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href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Accession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military campaigns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_campaigns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military campaigns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conquests_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquests_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Conquests in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquests_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman–Safavid_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman–Safavid_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ottoman–Safavid War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman–Safavid_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns_in_the_Indian_Ocean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_in_the_Indian_Ocean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Campaigns in the Indian Ocean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_in_the_Indian_Ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediterranean_and_North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean_and_North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mediterranean and North Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean_and_North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_and_political_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_and_political_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legal and political reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_and_political_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_arts_under_Suleiman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_arts_under_Suleiman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The arts under Suleiman</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_arts_under_Suleiman-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The arts under Suleiman subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_arts_under_Suleiman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tulips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tulips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Tulips</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tulips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consorts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consorts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Consorts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consorts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daughters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daughters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Daughters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daughters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Hurrem_Sultan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Hurrem_Sultan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Relationship with Hurrem Sultan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Hurrem_Sultan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_Vizier_Pargalı_Ibrahim_Pasha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Vizier_Pargalı_Ibrahim_Pasha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Grand Vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_Vizier_Pargalı_Ibrahim_Pasha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Printed_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printed_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Printed sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printed_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_on-line_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_on-line_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Additional on-line sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_on-line_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Suleiman the Magnificent</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 125 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-125" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">125 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_I" title="Süleyman I – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Süleyman I" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_I." title="Süleyman I. – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Süleyman I." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B1%E1%88%88%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%A5%E1%8C%B9%E1%89%A5_%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%95%E1%89%85" title="ሱለይማን እጹብ ድንቅ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሱለይማን እጹብ ድንቅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_I" title="Шәлиман I – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Шәлиман I" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="سليمان القانوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سليمان القانوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solim%C3%A1n_I_o_Magnifico" title="Solimán I o Magnifico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Solimán I o Magnifico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solim%C3%A1n_el_Magn%C3%ADficu" title="Solimán el Magníficu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Solimán el Magníficu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solim%C3%A3_pe_Momor%C3%A3mb%C3%BDva" title="Solimã pe Momorãmbýva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Solimã pe Momorãmbýva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_S%C3%BCleyman_Qanuni" title="Sultan Süleyman Qanuni – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sultan Süleyman Qanuni" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سلیمان قانونی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سلیمان قانونی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="সুলতান সুলাইমান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুলতান সুলাইমান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleyman_1-s%C3%A8" title="Suleyman 1-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Suleyman 1-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD_I" title="Сөләймән I – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сөләймән I" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_I" title="Сулейман I – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сулейман I" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_I" title="Сулейман I – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сулейман I" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_I" title="Сюлейман I – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сюлейман I" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulejman_I" title="Sulejman I – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sulejman I" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_ar_Meurdezus" title="Suleiman ar Meurdezus – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Suleiman ar Meurdezus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="I Сулейман – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="I Сулейман" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solim%C3%A0_I_el_Magn%C3%ADfic" title="Solimà I el Magnífic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Solimà I el Magnífic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_I" title="Сулейман I – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сулейман I" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulejman_I." title="Sulejman I. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sulejman I." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swleiman_I" title="Swleiman I – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Swleiman I" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_1." title="Süleyman 1. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Süleyman 1." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_I." title="Süleyman I. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Süleyman I." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_I" title="Suleiman I – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suleiman I" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8A%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%84_%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Σουλεϊμάν Α΄ ο Μεγαλοπρεπής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουλεϊμάν Α΄ ο Μεγαλοπρεπής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solim%C3%A1n_el_Magn%C3%ADfico" title="Solimán el Magnífico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Solimán el Magnífico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulejmano_la_1-a" title="Sulejmano la 1-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sulejmano la 1-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_I.a" title="Suleiman I.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Suleiman I.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85" title="سلیمان یکم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلیمان یکم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Suleiman the Magnificent" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_mikli" title="Suleiman mikli – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Suleiman mikli" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soliman_le_Magnifique" title="Soliman le Magnifique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soliman le Magnifique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_Oll%C3%A1sach" title="Suleiman Ollásach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Suleiman Ollásach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_I" title="Süleyman I – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Süleyman I" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_I" title="Suleiman I – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Suleiman I" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%90%8A%E6%9B%BC%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="蘇萊曼一世 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="蘇萊曼一世" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%89%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%A7%8C_1%EC%84%B8" title="쉴레이만 1세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쉴레이만 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_Mai_Girma" title="Suleiman Mai Girma – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Suleiman Mai Girma" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_I" title="Սուլեյման I – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուլեյման I" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE" title="सुलेमान प्रथम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुलेमान प्रथम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulejman_I." title="Sulejman I. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sulejman I." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_I" title="Suleiman I – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Suleiman I" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_I" title="Süleyman I – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Süleyman I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAleiman_mikli" title="Súleiman mikli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Súleiman mikli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solimano_il_Magnifico" title="Solimano il Magnifico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Solimano il Magnifico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F" title="סולימאן הראשון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סולימאן הראשון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_I" title="სულეიმან I – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სულეიმან I" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="I Сүлеймен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="I Сүлеймен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_Vrasoberys" title="Suleiman Vrasoberys – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Suleiman Vrasoberys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_I" title="Suleiman I – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Suleiman I" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soliman_Magnifik-a" title="Soliman Magnifik-a – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Soliman Magnifik-a" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltan_Sil%C3%AAman%C3%AA_Qan%C3%BBn%C3%AE" title="Siltan Silêmanê Qanûnî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Siltan Silêmanê Qanûnî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soliman_le_Magnifich" title="Soliman le Magnifich – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Soliman le Magnifich" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleimanus_I_(sultanus_Ottomanicus)" title="Suleimanus I (sultanus Ottomanicus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Suleimanus I (sultanus Ottomanicus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleimans_I" title="Suleimans I – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Suleimans I" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleimanas_Didysis" title="Suleimanas Didysis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Suleimanas Didysis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soliman_el_Magnifich" title="Soliman el Magnifich – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Soliman el Magnifich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Szulejm%C3%A1n_oszm%C3%A1n_szult%C3%A1n" title="I. Szulejmán oszmán szultán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Szulejmán oszmán szultán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Сулејман Величествениот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сулејман Величествениот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_I" title="Suleiman I – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Suleiman I" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="സുൽത്താൻ സുലെയ്മാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുൽത്താൻ സുലെയ്മാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पहिला सुलेमान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पहिला सुलेमान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_I" title="სულეიმან I – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სულეიმან I" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89" title="سليمان القانونى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سليمان القانونى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سلیمان قانونی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سلیمان قانونی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaiman_al-Qanuni" title="Sulaiman al-Qanuni – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sulaiman al-Qanuni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_I" title="Süleyman I – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Süleyman I" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%86%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="မဟာ ဆူလေမန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မဟာ ဆူလေမန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_I" title="Süleyman I – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Süleyman I" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B31%E4%B8%96" title="スレイマン1世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スレイマン1世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_I" title="Сулейман I – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сулейман I" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_I." title="Süleyman I. – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Süleyman I." data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_I_den_store" title="Suleiman I den store – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Suleiman I den store" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_I_av_Det_osmanske_riket" title="Suleiman I av Det osmanske riket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Suleiman I av Det osmanske riket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soliman_lo_Magnific" title="Soliman lo Magnific – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Soliman lo Magnific" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaymon_I" title="Sulaymon I – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sulaymon I" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸ਼ਾਨਦਾਰ ਸੁਲੇਮਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਾਨਦਾਰ ਸੁਲੇਮਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85" title="سلیمان اعظم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلیمان اعظم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="سلیمان قانوني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سلیمان قانوني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulieman_di_Magnifisent" title="Sulieman di Magnifisent – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Sulieman di Magnifisent" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soliman_%C3%ABl_Magn%C3%ACfich" title="Soliman ël Magnìfich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Soliman ël Magnìfich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_I." title="Süleyman I. – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Süleyman I." data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulejman_Wspania%C5%82y" title="Sulejman Wspaniały – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sulejman Wspaniały" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solim%C3%A3o,_o_Magn%C3%ADfico" title="Solimão, o Magnífico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Solimão, o Magnífico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Suleyman" title="Sultan Suleyman – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Sultan Suleyman" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soliman_I" title="Soliman I – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Soliman I" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Сулейман Пышный – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сулейман Пышный" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_I" title="Сулейман I – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сулейман I" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="I Сулейман – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="I Сулейман" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulejmani_I" title="Sulejmani I – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sulejmani I" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solimanu_lu_Magn%C3%ACficu" title="Solimanu lu Magnìficu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Solimanu lu Magnìficu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_I" title="සුලෙයිමාන් I – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සුලෙයිමාන් I" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Suleiman the Magnificent" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_I." title="Süleyman I. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Süleyman I." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulejman_I." title="Sulejman I. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sulejman I." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suldaan_Suleymaan_Al_Qaanuuni" title="Suldaan Suleymaan Al Qaanuuni – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Suldaan Suleymaan Al Qaanuuni" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سولەیمان قانوونی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سولەیمان قانوونی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Сулејман Величанствени – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сулејман Величанствени" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulejman_I" title="Sulejman I – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sulejman I" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_Suuri" title="Suleiman Suuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suleiman Suuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_I" title="Süleyman I – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Süleyman I" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_I" title="Suleiman I – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Suleiman I" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="முதலாம் சுலைமான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதலாம் சுலைமான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6l%C3%A4yman_I_Qanuni" title="Söläyman I Qanuni – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Söläyman I Qanuni" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="สุลัยมานผู้เกรียงไกร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุลัยมานผู้เกรียงไกร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._S%C3%BCleyman" title="I. Süleyman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Süleyman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCle%C3%BDman_I" title="Süleýman I – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Süleýman I" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_I" title="Сулейман I – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Сулейман I" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_I" title="Сулейман I – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сулейман I" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="سلیمان اول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلیمان اول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_I" title="Suleiman I – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Suleiman I" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_I" title="Suleiman I – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Suleiman I" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%90%8A%E6%9B%BC%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="蘇萊曼一世 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蘇萊曼一世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_I" title="Suleiman I – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Suleiman I" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%8E%B1%E6%9B%BC%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%89" title="苏莱曼一世（奥斯曼帝国） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏莱曼一世（奥斯曼帝国）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="סוליימאן דער ערשטער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סוליימאן דער ערשטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E9%87%8C%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="蘇里民大帝 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kanuni" redirects here. For the hompa of Kwangali, see <a href="/wiki/Kanuni_(hompa)" title="Kanuni (hompa)">Kanuni (hompa)</a>. For the Turkish drillship, see <a href="/wiki/Kanuni_(drillship)" title="Kanuni (drillship)"><i>Kanuni</i> (drillship)</a>. For the Albanian law texts, see <a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun (Albania)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Suleiman I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></li><li>Shah of Baghdad in Iraq<sup id="cite_ref-caesar_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caesar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Egypt" title="Sultan of Egypt">Sultan of Egypt</a><sup id="cite_ref-caesar_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caesar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar of Rome">Caesar of Rome</a><sup id="cite_ref-caesar_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caesar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:EmperorSuleiman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/220px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/330px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/440px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2117" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait of Suleiman by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1530</span>)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of the Ottoman Empire">Sultan of the Ottoman Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">30 September 1520 – <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">6 September 1566</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman caliph</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a></i>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Selim I</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Selim II</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">6 November 1494<sup id="cite_ref-AG-BM-encyc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AG-BM-encyc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 541">: 541 </span></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Eyalet" title="Trebizond Eyalet">Trabzon Eyalet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 September 1566<span style="display:none">(1566-09-06)</span> (aged 71)<sup id="cite_ref-AG-BM-encyc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AG-BM-encyc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 545">: 545 </span></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Szigetv%C3%A1r" title="Szigetvár">Szigetvár</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>Organs buried at <a href="/wiki/Turb%C3%A9k" title="Turbék">Turbék</a>, Szigetvár, Hungary</li> <li>Body buried at <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a>, Istanbul, Turkey</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roxelana" title="Roxelana">Hürrem Sultan</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1533; died 1558)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahidevran" title="Mahidevran">Mahidevran Hatun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Şehzade Mahmud</li> <li>Şehzade Murad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mustafa" title="Şehzade Mustafa">Şehzade Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raziye_Sultan" title="Raziye Sultan">Raziye Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed" title="Şehzade Mehmed">Şehzade Mehmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrimah_Sultan_(daughter_of_Suleiman_I)" title="Mihrimah Sultan (daughter of Suleiman I)">Mihrimah Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Abdullah" title="Şehzade Abdullah">Şehzade Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Bayezid" title="Şehzade Bayezid">Şehzade Bayezid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Cihangir" title="Şehzade Cihangir">Şehzade Cihangir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Süleyman Şah bin Selim Şah Han<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hafsa_Sultan" title="Hafsa Sultan">Hafsa Sultan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tughra_of_Suleiman_I_the_Magnificent.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Suleiman I's signature"><img alt="Suleiman I's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tughra_of_Suleiman_I_the_Magnificent.svg/125px-Tughra_of_Suleiman_I_the_Magnificent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tughra_of_Suleiman_I_the_Magnificent.svg/188px-Tughra_of_Suleiman_I_the_Magnificent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tughra_of_Suleiman_I_the_Magnificent.svg/250px-Tughra_of_Suleiman_I_the_Magnificent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="276" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Suleiman I</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">سليمان اول</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ottoman_Turkish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ottoman Turkish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ottoman Turkish-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">Süleyman-ı Evvel</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">I. Süleyman</i><i>,</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[syleiˈman]</a></span>; 6 November 1494 – 6 September 1566), commonly known as <b>Suleiman the Magnificent</b> in Western Europe and <b>Suleiman the Lawgiver</b> (Ottoman Turkish: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">قانونى سلطان سليمان</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Ottoman Turkish-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">Ḳānūnī Sulṭān Süleymān</i></span>) in his Ottoman realm, was the longest-reigning <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">sultan of the Ottoman Empire</a> from 1520 until his death in 1566.<sup id="cite_ref-AG-BM-encyc_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AG-BM-encyc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 541–545">: 541–545 </span></sup> Under his administration, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> ruled over at least 25 million people. </p><p>Suleiman succeeded his father, <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>, as sultan on 30 September 1520 and began his reign with campaigns against the Christian powers in Central Europe and the Mediterranean. <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1521)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1521)">Belgrade</a> fell to him in 1521 and the island of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">Rhodes</a> in 1522–1523. At <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Mohács</a>, in August 1526, Suleiman broke the military strength of Hungary. </p><p>Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th-century Europe, presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's economic, military and political power. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies in conquering the Christian strongholds of Belgrade and Rhodes as well as most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">siege of Vienna</a> in 1529. He annexed much of the Middle East in his conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavids</a> and large areas of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Under his rule, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman fleet</a> dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and through the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansel_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61">: 61 </span></sup> </p><p>At the helm of an expanding empire, Suleiman personally instituted major judicial changes relating to society, education, taxation and criminal law. His reforms, carried out in conjunction with the empire's chief judicial official <a href="/wiki/Ebussuud_Efendi" title="Ebussuud Efendi">Ebussuud Efendi</a>, harmonized the relationship between the two forms of Ottoman law: sultanic (<a href="/wiki/Qanun_(law)" title="Qanun (law)">Kanun</a>) and religious (<a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a distinguished poet and goldsmith; he also became a great patron of culture, overseeing the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a>" of the Ottoman Empire in its <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">artistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman literature">literary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture#Classical_period_(1437–1703)" title="Ottoman architecture">architectural</a> development.<sup id="cite_ref-atil24_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atil24-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breaking with Ottoman tradition, Suleiman married <a href="/wiki/Roxelana" title="Roxelana">Hurrem Sultan</a>, a woman from his harem, an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox Christian</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenian</a> origin who converted to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, and who became famous in Western Europe of his time by the name Roxelana, due to her red hair. Their son, <a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a>, succeeded Suleiman following his death in 1566 after 46 years of rule. Suleiman's other potential heirs, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed" title="Şehzade Mehmed">Mehmed</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mustafa" title="Şehzade Mustafa">Mustafa</a>, had died; Mehmed had died in 1543 from smallpox, and Mustafa had been strangled to death in 1553 at the sultan's order. His other son <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Bayezid" title="Şehzade Bayezid">Bayezid</a> was executed in 1561 on Suleiman's orders, along with Bayezid's four sons, after a rebellion. Although scholars typically regarded the period after his death to be one of crisis and adaptation rather than simple <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">decline</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-decline_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decline-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the end of Suleiman's reign was a watershed in Ottoman history. In the decades after Suleiman, the empire began to experience significant political, institutional, and economic changes, a phenomenon often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation of the Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Empire-Power_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Empire-Power-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_names_and_titles">Alternative names and titles</h2></div> <p>Suleiman the Magnificent (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota-Arab" dir="rtl">محتشم سليمان</span></span> <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">Muḥteşem Süleymān</i></span>), as he was known in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a>, was also called Suleiman the First (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota-Arab" dir="rtl">سلطان سليمان أول</span></span> <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">Sulṭān Süleymān-ı Evvel</i></span>), and Suleiman the Lawgiver (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota-Arab" dir="rtl">قانونی سلطان سليمان</span></span> <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">Ḳānūnī Sulṭān Süleymān</i></span>) for his reform of the Ottoman legal system.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is unclear when exactly the term <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><i lang="ota-Latn">Kanunî</i></span> (the Lawgiver) first came to be used as an epithet for Suleiman. It is entirely absent from sixteenth and seventeenth-century Ottoman sources and may date from the early 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a tradition of western origin, according to which Suleiman the Magnificent was "Suleiman II", but that tradition has been based on an erroneous assumption that <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_%C3%87elebi" title="Süleyman Çelebi">Süleyman Çelebi</a> was to be recognised as a legitimate sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semailname_47b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Semailname_47b.jpg/170px-Semailname_47b.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Semailname_47b.jpg/255px-Semailname_47b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Semailname_47b.jpg/340px-Semailname_47b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Suleiman by <a href="/wiki/Nakka%C5%9F_Osman" title="Nakkaş Osman">Nakkaş Osman</a> (painted in 1579)</figcaption></figure> <p>Suleiman was born in <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a> on the southern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to Şehzade Selim (later <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>), probably on 6 November 1494, although this date is not known with absolute certainty or evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother was <a href="/wiki/Hafsa_Sultan" title="Hafsa Sultan">Hafsa Sultan</a>, a concubine convert to Islam of unknown origins, who died in 1534.<sup id="cite_ref-life-and-family_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life-and-family-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> At the age of seven, Suleiman began studies of science, history, literature, theology and military tactics in the schools of the imperial <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. As a young man, he befriended <a href="/wiki/Pargal%C4%B1_Ibrahim_Pasha" title="Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha">Pargalı Ibrahim</a>, a Greek slave who later became one of his most trusted advisers (but who was later executed on Suleiman's orders).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At age seventeen, he was appointed as the governor of first <a href="/wiki/Feodosiya#Caffa" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodosiya">Kaffa</a> (Theodosia), then <a href="/wiki/Manisa" title="Manisa">Manisa</a>, with a brief tenure at <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession">Accession</h3></div> <p>Upon the death of his father, <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> (r. 1512–1520), Suleiman entered Constantinople and ascended to the throne as the tenth Ottoman Sultan. An early description of Suleiman, a few weeks following his accession, was provided by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> envoy <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Contarini_(nobleman)" title="Bartolomeo Contarini (nobleman)">Bartolomeo Contarini</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The sultan is only twenty-five years [actually 26] old, tall and slender but tough, with a thin and bony face. Facial hair is evident, but only barely. The sultan appears friendly and in good humor. Rumor has it that Suleiman is aptly named, enjoys reading, is knowledgeable and shows good judgment."<sup id="cite_ref-life-and-family_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life-and-family-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_campaigns">Military campaigns</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_campaigns_of_Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="List of campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent">List of campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquests_in_Europe">Conquests in Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman wars in Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and Protestantism">Islam and Protestantism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1522-Sultan_Suleiman_during_the_Siege_of_Rhodes-Suleymanname-DetailBottomRight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1522-Sultan_Suleiman_during_the_Siege_of_Rhodes-Suleymanname-DetailBottomRight.jpg/220px-1522-Sultan_Suleiman_during_the_Siege_of_Rhodes-Suleymanname-DetailBottomRight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1522-Sultan_Suleiman_during_the_Siege_of_Rhodes-Suleymanname-DetailBottomRight.jpg/330px-1522-Sultan_Suleiman_during_the_Siege_of_Rhodes-Suleymanname-DetailBottomRight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/1522-Sultan_Suleiman_during_the_Siege_of_Rhodes-Suleymanname-DetailBottomRight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Suleiman during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">siege of Rhodes</a> in 1522</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon succeeding his father, Suleiman began a series of military conquests, eventually leading to a revolt led by the Ottoman-appointed governor of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> in 1521. Suleiman soon made preparations for the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_1521" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Belgrade 1521">conquest of Belgrade</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>—something his great-grandfather <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> had failed to achieve because of <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>'s strong defense in the region. Its capture was vital in removing the Hungarians and Croats who, following the defeats of the <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, remained the only formidable force who could block further Ottoman gains in Europe. Suleiman encircled <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and began a series of heavy bombardments from an island in the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. Belgrade, with a garrison of only 700 men, and receiving no aid from Hungary, fell in August 1521.<sup id="cite_ref-Imber_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imber-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> </p><p>The road to Hungary and Austria lay open, but Suleiman turned his attention instead to the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, the home base of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a>. Suleiman built a large fortification, <a href="/wiki/Marmaris_Castle" title="Marmaris Castle">Marmaris Castle</a>, that served as a base for the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a>. Following a five-month <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">siege</a>, Rhodes capitulated and Suleiman allowed the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Rhodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of Rhodes">Knights of Rhodes</a> to depart.<sup id="cite_ref-ebSiegeOfRhodes_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebSiegeOfRhodes-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conquest of the island cost the Ottomans 50,000<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 60,000<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dead from battle and sickness (Christian claims went as high as 64,000 Ottoman battle deaths and 50,000 disease deaths).