekistan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050226190612/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Uzbekistan.pdf">Archived</a> 2005-02-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a> (February 2007). <i>This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSydykova2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Sydykova, Zamira (20 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13325-commemorating-the-1916-massacres-in-kyrgyzstan?-russia-sees-a-western-plot.html">"Commemorating the 1916 Massacres in Kyrgyzstan? Russia Sees a Western Plot"</a>. <i>The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218102849/http://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13325-commemorating-the-1916-massacres-in-kyrgyzstan?-russia-sees-a-western-plot.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Central+Asia-Caucasus+Analyst&rft.atitle=Commemorating+the+1916+Massacres+in+Kyrgyzstan%3F+Russia+Sees+a+Western+Plot&rft.date=2016-01-20&rft.aulast=Sydykova&rft.aufirst=Zamira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cacianalyst.org%2Fpublications%2Fanalytical-articles%2Fitem%2F13325-commemorating-the-1916-massacres-in-kyrgyzstan%3F-russia-sees-a-western-plot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soldat-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soldat_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soldat.ru/search/f_glory/soldiers.html">"Soviet Field of Glory"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170508112359/http://www.soldat.ru/search/f_glory/soldiers.html">Archived</a> 2017-05-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2017CentralAsians-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2017CentralAsians_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRustam_Qobil2017" class="citation news cs1">Rustam Qobil (2017-05-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-39849088">"Why were 101 Uzbeks killed in the Netherlands in 1942?"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+were+101+Uzbeks+killed+in+the+Netherlands+in+1942%3F&rft.date=2017-05-09&rft.au=Rustam+Qobil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-39849088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819054132/https://www.gov.uz/en/events/view/705">"Independence Day"</a>. <i>GOV.UZ</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gov.uz/en/events/view/705">the original</a> on 2022-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldwatchmonitor.org&rft.atitle=Repoirt+on+Central+Asian+extremisim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwatchmonitor.org%2Fresearch%2Freportcentralasiaislamicextremism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamhouse.com/ar/author/243088/">"قاسم بن عبد الجبار الأنديجاني"</a>. <i>IslamHouse.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621143829/http://islamhouse.com/ar/author/243088/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%29+%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9+%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9%29+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvb.tafsir.net%2Ftafsir36755%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iwpr.net/global-voices/uzbekistan-looks-diversify-labour-migration">"Uzbekistan Looks to Diversify Labour Migration"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan+Looks+to+Diversify+Labour+Migration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiwpr.net%2Fglobal-voices%2Fuzbekistan-looks-diversify-labour-migration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/48645/germany-and-uzbekistan-sign-migration-deal">"Germany and Uzbekistan sign migration deal"</a>. 3 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231126140612/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/48645/germany-and-uzbekistan-sign-migration-deal">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany+and+Uzbekistan+sign+migration+deal&rft.date=2023-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infomigrants.net%2Fen%2Fpost%2F48645%2Fgermany-and-uzbekistan-sign-migration-deal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kun.uz/en/news/2023/10/16/uzbekistan-poland-to-expand-relations-in-field-of-labor-migration">"Uzbekistan, Poland to expand relations in field of labor migration"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231126140612/https://kun.uz/en/news/2023/10/16/uzbekistan-poland-to-expand-relations-in-field-of-labor-migration">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan%2C+Poland+to+expand+relations+in+field+of+labor+migration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkun.uz%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2023%2F10%2F16%2Fuzbekistan-poland-to-expand-relations-in-field-of-labor-migration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caspianpolicy.org/research/energy-and-economy-program-eep/central-asian-labor-migration-exploring-new-destinations-amid-geopolitical-tensions">"CPC | Central Asian Labor Migration: Exploring New Destinations Amid Geopolitical Tensions"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231126140612/https://www.caspianpolicy.org/research/energy-and-economy-program-eep/central-asian-labor-migration-exploring-new-destinations-amid-geopolitical-tensions">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CPC+%26%23124%3B+Central+Asian+Labor+Migration%3A+Exploring+New+Destinations+Amid+Geopolitical+Tensions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caspianpolicy.org%2Fresearch%2Fenergy-and-economy-program-eep%2Fcentral-asian-labor-migration-exploring-new-destinations-amid-geopolitical-tensions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlyter2005-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schlyter2005_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirgit_N._Schlyter2005" class="citation book cs1">Birgit N. Schlyter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eZASCqNASlEC&q=bukhari+saudi+soviet&pg=PA245"><i>Prospects for Democracy in Central Asia</i></a>. Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul. pp. 245–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-86884-16-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-86884-16-1"><bdi>978-91-86884-16-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202223545/https://books.google.com/books?id=eZASCqNASlEC&q=bukhari+saudi+soviet&pg=PA245">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prospects+for+Democracy+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=245-&rft.pub=Swedish+Research+Institute+in+Istanbul&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-91-86884-16-1&rft.au=Birgit+N.+Schlyter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeZASCqNASlEC%26q%3Dbukhari%2Bsaudi%2Bsoviet%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-memberclicks1-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-memberclicks1_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-memberclicks1_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045534/https://cess.memberclicks.net/assets/cesr2/CESR3/article%203%20v3n1.