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Mack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_E._Mack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abductees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abductees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Abductees</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abductees-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Abductees subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Abductees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mental health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_conspiracy_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_conspiracy_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Political conspiracy theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_conspiracy_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abduction_narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abduction_narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Abduction narrative</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abduction_narrative-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Abduction narrative subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Abduction_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Capture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Examination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Subsequent procedures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Child_presentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_presentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Child presentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_presentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Less_common_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Less_common_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Less common elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Less_common_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Return</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Realization_event" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Realization_event"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Realization event</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Realization_event-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trauma_and_recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trauma_and_recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Trauma and recovery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trauma_and_recovery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Trauma and recovery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Trauma_and_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Support groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hypnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hypnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hypnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hypnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supportive_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supportive_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Supportive arguments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supportive_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Perspectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testimonials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testimonials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Testimonials</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Testimonials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Testimonials subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Testimonials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attempts_at_confirmation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempts_at_confirmation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Attempts at confirmation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempts_at_confirmation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_abduction_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_abduction_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable abduction claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_abduction_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%81_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="اختطاف فضائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اختطاف فضائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Отвличане от извънземни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Отвличане от извънземни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abducci%C3%B3_(ufologia)" title="Abducció (ufologia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abducció (ufologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Anosy_do_UFO" title="Únosy do UFO – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Únosy do UFO" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufobortf%C3%B8relser" title="Ufobortførelser – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ufobortførelser" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entf%C3%BChrung_durch_Au%C3%9Ferirdische" title="Entführung durch Außerirdische – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Entführung durch Außerirdische" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abducci%C3%B3n_(ufolog%C3%ADa)" title="Abducción (ufología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abducción (ufología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdukzio_(ufologia)" title="Abdukzio (ufologia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abdukzio (ufologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9cits_d%27enl%C3%A8vement_par_des_extraterrestres" title="Récits d'enlèvement par des extraterrestres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Récits d'enlèvement par des extraterrestres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvanzemaljske_otmice" title="Izvanzemaljske otmice – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izvanzemaljske otmice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penculikan_alien" title="Penculikan alien – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penculikan alien" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapimento_alieno" title="Rapimento alieno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rapimento alieno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חטיפה בידי חוצנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חטיפה בידי חוצנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateivi%C5%B3_grobimai" title="Ateivių grobimai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ateivių grobimai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(ufologia)" title="Abdução (ufologia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abdução (ufologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenul_de_r%C4%83pire_extraterestr%C4%83" title="Fenomenul de răpire extraterestră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fenomenul de răpire extraterestră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Похищение пришельцами – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Похищение пришельцами" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufosieppaus" title="Ufosieppaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ufosieppaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bortf%C3%B6rande" title="Bortförande – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bortförande" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzayl%C4%B1lar_taraf%C4%B1ndan_ka%C3%A7%C4%B1r%C4%B1lma" title="Uzaylılar tarafından kaçırılma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uzaylılar tarafından kaçırılma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D1%83%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Абдукція (уфологія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Абдукція (уфологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_ngo%C3%A0i_h%C3%A0nh_tinh_b%E1%BA%AFt_c%C3%B3c" title="Người ngoài hành tinh bắt cóc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người ngoài hành tinh bắt cóc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subjective experience of victimization by extraterrestrials</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote 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nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object" title="Unidentified flying object">UFOs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">ufology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flying_Saucer_-_NARA_NAID_303938034_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flying saucer from the National Archives and Records Administration"><img alt="Flying saucer from the National Archives and Records