<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As relations between Hungary and the Ottoman Empire deteriorated, Suleiman resumed his campaign in Central Europe, and on 29 August 1526 he defeated <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary" title="Louis II of Hungary">Louis II of Hungary</a> (1506–1526) at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a>. Upon encountering the lifeless body of King Louis, Suleiman is said to have lamented: "I came indeed in arms against him; but it was not my wish that he should be thus cut off before he scarcely tasted the sweets of life and royalty."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Suleiman was campaigning in Hungary, <a href="/wiki/Yorouks" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorouks">Turkmen</a> tribes in central Anatolia (in <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>) revolted under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Jelali_revolts" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelali revolts">Kalender Çelebi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Hungarian nobles proposed that <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand</a>, who was the ruler of neighboring Austria and tied to Louis II's family by marriage, be King of Hungary, citing previous agreements that the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a> would take the Hungarian throne if Louis died without heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-Imber_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imber-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">: 52 </span></sup> However, other nobles turned to the nobleman <a href="/wiki/John_Z%C3%A1polya" title="John Zápolya">John Zápolya</a>, whom Suleiman supported. Under <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> and his brother Ferdinand I, the Habsburgs reoccupied Buda and took possession of Hungary. Reacting in 1529, Suleiman marched through the valley of the Danube and regained control of Buda; in the following autumn, his forces laid <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">siege to Vienna</a>. This was to be the Ottoman Empire's most ambitious expedition and the apogee of its drive to the West. With a reinforced garrison of 16,000 men,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Austrians inflicted the first defeat on Suleiman, sowing the seeds of a bitter Ottoman–Habsburg rivalry that lasted until the 20th century. His second attempt to conquer Vienna failed in 1532, as Ottoman forces were delayed by the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_G%C3%BCns" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Güns">siege of Güns</a> and failed to reach Vienna. In both cases, the Ottoman army was plagued by bad weather, forcing them to leave behind essential siege equipment, and was hobbled by overstretched supply lines.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 444">: 444 </span></sup> In 1533 the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Constantinople_(1533)" title="Truce of Constantinople (1533)">Treaty of Constantinople</a> was signed by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a>, in which he acknowledged Ottoman suzerainty and recognised Suleiman as his "father and suzerain", he also agreed to pay an annual tribute and accepted the Ottoman grand vizier as his brother and equal in rank.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Sigismund_of_Hungary_with_Suleiman_the_Magnificient_in_1556.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Sigismund_of_Hungary_with_Suleiman_the_Magnificient_in_1556.jpg/220px-John_Sigismund_of_Hungary_with_Suleiman_the_Magnificient_in_1556.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Sigismund_of_Hungary_with_Suleiman_the_Magnificient_in_1556.jpg/330px-John_Sigismund_of_Hungary_with_Suleiman_the_Magnificient_in_1556.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/John_Sigismund_of_Hungary_with_Suleiman_the_Magnificient_in_1556.jpg/440px-John_Sigismund_of_Hungary_with_Suleiman_the_Magnificient_in_1556.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2117" data-file-height="2203" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/John_II_Sigismund_Z%C3%A1polya" class="mw-redirect" title="John II Sigismund Zápolya">John Sigismund</a> of Hungary with Suleiman in 1556</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 1540s, a renewal of the conflict in Hungary presented Suleiman with the opportunity to avenge the defeat suffered at Vienna. In 1541, the Habsburgs attempted to lay siege to Buda but were repulsed, and more Habsburg fortresses were captured by the Ottomans in two consecutive campaigns in 1541 and 1544 as a result,<sup id="cite_ref-Imber_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imber-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53">: 53 </span></sup> Ferdinand and Charles were forced to conclude a humiliating five-year treaty with Suleiman. Ferdinand renounced his claim to the Kingdom of Hungary and was forced to pay a fixed yearly sum to the Sultan for the Hungarian lands he continued to control. Of more symbolic importance, the treaty referred to Charles V not as "Emperor" but as the "King of Spain", leading Suleiman to identify as the true "Caesar".<sup id="cite_ref-Imber_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imber-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1552, Suleiman's forces laid <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eger_(1552)" title="Siege of Eger (1552)">siege to Eger</a>, located in the northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary, but the defenders led by <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Dob%C3%B3" title="István Dobó">István Dobó</a> repelled the attacks and defended the <a href="/wiki/Eger_Castle" title="Eger Castle">Eger Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman–Safavid_War"><span id="Ottoman.E2.80.93Safavid_War"></span>Ottoman–Safavid War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1532%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–55)">Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–55)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Ottoman–Persian Wars">Ottoman–Persian Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Persian_alliance" title="Habsburg–Persian alliance">Habsburg–Persian alliance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sueleymanname_nahcevan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sueleymanname_nahcevan.jpg/170px-Sueleymanname_nahcevan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sueleymanname_nahcevan.jpg/255px-Sueleymanname_nahcevan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sueleymanname_nahcevan.jpg/340px-Sueleymanname_nahcevan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Miniature depicting Suleiman marching with an army in <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a>, summer 1554</figcaption></figure> <p>Suleiman's father had made war with Persia a high priority. At first, Suleiman shifted attention to Europe and was content to contain <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a>, which was preoccupied by its own enemies to its east. After Suleiman stabilized his European frontiers, he now turned his attention to Persia, the base for the rival <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Muslim</a> faction. The <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> became the main enemy after two episodes. First, Shah <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_I" title="Tahmasp I">Tahmasp</a> killed the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> governor loyal to Suleiman, and put his own man in. Second, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Bitlis" title="Bitlis">Bitlis</a> had defected and sworn allegiance to the Safavids.<sup id="cite_ref-Imber_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imber-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51">: 51 </span></sup> As a result, in 1533, Suleiman ordered his Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha to lead an army into eastern Asia Minor where he retook Bitlis and occupied <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> without resistance. Suleiman joined Ibrahim in 1534. They made a push towards Persia, only to find the Shah sacrificing territory instead of facing a pitched battle, resorting to harassment of the Ottoman army as it proceeded along the harsh interior.<sup id="cite_ref-sicker206_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sicker206-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1535 Suleiman made a grand entrance into Baghdad. He enhanced his local support by restoring the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifa</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school of Islamic law to which the Ottomans adhered.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attempting to defeat the Shah once and for all, Suleiman embarked upon a second campaign in 1548–1549. As in the previous attempt, Tahmasp avoided confrontation with the Ottoman army and instead chose to retreat, using scorched earth tactics in the process and exposing the Ottoman army to the harsh winter of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sicker206_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sicker206-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suleiman abandoned the campaign with temporary Ottoman gains in <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a> region, a lasting presence in the province of <a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van</a>, control of the western half of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and some forts in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bartleby794_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bartleby794-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ImperioOtomanoSimplificado-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/ImperioOtomanoSimplificado-en.svg/220px-ImperioOtomanoSimplificado-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/ImperioOtomanoSimplificado-en.svg/330px-ImperioOtomanoSimplificado-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/ImperioOtomanoSimplificado-en.svg/440px-ImperioOtomanoSimplificado-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_conquests,_sieges_and_landings" title="List of Ottoman conquests, sieges and landings">Territorial expansion of the Ottoman Empire</a> under Suleiman, (in red and orange) including <a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman vassals</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1553, Suleiman began his third and final campaign against the Shah. Having initially lost territories in <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a> to the Shah's son, Suleiman retaliated by recapturing Erzurum, crossing the Upper Euphrates and laying waste to parts of Persia. The Shah's army continued its strategy of avoiding the Ottomans, leading to a stalemate from which neither army made any significant gain. In 1555, a settlement known as the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Amasya" title="Peace of Amasya">Peace of Amasya</a> was signed, which defined the borders of the two empires. By this treaty, Armenia and Georgia were divided equally between the two, with <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>, and western Georgia (incl. western <a href="/wiki/Samtskhe_atabegate" class="mw-redirect" title="Samtskhe atabegate">Samtskhe</a>) falling in Ottoman hands while <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenia" title="Eastern Armenia">Eastern Armenia</a>, eastern Kurdistan, and eastern Georgia (incl. eastern Samtskhe) stayed in Safavid hands.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman Empire obtained most of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, including Baghdad, which gave them access to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, while the Persians retained their former capital <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> and all their other northwestern territories in the Caucasus and as they were prior to the wars, such as <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> and all of what is now <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaigns_in_the_Indian_Ocean">Campaigns in the Indian Ocean</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts">Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts</a>, <a href="/wiki/1548_capture_of_Aden" class="mw-redirect" title="1548 capture of Aden">1548 capture of Aden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_expedition_to_Aceh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman expedition to Aceh">Ottoman expedition to Aceh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_naval_expeditions_in_the_Indian_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean">Ottoman naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_fleet_Indian_Ocean_16th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ottoman_fleet_Indian_Ocean_16th_century.jpg/170px-Ottoman_fleet_Indian_Ocean_16th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ottoman_fleet_Indian_Ocean_16th_century.jpg/255px-Ottoman_fleet_Indian_Ocean_16th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ottoman_fleet_Indian_Ocean_16th_century.jpg/340px-Ottoman_fleet_Indian_Ocean_16th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman fleet in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> in the 16th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Ottoman ships had been sailing in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> since the year 1518. Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">admirals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hadim_Suleiman_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadim Suleiman Pasha">Hadim Suleiman Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seydi_Ali_Reis" title="Seydi Ali Reis">Seydi Ali Reis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Özcan1997_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Özcan1997-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kurto%C4%9Flu_H%C4%B1z%C4%B1r_Reis" title="Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis">Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis</a> are known to have voyaged to the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> imperial ports of <a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janjira_State" title="Janjira State">Janjira</a>. The Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar the Great">Akbar the Great</a> himself is known to have exchanged six documents with Suleiman the Magnificent.<sup id="cite_ref-Özcan1997_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Özcan1997-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Farooqi1989_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farooqi1989-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suleiman led several naval campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese</a> in an attempt to remove them and reestablish trade with the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> was captured by the Ottomans in 1538, in order to provide an Ottoman base for raids against Portuguese possessions on the western coast of the Mughal Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Kour_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kour-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sailing on, the Ottomans failed against the Portuguese at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1538)" title="Siege of Diu (1538)">siege of Diu</a> in September 1538, but then returned to Aden, where they fortified the city with 100 pieces of artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-Kour_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kour-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this base, Sulayman Pasha managed to take control of the whole country of Yemen, also taking <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a">Sana'a</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kour_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kour-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With its strong control of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, Suleiman successfully managed to dispute control of the trade routes to the Portuguese and maintained a significant level of trade with the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> throughout the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1526 until 1543, Suleiman stationed over 900 Turkish soldiers to fight alongside the <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Abyssinian%E2%80%93Adal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyssinian–Adal war">Conquest of Abyssinia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%9357)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–57)">first Ajuran-Portuguese war</a>, the Ottoman Empire would in 1559 absorb the weakened Adal Sultanate into its domain. This expansion furthered Ottoman rule in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>. This also increased its influence in the Indian Ocean to compete with the Portuguese Empire with its close ally, the <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1564, Suleiman received an embassy from <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh</a> (a sultanate on <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, in modern <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>), requesting Ottoman support against the Portuguese. As a result, an <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_embassy_to_Aceh" title="Ottoman embassy to Aceh">Ottoman expedition to Aceh</a> was launched, which was able to provide extensive military support to the Acehnese.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese</a> discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> in 1488 initiated <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_naval_expeditions_in_the_Indian_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean">a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars</a> in the Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Ajuran Sultanate allied with the Ottomans defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mediterranean_and_North_Africa">Mediterranean and North Africa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1542–46">Italian War of 1542–46</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Preveza_(1538).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barbarossa_(Ottoman_admiral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarossa (Ottoman admiral)">Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha</a> defeats the Holy League under the command of <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria" title="Andrea Doria">Andrea Doria</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Battle of Preveza</a> in 1538</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg/220px-Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg/330px-Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg/440px-Francois_I_Suleiman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4086" data-file-height="2451" /></a><figcaption>France's King Francis I never met Suleiman, but they created a <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a> from the 1530s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Having consolidated his conquests on land, Suleiman was greeted with the news that the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Koroni" title="Koroni">Koroni</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morea" title="Morea">Morea</a> (the modern <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, peninsular Greece) had been lost to <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>'s admiral, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria" title="Andrea Doria">Andrea Doria</a>. The presence of the Spanish in the Eastern Mediterranean concerned Suleiman, who saw it as an early indication of Charles V's intention to rival Ottoman dominance in the region. Recognizing the need to reassert naval preeminence in the Mediterranean, Suleiman appointed an exceptional naval commander in the form of <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Khair ad Din</a>, known to Europeans as <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Barbarossa</a>. Once appointed admiral-in-chief, Barbarossa was charged with rebuilding the Ottoman fleet. </p><p>In 1535, Charles V led a Holy League of 26,700 soldiers (10,000 Spaniards, 8,000 Italians, 8,000 Germans, and 700 Knights of St. John)<sup id="cite_ref-Clodfelter_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clodfelter-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to victory against the Ottomans at <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, which together with the war against <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> the following year, led Suleiman to accept proposals from <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">an alliance against Charles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Imber_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imber-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51">: 51 </span></sup> Huge Muslim territories in North Africa were annexed. The piracy carried on thereafter by the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> of North Africa can be seen in the context of the wars against Spain. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_malta_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Siege_of_malta_1.jpg/220px-Siege_of_malta_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Siege_of_malta_1.jpg/330px-Siege_of_malta_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Siege_of_malta_1.jpg/440px-Siege_of_malta_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>The siege of Malta in 1565: arrival of the Turkish fleet, by <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Perez_d%27Aleccio" class="mw-redirect" title="Matteo Perez d'Aleccio">Matteo Perez d'Aleccio</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1541, the Spaniards led an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">expedition to Algiers</a>. In 1542, facing a common Habsburg enemy during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>, Francis I sought to renew the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a>. In early 1542, Polin successfully negotiated the details of the alliance, with the Ottoman Empire promising to send 60,000 troops against the territories of the German king Ferdinand, as well as 150 galleys against Charles, while France promised to attack <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, harass the coasts of Spain with a naval force, and send 40 galleys to assist the Turks for operations in the Levant.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1551, Ottoman naval commander <a href="/wiki/Turgut_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgut Reis">Turgut Reis</a> attacked and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">captured Tripoli</a>, which had been a possession of the Knights of Malta since 1530. In 1553, Turgut Reis was nominated commander of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> by Suleiman, making the city an important center for <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">piratical raids</a> in the Mediterranean and the capital of the Ottoman province of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1560, a powerful naval force was sent to recapture Tripoli, but that force was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Battle of Djerba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elsewhere in the Mediterranean, when the Knights Hospitallers were re-established as the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights of Malta</a> in 1530, their actions against Muslim navies quickly drew the ire of the Ottomans, who assembled another massive army in order to dislodge the Knights from Malta. The Ottomans invaded Malta in 1565, undertaking the <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta</a>, which began on 18 May and lasted until 8 September, and is portrayed vividly in the frescoes of <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Perez_d%27Aleccio" class="mw-redirect" title="Matteo Perez d'Aleccio">Matteo Perez d'Aleccio</a> in the Hall of St. Michael and St. George. At first, it seemed that this would be a repeat of the battle on Rhodes, with most of Malta's cities destroyed and half the Knights killed in battle; but a relief force from Spain entered the battle, resulting in the loss of 10,000 Ottoman troops and the victory of the local Maltese citizenry.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_and_political_reforms">Legal and political reforms</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madina_trip_176.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Madina_trip_176.jpg/170px-Madina_trip_176.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Madina_trip_176.jpg/255px-Madina_trip_176.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Madina_trip_176.jpg/340px-Madina_trip_176.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="3968" /></a><figcaption>Suleiman I plate at al-Masjid al-Nabawi – Medina</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suleiman_the_Magnificent_receives_an_Ambassador-by_Matrakci_Nasuh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Suleiman_the_Magnificent_receives_an_Ambassador-by_Matrakci_Nasuh.jpg/170px-Suleiman_the_Magnificent_receives_an_Ambassador-by_Matrakci_Nasuh.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Suleiman_the_Magnificent_receives_an_Ambassador-by_Matrakci_Nasuh.jpg/255px-Suleiman_the_Magnificent_receives_an_Ambassador-by_Matrakci_Nasuh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Suleiman_the_Magnificent_receives_an_Ambassador-by_Matrakci_Nasuh.jpg/340px-Suleiman_the_Magnificent_receives_an_Ambassador-by_Matrakci_Nasuh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Suleiman the Magnificent receives an ambassador (painting by <a href="/wiki/Matrak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Nasuh" title="Matrakçı Nasuh">Matrakçı Nasuh</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>While Sultan Suleiman was known as "the Magnificent" in the West, he was always <i>Kanuni</i> Suleiman or "The Lawgiver" (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">قانونی</span></span>) to his Ottoman subjects. The overriding law of the empire was the <a href="/wiki/Shari%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shari'ah">Shari'ah</a>, or Sacred Law, which as the divine law of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was outside of the Sultan's powers to change. Yet an area of distinct law known as the <i>Kanuns</i> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">قانون</span></span>, canonical legislation) was dependent on Suleiman's will alone, covering areas such as criminal law, land tenure and taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-Imber_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imber-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 244">: 244 </span></sup> He collected all the judgments that had been issued by the nine Ottoman Sultans who preceded him. After eliminating duplications and choosing between contradictory statements, he issued a single legal code, all the while being careful not to violate the basic laws of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenblatt_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenblatt-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> It was within this framework that Suleiman, supported by his <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti" title="Grand Mufti">Grand Mufti</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Ebussuud_el-%C4%B0madi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet Ebussuud el-İmadi">Ebussuud</a>, sought to reform the legislation to adapt to a rapidly changing empire. When the Kanun laws attained their final form, the code of laws became known as the <i>kanun‐i Osmani</i> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">قانون عثمانی</span></span>), or the "Ottoman laws". Suleiman's legal code was to last more than three hundred years.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenblatt_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenblatt-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> </p><p>The Sultan also played a role in protecting the Jewish subjects of his empire for centuries to come. In late 1553 or 1554, on the suggestion of his favorite doctor and dentist, the Spanish Jew <a href="/wiki/Moses_Hamon" title="Moses Hamon">Moses Hamon</a>, the Sultan issued a <i><a href="/wiki/Firman_(decree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firman (decree)">firman</a></i> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">فرمان</span></span>) formally denouncing <a href="/wiki/Blood_libels" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood libels">blood libels</a> against the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansel_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 124">: 124 </span></sup> Furthermore, Suleiman enacted new criminal and police legislation, prescribing a set of fines for specific offenses, as well as reducing the instances requiring death or mutilation. In the area of taxation, taxes were levied on various goods and produce, including animals, mines, profits of trade, and import-export duties. </p><p>Higher <i>medreses</i> provided education of university status, whose graduates became <i>imams</i> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">امام</span></span>) or teachers. Educational centers were often one of many buildings surrounding the courtyards of mosques, others included libraries, baths, soup kitchens, residences and hospitals for the benefit of the public.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_arts_under_Suleiman">The arts under Suleiman</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_of_Prisonsers_Belgrade-Suleymanname.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Execution_of_Prisonsers_Belgrade-Suleymanname.jpg/170px-Execution_of_Prisonsers_Belgrade-Suleymanname.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Execution_of_Prisonsers_Belgrade-Suleymanname.jpg/255px-Execution_of_Prisonsers_Belgrade-Suleymanname.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Execution_of_Prisonsers_Belgrade-Suleymanname.jpg/340px-Execution_of_Prisonsers_Belgrade-Suleymanname.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> miniature from the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanname" title="Süleymanname">Süleymanname</a> depicting the <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_elephant" title="Execution by elephant">execution by elephant</a> of defeated enemy in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tughra_Suleiman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tughra_Suleiman.jpg/220px-Tughra_Suleiman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tughra_Suleiman.jpg/330px-Tughra_Suleiman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tughra_Suleiman.jpg/440px-Tughra_Suleiman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3907" data-file-height="3153" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a> of Suleiman the Magnificent</figcaption></figure> <p>Under Suleiman's patronage, the Ottoman Empire entered the golden age of its <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">cultural development</a>. Hundreds of imperial artistic societies (called the <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">اهل حرف</span></span> <i>Ehl-i Hiref</i>, "Community of the Craftsmen") were administered at the Imperial seat, the <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a>. After an apprenticeship, artists and craftsmen could advance in rank within their field and were paid commensurate wages in quarterly annual installments. Payroll registers that survive testify to the breadth of Suleiman's patronage of the arts, the earliest of the documents dating from 1526 list 40 societies with over 600 members. The <i>Ehl-i Hiref</i> attracted the empire's most talented artisans to the Sultan's court, both from the Islamic world and from the recently conquered territories in Europe, resulting in a blend of Arabic, Turkish and European cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-atil24_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atil24-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artisans in service of the court included painters, book binders, furriers, jewellers and goldsmiths. Whereas previous rulers had been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Persian culture</a> (Suleiman's father, Selim I, wrote poetry in Persian), Suleiman's patronage of the arts saw the Ottoman Empire assert its own artistic legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansel_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 70">: 70 </span></sup> </p><p>Suleiman himself was an accomplished poet, writing in Persian and Turkish under the <a href="/wiki/Takhallus" title="Takhallus">takhallus</a> (nom de plume) <i>Muhibbi</i> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">محبی</span></span>, "Lover"). Some of Suleiman's verses have become Turkish proverbs, such as the well-known <i>Everyone aims at the same meaning, but many are the versions of the story</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs a reliable source. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. When his young son <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed" title="Şehzade Mehmed">Mehmed</a> died in 1543, he composed a moving <a href="/wiki/Chronogram" title="Chronogram">chronogram</a> to commemorate the year: <i>Peerless among princes, my Sultan Mehmed</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Turkish the chronogram reads <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">شهزاده‌لر گزیده‌سی سلطان محمدم</span></span> (<i>Şehzadeler güzidesi Sultan Muhammed'üm</i>), in which the Arabic <a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad numerals</a> total 955, the equivalent in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a> of 1543 AD. In addition to Suleiman's own work, many great talents enlivened the literary world during Suleiman's rule, including <a href="/wiki/Fuz%C3%BBl%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzûlî">Fuzûlî</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A2k%C3%AE" title="Bâkî">Bâkî</a>. The literary historian <a href="/wiki/Elias_John_Wilkinson_Gibb" title="Elias John Wilkinson Gibb">Elias John Wilkinson Gibb</a> observed that "at no time, even in Turkey, was greater encouragement given to poetry than during the reign of this Sultan".<sup id="cite_ref-byegm_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byegm-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suleiman's most famous verse is: </p> <div style="margin-left:2em" class="poem"> <p>The people think of wealth and power as the greatest fate,<br /> But in this world a spell of health is the best state.<br /> What men call sovereignty is a worldly strife and constant war;<br /> Worship of God is the highest throne, the happiest of all estates.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansel_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 84">: 84 </span></sup> </p> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cour_mosquee_Suleymaniye_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cour_mosquee_Suleymaniye_Istanbul.jpg/220px-Cour_mosquee_Suleymaniye_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cour_mosquee_Suleymaniye_Istanbul.jpg/330px-Cour_mosquee_Suleymaniye_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cour_mosquee_Suleymaniye_Istanbul.jpg/440px-Cour_mosquee_Suleymaniye_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="2840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a> in Istanbul, built by <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a>, Suleiman's chief architect.</figcaption></figure> <p>Suleiman also became renowned for sponsoring a series of monumental <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture#Classical_period_(1437–1703)" title="Ottoman architecture">architectural</a> developments within his empire. The Sultan sought to turn Constantinople into the center of Islamic civilization by a series of projects, including bridges, mosques, palaces and various charitable and social establishments. The greatest of these were built by the Sultan's chief architect, <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a>, under whom Ottoman architecture reached its zenith. Sinan became responsible for over three hundred monuments throughout the empire, including his two masterpieces, the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque_(Edirne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Selimiye Mosque (Edirne)">Selimiye</a> mosques—the latter built in Adrianople (now <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>) in the reign of Suleiman's son <a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a>. Suleiman also restored the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> in Jerusalem and the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Jerusalem" title="Walls of Jerusalem">Walls of Jerusalem</a> (which are the current walls of the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City of Jerusalem</a>), renovated the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, and constructed a complex in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tulips">Tulips</h3></div> <p>Suleiman loved gardens and his <a href="/wiki/Shaykh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaykh">shaykh</a> grew a white tulip in one of the gardens. Some of the nobles in the court had seen the tulip and they also began growing their own.<sup id="cite_ref-tulips_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tulips-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon images of the tulip were woven into rugs and fired into ceramics.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suleiman is credited with large-scale cultivation of the tulip and it is thought that the tulips spread throughout Europe because of Suleiman. It is thought that diplomats who visited him were gifted the flowers while visiting his court.<sup id="cite_ref-Osman_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osman-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tulip_in_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tulip_in_Turkey.jpg/220px-Tulip_in_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tulip_in_Turkey.jpg/330px-Tulip_in_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tulip_in_Turkey.jpg/440px-Tulip_in_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>A vibrant tulip in Turkey, symbolizing the country's deep historical and cultural connection with this beloved flower.</figcaption></figure> <p>Suleiman’s passion for tulips set a precedent for their cultivation and cultural significance in the Ottoman Empire. This fascination continued to flourish, reaching its zenith under Sultan Ahmet III, who ascended the throne in 1703. Ahmet III’s gardens in Istanbul were adorned with tulips from Turkey’s mountains and the finest bulbs imported from Dutch commercial growers. Throughout his reign, he imported millions of Dutch tulip bulbs, reflecting the enduring legacy of Suleiman’s influence and the extravagant height of tulip culture during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consorts">Consorts</h3></div> <p>Suleiman had two known consorts: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahidevran" title="Mahidevran">Mahidevran Hatun</a>, a Circassian or Albanian or Montenegrin concubine,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yermolenko_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yermolenko-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she entered in Süleyman's harem when he was prince in Manisa;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeirce199360_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeirce199360-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxelana" title="Roxelana">Hürrem Sultan</a>, known in West as Roxelana (m. 1533), Suleiman's only favorite concubine during his reign, and later legal wife and first <a href="/wiki/Haseki_sultan" title="Haseki sultan">Haseki sultan</a>, possibly a daughter of a <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> priest.