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cess.memberclicks.net/assets/cesr2/CESR3/article%203%20v3n1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcess.memberclicks.net%2Fassets%2Fcesr2%2FCESR3%2Farticle%25203%2520v3n1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaiselShoup2009-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MaiselShoup2009_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebastian_MaiselJohn_A._Shoup2009" class="citation book cs1">Sebastian Maisel; John A. Shoup (February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uhJu2_8vMkMC&q=bukhari+saudi+samarkandi&pg=PA145"><i>Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab States Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Arab States</i></a>. Greenwood Press. pp. 145–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34442-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34442-8"><bdi>978-0-313-34442-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202223547/https://books.google.com/books?id=uhJu2_8vMkMC&q=bukhari+saudi+samarkandi&pg=PA145">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+and+the+Gulf+Arab+States+Today%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Life+in+the+Arab+States&rft.pages=145-&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2009-02&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34442-8&rft.au=Sebastian+Maisel&rft.au=John+A.+Shoup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuhJu2_8vMkMC%26q%3Dbukhari%2Bsaudi%2Bsamarkandi%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirgit_N._Schlyter2005" class="citation book cs1">Birgit N. Schlyter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eZASCqNASlEC&q=andijani+saudi+kokandi&pg=PA246"><i>Prospects for Democracy in Central Asia</i></a>. Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul. pp. 246–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-86884-16-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-86884-16-1"><bdi>978-91-86884-16-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202223548/https://books.google.com/books?id=eZASCqNASlEC&q=andijani+saudi+kokandi&pg=PA246">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prospects+for+Democracy+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=246-&rft.pub=Swedish+Research+Institute+in+Istanbul&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-91-86884-16-1&rft.au=Birgit+N.+Schlyter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeZASCqNASlEC%26q%3Dandijani%2Bsaudi%2Bkokandi%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler" class="citation journal cs1">Cutler, Robert M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3083768">"The Complexity of Central Eurasia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518034316/https://www.academia.edu/3083768">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Complexity+of+Central+Eurasia&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Robert+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3083768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn1999" class="citation book cs1">Glenn, John (1999). <i>The Soviet Legacy in Central Asia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230376434">10.1057/9780230376434</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-40743-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-40743-9"><bdi>978-1-349-40743-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Legacy+in+Central+Asia&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230376434&rft.isbn=978-1-349-40743-9&rft.aulast=Glenn&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035301/http://pulsofcentralasia.org/2015/03/31/special-dangerous-preaching-the-role-of-religious-leaders-in-the-rise-of-radical-islam-in-central-asia-by-nurbek-bekmurzaev/">"Special: Dangerous Preaching: The Role of Religious Leaders in the Rise of Radical Islam in Central Asia. By Nurbek Bekmurzaev"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pulsofcentralasia.org/2015/03/31/special-dangerous-preaching-the-role-of-religious-leaders-in-the-rise-of-radical-islam-in-central-asia-by-nurbek-bekmurzaev/">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special%3A+Dangerous+Preaching%3A+The+Role+of+Religious+Leaders+in+the+Rise+of+Radical+Islam+in+Central+Asia.+By+Nurbek+Bekmurzaev.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpulsofcentralasia.org%2F2015%2F03%2F31%2Fspecial-dangerous-preaching-the-role-of-religious-leaders-in-the-rise-of-radical-islam-in-central-asia-by-nurbek-bekmurzaev%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KemperMotika2009-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KemperMotika2009_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_KemperRaoul_MotikaStefan_Reichmuth2009" class="citation book cs1">Michael Kemper; Raoul Motika; <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Reichmuth_(academic)" title="Stefan Reichmuth (academic)">Stefan Reichmuth</a> (11 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-gWAAgAAQBAJ&q=bukhari+saudi+soviet&pg=PA247"><i>Islamic Education in the Soviet Union and Its Successor States</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 247–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-20731-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-20731-2"><bdi>978-1-134-20731-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202223855/https://books.google.com/books?id=-gWAAgAAQBAJ&q=bukhari+saudi+soviet&pg=PA247">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Education+in+the+Soviet+Union+and+Its+Successor+States&rft.pages=247-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009-09-11&rft.isbn=978-1-134-20731-2&rft.au=Michael+Kemper&rft.au=Raoul+Motika&rft.au=Stefan+Reichmuth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-gWAAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbukhari%2Bsaudi%2Bsoviet%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tol.org/client/article/1767-the-myth-of-militant-islam-uzbekistan.html?print.">"The Myth of Militant Islam: Uzbekistan – Transitions Online"</a>. 29 December 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170501165245/http://www.tol.org/client/article/1767-the-myth-of-militant-islam-uzbekistan.html?print.">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Militant+Islam%3A+Uzbekistan+%E2%80%93+Transitions+Online&rft.date=1995-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tol.org%2Fclient%2Farticle%2F1767-the-myth-of-militant-islam-uzbekistan.html%3Fprint.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCENTRAL_ASIA_and_THE_CAUCASUS" class="citation web cs1">CENTRAL ASIA and THE CAUCASUS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200625024332/https://www.ca-c.org/journal/2001/journal_eng/cac-01/13.abbe.shtml">"CA&CC Press® AB"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca-c.org/journal/2001/journal_eng/cac-01/13.abbe.shtml">the original</a> on 25 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CA%26CC+Press%C2%AE+AB&rft.au=CENTRAL+ASIA+and+THE+CAUCASUS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ca-c.org%2Fjournal%2F2001%2Fjournal_eng%2Fcac-01%2F13.abbe.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2007_819-01g_Collins.pdf">"Islamic Revivalism and Political Attitudes in Uzbekistan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127204651/https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2007_819-01g_Collins.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+Revivalism+and+Political+Attitudes+in+Uzbekistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucis.pitt.edu%2Fnceeer%2F2007_819-01g_Collins.