Administration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flying_Saucer_-_NARA_NAID_303938034_cropped.png/180px-Flying_Saucer_-_NARA_NAID_303938034_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flying_Saucer_-_NARA_NAID_303938034_cropped.png/270px-Flying_Saucer_-_NARA_NAID_303938034_cropped.png 1.5x, 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encounter">Chiles-Whitted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorman_dogfight" title="Gorman dogfight">Gorman dogfight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMinnville_UFO_photographs" title="McMinnville UFO photographs">McMinnville photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_UFO_incident" title="Mariana UFO incident">Mariana film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Washington,_D.C.,_UFO_incident" title="1952 Washington, D.C., UFO incident">1952 flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_outer_space" title="UFO sightings in outer space">Sightings in outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatwoods_monster" title="Flatwoods monster">Flatwoods monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_and_Betty_Hill_incident" title="Barney and Betty Hill incident">Barney and Betty Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_%22swamp_gas%22_UFO_reports" title="Michigan "swamp gas" UFO reports">'Swamp gas'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travis_Walton_incident" title="Travis Walton incident">Travis Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendlesham_Forest_incident" title="Rendlesham Forest incident">Rendlesham Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_UFO_wave" title="Belgian UFO wave">Belgian wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Calvine_UFO" class="mw-redirect" title="The Calvine UFO">Calvine photo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)" title="Alien Autopsy (1995 film)">Alien autopsy hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Lights" title="Phoenix Lights">Phoenix Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_UFO_videos" title="Pentagon UFO videos">Pentagon UFO videos</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.15em 0.2em 0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_investigations_of_UFOs_by_governments" title="List of investigations of UFOs by governments">Government investigations</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Prato" title="Operação Prato">Operação Prato - Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Magnet_(UFO)" title="Project Magnet (UFO)">Project Magnet - Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEIPAN" title="GEIPAN">GEIPAN - France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_22" title="Institute 22">Institute 22 - Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Saucer_Working_Party" title="Flying Saucer Working Party">Flying Saucer Working Party - UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Condign" title="Project Condign">Project Condign - UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_UFO_reports_by_the_United_States_government" title="Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government">History of government investigations - US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-domain_Anomaly_Resolution_Office" title="All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office">All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office - US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%27s_UAP_independent_study_team" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA's UAP independent study team">NASA's UAP independent study team - US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condon_Committee" title="Condon Committee">Condon Committee - US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Blue_Book" title="Project Blue Book">Project Blue Book - US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_Anomalous_Phenomena_Disclosure_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act">Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act - US</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.15em 0.2em 0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories" title="UFO conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Lazar" title="Bob Lazar">Bob Lazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">Majestic 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Serpo" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Serpo</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.15em 0.2em 0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">Religions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aetherius_Society" title="Aetherius Society">Aetherius Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_SubGenius" title="Church of the SubGenius">Church of the SubGenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unarius_Academy_of_Science" title="Unarius Academy of Science">Unarius Academy of Science</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.15em 0.2em 0.2em;"> Lists of organizations, sightings, studies, etc.</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO_organizations" title="List of UFO organizations">UFO organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings" title="List of reported UFO sightings">Reported UFO sightings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings#By_location" title="List of reported UFO sightings">Sightings by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_investigations_of_UFOs_by_governments" title="List of investigations of UFOs by governments">Investigations of UFOs by governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_studies_of_UFOs" title="Identification studies of UFOs">Identification studies of UFOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ufologists" title="List of ufologists">Ufologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alleged_extraterrestrial_beings" title="List of alleged extraterrestrial beings">Alleged extraterrestrial beings</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UFO_sidebar" title="Template:UFO sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UFO_sidebar" title="Template talk:UFO sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UFO_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UFO sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alien abduction</b> (also called <b>abduction phenomenon</b>, <b>alien abduction syndrome</b>, or <b>UFO abduction</b>) refers to the phenomenon of people reporting what they believe to be the real experience of being <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapped</a> by <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial beings</a> and subjected to physical and psychological experimentation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People claiming to have been abducted are usually called "abductees"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "experiencers". Most scientists and mental health professionals explain these experiences by factors such as <a href="/wiki/Suggestibility" title="Suggestibility">suggestibility</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/False_memory_syndrome" title="False memory syndrome">false memory syndrome</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">sleep paralysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">deception</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">psychopathology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Appelle,_1996_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appelle,_1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skeptic <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sheaffer" title="Robert Sheaffer">Robert Sheaffer</a> sees similarity between some of the aliens described by abductees and those depicted in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">science fiction films</a>, in particular <i><a href="/wiki/Invaders_from_Mars_(1953_film)" title="Invaders from Mars (1953 film)">Invaders From Mars</a></i> (1953).<sup id="cite_ref-skepticalperspective_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skepticalperspective-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typical claims involve forced <a href="/wiki/Medical" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical">medical</a> examinations that emphasize the subject's <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive systems">reproductive systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medicaldiff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abductees sometimes claim to have been warned against <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">environmental abuses</a> and the dangers of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rarerepisodes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to have engaged in <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">interspecies breeding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Östling_2021_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Östling_2021-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contents of the abduction narrative often seem to vary with the home culture of the alleged abductee.