<sup id="cite_ref-yermolenko_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yermolenko-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sons">Sons</h3></div> <p>Suleiman I had at least eight sons: </p> <ul><li>Şehzade Mahmud (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1513</span>, Manisa Palace, Manisa – 29 October 1520, Old Palace, Istanbul, and buried in <a href="/wiki/Yavuz_Selim_Mosque" title="Yavuz Selim Mosque">Yavuz Selim Mosque</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-hakki_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hakki-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Şehzade Murad (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1515</span>, Manisa Palace, Manisa – 19 October 1520, Old Palace, and Istanbul, buried in Yavuz Selim Mosque);<sup id="cite_ref-hakki_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hakki-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mustafa" title="Şehzade Mustafa">Şehzade Mustafa</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1516/1517, Manisa Palace, Manisa – executed, by the order of his father, 6 October 1553, <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>, buried in <a href="/wiki/Muradiye_Complex" title="Muradiye Complex">Muradiye Complex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>), with Mahidevran;<sup id="cite_ref-sahin_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sahin-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed" title="Şehzade Mehmed">Şehzade Mehmed</a> (1521, Old Palace, Istanbul – 6 November 1543, Manisa Palace, Manisa, buried in <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mosque" title="Şehzade Mosque">Şehzade Mosque</a>, Istanbul), with Hürrem;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Sultan Selim II</a> (30 May 1524, Old Palace, Istanbul – 15 December 1574, Topkapı Palace, Istanbul, buried in Selim II Mausoleum, <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> Mosque), with Hürrem;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Abdullah" title="Şehzade Abdullah">Şehzade Abdullah</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1525</span>, Old Palace, Istanbul – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1528</span>, Old Palace, Istanbul, and buried in Yavuz Selim Mosque),<sup id="cite_ref-hakki_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hakki-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Hürrem;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeirce199360_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeirce199360-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeirce201758_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeirce201758-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Bayezid" title="Şehzade Bayezid">Şehzade Bayezid</a> (1527, Old Palace, Istanbul – executed by agents of his father on 25 September 1561, <a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid Empire</a>, buried in Melik-i Acem Türbe, <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a>), with Hürrem;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeirce201758_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeirce201758-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Cihangir" title="Şehzade Cihangir">Şehzade Cihangir</a> (1531, Old Palace, Istanbul – 27 November 1553, <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>, buried in <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mosque" title="Şehzade Mosque">Şehzade Mosque</a>, Istanbul), with Hürrem;</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daughters">Daughters</h3></div> <p>Süleyman had two daughters: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raziye_Sultan" title="Raziye Sultan">Raziye Sultan</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1519 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1520, and buried in Yahya Efendi mausoleum);<sup id="cite_ref-Okan_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okan-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrimah_Sultan_(daughter_of_Suleiman_I)" title="Mihrimah Sultan (daughter of Suleiman I)">Mihrimah Sultan</a> (1522, Old Palace, Istanbul – 25 January 1578, buried in Suleiman I Mausoleum, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a>), with Hürrem, married <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha" title="Rüstem Pasha">Rüstem Pasha</a> in 1539;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeirce199360_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeirce199360-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYermolenko2005233_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYermolenko2005233-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUluçay199265_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUluçay199265-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Hurrem_Sultan">Relationship with Hurrem Sultan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khourrem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Khourrem.jpg/170px-Khourrem.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Khourrem.jpg/255px-Khourrem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Khourrem.jpg/340px-Khourrem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>16th-century oil painting of Hurrem Sultan</figcaption></figure> <p>Suleiman fell in love with <a href="/wiki/Roxelana" title="Roxelana">Hurrem Sultan</a>, a harem girl from <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a>, then part of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Poland</a>. Western diplomats, taking notice of the palace gossip about her, called her "Russelazie" or "Roxelana", referring to her Ruthenian origins.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The daughter of an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> priest, she was <a href="/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Nogai_raids_into_East_Slavic_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean–Nogai raids into East Slavic lands">captured by Tatars</a> from <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a>, sold as a <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">slave</a> in Constantinople, and eventually rose through the ranks of the Harem to become Suleiman's <a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">favorite</a>. Hurrem, a former concubine, became the legal wife of the Sultan, much to the astonishment of the observers in the palace and the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansel_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 86">: 86 </span></sup> He also allowed Hurrem Sultan to remain with him at court for the rest of her life, breaking another tradition—that when imperial heirs came of age, they would be sent along with the imperial concubine who bore them to govern remote provinces of the Empire, never to return unless their progeny succeeded to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Imber_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imber-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90">: 90 </span></sup> </p><p>Under his pen name, Muhibbi, Sultan Suleiman composed this poem for Hurrem Sultan: </p> <div style="margin-left:2em" class="poem"> <p>Throne of my lonely niche, my wealth, my love, my moonlight.<br /> My most sincere friend, my confidant, my very existence, my Sultan, my one and only love.<br /> The most beautiful among the beautiful ...<br /> My springtime, my merry faced love, my daytime, my sweetheart, laughing leaf ...<br /> My plants, my sweet, my rose, the one only who does not distress me in this room ...<br /> My Istanbul, my karaman, the earth of my Anatolia<br /> My Badakhshan, my Baghdad and Khorasan<br /> My woman of the beautiful hair, my love of the slanted brow, my love of eyes full of misery ...<br /> I'll sing your praises always<br /> I, lover of the tormented heart, Muhibbi of the eyes full of tears, I am happy.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_Vizier_Pargalı_Ibrahim_Pasha"><span id="Grand_Vizier_Pargal.C4.B1_Ibrahim_Pasha"></span>Grand Vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suleiman_I_after_the_capture_of_Buda,_1529.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Suleiman_I_after_the_capture_of_Buda%2C_1529.jpg/170px-Suleiman_I_after_the_capture_of_Buda%2C_1529.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Suleiman_I_after_the_capture_of_Buda%2C_1529.jpg/255px-Suleiman_I_after_the_capture_of_Buda%2C_1529.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Suleiman_I_after_the_capture_of_Buda%2C_1529.jpg/340px-Suleiman_I_after_the_capture_of_Buda%2C_1529.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2262" data-file-height="3319" /></a><figcaption>Suleiman awaits the arrival of his <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Pargal%C4%B1_Ibrahim_Pasha" title="Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha">Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha</a> at <a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a>, 1529.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before his downfall, <a href="/wiki/Pargal%C4%B1_Ibrahim_Pasha" title="Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha">Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha</a> was an inseparable friend and possible lover of Suleiman. In fact, he is referred to by his chroniclers as "the favourite" (Maḳbūl) along with "the executed" (Maḳtūl).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians state that Suleiman I is remembered for "his passion for two of his slaves: for his beloved Ibrahim when the sultan was a hot-blooded youth, and for his beloved Hurrem when he was mature."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibrahim was originally a Christian from <a href="/wiki/Parga" title="Parga">Parga</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>), who was captured in a raid during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1499%E2%80%931503)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503)">1499–1503 Ottoman–Venetian War</a>, and was given as a slave to Suleiman most likely in 1514.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibrahim converted to Islam and Suleiman made him the royal <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">falconer</a>, then promoted him to first officer of the Royal Bedchamber.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansel_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 87">: 87 </span></sup> It was reported that they slept together in the same bed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sultan also built Ibrahim a lavish palace on the ancient <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome" title="Hippodrome">Hippodrome</a>, Istanbul's main forum outside the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a>. Despite his following marriage and his new sumptuous residence, Ibrahim sometimes spent the night with Suleiman I at Topkapı Palace. In turn, the sultan occasionally slept at Ibrahim's lodgings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibrahim Pasha rose to <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> in 1523 and commander-in-chief of all the armies. Suleiman also conferred upon Ibrahim Pasha the honor of <i><a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbey</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a> (first-ranking military governor-general), granting Ibrahim authority over all Ottoman territories in Europe, as well as command of troops residing within them in times of war. At the time, Ibrahim was only about thirty years old and lacked any actual military expertise; it is said that 'tongues wagged' at this unprecedented promotion straight from palace service to the two highest offices of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his thirteen years as Grand Vizier, his rapid rise to power and vast accumulation of wealth had made Ibrahim many enemies at the Sultan's court. Suleiman's suspicion of Ibrahim was worsened by a quarrel between the latter and the finance secretary (<i><a href="/wiki/Defterdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Defterdar">defterdar</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skender_%C3%87elebi" title="İskender Çelebi">İskender Çelebi</a>. The dispute ended in the disgrace of Çelebi on charges of intrigue, with Ibrahim convincing Suleiman to sentence the <i>defterdar</i> to death. Ibrahim also supported Şehzade Mustafa as the successor of Suleiman. This caused disputes between him and Hurrem Sultan, who wanted her sons to succeed to the throne. Ibrahim eventually fell from grace with the Sultan and his wife. Suleiman consulted his <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Qadi</a>, who suggested that Ibrahim be put to death. The Sultan recruited assassins and ordered them to strangle Ibrahim in his sleep.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession">Succession</h2></div> <p>Sultan Suleiman's two known consorts (Hurrem and Mahidevran) had borne him six sons, four of whom survived past the 1550s. They were <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mustafa" title="Şehzade Mustafa">Mustafa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Bayezid" title="Şehzade Bayezid">Bayezid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Cihangir" title="Şehzade Cihangir">Cihangir</a>. The eldest was <a href="/wiki/Mahidevran" title="Mahidevran">Mahidevran</a>'s son, while Selim, Bayezid, and Cihangir were born to Hurrem. Hurrem is usually held at least partly responsible for the intrigues in nominating a successor, though there is no evidence to support this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeirce199360_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeirce199360-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although she was Suleiman's wife, she exercised no official public role. This did not, however, prevent Hurrem from wielding powerful political influence. Until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_I" title="Ahmed I">Ahmed I</a> (1603-1617), the Empire had no formal means of nominating a successor, so successions usually involved the death of competing princes in order to avert civil unrest and rebellions. </p><p>By 1552, when the campaign against Persia had begun with Rüstem appointed commander-in-chief of the expedition, intrigues against Mustafa began. Rüstem sent one of Suleiman's most trusted men to report that since Suleiman was not at the head of the army, the soldiers thought the time had come to put a younger prince on the throne; at the same time, he spread rumours that Mustafa had proved receptive to the idea. Angered by what he came to believe were Mustafa's plans to claim the throne, the following summer upon return from his campaign in Persia, Suleiman summoned him to his tent in the <a href="/wiki/Ere%C4%9Fli,_Konya" title="Ereğli, Konya">Ereğli valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Mustafa entered his father's tent to meet with him, Suleiman's <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a> attacked Mustafa, and after a long struggle the mutes killed him using a bow-string. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultani_of_Suleiman_I,_1520.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sultani_of_Suleiman_I%2C_1520.jpg/220px-Sultani_of_Suleiman_I%2C_1520.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sultani_of_Suleiman_I%2C_1520.jpg/330px-Sultani_of_Suleiman_I%2C_1520.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sultani_of_Suleiman_I%2C_1520.jpg/440px-Sultani_of_Suleiman_I%2C_1520.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman <i><a href="/wiki/Sultani" title="Sultani">sultani</a></i> minted during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent</figcaption></figure> <p>Cihangir is said to have died of grief a few months after the news of his half-brother's murder.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansel_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 89">: 89 </span></sup><span class="anchor" id="Civil_war"></span> The two surviving brothers, <a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Bayezid" title="Şehzade Bayezid">Bayezid</a>, were given command in different parts of the empire. Within a few years, however, civil war broke out between the brothers, each supported by his loyal forces. With the aid of his father's army, Selim defeated Bayezid in <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a> in 1559, leading the latter to seek refuge with the <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a> along with his four sons. Following diplomatic exchanges, the Sultan demanded from the <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_I" title="Tahmasp I">Safavid Shah</a> that Bayezid be either extradited or executed. In return for large amounts of gold, the Shah allowed a Turkish executioner to strangle Bayezid and his four sons in 1561,<sup id="cite_ref-Mansel_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 89">: 89 </span></sup> clearing the path for Selim's succession to the throne five years later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Szigetv%C3%A1r" title="Siege of Szigetvár">Siege of Szigetvár</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:318px;max-width:318px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_body_of_Suleiman_I_arrives_to_Belgrade,_Selim_II_is_waiting_for_it_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_body_of_Suleiman_I_arrives_to_Belgrade%2C_Selim_II_is_waiting_for_it_B.jpg/100px-The_body_of_Suleiman_I_arrives_to_Belgrade%2C_Selim_II_is_waiting_for_it_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_body_of_Suleiman_I_arrives_to_Belgrade%2C_Selim_II_is_waiting_for_it_B.jpg/150px-The_body_of_Suleiman_I_arrives_to_Belgrade%2C_Selim_II_is_waiting_for_it_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_body_of_Suleiman_I_arrives_to_Belgrade%2C_Selim_II_is_waiting_for_it_B.jpg/200px-The_body_of_Suleiman_I_arrives_to_Belgrade%2C_Selim_II_is_waiting_for_it_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2085" data-file-height="3234" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Funeral_of_Sultan_Suleyman_the_Magnificent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_Funeral_of_Sultan_Suleyman_the_Magnificent.jpg/210px-The_Funeral_of_Sultan_Suleyman_the_Magnificent.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_Funeral_of_Sultan_Suleyman_the_Magnificent.jpg/315px-The_Funeral_of_Sultan_Suleyman_the_Magnificent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_Funeral_of_Sultan_Suleyman_the_Magnificent.jpg/420px-The_Funeral_of_Sultan_Suleyman_the_Magnificent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The body of Suleiman I arrives to Belgrade. (left) The funeral of Suleiman I. (right)</div></div></div></div> <p>On 6 September 1566, Suleiman, who had set out from Constantinople to command an expedition to Hungary, died before an Ottoman victory at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Szigetv%C3%A1r" title="Siege of Szigetvár">siege of Szigetvár</a> in Hungary at the age of 71<sup id="cite_ref-AG-BM-encyc_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AG-BM-encyc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 545">: 545 </span></sup> and his Grand Vizier <a href="/wiki/Sokollu_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Sokollu Mehmed Pasha">Sokollu Mehmed Pasha</a> kept his death secret during the retreat for the enthronement of <a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a>. The sultan's body was taken back to Istanbul to be buried, while his heart, liver, and some other organs were buried in <a href="/wiki/Turb%C3%A9k" title="Turbék">Turbék</a>, outside <a href="/wiki/Szigetv%C3%A1r" title="Szigetvár">Szigetvár</a>. A mausoleum constructed above the burial site came to be regarded as a holy place and pilgrimage site. Within a decade a mosque and <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> hospice were built near it, and the site was protected by a salaried garrison of several dozen men.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Ottoman decline thesis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OttomanEmpire1566.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/OttomanEmpire1566.png/220px-OttomanEmpire1566.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/OttomanEmpire1566.png/330px-OttomanEmpire1566.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/OttomanEmpire1566.png/440px-OttomanEmpire1566.png 2x" data-file-width="3596" data-file-height="2581" /></a><figcaption>The Ottoman Empire at the time of the death of Suleiman I</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_S%C3%BCleyman_T%C3%BCrbesi_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sultan_S%C3%BCleyman_T%C3%BCrbesi_01.jpg/220px-Sultan_S%C3%BCleyman_T%C3%BCrbesi_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sultan_S%C3%BCleyman_T%C3%BCrbesi_01.jpg/330px-Sultan_S%C3%BCleyman_T%C3%BCrbesi_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sultan_S%C3%BCleyman_T%C3%BCrbesi_01.jpg/440px-Sultan_S%C3%BCleyman_T%C3%BCrbesi_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4774" data-file-height="3302" /></a><figcaption>Burial place of Suleiman I at Süleymaniye Mosque</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Suleiman_(1494-1566).