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrajakti_Kalra" class="citation journal cs1">Prajakti Kalra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/273897">"Hidden Linkages: The Republic of Uzbekistan and the Gulf Region in Changing World Order"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202224122/https://www.academia.edu/273897">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hidden+Linkages%3A+The+Republic+of+Uzbekistan+and+the+Gulf+Region+in+Changing+World+Order&rft.au=Prajakti+Kalra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F273897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorder2008-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gorder2008_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_van_Gorder2008" class="citation book cs1">Christian van Gorder (5 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MWqTAgAAQBAJ&q=bukhari+saudi+soviet&pg=PA80"><i>Muslim-Christian Relations in Central Asia</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 80–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-97169-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-97169-4"><bdi>978-1-135-97169-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202224121/https://books.google.com/books?id=MWqTAgAAQBAJ&q=bukhari+saudi+soviet&pg=PA80">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim-Christian+Relations+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=80-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008-06-05&rft.isbn=978-1-135-97169-4&rft.au=Christian+van+Gorder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMWqTAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbukhari%2Bsaudi%2Bsoviet%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Association1990-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Association1990_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Asian_Studies_Association1990" class="citation book cs1">Central Asian Studies Association (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PLERAQAAMAAJ&q=bukhari+saudi+soviet"><i>Central Asia File: Newsletter of the Central Asian Studies Association</i></a>. School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. p. 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202224121/https://books.google.com/books?id=PLERAQAAMAAJ&q=bukhari+saudi+soviet">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Asia+File%3A+Newsletter+of+the+Central+Asian+Studies+Association&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Central+Asian+Studies+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPLERAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbukhari%2Bsaudi%2Bsoviet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shalinsky1994-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shalinsky1994_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudrey_Shalinsky1994" class="citation book cs1">Audrey Shalinsky (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yUluAAAAMAAJ"><i>Long Years of Exile: Central Asian Refugees in Afghanistan and Pakistan</i></a>. University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-9286-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-9286-8"><bdi>978-0-8191-9286-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202224135/https://books.google.com/books?id=yUluAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long+Years+of+Exile%3A+Central+Asian+Refugees+in+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8191-9286-8&rft.au=Audrey+Shalinsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyUluAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shalinsky1994_2-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shalinsky1994_2_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudrey_Shalinsky1994" class="citation book cs1">Audrey Shalinsky (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yUluAAAAMAAJ&q=Central+Asian+Refugees+in+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan+Audrey+Shalinsky+...+However,+over+25+percent+of+the+core+households+have+members+who+remain+in+Kunduz+in+their+original+location.+Some+of+these+are+women+and+children.+...+Unlike+the+Ferghanachis,+those+in+the+camps+have+no+other+choice+but+to+return+to+Afghanistan+some+day++because+international+recognition+and+aid+depend+on+the+assumption+..."><i>Long Years of Exile: Central Asian Refugees in Afghanistan and Pakistan</i></a>. University Press of America. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-9286-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-9286-8"><bdi>978-0-8191-9286-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202224126/https://books.google.com/books?id=yUluAAAAMAAJ&q=Central+Asian+Refugees+in+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan+Audrey+Shalinsky+...+However,+over+25+percent+of+the+core+households+have+members+who+remain+in+Kunduz+in+their+original+location.+Some+of+these+are+women+and+children.+...+Unlike+the+Ferghanachis,+those+in+the+camps+have+no+other+choice+but+to+return+to+Afghanistan+some+day++because+international+recognition+and+aid+depend+on+the+assumption+...">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long+Years+of+Exile%3A+Central+Asian+Refugees+in+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8191-9286-8&rft.au=Audrey+Shalinsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyUluAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DCentral%2BAsian%2BRefugees%2Bin%2BAfghanistan%2Band%2BPakistan%2BAudrey%2BShalinsky%2B...%2BHowever%2C%2Bover%2B25%2Bpercent%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bcore%2Bhouseholds%2Bhave%2Bmembers%2Bwho%2Bremain%2Bin%2BKunduz%2Bin%2Btheir%2Boriginal%2Blocation.%2BSome%2Bof%2Bthese%2Bare%2Bwomen%2Band%2Bchildren.%2B...%2BUnlike%2Bthe%2BFerghanachis%2C%2Bthose%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bcamps%2Bhave%2Bno%2Bother%2Bchoice%2Bbut%2Bto%2Breturn%2Bto%2BAfghanistan%2Bsome%2Bday%2B%2Bbecause%2Binternational%2Brecognition%2Band%2Baid%2Bdepend%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bassumption%2B...&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Espace-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Espace_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RCkkAQAAIAAJ&q=kayseri+diaspora+pakistan"><i>Espace populations sociétés</i></a>. Université des sciences et techniques de Lille, U.E.R. de géographie. 2006. p. 174. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202224140/https://books.google.com/books?id=RCkkAQAAIAAJ&q=kayseri+diaspora+pakistan">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Espace+populations+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+des+sciences+et+techniques+de+Lille%2C+U.E.R.+de+g%C3%A9ographie&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRCkkAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dkayseri%2Bdiaspora%2Bpakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Султанов Т. 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Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2020, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 515</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoniyozov K., Oʻzbek xalqining shakllanish jarayoni, Toshkent, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EofI-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EofI_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Ozbek". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i> (CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0 ed.). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/uploadedfiles/Topics/Demographics/Muslimpopulation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewforum.org%2Fuploadedfiles%2FTopics%2FDemographics%2FMuslimpopulation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity">"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation"</a>. <i>The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>'s Religion & Public Life Project. August 9, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Muslims%3A+Unity+and+Diversity&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Religious+Affiliation&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F08%2F09%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation%2F%23identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibal2005" class="citation book cs1">Libal, Joyce (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/uzbekistan0000liba"><i>Uzbekistan</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: Mason Crest Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/uzbekistan0000liba/page/34">34</a>-36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59084-887-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-59084-887-X"><bdi>1-59084-887-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=34-36&rft.pub=Mason+Crest+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-59084-887-X&rft.aulast=Libal&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fuzbekistan0000liba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstoneMiller2015" class="citation journal cs1">Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16338087">"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census"</a>. <i>IJRR</i>. <b>11</b> (10): 1–19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210313222442/https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IJRR&rft.atitle=Believers+in+Christ+from+a+Muslim+Background%3A+A+Global+Census&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Miller%2C+Duane+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F16338087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stat.kz_010411-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stat.kz_010411_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stat.kz_010411_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/010411_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%20%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81.doc">Итоги национальной переписи населения 2009 года. Национальный состав, вероисповедание и владения языками в Республике Казахстан</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemper2019" class="citation book cs1">Kemper, Michael (2019). <i>Russia's Islam and Orthodoxy beyond the Institutions: Languages of Conversion, Competition and Convergence</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351022408" title="Special:BookSources/9781351022408"><bdi>9781351022408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Islam+and+Orthodoxy+beyond+the+Institutions%3A+Languages+of+Conversion%2C+Competition+and+Convergence&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781351022408&rft.aulast=Kemper&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vcn.bc.ca/oshihan/Pages/UzbakistanClasse.htm">"Uzbakestan Zoroastrians at Gatha Class"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030170715/http://vcn.bc.ca/oshihan/Pages/UzbakistanClasse.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbakestan+Zoroastrians+at+Gatha+Class&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvcn.bc.ca%2Foshihan%2FPages%2FUzbakistanClasse.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://englishrussia.com/2013/12/11/unique-uzbek-knives/">"Unique Uzbek Knives"</a>. 12 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415082346/http://englishrussia.com/2013/12/11/unique-uzbek-knives/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unique+Uzbek+Knives&rft.date=2013-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglishrussia.com%2F2013%2F12%2F11%2Funique-uzbek-knives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075956/http://sambuh.com/en/news/fergana-knives-breed.html">"Fergana Knives Breed"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sambuh.com/en/news/fergana-knives-breed.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fergana+Knives+Breed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsambuh.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ffergana-knives-breed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPannier2015" class="citation news cs1">Pannier, Bruce (7 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/uzbekistan-knives-skullcaps-china-cheap-imitations/27350814.html">"An Uzbek Knife And Hat, Made In China"</a>. <i>RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120329/http://www.rferl.org/content/uzbekistan-knives-skullcaps-china-cheap-imitations/27350814.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RadioFreeEurope%2FRadioLiberty&rft.atitle=An+Uzbek+Knife+And+Hat%2C+Made+In+China&rft.date=2015-11-07&rft.aulast=Pannier&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2Fuzbekistan-knives-skullcaps-china-cheap-imitations%2F27350814.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnur_Tour_Uzbekistan" class="citation web cs1">Anur Tour Uzbekistan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourstouzbekistan.com/en/blog/handicrafts/chust-knives.html">"Chust knives"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chust+knives&rft.au=Anur+Tour+Uzbekistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourstouzbekistan.com%2Fen%2Fblog%2Fhandicrafts%2Fchust-knives.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311211612/http://travelcentre.com.au/travel/Central_Asia/heritage_of_fergana_armourers.htm">"Heritage of Fergana armourers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelcentre.com.au/travel/Central_Asia/heritage_of_fergana_armourers.htm">the original</a> on 11 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heritage+of+Fergana+armourers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelcentre.com.au%2Ftravel%2FCentral_Asia%2Fheritage_of_fergana_armourers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041021/http://www.mezhov.info/en/huntingknives/452">"Pchak "Uzbek"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mezhov.info/en/huntingknives/452">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pchak+%22Uzbek%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mezhov.info%2Fen%2Fhuntingknives%2F452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-3120623/stock-photo-traditional-handcrafted-uzbek-knife-with-bone-handle-and-leather-sheath.html">"Stock Photos, Royalty-Free Images and Vectors – Shutterstock"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093835/http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-3120623/stock-photo-traditional-handcrafted-uzbek-knife-with-bone-handle-and-leather-sheath.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stock+Photos%2C+Royalty-Free+Images+and+Vectors+%E2%80%93+Shutterstock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shutterstock.com%2Fpic-3120623%2Fstock-photo-traditional-handcrafted-uzbek-knife-with-bone-handle-and-leather-sheath.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0817987320">Allworth, Edward. <i>The Modern Uzbeks: From the 14th Century to the Present</i>, Hoover Institution Press (July 1990).</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelenitskiiMarshak1981" class="citation book cs1">Belenitskii, Aleksandr M.; Marshak, B.I. (1981). 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BBC News, <i>DNA analysis tracks Silk Road forbears [</i>sic<i>]</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1856491323">Rashid, Ahmad. <i>The Resurgence of Central Asia : Islam or Nationalism?</i> Zed Books (April 15, 1995)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZerjalWellsYuldashevaRuzibakiev2002" class="citation journal cs1">Zerjal, Tatiana; Wells, R. Spencer; Yuldasheva, Nadira; Ruzibakiev, Ruslan; Tyler-Smith, Chris (September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC419996">"A Genetic Landscape Reshaped by Recent Events: Y-Chromosomal Insights into Central Asia"</a>. <i>American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>71</b> (3): 466–482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F342096">10.1086/342096</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC419996">419996</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12145751">12145751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=A+Genetic+Landscape+Reshaped+by+Recent+Events%3A+Y-Chromosomal+Insights+into+Central+Asia&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=466-482&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC419996%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12145751&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F342096&rft.aulast=Zerjal&rft.aufirst=Tatiana&rft.au=Wells%2C+R.