<sup id="cite_ref-skepticalperspective_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skepticalperspective-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified flying objects">Unidentified flying objects</a> (UFOs), alien abduction, and <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">mind control</a> plots can also be part of radical political <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">apocalyptic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarian</a> narratives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkun2003ix–xi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkun2003ix–xi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reports of the abduction phenomenon have been made all around the world, but are most common in <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking countries</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-skepticalperspective_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skepticalperspective-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first alleged alien abduction claim to be widely publicized was the <a href="/wiki/Betty_and_Barney_Hill_abduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Betty and Barney Hill abduction">Betty and Barney Hill abduction</a> in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-time_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UFO abduction claims have declined since their initial surge in the mid-1970s, and alien abduction narratives have found less popularity in <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">mainstream media</a>. Skeptic <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a> proposed that the ubiquity of <a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">camera phones</a> increases the burden of evidence for such claims and may be a cause for their decline.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mainstream scientists reject claims that the phenomenon literally occurs as reported. According to <a href="/wiki/John_E._Mack" title="John E. Mack">John E. Mack</a>, a psychiatrist who gave credence to such claims, most of those who report alien abductions and believe their experiences were real are sane, common people, and psychopathology was associated only with some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mack reported that some abduction reports are quite detailed, and an entire <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> has developed around the subject, with <a href="/wiki/Support_group" title="Support group">support groups</a> and a detailed <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythos</a> explaining the reasons for abductions: The various aliens (<a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">Greys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptilian_humanoid" title="Reptilian humanoid">Reptilians</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Nordic_aliens" title="Nordic aliens">Nordics</a>" and so on) are said to have specific roles, origins, and motivations. Abduction claimants do not always attempt to explain the phenomenon, but some take independent research interest in it themselves and explain the lack of greater awareness of alien abduction as the result of either <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial</a> or governmental interest in <a href="/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="UFO conspiracy theory">cover-up</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack1995435_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1995435-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleo-abductions">Paleo-abductions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Paleo-abductions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the term "alien abduction" did not achieve widespread attention until the 1960s, modern speculation about some older stories interpreted them as possible cases. UFO researcher <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Clark" title="Jerome Clark">Jerome Clark</a> dubbed them "paleo-abductions".<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In the November 27, 1896, edition of the <a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton, California</a>, <i>Daily Mail</i>, Colonel H. G. Shaw claimed he and a friend were harassed by three tall, slender humanoids whose bodies were covered with a fine, downy hair who tried to kidnap the pair.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the October 1953 issue of <i>Man to Man Magazine</i>, an article by Leroy Thorpe titled "Are the Flying Saucers Kidnapping Humans?" asks the question "Are an unlucky few of us, and perhaps not so few at that, being captured with the same ease as we would net butterflies, perhaps for zoological specimens, perhaps for vivisection or some other horrible death designed to reveal to our interplanetary invaders what makes us tick?" <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rogerson writes that the 1955 publication of Harold T. Wilkins's <i>Flying Saucers Uncensored</i> declared that Karl Hunrath and Wilbur Wilkinson, who had claimed they were contacted by aliens, had disappeared under mysterious circumstances; Wilkins reported speculation that the duo were the victims of "alleged abduction by flying saucers".<sup id="cite_ref-www_magonia_demon_co_uk1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www_magonia_demon_co_uk1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two_landmark_cases">Two landmark cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Two landmark cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early alien abduction claim occurred in the mid-1950s with the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Vilas-Boas" title="Antônio Vilas-Boas">Antônio Vilas-Boas</a> case, which did not receive much attention until several years later. Widespread publicity was generated by the <a href="/wiki/Betty_and_Barney_Hill_abduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Betty and Barney Hill abduction">Betty and Barney Hill abduction</a> case of 1961, culminating in a made-for-television film broadcast in 1975 (starring <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estelle_Parsons" title="Estelle Parsons">Estelle Parsons</a>) dramatizing the events. The Hill incident was probably the prototypical abduction case and was perhaps the first in which the claimant described beings that later became widely known as the Greys and in which the beings were said to explicitly identify an extraterrestrial origin. </p><p>Though these two cases are sometimes viewed as the earliest abductions, skeptic Peter Rogerson notes that these cases established a template that later abductees and researchers would refine but rarely deviate from.<sup id="cite_ref-WWW_Patagonia_demon_co_uk1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWW_Patagonia_demon_co_uk1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Rogerson notes purported abductions were cited contemporaneously at least as early as 1954, and that "the growth of the abduction stories is a far more tangled affair than the 'entirely unpredisposed' official history would have us believe." (The phrase "entirely predisposed" appeared in folklorist Thomas E. Bullard's study of alien abduction; he argued that alien abductions as reported in the 1970s and 1980s had little precedent in folklore or fiction.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_developments">Later developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>R. Leo Sprinkle, a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wyoming" title="University of Wyoming">University of Wyoming</a> psychologist, became interested in the abduction phenomenon in the 1960s. Sprinkle became convinced of the phenomenon's actuality and was perhaps the first to suggest a link between abductions and <a href="/wiki/Cattle_mutilation" title="Cattle mutilation">cattle mutilation</a>. Eventually, Sprinkle came to believe that he had been abducted by aliens in his youth; he was forced from his job in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Budd_Hopkins" title="Budd Hopkins">Budd Hopkins</a> had been interested in UFOs for some years. In the 1970s, he became interested in abduction reports and began using <a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">hypnosis</a> to extract more details of dimly remembered events. Hopkins soon became a figurehead of the growing abductee subculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Schnabel_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schnabel-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1980s brought a major degree of mainstream attention to the subject. Works by Hopkins, novelist <a href="/wiki/Whitley_Strieber" title="Whitley Strieber">Whitley Strieber</a>, historian <a href="/wiki/David_M._Jacobs" title="David M. Jacobs">David M. Jacobs</a> and psychiatrist John E. Mack presented alien abduction as a plausible experience.