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Suleiman_%281494-1566%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Suleiman_%281494-1566%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Suleiman_%281494-1566%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Suleiman_%281494-1566%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Suleiman_%281494-1566%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_Suleiman_%281494-1566%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3587" /></a><figcaption>Suleiman's marble portrait in the US Capitol</figcaption></figure> <p>The formation of Suleiman's legacy began even before his death. Throughout his reign literary works were commissioned praising Suleiman and constructing an image of him as an ideal ruler, most significantly by Celalzade Mustafa, <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1" title="Nişancı">chancellor</a> of the empire from 1534 to 1557.<sup id="cite_ref-Empire-Power_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Empire-Power-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4–5, 250">: 4–5, 250 </span></sup> Later Ottoman writers applied this idealised image of Suleiman to the Near Eastern literary genre of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_advice_literature" title="Islamic advice literature">advice literature</a> named <i><a href="/wiki/Nasihatname" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasihatname">naṣīḥatnāme</a></i>, urging sultans to conform to his model of rulership and to maintain the empire's institutions in their sixteenth-century form. Such writers were pushing back against the political and institutional <a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">transformation</a> of the empire after the middle of the sixteenth century, and portrayed deviation from the norm as it had existed under Suleiman as evidence of the decline of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-HDouglas_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDouglas-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54–55, 64">: 54–55, 64 </span></sup> Western historians, failing to recognise that these 'decline writers' were working within an established literary genre and often had deeply personal reasons for criticizing the empire, long took their claims at face value and consequently adopted the idea that the empire entered a period of decline after the death of Suleiman.<sup id="cite_ref-HDouglas_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDouglas-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 73–77">: 73–77 </span></sup> Since the 1980s this view has been thoroughly reexamined, and modern scholars have come to overwhelmingly reject the idea of decline, labelling it an "untrue myth".<sup id="cite_ref-decline_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decline-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suleiman's conquests had brought under the control of the Empire major <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> cities (such as <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>), many <a href="/wiki/Balkan_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan peninsula">Balkan</a> provinces (reaching present day <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and Hungary), and most of North Africa. His expansion into Europe had given the Ottoman Turks a powerful presence in the European balance of power. Indeed, such was the perceived threat of the Ottoman Empire under the reign of Suleiman that Austria's ambassador <a href="/wiki/Ogier_Ghiselin_de_Busbecq" title="Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq">Busbecq</a> warned of Europe's imminent conquest: "On [the Turks'] side are the resources of a mighty empire, strength unimpaired, habituation to victory, endurance of toil, unity, discipline, frugality and watchfulness ... Can we doubt what the result will be? ... When the Turks have settled with Persia, they will fly at our throats supported by the might of the whole East; how unprepared we are I dare not say."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suleiman's legacy was not, however, merely in the military field. The French traveler <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Th%C3%A9venot" title="Jean de Thévenot">Jean de Thévenot</a> bears witness a century later to the "strong agricultural base of the country, the well being of the peasantry, the abundance of staple foods and the pre-eminence of organization in Suleiman's government".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even thirty years after his death, "Sultan Solyman" was quoted by the English playwright <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> as a military prodigy in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a></i>, where the Prince of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> boasts about his prowess by saying that he defeated Suleiman in three battles (Act 2, Scene 1).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the distribution of court patronage, Suleiman also presided over a golden age in Ottoman arts, witnessing immense achievement in the realms of architecture, literature, art, theology and philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-atil24_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atil24-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the skyline of the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a> and of many cities in modern Turkey and the former Ottoman provinces, are still adorned with the architectural works of <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a>. One of these, the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a>, is the final resting place of Suleiman: he is buried in a domed mausoleum attached to the mosque. </p><p>Nevertheless, assessments of Suleiman's reign have frequently fallen into the trap of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Man_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Man theory">Great Man theory</a> of history. The administrative, cultural, and military achievements of the age were a product not of Suleiman alone, but also of the many talented figures who served him, such as grand viziers <a href="/wiki/Pargal%C4%B1_Ibrahim_Pasha" title="Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha">Ibrahim Pasha</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha" title="Rüstem Pasha">Rüstem Pasha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaykh al-Islam">Grand Mufti</a> <a href="/wiki/Ebussuud_Efendi" title="Ebussuud Efendi">Ebussuud Efendi</a>, who played a major role in legal reform, and <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1" title="Nişancı">chancellor</a> and chronicler Celalzade Mustafa, who played a major role in bureaucratic expansion and in constructing Suleiman's legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-AG-BM-encyc_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AG-BM-encyc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 542">: 542 </span></sup> </p><p>In an inscription dating from 1537 on the citadel of <a href="/wiki/Bender,_Moldova" title="Bender, Moldova">Bender, Moldova</a>, Suleiman the Magnificent gave expression to his power:<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I am God's slave and sultan of this world. By the grace of God I am head of Muhammad's community. God's might and Muhammad's miracles are my companions. I am Süleymân, in whose name the hutbe is read in Mecca and Medina. In Baghdad I am the shah, in Byzantine realms the caesar, and in Egypt the sultan; who sends his fleets to the seas of Europe, the Maghrib and India. I am the sultan who took the crown and throne of Hungary and granted them to a humble slave. The voivoda Petru raised his head in revolt, but my horse's hoofs ground him into the dust, and I conquered the land of Moldovia.</p></blockquote> <p>Suleiman, as sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kiselewski" title="Joseph Kiselewski">Joseph Kiselewski</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is present on one of the 23 relief portraits over the gallery doors of the House Chamber of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> that depicts historical figures noted for their work in establishing the principles that underlie <a href="/wiki/American_law" class="mw-redirect" title="American law">American law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revolts_during_Suleiman%27s_reign" class="mw-redirect" title="List of revolts during Suleiman's reign">List of revolts during Suleiman's reign</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhte%C5%9Fem_Y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l" title="Muhteşem Yüzyıl">Muhteşem Yüzyıl</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-caesar-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caesar_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caesar_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caesar_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDimitri_Korobeinikov2021" class="citation book cs1">Dimitri Korobeinikov (2021). "These are the narratives of bygone years: Conquest of a Fortress as a Source of Legitimacy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medievalworlds.net/0xc1aa5576%200x003d0810.pdf"><i>medieval worlds comparative & interdisciplinary studies</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 14. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. p. 180. <q>That the Ottomans might have had a different view was demonstrated by Sultan Sulaymān the Magnificent, who called himself the shah of Baghdad in 'Iraq (Shah-i Bagdād-i 'Irāq), the Caesar of Rome (qayṣar-i Rūm), and the sultan in Egypt (Miṣra (i.e. Mısıra) Sulṭān) in the inscription in the fortress of Bender (Bendery, Tighina) in Moldova, AH 945 (29 May 1538–18 May 1539). The title qayṣar-i Rūm (Caesar of Rome) was a traditional designation of the Byzantine emperor in Persian and Ottoman sources (from the Arabic al-qayṣar al-Rūm).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=These+are+the+narratives+of+bygone+years%3A+Conquest+of+a+Fortress+as+a+Source+of+Legitimacy&rft.btitle=medieval+worlds+comparative+%26+interdisciplinary+studies&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Austrian+Academy+of+Sciences+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Dimitri+Korobeinikov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medievalworlds.net%2F0xc1aa5576%25200x003d0810.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Oriental Translation Fund</i>. 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Houston, Texas: Aramco Services Co: 24–33. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1530-5821">1530-5821</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198704/the.golden.age.of.ottoman.art.htm">the original</a> on 6 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=The+Golden+Age+of+Ottoman+Art&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=24-33&rft.date=1987-07%2F1987-08&rft.issn=1530-5821&rft.aulast=At%C4%B1l&rft.aufirst=Esin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F198704%2Fthe.golden.age.of.ottoman.art.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-decline-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-decline_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-decline_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHathaway2008" class="citation book cs1">Hathaway, Jane (2008). <i>The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1800</i>. Pearson Education Ltd. p. 8. <q>historians of the Ottoman Empire have rejected the narrative of decline in favor of one of crisis and adaptation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Lands+under+Ottoman+Rule%2C+1516%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Hathaway&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTezcan2010" class="citation book cs1">Tezcan, Baki (2010). <i>The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern Period</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. <q>the conventional narrative of Ottoman history – that in the late sixteenth century the Ottoman Empire entered a prolonged period of decline marked by steadily increasing military decay and institutional corruption – has been discarded.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Ottoman+Empire%3A+Political+and+Social+Transformation+in+the+Early+Modern+Period&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Tezcan&rft.aufirst=Baki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhead2011" class="citation book cs1">Woodhead, Christine (2011). "Introduction". 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Istanbul: The Isis Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-428-052-5" title="Special:BookSources/975-428-052-5"><bdi>975-428-052-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+the+Golden+Age%3A+Ottoman+Historical+Consciousness+in+the+Post-S%C3%BCleym%C3%A2nic+Era&rft.btitle=S%C3%BCleyman+the+Second+%5Bi.e.+the+First%5D+and+His+Time&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=The+Isis+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=975-428-052-5&rft.aulast=Kafadar&rft.aufirst=Cemal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeinstein" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Veinstein, G. "Süleymān". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. Vol. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S%C3%BCleym%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.aulast=Veinstein&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowry1993" class="citation book cs1">Lowry, Heath (1993). "Süleymân's Formative Years in the City of Trabzon: Their Impact on the Future Sultan and the City". In İnalcık, Halil; Cemal Kafadar (eds.). <i>Süleyman the Second [i.e. the First] and His Time</i>. Istanbul: The Isis Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-428-052-5" title="Special:BookSources/975-428-052-5"><bdi>975-428-052-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S%C3%BCleym%C3%A2n%27s+Formative+Years+in+the+City+of+Trabzon%3A+Their+Impact+on+the+Future+Sultan+and+the+City&rft.btitle=S%C3%BCleyman+the+Second+%5Bi.e.+the+First%5D+and+His+Time&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=The+Isis+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=975-428-052-5&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=Heath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-life-and-family-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-life-and-family_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life-and-family_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1993" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Alan (1993). "The Life and Family of Süleymân I". In İnalcık, Halil; Kafadar, Cemal (eds.). <i>Süleymân The Second [i.e. the First] and His Time</i>. Istanbul: Isis Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9754280525" title="Special:BookSources/9754280525"><bdi>9754280525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Life+and+Family+of+S%C3%BCleym%C3%A2n+I&rft.btitle=S%C3%BCleym%C3%A2n+The+Second+%5Bi.e.+the+First%5D+and+His+Time&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=Isis+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9754280525&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber1973" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Noel (1973). <i>The Sultans</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7861-0682-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7861-0682-4"><bdi>0-7861-0682-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sultans&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-7861-0682-4&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Imber-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Imber_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imber_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imber_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imber_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imber_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imber_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imber_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imber_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImber2002" class="citation book cs1">Imber, Colin (2002). <i>The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650 : The Structure of Power</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-61386-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-61386-3"><bdi>978-0-333-61386-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300%E2%80%931650+%3A+The+Structure+of+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-61386-3&rft.aulast=Imber&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebSiegeOfRhodes-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ebSiegeOfRhodes_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunting" class="citation web cs1">Bunting, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Rhodes">"Siege of Rhodes"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Siege+of+Rhodes&rft.aulast=Bunting&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FSiege-of-Rhodes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublishing2009" class="citation book cs1">Publishing, D. K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fKG5VcYPtp0C&pg=PA397"><i>War: The Definitive Visual History</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0756668174" title="Special:BookSources/978-0756668174"><bdi>978-0756668174</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%3A+The+Definitive+Visual+History&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0756668174&rft.aulast=Publishing&rft.aufirst=D.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfKG5VcYPtp0C%26pg%3DPA397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clodfelter-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clodfelter_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8urEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23"><i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015</i></a> (14th ed.). McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786474707" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786474707"><bdi>978-0786474707</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0786474707&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8urEDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevery1987" class="citation journal cs1">Severy, Merle (November 1987). "The World of Süleyman the Magnificent". <i>National Geographic</i>. <b>172</b> (5). Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society: 580. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358">0027-9358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+World+of+S%C3%BCleyman+the+Magnificent&rft.volume=172&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=580&rft.date=1987-11&rft.issn=0027-9358&rft.aulast=Severy&rft.aufirst=Merle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiachir1972" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ciachir, N. (1972). "Soliman Magnificul" [Soliman the Magnificent]. <i>Editura enciclopedică română</i>. Bucharest. p. 157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soliman+Magnificul&rft.btitle=Editura+enciclopedic%C4%83+rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.pages=157&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Ciachir&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2003" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Stephen (2003). <i>The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire+1326%E2%80%931699&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabib1979" class="citation journal cs1">Labib, Subhi (November 1979). "The Era of Suleyman the Magnificent: Crisis of Orientation". <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (4). London: Cambridge University Press: 435–451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002074380005128X">10.1017/S002074380005128X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7438">0020-7438</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162249695">162249695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Era+of+Suleyman+the+Magnificent%3A+Crisis+of+Orientation&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=435-451&rft.date=1979-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162249695%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-7438&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002074380005128X&rft.aulast=Labib&rft.aufirst=Subhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonney, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Richard-Bonney-2/publication/233869226_Suleiman_the_Magnificent/links/0fcfd50c76535f3f21000000/Suleiman-the-Magnificent.pdf">"Suleiman I ("the Magnificent") (1494–1566)."