+Spencer&rft.au=Yuldasheva%2C+Nadira&rft.au=Ruzibakiev%2C+Ruslan&rft.au=Tyler-Smith%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC419996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a></i>, Part 9, pages 483–489</li> <li>Malikov A. "92 Uzbek Tribes" in Official Discourses and the Oral Traditions from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries. Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2020, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 515–532.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattersby1985" class="citation journal cs1">Battersby, Harold R. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Furam.8.3.172">"The Uzbeks and Their Ideas of Ultimate Reality and Meaning"</a>. <i>Harold R. Battersby</i>. <b>8</b> (3). Ultimate Reality and Meaning 8.3 (1985): 172–195.: 172–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Furam.8.3.172">10.3138/uram.8.3.172</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harold+R.+Battersby&rft.atitle=The+Uzbeks+and+Their+Ideas+of+Ultimate+Reality+and+Meaning&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=172-195&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Furam.8.3.172&rft.aulast=Battersby&rft.aufirst=Harold+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3138%252Furam.8.3.172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUzbeks" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_peoples" title="Template talk:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Azerbaijani communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCres%C3%BCnni" title="Küresünni">Küresünni</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgian Azerbaijanis</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Western Azerbaijanis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs" title="Karapapakhs">Karapapakhs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Javanshir_Qizilbash" title="Javanshir Qizilbash">Javanshir Qizilbash</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kazakh communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kyrgyz communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Tajikistan">Tajik Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Kyrgyz" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Kyrgyz">Van Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkmen<sup>1</sup> communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish communities<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Gajal" title="Gajal">Gajal</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">Muhacirs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tahtac%C4%B1" title="Tahtacı">Tahtacıs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörüks</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algerian Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughlis</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgarian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Muslims" title="Cretan Muslims">Cretan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cypriot Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egyptian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Turkmen" title="Israeli Turkmen">Israeli Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Turkmen" title="Lebanese Turkmen">Lebanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libyan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">Macedonian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegrin Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Palestine" title="Turks in Palestine">Palestinian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romanian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thracian Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic peoples <br /> in Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_people" title="Äynu people">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Chinese Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_people" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz people">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk people">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tor_Uyghurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Uyghurs">Tor Uyghurs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Crimea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turks" title="Chaharmahali Turks">Chaharmahali Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalajs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Koibal_people" title="Koibal people">Koibal</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot" title="Soyot">Soyots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Bukharans" title="Siberian Bukharans">Siberian Bukharans</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tozhu_Tuvans" title="Tozhu Tuvans">Tozhu Tuvans</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Mongolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khotons" title="Khotons">Khotons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukha_people" title="Dukha people">Dukha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_people_in_Afghanistan" title="Turkic people in Afghanistan">Turkic minorities in <br /> Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaqs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Timuri" title="Timuri">Timuri</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karategin_Uzbeks" title="Karategin Uzbeks">Karategin Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Europe <br /> <small>(exc. Russia)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria">Bulgarian Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Tatars of Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alat_tribe" title="Alat tribe">Alat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az_people" title="Az people">Az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmyl" title="Basmyl">Basmyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsils" title="Barsils">Barsils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berendei" title="Berendei">Berendei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigils" title="Chigils">Chigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Black Klobuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duolu" title="Duolu">Duolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esegel" title="Esegel">Esegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangly" title="Kangly">Kangly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Sir-K%C4%B1vchak" title="Sir-Kıvchak">Sir-Kıvchak</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurykans" title="Kurykans">Kurykans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nushibi" title="Nushibi">Nushibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkomans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhsi" title="Tuhsi">Tuhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tork_people" title="Tork people">Torks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toquz_Oghuz" title="Toquz Oghuz">Toquz Oghuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriankhai" title="Uriankhai">Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Yueban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagma" title="Yagma">Yagma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabaku" title="Yabaku">Yabaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_people_(West_Asia)" title="Abdal people (West Asia)">Abdals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diasporas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijani diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_diaspora" title="Crimean Tatar diaspora">Crimean Tatar diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turkish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">Turkish Cypriot diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_diaspora" title="Kazakh diaspora">Kazakh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><sup>1</sup> Central Asian (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a>) <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>, distinct from Levantine (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a>) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. <sup>2</sup> In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> territories).