<sup id="cite_ref-Schnabel_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schnabel-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also of note in the 1980s was the publication of folklorist Thomas E. Bullard's comparative analysis of nearly 300 alleged abductees. </p><p>With Hopkins, Jacobs and Mack, accounts of alien abduction became a prominent aspect of <a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">ufology</a>. There had been earlier abduction reports (the Hills being the best known), but they were believed to be few and saw rather little attention from ufology (and even less attention from mainstream professionals or academics). Jacobs and Hopkins argued that alien abduction was far more common than earlier suspected; they estimate that tens of thousands (or more) North Americans had been taken by unexplained beings.<sup id="cite_ref-Schnabel_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schnabel-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, Jacobs and Hopkins argued that there was an elaborate process underway in which aliens were attempting to create human–alien <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a>, the most advanced stage of which in the "human hybridization program" are known as hubrids,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the motives for this effort were unknown. There had been anecdotal reports of <a href="/wiki/False_pregnancy" title="False pregnancy">phantom pregnancy</a> related to UFO encounters at least as early as the 1960s, but Budd Hopkins and especially David M. Jacobs were instrumental in popularizing the idea of widespread, systematic interbreeding efforts on the part of the alien intruders. </p><p>The descriptions of alien encounters as researched and presented by Hopkins, Jacobs and Mack were similar, with slight differences in each researcher's emphasis; the process of selective citation of abductee interviews that supported these variations was sometimes criticized – though abductees who presented their own accounts directly, such as Whitley Strieber, fared no better. The involvement of Jacobs and Mack marked something of a <a href="/wiki/Sea_change_(idiom)" title="Sea change (idiom)">sea change</a> in the abduction studies. </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i> writer Linda Rodriguez McRobbie, "Abduction and contact stories aren’t quite the fodder for daytime talk show and New York Times bestsellers they were a few decades ago...Today, credulous stories of alien visitation rarely crack the mainstream media, however much they thrive on niche TV channels and Internet forums." Skeptic <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a> noted that "the camera-phone age is increasing the burden of evidence on experiencers".<sup id="cite_ref-Globe_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Globe-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="John_E._Mack">John E. Mack</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: John E. Mack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harvard psychiatry professor <a href="/wiki/John_E._Mack" title="John E. Mack">John E. Mack</a> believed in the credibility of alien abduction claims. Niall Boyce writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></i> called him "a well-meaning man uncritically elaborating on tales of alien abduction, and potentially both cementing and constructing false memories". Boyce observed that Mack's work in <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic_regression" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypnotic regression">hypnotic regression</a> of claimants helped spread the <a href="/wiki/Grey_aliens" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey aliens">Grey aliens</a> meme into the culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mack was a well known, highly esteemed psychiatrist, author of over 150 scientific articles and winner of the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> for his biography of <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a>. Mack became interested in claims of alien abduction in the late 1980s, interviewing over 800 people and eventually writing two books on the subject. Due to Mack's belief and subsequent promotion of the claims of those he interviewed, his professional reputation suffered, prompting Harvard to review his position in 1994. He retained tenure, but "was not taken seriously by his colleagues anymore”.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abductees">Abductees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Abductees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction_claimants" title="Alien abduction claimants">Alien abduction claimants</a></div> <p>The precise number of alleged abductees is uncertain. One of the earliest studies of abductions found 1,700 claimants, while contested <a href="/wiki/Statistical_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical survey">surveys</a> argued that 5–6 percent of the general population allege to have been abducted.<sup id="cite_ref-Appelle,_1996_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appelle,_1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although abduction and other UFO-related reports are usually made by adults, sometimes young children report similar experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-experiencesofchildren_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-experiencesofchildren-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These child-reports often feature very specific details in common with reports of abduction made by adults, including the circumstances, narrative, entities and aftermaths of the alleged occurrences.<sup id="cite_ref-experiencesofchildren_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-experiencesofchildren-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, these young abductees have family members who have reported having abduction experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-experiencesofchildren_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-experiencesofchildren-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Family involvement in the military, or a residence near a military base is also common among child abduction claimants.<sup id="cite_ref-experiencesofchildren_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-experiencesofchildren-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_health">Mental health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mental health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a category, some studies show that abductees have psychological characteristics that render their testimony suspect, while others show that "as a group, abduction experients are not different from the general population in term of psychopathology prevalence".<sup id="cite_ref-skepticalperspective_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skepticalperspective-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-varietiesofanomalous_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varietiesofanomalous-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth Slater conducted a <a href="/wiki/Blind_study" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind study">blind study</a> of nine abduction claimants and found them to be prone to "mildly paranoid thinking", nightmares and having a weak sexual identity,<sup id="cite_ref-skepticalperspective_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skepticalperspective-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Richard McNally of Harvard Medical School concluded in a similar study of 10 abductees that "none of them was suffering from any sort of psychiatric illness."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_conspiracy_theories">Political conspiracy theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political conspiracy theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="UFO conspiracy theory">UFO conspiracy theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a></div> <p>Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Barkun" title="Michael Barkun">Michael Barkun</a>, without taking a position on if UFOs and aliens are real, highlighted links between radical politics and conspiracy theories involving UFOs, alien visitation, environmental pollution, hidden groups, government and world takeover.