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808191602/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Richard-Bonney-2/publication/233869226_Suleiman_the_Magnificent/links/0fcfd50c76535f3f21000000/Suleiman-the-Magnificent.pdf">Archived</a> 8 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Encyclopedia of War (2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Somel, Selcuk Aksin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tBoyoNNKh78C&pg=PA111">The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire. No. 152.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808191602/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tBoyoNNKh78C&lpg=PA111&pg=PA111">Archived</a> 8 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Rowman & Littlefield, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erasmus, Desiderius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6t2&pg=PA">The Correspondence of Erasmus: Letters 2635 to 2802 April 1532–April 1533. Vol. 19.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226065927/https://books.google.co.uk/?lpg=PA&hl=en">Archived</a> 26 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> University of Toronto Press, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E9-YfgVZDBkC&pg=PA94">History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280–1808. Vol. 1.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808191602/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E9-YfgVZDBkC&lpg=PA94&pg=PA94">Archived</a> 8 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Cambridge University Press, 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faroqhi, Suraiya N., and Kate Fleet, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uXdhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT70">The Cambridge History of Turkey: Volume 2, The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808191603/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uXdhBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PT70&pg=PT70">Archived</a> 8 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Cambridge University Press, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Istvan-Dobo">"István Dobó"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Istv%C3%A1n+Dob%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FIstvan-Dobo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sicker206-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sicker206_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sicker206_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSicker2000" class="citation book cs1">Sicker, Martin (2000). <i>The Islamic World In Ascendancy : From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna</i>. p. 206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World+In+Ascendancy+%3A+From+the+Arab+Conquests+to+the+Siege+of+Vienna&rft.pages=206&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Sicker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurak2015" class="citation book cs1">Burak, Guy (2015). <i>The Second Formation of Islamic Law: The Ḥanafī School in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire</i>. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47033-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47033-1"><bdi>0-521-47033-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+Atlas+of+Warfare%3A+Renaissance+to+Revolution%2C+1492%E2%80%931792%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-47033-1&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DneUKEvaYPZYC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coins From Mogadishu, c. 1300 to c. 1700 by G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1976" class="citation book cs1">Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgQNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA461"><i>The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571</i></a>. American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0871691613" title="Special:BookSources/978-0871691613"><bdi>978-0871691613</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant%2C+1204%E2%80%931571&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0871691613&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Meyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgQNAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period</i> Jamil M. Abun-Nasr p. 190 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC&pg=PA190">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730: chapters from the Cambridge history</i> by Vernon J. Parry p. 101 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nUs7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA101">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitev" class="citation web cs1">Mitev, Georgi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malta.com/about-malta/history-of-malta.html">"History of Malta and Gozo – From Prehistory to Independence"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Malta+and+Gozo+%E2%80%93+From+Prehistory+to+Independence&rft.aulast=Mitev&rft.aufirst=Georgi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.malta.com%2Fabout-malta%2Fhistory-of-malta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenblatt-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenblatt_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenblatt_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenblatt2003" class="citation book cs1">Greenblatt, Miriam (2003). <i>Süleyman the Magnificent and the Ottoman Empire</i>. New York: Benchmark Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1489-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1489-6"><bdi>978-0-7614-1489-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%BCleyman+the+Magnificent+and+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Benchmark+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-1489-6&rft.aulast=Greenblatt&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justin_McCarthy_(American_historian)" title="Justin McCarthy (American historian)">McCarthy, Justin</a> (1997). <i>The Ottoman Turks: An Introductory History to 1923</i>. 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(May 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turkcebilgi.org/kim-kimdir/m/muhibbi-kanuni-sultan-suleyman-31612.html">"Muhibbî (Kanunî Sultan Süleyman)"</a>. <i>turkcebilgi.org</i>. Türkçe Bilgi, Ansiklopedi, Sözlük.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=turkcebilgi.org&rft.atitle=Muhibb%C3%AE+%28Kanun%C3%AE+Sultan+S%C3%BCleyman%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkcebilgi.org%2Fkim-kimdir%2Fm%2Fmuhibbi-kanuni-sultan-suleyman-31612.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-byegm-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-byegm_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060309091926/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/yayinlarimiz/NEWSPOT/1999/JulyAug/N6.htm">"Halman, Suleyman the Magnificent Poet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.byegm.gov.tr/yayinlarimiz/NEWSPOT/1999/JulyAug/N6.htm">the original</a> on 9 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Halman%2C+Suleyman+the+Magnificent+Poet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.byegm.gov.tr%2Fyayinlarimiz%2FNEWSPOT%2F1999%2FJulyAug%2FN6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atıl, 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tulips-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tulips_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/life/2017/04/27/istanbuls-signature-flowers-plants-in-cologne-bottles">"Istanbul's signature flowers, plants in cologne bottles"</a>. Daily Sabah. 27 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Istanbul%27s+signature+flowers%2C+plants+in+cologne+bottles&rft.date=2017-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Flife%2F2017%2F04%2F27%2Fistanbuls-signature-flowers-plants-in-cologne-bottles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKling2017" class="citation news cs1">Kling, Cynthia (12 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-less-flashy-tulip-gardeners-are-planting-right-now-1507833349">"Wild Tulips: Get In On This Gardening Trend Now"</a>. The Wall Street Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wild+Tulips%3A+Get+In+On+This+Gardening+Trend+Now&rft.date=2017-10-12&rft.aulast=Kling&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-less-flashy-tulip-gardeners-are-planting-right-now-1507833349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osman-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Osman_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsman2022" class="citation news cs1">Osman, Nadda (24 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/middle-east-flowers-national-symbolism">"Five national flowers from the Middle East and the symbolism they hold"</a>. Middle East Eye<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Five+national+flowers+from+the+Middle+East+and+the+symbolism+they+hold&rft.date=2022-01-24&rft.aulast=Osman&rft.aufirst=Nadda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fdiscover%2Fmiddle-east-flowers-national-symbolism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amsterdam Tulip Museum, "The Tulip in Turkey," accessed September 17, 2024, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://amsterdamtulipmuseum.com/pages/the-tulip-in-turkey">https://amsterdamtulipmuseum.com/pages/the-tulip-in-turkey</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreely2001" class="citation book cs1">Freely, John (1 July 2001). <i>Inside the Seraglio: Private Lives of the Sultans in Istanbul</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140270563" title="Special:BookSources/9780140270563"><bdi>9780140270563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Seraglio%3A+Private+Lives+of+the+Sultans+in+Istanbul&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2001-07-01&rft.isbn=9780140270563&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yermolenko-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yermolenko_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yermolenko_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYermolenko2013" class="citation book cs1">Yermolenko, Galina I (2013). <i>Roxolana in European Literature, History and Culturea</i>. 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Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9715873-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9715873-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9715873-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zenith+of+an+Empire+%3A+The+Glory+of+the+Suleiman+the+Magnificent+and+the+Law+Giver&rft.pub=A.E.R.+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9715873-0-4&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Syed+Z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArsanYldrm2014" class="citation journal cs1">Arsan, Esra; Yldrm, Yasemin (2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9735956">"Reflections of neo-Ottomanist discourse in Turkish news media: The case of The Magnificent Century"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 315–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fajms.3.3.315_1">10.1386/ajms.3.3.315_1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Journalism+%26+Media+Studies&rft.atitle=Reflections+of+neo-Ottomanist+discourse+in+Turkish+news+media%3A+The+case+of+The+Magnificent+Century&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=315-334&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1386%2Fajms.3.3.315_1&rft.aulast=Arsan&rft.aufirst=Esra&rft.au=Yldrm%2C+Yasemin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9735956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtıl1987" class="citation book cs1">Atıl, Esin (1987). <i>The Age of Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent</i>. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89468-098-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89468-098-4"><bdi>978-0-89468-098-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Sultan+S%C3%BCleyman+the+Magnificent&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Gallery+of+Art&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-89468-098-4&rft.aulast=At%C4%B1l&rft.aufirst=Esin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noel_Barber" title="Noel Barber">Barber, Noel</a> (1976). <i>Lords of the Golden Horn : From Suleiman the Magnificent to Kamal Ataturk</i>. London: Pan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-24735-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-24735-1"><bdi>978-0-330-24735-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lords+of+the+Golden+Horn+%3A+From+Suleiman+the+Magnificent+to+Kamal+Ataturk&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-330-24735-1&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Clot, André. <i>Suleiman the magnificent</i> (Saqi, 2012).</li> <li>Garnier, Edith <i>L'Alliance Impie</i> Editions du Felin, 2008, Paris <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86645-678-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86645-678-8">978-2-86645-678-8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090818015845/http://www.neopodia.mobi/20090519-histoire-renaissance-alliance-impie-francois-1er-ier-ottoman-soliman-suleyman-charles-quint-forces-en-presence">Interview</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIşıksel2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Işıksel, Güneş (2018). "Suleiman the Magnificent (1494-1566)". In Martel, Gordon (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Diplomacy</i>. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118885154.dipl0267">10.1002/9781118885154.dipl0267</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118887912" title="Special:BookSources/9781118887912"><bdi>9781118887912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Suleiman+the+Magnificent+%281494-1566%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Diplomacy&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118885154.dipl0267&rft.isbn=9781118887912&rft.aulast=I%C5%9F%C4%B1ksel&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCne%C5%9F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevey1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Levey" title="Michael Levey">Levey, Michael</a> (1975). <i>The World of Ottoman Art</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-27065-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-27065-1"><bdi>0-500-27065-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Ottoman+Art&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-500-27065-1&rft.aulast=Levey&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (2002). <i>What Went Wrong? : Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response</i>. London: Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-1675-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-1675-2"><bdi>978-0-7538-1675-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Went+Wrong%3F+%3A+Western+Impact+and+Middle+Eastern+Response&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-1675-2&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lybyer, Albert Howe. <i>The Government of the Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman the Magnificent</i> (Harvard UP, 1913) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/governmentottom01lybygoog">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriman1944" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._B._Merriman" title="R. B. Merriman">Merriman, Roger Bigelow</a> (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.87496"><i>Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566</i></a>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/784228">784228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suleiman+the+Magnificent%2C+1520%E2%80%931566&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F784228&rft.aulast=Merriman&rft.aufirst=Roger+Bigelow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.87496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Norwich, John Julius. <i>Four princes: Henry VIII, Francis I, Charles V, Suleiman the Magnificent and the obsessions that forged modern Europe</i> (Grove/Atlantic, 2017) popular history.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeirce1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_P._Peirce" title="Leslie P. Peirce">Peirce, Leslie P.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L6-VRgVzRcUC"><i>The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508677-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508677-5"><bdi>978-0-19-508677-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Harem%3A+Women+and+Sovereignty+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508677-5&rft.aulast=Peirce&rft.aufirst=Leslie+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL6-VRgVzRcUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeirce2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_P._Peirce" title="Leslie P. Peirce">Peirce, Leslie P.</a> (2017). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empressofeasthow0000peir"><i>Empress of the East : How a slave girl became queen of the Ottoman Empire</i></a></span>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03251-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03251-8"><bdi>978-0-465-03251-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empress+of+the+East+%3A+How+a+slave+girl+became+queen+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-465-03251-8&rft.aulast=Peirce&rft.aufirst=Leslie+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempressofeasthow0000peir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUluçay1992" class="citation book cs1">Uluçay, Mustafa Çağatay (1992). <i>Padışahların kadınları ve kızları</i>. Türk Tarihi Kurumu Yayınları.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pad%C4%B1%C5%9Fahlar%C4%B1n+kad%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1+ve+k%C4%B1zlar%C4%B1&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrk+Tarihi+Kurumu+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ulu%C3%A7ay&rft.aufirst=Mustafa+%C3%87a%C4%9Fatay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYermolenko2005" class="citation journal cs1">Yermolenko, Galina (2005). "Roxolana: The Greatest Empress of the East". <i>The Muslim World</i>. <b>95</b> (2): 231–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2005.00088.x">10.1111/j.1478-1913.2005.00088.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+World&rft.atitle=Roxolana%3A+The+Greatest+Empress+of+the+East&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=231-248&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2005.00088.x&rft.aulast=Yermolenko&rft.aufirst=Galina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140505041323/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196402/suleiman.the.lawgiver.htm">"Suleiman The Lawgiver"</a>. <i>Saudi Aramco World</i>. <b>15</b> (2). Houston, Texas: Aramco Services Co: 8–10. March–April 1964. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1530-5821">1530-5821</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196402/suleiman.the.lawgiver.htm">the original</a> on 5 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=Suleiman+The+Lawgiver&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=8-10&rft.date=1964-03%2F1964-04&rft.issn=1530-5821&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F196402%2Fsuleiman.the.lawgiver.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_on-line_sources">Additional on-line sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYalman2000" class="citation book cs1">Yalman, Suzan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/suly/hd_suly.htm">"The Age of Süleyman 'the Magnificent' (r. 1520–1566)"</a>. <i>Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History</i>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Age+of+S%C3%BCleyman+%27the+Magnificent%27+%28r.+1520%E2%80%931566%29&rft.btitle=Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Yalman&rft.aufirst=Suzan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fsuly%2Fhd_suly.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span> Based on original work by Linda Komaroff.