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Uzbekistan" title="Greeks in Uzbekistan">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Uzbekistan">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs#Uzbekistan" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Uzbekistan">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Uzbekistan" title="Poles in Uzbekistan">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuli" title="Lyuli">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Uzbekistan" title="Romanians in Uzbekistan">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Uzbekistan" title="Russians in Uzbekistan">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks#Uzbekistan" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_people" title="Chagatai people">Chagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharduri_people" title="Kharduri people">Kharduri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatars in Uzbekistan">Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Uzbekistan" title="Turks in Uzbekistan">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in 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href="/wiki/Dalak_people" title="Dalak people">Dalak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_groups_of_Afghanistan" title="Peripatetic groups of Afghanistan">Jat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_people" title="Kho people">Kho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghol_people" title="Moghol people">Moghol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Nuristanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_people" title="Pashayi people">Pashayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis_in_Afghanistan" title="Punjabis in Afghanistan">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_people_in_Afghanistan" title="Turkic people in Afghanistan">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Turkmens</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign nationals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Afghanistan" title="Armenians in Afghanistan">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Afghanistan" title="Indians in Afghanistan">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Afghanistan" title="Pakistanis in Afghanistan">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Afghanistan" title="Russians in Afghanistan">Russians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Template:Ethnic groups in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">Ethnic groups in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><u>Underlined</u>: the 56 <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China#Ethnic_groups_recognized_by_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">recognized ethnic groups</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people" title="Chuanqing people">Chuanqing</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese_subgroups" title="Han Chinese subgroups">subgroups</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_people" title="Longjia people">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_people" title="Waxiang people">Waxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Achang_people" title="Achang people">Achang</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akha_people" title="Akha people">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_language" title="Bisu language">Bisu</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Hani_people" title="Hani people">Hani</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Jino_people" title="Jino people">Jino</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucong" title="Kucong">Kucong</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lahu_people" title="Lahu people">Lahu</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laomian_language" title="Laomian language">Laomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laopin_language" title="Laopin language">Laopin</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lisu_people" title="Lisu people">Lisu</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosuo" title="Mosuo">Mosuo</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nakhi_people" title="Nakhi people">Nakhi</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nu_people" title="Nu people">Nu</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qixingmin_people" title="Qixingmin people">Qixingmin</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baima_people" title="Baima people">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrong_people" title="Gyalrong people">Gyalrong</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Pumi_people" title="Pumi people">Pumi</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Qiang_people" title="Qiang people">Qiang</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Monpa_people" title="Monpa people">Monpa</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_people" title="Sherpa people">Sherpa</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishmi_people" title="Mishmi people">Deng</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Derung_people" title="Derung people">Derung</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_people" title="Jingpo people">Jingpo</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lhoba_people" title="Lhoba people">Lhoba</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Tujia_people" title="Tujia people">Tujia</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Blang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Blang people">Blang</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu" title="Bolyu">Bolyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Kunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Lai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mang people">Mang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugan_language" title="Bugan language">Pakan</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Palaung_people" title="Palaung people">Ta'ang</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese in China">Vietnamese</a>(<a href="/wiki/Gin_people" title="Gin people">Jingzu</a>)</u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Wa_people" title="Wa people">Wa</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_China" title="Filipinos in China">Filipino</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Gaoshan</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsuls" title="Utsuls">Utsuls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gejia_people" title="Gejia people">Gejia</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/She_people" title="She people">She</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Bonan_people" title="Bonan