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkun2003ix–x_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkun2003ix–x-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He observed the rise of a form of eclectic and apocalyptic millenarism which he termed "improvisional millenarism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkun2003xi,_10_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkun2003xi,_10-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UFO and abduction stories can often be part of stigmatized or suppressed knowledge narratives, where alleged orthodoxy is claimed to be maintained in error for nefarious purposes and to keep society in ignorance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkun200326–27_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkun200326–27-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UFO and alien-related conspiracy theories emerged in far-right politics from the 1980s onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkun200388_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkun200388-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Barkun, in popular culture, TV shows like <i><a href="/wiki/The_X-Files" title="The X-Files">The X-Files</a></i> and its motion picture not only included aliens as part of coverup conspiracies, with militias and <a href="/wiki/Black_helicopters" class="mw-redirect" title="Black helicopters">black helicopters</a> but also featured <a href="/wiki/FEMA_camps_conspiracy_theory" title="FEMA camps conspiracy theory">demonization of FEMA</a>, a common target of conspiracy theorists and millenarian scenarios.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkun200334_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkun200334-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One conspiracy theory alleges that FEMA plans to incarcerate "patriots" suddenly in concentration camps during a disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkun200361_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkun200361-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Jodi Dean</a> noted that the stigma of alien abduction stories is seductive to dismiss "consensus reality" in favor of deviant alternative realities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkun200335_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkun200335-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Self-described abduction victims often join self-help communities of victims and may resort to questionable <a href="/wiki/Regression_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Regression therapy">regression therapy</a>, similarly to other self-reported victims of child sexual abuse or <a href="/wiki/Satanic_ritual_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Satanic ritual abuse">satanic ritual abuse</a>. Some espouse conspiracy theories of sophisticated technological mind control, including the use of implants, to force them to serve an alleged <a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a>, or for the purposes of the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">antichrist</a>, considering it important to warn the world of such imminent danger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkun200376–78,_85_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkun200376–78,_85-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abduction_narrative">Abduction narrative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Abduction narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Narrative_of_the_abduction_phenomenon" title="Narrative of the abduction phenomenon">Narrative of the abduction phenomenon</a></div> <p>Various researchers have noted common points in report narratives. According to <a href="/wiki/Center_for_UFO_Studies" title="Center for UFO Studies">CUFOS</a>'s definition of <i>abductee</i>, the person must have been taken against their will by apparent non-human beings, taken to a special place perceived as extraterrestrial or to be a spaceship. They then must experience being subjected to an examination or to engage in some form of communication with the beings (or both). Communication may be perceived as telepathic rather than verbal. The memory of the experience may be conscious or <a href="/wiki/Repressed_memory" title="Repressed memory">"recovered"</a> through means like hypnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-whoisanabductee_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoisanabductee-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although different cases vary in detail (sometimes significantly), some UFO researchers, such as folklorist Thomas E. Bullard<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argue that there is a broad, fairly consistent sequence and description of events that make up the typical "<a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">close encounter</a> of the fourth kind" (a popular but unofficial designation building on <a href="/wiki/J._Allen_Hynek" title="J. Allen Hynek">J. Allen Hynek</a>'s classifications). Though the features outlined below are often reported, there is some disagreement as to exactly how often they actually occur. </p><p>Bullard argues most abduction accounts feature the following events. They generally follow the sequence noted below, though not all abductions feature all the events: </p> <ol><li><b>Capture</b>. The abductee is somehow rendered incapable of resisting, and taken from terrestrial surroundings to an apparent alien spacecraft.</li> <li><b>Examination and Procedures</b>. Invasive physiological and psychological procedures, and on occasion simulated behavioral situations, training & testing, or sexual liaisons.</li> <li><b>Conference</b>. The abductors communicate with the abductee or direct them to interact with specific individuals for some purpose, typically telepathically but sometimes using the abductee's native language.</li> <li><b>Tour</b>. The abductees are given a tour of their captors' vessel, though this is disputed by some researchers who consider this definition a confabulation of intent when just apparently being taken around to multiple places inside the ship.</li> <li><b>Loss of Time</b>. Abductees often rapidly forget the majority of their experience, either as a result of fear, medical intervention, or both.</li> <li><b>Return</b>. The abductees are returned to earth, occasionally in a different location from where they were allegedly taken or with new injuries or disheveled clothing.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></b>. Coinciding with their immediate return, abductees may have a profound sense of love, a "high" similar to those induced by certain drugs, or a "mystical experience", accompanied by a feeling of oneness with God, the universe, or their abductors. Whether this is the result of a metaphysical change, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_syndrome" title="Stockholm syndrome">Stockholm syndrome</a>, or prior medical tampering is often not scrutinized by the abductees at the time.</li> <li><b>Aftermath</b>. The abductee must cope with the psychological, physical, and social effects of the experience.</li></ol> <p>When describing the "abduction scenario", David M. Jacobs says: </p> <blockquote> <p>The entire abduction event is precisely orchestrated. All the procedures are predetermined. There is no standing around and deciding what to do next. The beings are task-oriented and there is no indication whatsoever that we have been able to find of any aspect of their lives outside of performing the abduction procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-subsequent_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subsequent-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture">Capture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Capture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abduction claimants report unusual feelings preceding the onset of an abduction experience.<sup id="cite_ref-composite_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-composite-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These feelings manifest as a <a href="/wiki/Compulsive" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsive">compulsive</a> desire to be at a certain place at a certain time or as expectations that something "familiar yet unknown" will soon occur.<sup id="cite_ref-composite_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-composite-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abductees also report feeling severe, undirected <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> at this point even though nothing unusual has actually occurred yet.<sup id="cite_ref-composite_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-composite-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period of foreboding can last for up to several days before the abduction actually takes place or be completely absent.