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYapp2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Yapp" title="Malcolm Yapp">Yapp, Malcolm Edward</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003071213/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575054_2/Suleiman_I.html">"Suleiman I"</a>. <i>Microsoft Encarta</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575054_2/Suleiman_I.html">the original</a> on 3 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Encarta&rft.atitle=Suleiman+I&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Yapp&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.encarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761575054_2%2FSuleiman_I.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2005" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Caroline (2005). <i>Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923</i>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7"><bdi>978-0-465-02396-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+Story+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300%E2%80%931923&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02396-7&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFİnalcıkCemal_Kafadar1993" class="citation book cs1">İnalcık, Halil; Cemal Kafadar, eds. (1993). <i>Süleyman the Second and His Time</i>. Istanbul: The Isis Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-428-052-5" title="Special:BookSources/975-428-052-5"><bdi>975-428-052-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%BCleyman+the+Second+and+His+Time&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=The+Isis+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=975-428-052-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span>; deals with Suleiman 1494–1566</li> <li>Lamb, Harold. <i>Suleiman the Magnificent Sultan of the East</i> (1951) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/suleimanthemagni001564mbp">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNecipoğlu2005" class="citation book cs1">Necipoğlu, Gülru (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofsinanarchit0000neci/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691123264" title="Special:BookSources/9780691123264"><bdi>9780691123264</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1204337149">1204337149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Sinan%3A+Architectural+Culture+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1204337149&rft.isbn=9780691123264&rft.aulast=Necipo%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofsinanarchit0000neci%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuleiman+the+Magnificent" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Parry, V. J. "The Ottoman Empire, 1520–1566." in <i>The New Cambridge Modern History II: The Reformation 1520–1559</i> (2nd ed 1990): 570–594 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newcambridgemode00elto_126">online</a></li> <li>Yermolenko, Galina I., ed. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Zbirnyk_statei/Roxolana_in_European_Literature_History_and_Culture_anhl.pdf">Roxolana in European literature, history and culture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226065927/https://shron2.chtyvo.org.ua/Zbirnyk_statei/Roxolana_in_European_Literature_History_and_Culture_anhl.pdf?PHPSESSID=3u4pf52h3fqdmkdscl0phcn9c5">Archived</a> 26 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (Routledge, 2016) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754667612" title="Special:BookSources/9780754667612">9780754667612</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614160210/http://paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Genl%20Images/Single%20Frames/Suleiman.htm">Portraits and Tughra of Suleiman</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Suleiman the Magnificent </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Dynasty">House of Osman</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 6 November 1494</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 6 September 1566</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Sultan of the Ottoman Empire</a> </b><br />22 September 1520 – c. 6 September 1566 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_caliphs" title="List of caliphs">Caliph of the Ottoman dynasty</a> </b><br />22 September 1520 – c. 6 September 1566 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">caliphs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_family_tree" title="Ottoman family tree">Family tree (detailed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_family_tree_(simplified)" title="Ottoman family tree (simplified)">Family tree (simplified)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty#Succession_practices" title="Ottoman dynasty">Line of succession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan" title="Orhan">Orhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum" title="Ottoman Interregnum">Interregnum</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0sa_%C3%87elebi" title="İsa Çelebi">İsa Çelebi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_%C3%87elebi" title="Süleyman Çelebi">Süleyman Çelebi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Musa_%C3%87elebi" title="Musa Çelebi">Musa Çelebi</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_I" title="Mehmed I">Mehmed I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_%C3%87elebi" title="Mustafa Çelebi">Mustafa Çelebi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cem_Sultan" title="Cem Sultan">Cem Sultan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Suleiman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_III" title="Mehmed III">Mehmed III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_I" title="Ahmed I">Ahmed I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_I" title="Mustafa I">Mustafa I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_II" title="Osman II">Osman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_I" title="Mustafa I">Mustafa I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire">Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV" title="Mehmed IV">Mehmed IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_II_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire">Suleiman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_II" title="Ahmed II">Ahmed II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_II" title="Mustafa II">Mustafa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I" title="Mahmud I">Mahmud I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_III" title="Osman III">Osman III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_III" title="Mustafa III">Mustafa III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I" title="Abdul Hamid I">Abdul Hamid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_IV" title="Mustafa IV">Mustafa IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz" title="Abdulaziz">Abdulaziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_V" title="Murad V">Murad V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid II">Abdulmejid II</a><sup>§§</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>§</sup> First Ottoman caliph • <sup>§§</sup> Caliph only <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Category</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Related templates: <a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_the_Osmano%C4%9Flu_family" title="Template:Heads of the Osmanoğlu family">Heads of the Osmanoğlu family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mothers_of_the_Ottoman_Sultans" title="Template:Mothers of the Ottoman Sultans">Valide sultans</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="17px_Ottoman_princes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_princes" title="Template:Ottoman princes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_princes" title="Template talk:Ottoman princes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_princes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman princes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="17px_Ottoman_princes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/17px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/26px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/34px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span> Ottoman princes</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaeddin_Pasha" title="Alaeddin Pasha">Alaeddin Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan" title="Orhan">Orhan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="23" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Pasha_(son_of_Orhan)" title="Süleyman Pasha (son of Orhan)">Süleyman Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halil_Bey_(son_of_Orhan)" title="Halil Bey (son of Orhan)">Şehzade Halil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savc%C4%B1_Bey" title="Savcı Bey">Savcı Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakub_%C3%87elebi" title="Yakub Çelebi">Yakub Çelebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_%C3%87elebi" title="Süleyman Çelebi">Süleyman Çelebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0sa_%C3%87elebi" title="İsa Çelebi">İsa Çelebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_I" title="Mehmed I">Mehmed I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_%C3%87elebi" title="Musa Çelebi">Musa Çelebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_%C3%87elebi" title="Mustafa Çelebi">Mustafa Çelebi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Mustafa" title="Küçük Mustafa">Küçük Mustafa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan_%C3%87elebi" title="Orhan Çelebi">Orhan Çelebi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cem_Sultan" title="Cem Sultan">Cem Sultan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Şehzade Ahmet">Şehzade Ahmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Korkut" title="Şehzade Korkut">Şehzade Korkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eehzade_Abdullah_(son_of_Bayezid_II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şehzade Abdullah (son of Bayezid II) (page does not exist)">Şehzade Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eehzade_Mahmud_(son_of_Bayezid_II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şehzade Mahmud (son of Bayezid II) (page does not exist)">Şehzade Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Murad_(son_of_Cem_Sultan)" title="Şehzade Murad (son of Cem Sultan)">Şehzade Murad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Suleiman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Murad" class="mw-redirect" title="Şehzade Murad">Şehzade Murad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cveys_Pasha" title="Üveys Pasha">Üveys Pasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mustafa" title="Şehzade Mustafa">Şehzade Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed" title="Şehzade Mehmed">Şehzade Mehmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Abdullah" title="Şehzade Abdullah">Şehzade Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Bayezid" title="Şehzade Bayezid">Şehzade Bayezid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Cihangir" title="Şehzade Cihangir">Şehzade Cihangir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_III" title="Mehmed III">Mehmed III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Yahya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Yahya">Sultan Yahya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mahmud_(son_of_Mehmed_III)" title="Şehzade Mahmud (son of Mehmed III)">Şehzade Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_I" title="Ahmed I">Ahmed I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_I" title="Mustafa I">Mustafa I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osman_II" title="Osman II">Osman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_(son_of_Ahmed_I)" title="Şehzade Mehmed (son of Ahmed I)">Şehzade Mehmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Bayezid_(son_of_Ahmed_I)" title="Şehzade Bayezid (son of Ahmed I)">Şehzade Bayezid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_S%C3%BCleyman" title="Şehzade Süleyman">Şehzade Süleyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Kas%C4%B1m" title="Şehzade Kasım">Şehzade Kasım</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire">Ibrahim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_%C3%96mer" title="Şehzade Ömer">Şehzade Ömer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV" title="Mehmed IV">Mehmed IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_II_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire">Suleiman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_II" title="Ahmed II">Ahmed II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_II" title="Mustafa II">Mustafa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I" title="Mahmud I">Mahmud I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_III" title="Osman III">Osman III</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_III" title="Mustafa III">Mustafa III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I" title="Abdul Hamid I">Abdul Hamid I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_IV" title="Mustafa IV">Mustafa IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eehzade_Selim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şehzade Selim (page does not exist)">Şehzade Selim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz" title="Abdulaziz">Abdulaziz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Efendi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa Efendi (page does not exist)">Mustafa Efendi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murad_V" title="Murad V">Murad V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Kemaleddin" title="Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin">Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Burhaneddin_(son_of_Abdulmejid_I)" title="Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin (son of Abdulmejid I)">Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Nureddin_(son_of_Abdulmejid_I)" title="Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin (son of Abdulmejid I)">Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Yusuf_Izzeddin" title="Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin">Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Selim_S%C3%BCleyman" title="Şehzade Selim Süleyman">Şehzade Selim Süleyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mahmud_Celaleddin" title="Şehzade Mahmud Celaleddin">Şehzade Mahmud Celaleddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid II">Abdulmejid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_%C5%9Eevket" title="Şehzade Mehmed Şevket">Şehzade Mehmed Şevket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Seyfeddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin">Şehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Selaheddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin">Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Selim" title="Şehzade Mehmed Selim">Şehzade Mehmed Selim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Ziyaeddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin">Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ibrahim_Tevfik" title="Şehzade Ibrahim Tevfik">Şehzade Ibrahim Tevfik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Abd%C3%BClkadir" title="Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir">Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mahmud_Necmeddin" title="Şehzade Mahmud Necmeddin">Şehzade Mahmud Necmeddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Nuri" title="Şehzade Ahmed Nuri">Şehzade Ahmed Nuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Burhaneddin_(son_of_Abdul_Hamid_II)" title="Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin (son of Abdul Hamid II)">Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_%C3%96mer_Hilmi" title="Şehzade Ömer Hilmi">Şehzade Ömer Hilmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Cemaleddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Cemaleddin">Şehzade Mehmed Cemaleddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Abdurrahim_Hayri" title="Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri">Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Abd%C3%BClhalim" title="Şehzade Mehmed Abdülhalim">Şehzade Mehmed Abdülhalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_%C3%96mer_Faruk" title="Şehzade Ömer Faruk">Şehzade Ömer Faruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Nureddin_(son_of_Abdul_Hamid_II)" title="Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin (son of Abdul Hamid II)">Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed Abdulaziz">Mehmed Abdulaziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mahmud_%C5%9Eevket" title="Şehzade Mahmud Şevket">Şehzade Mahmud Şevket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_%C5%9Eerafeddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Şerafeddin">Şehzade Mehmed Şerafeddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Tevhid" title="Şehzade Ahmed Tevhid">Şehzade Ahmed Tevhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Abid" title="Şehzade Mehmed Abid">Şehzade Mehmed Abid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Nizameddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Nizameddin">Şehzade Mehmed Nizameddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Ertu%C4%9Frul" title="Şehzade Mehmed Ertuğrul">Şehzade Mehmed Ertuğrul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">22nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Nihad" title="Şehzade Ahmed Nihad">Şehzade Ahmed Nihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Osman_Fuad" title="Şehzade Osman Fuad">Şehzade Osman Fuad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Abd%C3%BClkerim" title="Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim">Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Orhan" title="Mehmed Orhan">Mehmed Orhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ertu%C4%9Frul_Osman" title="Ertuğrul Osman">Ertuğrul Osman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mahmud_Nam%C4%B1k" title="Şehzade Mahmud Namık">Şehzade Mahmud Namık</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_Osman" title="Bayezid Osman">Bayezid Osman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">23rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ali_Vasib" title="Şehzade Ali Vasib">Şehzade Ali Vasib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCndar_Ali_Osman" title="Dündar Ali Osman">Dündar Ali Osman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harun_Osman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harun Osman">Harun Osman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8474#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8474#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8474#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121029740">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/89743257">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1849701/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqQBJ6bFHmmk44xBVBwYP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118619993">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80056904">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12033237p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12033237p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621531">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35812390">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20011018975&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1220527">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070878811">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90637676">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000202221&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000066733">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp352qq93tb53q0">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810614068105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/51270">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268511805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500126202">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1098912">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118619993.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118619993">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028510798">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/suleyman-i">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suleiman_the_Magnificent&oldid=1258648413">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suleiman_the_Magnificent&oldid=1258648413</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suleiman_the_Magnificent" 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