people">Bonan</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiang</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamnigan" title="Hamnigan">Hamnigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatso" title="Khatso">Khatso</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">Mongols</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaga_Mongols" title="Abaga Mongols">Abaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaganar" title="Abaganar">Abaganar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aohans" title="Aohans">Aohans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baarins" title="Baarins">Baarins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlos_Mongols" title="Gorlos Mongols">Gorlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaids" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalaids">Jalaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaruud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaruud">Jaruud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharchin_Mongols" title="Kharchin Mongols">Kharchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khishigten" title="Khishigten">Khishigten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorchin_Mongols" title="Khorchin Mongols">Khorchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_people" title="Gin people">Khuuchid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muumyangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Muumyangan">Muumyangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoid" title="Khoid">Khoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olot_people" title="Olot people">Olot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torghut" title="Torghut">Torghut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mongols" title="Upper Mongols">Upper Mongols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onnigud" class="mw-redirect" title="Onnigud">Onnigud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongols" title="Ordos Mongols">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Mongols" title="Sichuan Mongols">Sichuan Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunud" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunud">Sunud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urad_Mongols" title="Urad Mongols">Urad</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Monguor_people" title="Monguor people">Monguor</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogwo_Arig" title="Sogwo Arig">Sogwo Arig</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yugur_language" title="Eastern Yugur language">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_people" title="Bouyei people">Bouyei</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyang_people" title="Buyang people">Buyang</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_people" title="Tai Lue people">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nua_people" title="Tai Nua people">Tai Nua</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kam_people" title="Kam people">Dong</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Gelao_people" title="Gelao people">Gelao</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Hlai_people" title="Hlai people">Li</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maonan_people" title="Maonan people">Maonan</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_people" title="Nùng people">Nùng</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Mulao_people" title="Mulao people">Mulao</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_people" title="Qabiao people">Qabiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rau_peoples" title="Rau peoples">Rau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Sui_people" title="Sui people">Sui</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_people" title="Yang people">Yang</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solon_people" title="Solon people">Solon</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nanai_people" title="Nanai people">Nanai</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Oroqen_people" title="Oroqen people">Oroqen</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Sibe_people" title="Sibe people">Sibes</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_people" title="Äynu people">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolan_people" title="Dolan people">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_people" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz people">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk People">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Kazakh</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Kyrgyz</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Tatar</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Uzbeks</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_China" title="Armenians in China">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_China" title="Iranians in China">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_China" title="Nepalis in China">Nepalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daman_people" title="Daman people">Daman</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_China" title="Russians in China">Russians</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Tajiks_of_Xinjiang" title="Tajiks of Xinjiang">Tajiks (Pamiris)</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Chinese" title="African Chinese">African Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_China" title="Indians in China">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese in China">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">Koreans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chaoxianzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoxianzu">Chaoxianzu</a>)</u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Nivkhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_China" title="Pakistanis in China">Pakistanis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">chauvinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minzu_(anthropology)" title="Minzu (anthropology)">Minzu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrants and expatriates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_China" title="Template:Immigration to China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_China" title="Template talk:Immigration to China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_China" title="Immigration to China">Immigration to China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_China" title="Armenians in China">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_people_in_China" title="Burmese people in China">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_China" title="Filipinos in China">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_China" title="Indians in China">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelis_in_China" title="Israelis in China">Israelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_China" title="Iranians in China">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_China" title="Japanese people in China">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Shanghai" title="Japanese community of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">Koreans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_community_of_Shanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean community of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_China" title="Nepalis in China">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_China" title="Pakistanis in China">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_people" title="Gin people">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China-outline.