<sup id="cite_ref-composite_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-composite-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, the experiencer will undergo an apparent "shift" into an altered state of consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-composite_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-composite-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British abduction researchers have called this change in consciousness "the Oz Factor". External sounds cease to have any significance to the experiencer and fall out of perception.<sup id="cite_ref-composite_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-composite-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They report feeling introspective and unusually calm.<sup id="cite_ref-composite_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-composite-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stage marks a transition from normal activity to a state of "<a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">limited self-willed mobility</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-composite_35-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-composite-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As consciousness shifts one or more lights are alleged to appear, occasionally accompanied by a strange mist.<sup id="cite_ref-composite_35-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-composite-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The source and nature of the lights differ by report; sometimes the light emanates from a source outside the house (presumably the abductors' UFO), sometimes the lights are in the bedroom with the experiencer and transform into alien figures.<sup id="cite_ref-composite_35-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-composite-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the alleged abduction proceeds, claimants say they will walk or be levitated into an alien craft, in the latter case often through solid objects such as walls, ceilings or a closed window.<sup id="cite_ref-composite_35-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-composite-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, they may experience rising through a tunnel or along a beam of light, with or without the abductors accompanying them, into the awaiting craft.<sup id="cite_ref-composite_35-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-composite-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examination">Examination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Examination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The examination phase of the so-called "abduction narrative" is characterized by the performance of medical procedures and examinations by apparently <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">alien beings</a> against or irrespective of the will of the experiencer. Such procedures often focus on <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproductive biology</a>. However, the literature holds reports of a wide variety of procedures allegedly performed by the beings. The entity that appears to be in charge of the operation is often taller than the others involved and is sometimes described as appearing to be of a different species.<sup id="cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medicaldiff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-varietyofabductionbeings_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varietyofabductionbeings-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Miller notes different areas of emphasis between human medicine and what is reported as being practiced by the abductors.<sup id="cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medicaldiff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could result from a difference in the purpose of the examination – routine diagnosis or treatment or both versus scientific examination of an unfamiliar species –, or it could be due to a different level of technology that renders certain kinds of manual procedures unnecessary. The abductors' areas of interest appear to be the <a href="/wiki/Human_cranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Human cranium">cranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system" title="Reproductive system">reproductive system</a>, and to a lesser degree, the <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medicaldiff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Systems given less attention than a human doctor would – or omitted entirely – include the <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular system">cardiovascular system</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a> below the <a href="/wiki/Human_pharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Human pharynx">pharynx</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medicaldiff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abductors also appear to ignore the upper region of the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a> in favor of the lower one.<sup id="cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medicaldiff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abductors do not appear to wear gloves during the "examination".<sup id="cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medicaldiff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other constants of terrestrial medicine like pills and tablets are missing from abduction narratives, although sometimes abductees are asked to drink liquids.<sup id="cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medicaldiff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Injections also seem to be rare and <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">IVs</a> are almost completely absent.<sup id="cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medicaldiff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miller says he has never heard an abductee claim to have a <a href="/wiki/Tongue_depressor" title="Tongue depressor">tongue depressor</a> used on them.<sup id="cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medicaldiff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_procedures">Subsequent procedures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Subsequent procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the so-called medical exam, the alleged abductees often report other procedures being performed with the entities.<sup id="cite_ref-subsequent_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subsequent-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common among these post-examination procedures are what abduction researchers refer to as imaging, envisioning, staging, and testing.<sup id="cite_ref-subsequent_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subsequent-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Imaging" procedures consist of an abductee being made to view screens displaying images and scenes that appear to be specially chosen with the intent to provoke certain emotional responses in the abductee.<sup id="cite_ref-subsequent_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subsequent-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Envisioning" is a similar procedure, with the primary difference being that the images being viewed, rather than being on a screen, actually seem to be projected into the experiencer's mind.<sup id="cite_ref-subsequent_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subsequent-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Staging" procedures have the abductee playing a more active role, according to reports containing this element.<sup id="cite_ref-subsequent_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subsequent-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It shares vivid hallucination-like mental visualization with the envisioning procedures, but during staging the abductee interacts with the illusionary scenario like a role player or an actor.<sup id="cite_ref-subsequent_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subsequent-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Testing" marks something of a departure from the above procedures in that it lacks the emotional analysis feature.<sup id="cite_ref-subsequent_34-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subsequent-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During testing the experiencer is placed in front of a complicated electronic device and is instructed to operate it.<sup id="cite_ref-subsequent_34-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subsequent-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The experiencer is often confused, saying that they do not know how to operate it.<sup id="cite_ref-subsequent_34-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subsequent-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when they actually set about performing the task, the abductee will find that they do, in fact, know how to operate the machine.<sup id="cite_ref-subsequent_34-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subsequent-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Child_presentation">Child presentation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Child presentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abductees of all ages and genders sometimes report being subjected to a "child presentation".<sup id="cite_ref-subsequent_34-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subsequent-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As its name implies, the child presentation involves the abduction claimant being shown a "child".<sup id="cite_ref-subsequent_34-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subsequent-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often the children appear to be neither human, nor the same <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> as the abductors.<sup id="cite_ref-subsequent_34-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subsequent-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the child will almost always share characteristics of <i>both</i> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-subsequent_34-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subsequent-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These children are labeled by experiencers as <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a> between humans and their abductors, usually <a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">Greys</a>. </p><p>Unlike Budd Hopkins and David Jacobs, folklorist Thomas E. Bullard could not identify a child presentation phase in the abduction narrative, even after undertaking a study of 300 abduction reports.<sup id="cite_ref-patternormirage_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patternormirage-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bullard says that the child presentation "seems to be an innovation in the story"<sup id="cite_ref-patternormirage_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patternormirage-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that "no clear antecedents" to descriptions of the child presentation phase exist before its popularization by Hopkins and Jacobs.<sup id="cite_ref-patternormirage_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patternormirage-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Less_common_elements">Less common elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Less common elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bullard also studied the 300 reports of alien abduction in an attempt to observe the less prominent aspects of the claims.<sup id="cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rarerepisodes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notes the emergence of four general categories of events that recur regularly, although not as frequently as stereotypical happenings like the medical examination. These four types of events are:<sup id="cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rarerepisodes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The conference</li> <li>The tour</li> <li>The journey</li> <li>Theophany</li></ol> <p>Chronologically within abduction reports, these rarer episodes tend to happen in the order listed, between the medical examination and the return.<sup id="cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rarerepisodes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After allegedly displaying cold callous disregard towards the abduction experiencers, sometimes the entities will change drastically in behavior once the initial medical exam is completed.<sup id="cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rarerepisodes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They become more relaxed and hospitable towards their captive and lead him or her away from the site of the examination.<sup id="cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rarerepisodes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entities then hold a <b>conference</b> with the experiencer, wherein they discuss things relevant to the abduction phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rarerepisodes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bullard notes five general categories of discussion that occur during the conference "phase" of reported abduction narratives: An interrogation session, explanatory segment, task assignment, warnings, and prophecies.<sup id="cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rarerepisodes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Tours</b> of the abductors' craft are a rare but recurring feature of the abduction narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rarerepisodes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tour seems to be given by the alleged abductors as a courtesy in response to the harshness and physical rigors of the forced medical examination.<sup id="cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rarerepisodes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the abductees report traveling on a "<b>journey</b>" to orbit around Earth or to what appear to be other planets.<sup id="cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rarerepisodes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some abductees find that the experience is terrifying, particularly if the aliens are of a more fearsome species, or if the abductee was subjected to extensive probing and medical testing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return">Return</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Return"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eventually, the abductors will return the abductees, usually to exactly the same location and circumstances they were in before being taken.<sup id="cite_ref-thereturn_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thereturn-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, explicit memories of the abduction experience will not be present, and the abductee will only realize they have experienced "missing time" upon checking a timepiece.<sup id="cite_ref-thereturn_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thereturn-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes the alleged abductors appear to make mistakes when returning their captives.<sup id="cite_ref-thereturn_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thereturn-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UFO researcher Budd Hopkins has joked about "the cosmic application of <a href="/wiki/Murphy%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Murphy's Law">Murphy's Law</a>" in response to this observation.<sup id="cite_ref-thereturn_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thereturn-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopkins has estimated that these "errors" accompany 4–5 percent of abduction reports.<sup id="cite_ref-thereturn_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thereturn-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One type of common apparent mistake made by the abductors is failing to return the experiencer to the same spot that they were taken from initially.<sup id="cite_ref-thereturn_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thereturn-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be as simple as a different room in the same house, or abductees can even find themselves outside and all the doors of the house locked from the inside.<sup id="cite_ref-thereturn_38-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thereturn-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another common error is putting the abductee's clothes (e.g. pajamas) on backwards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Realization_event">Realization event</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Realization event"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physician and abduction researcher John G. Miller sees significance in the reason a person would come to see themselves as being a victim of the abduction phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-realizationevent_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-realizationevent-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He terms the insight or development leading to this shift in identity from non-abductee to abductee the "realization event".<sup id="cite_ref-realizationevent_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-realizationevent-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The realization event is often a single, memorable experience, but Miller reports that not all abductees experience it as a distinct episode.<sup id="cite_ref-realizationevent_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-realizationevent-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Either way, the realization event can be thought of as the "clinical horizon" of the abduction experience.