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/China-outline.svg/80px-China-outline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/China-outline.svg/120px-China-outline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/China-outline.svg/160px-China-outline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Chinese" title="African Chinese">Africans</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Guangzhou" title="Africans in Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hong_Kong" title="Africans in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_China" title="Americans in China">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_China" title="Australians in China">Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_China" title="Britons in China">Britons</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_Hong_Kong" title="Britons in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_China" title="Canadians in China">Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_China" title="Nigerians in China">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_China" title="Poles in China">Poles</a></li> <li>Portuguese <small>(<a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macau</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_China" title="Russians in China">Russians</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Albazinians" title="Albazinians">Albazinians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Russians" title="Shanghai Russians">Shanghai</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_immigration_policy" title="Hong Kong immigration policy">Immigration to Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Macau" title="Immigration to Macau">Immigration to Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">History of the Jews in China</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hong_Kong" title="History of the Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under-occupied_developments_in_China" title="Under-occupied developments in China">Under-occupied developments in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_China" title="Illegal immigration to China">Illegal immigration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>For immigrants and expatriates in Hong Kong, see: <a href="/wiki/Template:Hong_Kongers" title="Template:Hong Kongers">Hong Kong people</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unrecognized_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Unrecognized ethnic groups in China">Unrecognized ethnic groups in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_China" title="Immigration to China">Immigrant ethnic groups in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Historic ethnic groups</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Kazakhstan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Kazakhstan" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Kazakhstan" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Kazakhstan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Kazakhstan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_demography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan">Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Majority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chala_Kazakh" title="Chala Kazakh">Chala Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oralman" title="Oralman">Oralman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minorities >1%</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhstan Germans">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Russians in Kazakhstan">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Kazakhstan" title="Tatars of Kazakhstan">Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ukrainians in Kazakhstan">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Kazakhstan" title="Uyghurs in Kazakhstan">Uyghurs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashgartsy" title="Kashgartsy">Kashgartsy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minorities <1%</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Central_Asia" title="Armenians in Central Asia">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Kazakhstan" title="Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Bulgarians in Kazakhstan">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kazakhstan" title="Chinese people in Kazakhstan">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Greeks in Kazakhstan">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Kazakhstan" title="Kurds in Kazakhstan">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madjars" title="Madjars">Madjars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Kazakhstan" title="Poles in Kazakhstan">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Romanians in Kazakhstan">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Turks in Kazakhstan">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Central_Asia" title="Demographics of Central Asia">Demographics of Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Demographics of Kazakhstan">Demographics of Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_People_of_Kazakhstan" title="Assembly of People of Kazakhstan">Assembly of People of Kazakhstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Tajikistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Tajikistan" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Tajikistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Tajikistan" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Tajikistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Tajikistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Tajikistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Tajikistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Tajikistan" title="List of ethnic groups in Tajikistan">Ethnic groups</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Tajikistan" title="Afghans in Tajikistan">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Central_Asia" title="Armenians in Central Asia">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badzhui_people" title="Badzhui people">Badzhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Tajikistan">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhs in Tajikistan">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Tajikistan" title="Poles in Tajikistan">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuli" title="Lyuli">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Tajikistan" title="Russians in Tajikistan">Russians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uzbeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483047#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483047#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483047#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1163443/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Uzbeks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85141677">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ouzbeks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11951751z">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ouzbeks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11951751z">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Uzbekové"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph795795&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531864505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uzbeks&oldid=1259792409">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uzbeks&oldid=1259792409</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkic_peoples_of_Asia" title="Category:Turkic peoples of Asia">Turkic peoples of 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