<sup id="cite_ref-realizationevent_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-realizationevent-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trauma_and_recovery">Trauma and recovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Trauma and recovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most people alleging alien abductions report invasive examinations of their bodies<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some ascribe <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">psychological trauma</a> to their experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Post-abduction syndrome" is a term used by abductees to describe the effects of abduction, though it is not recognized by any professional treatment organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who have a <a href="/wiki/False_memory" title="False memory">false memory</a> which makes them believe that they have been abducted by aliens develop symptoms similar to <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>. People who believe they have been abducted by aliens usually have previous <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> beliefs, a vivid fantasy life, and suffer from sleep paralysis, according to a 2003 study by <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_groups">Support groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Support groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Support groups for people who believed they were abducted began appearing in the mid-1980s. These groups appear throughout the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hypnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many alien abductees recall much of their alleged abduction(s) through <a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">hypnosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the extensive use of hypnosis, and other methods which they view as being manipulative, skeptics explain the abduction narratives as <a href="/wiki/Confabulation" title="Confabulation">false memories</a> and suggestions.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirsch_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirsch-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alleged abductees seek out hypnotherapists to try to resolve issues such as <a href="/wiki/Dissociative_amnesia" title="Dissociative amnesia">missing time</a> or unexplained physical symptoms such as <a href="/wiki/Myalgia" title="Myalgia">muscle pain</a> or headaches. This usually involves two phases, an information gathering stage, in which the hypnotherapist asks about unexplained illnesses or unusual phenomena during the patients' lives (caused by or distortions of the alleged abduction), followed by hypnosis and guided imagery to facilitate recall. The information-gathering enhances the likelihood that the events discussed will be incorporated into later abduction "memories".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven steps are hypothesized to lead to the development of false memories:<sup id="cite_ref-Kirsch_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirsch-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>A person is predisposed to accept the idea that certain puzzling or inexplicable experiences might be telltale signs of UFO abduction.</li> <li>The person seeks out a therapist, whom he or she views as an authority and who is, at the very least, receptive to this explanation and has some prior familiarity with UFO abduction reports.</li> <li>Alternatively, the therapist frames the puzzling experiences in terms of an abduction narrative.</li> <li>Alternative explanations of the experiences are not explored.</li> <li>There is increasing commitment to the abduction explanation and increasing anxiety reduction associated with ambiguity reduction.</li> <li>The therapist legitimates or ratifies the abductee's experience, which constitutes additional positive reinforcement.</li> <li>The client adopts the role of the "victim" or abductee, which becomes integrated into the psychotherapy and the client's view of self.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supportive_arguments">Supportive arguments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Supportive arguments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harvard psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/John_E._Mack" title="John E. Mack">John E. Mack</a> counters this argument, noting "It might be useful to restate that a large proportion of the material relating to abductions is recalled without the use of an altered state of consciousness, and that many abduction reporters appear to relive powerful experiences after only the most minimal relaxation exercise, hardly justifying the word <i>hypnosis</i> at all. The relaxation exercise is useful to relieve the experiencer's need to attend to the social demands and other stimuli of face-to-face conversation, and to relieve the energies involved in repressing memories and emotion."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perspectives">Perspectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_the_abduction_phenomenon" title="Perspectives on the abduction phenomenon">Perspectives on the abduction phenomenon</a></div> <p>There have been a variety of explanations offered for abduction phenomena, ranging from sharply skeptical appraisals, to uncritical acceptance of all abductee claims, to the demonological, to everything in between. Some have elected not to attempt explanations, noting instead similarities to other phenomena, or simply documenting the development of the alien abduction phenomenon. </p><p>Others are intrigued by the entire phenomenon but hesitate in making any definitive conclusions. Psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/John_E._Mack" title="John E. Mack">John E. Mack</a> concluded: "The furthest you can go at this point is to say <i>there's an authentic mystery here.</i> And that is, I think, as far as anyone <i>ought</i> to go" (emphasis as in original).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mack was unconvinced by piecemeal counterclaims, however, and countered that skeptical explanations naturally need to "take into account the entire range of phenomena associated with abduction experiences", up to and including "missing time", directly contemporaneous UFO sightings, and the occurrence in small children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack1995431_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1995431-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Putting aside the question of whether abduction reports are literally and objectively "real", literature professor Terry Matheson argues that their popularity and their intriguing appeal are easily understood. Tales of abduction "are intrinsically absorbing; it is hard to imagine a more vivid description of human powerlessness". After experiencing the frisson of delightful terror one may feel from reading <a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">ghost stories</a> or watching <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror movies</a>, Matheson notes that people "can return to the safe world of their homes, secure in the knowledge that the phenomenon in question cannot follow. But as the abduction myth has stated almost from the outset, there is no avoiding alien abductors". Matheson writes that when compared to the earlier <a href="/wiki/Contactee" title="Contactee">contactee</a> reports, abduction accounts are distinguished by their "relative sophistication and subtlety, which enabled them to enjoy an immediately more favorable reception from the public".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some writers,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WilsonWeldon1978_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilsonWeldon1978-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have said abduction experiences bear similarities to pre-20th century accounts of demonic manifestations, noting as many as a dozen similarities.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One notable example is the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Monk#Eastern_Christianity" title="Monk">monk</a> <a href="/wiki/Seraphim_Rose" title="Seraphim Rose">Fr. Seraphim Rose</a>, who devotes a whole chapter in his book <i>Orthodoxy and the Religion of the Future</i><sup id="cite_ref-Rose2004_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the phenomena of UFOs and abductions, which, he concludes, are manifestations of the demonic.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As some studies suggest that in some UFO/alien encounters, these phenomena could be related to dissociative REM sleep states, like lucid dreams, sleep paralysis, and out-of-body experiences. In a 2021 study, published in <i>International Journal of Dream Research</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> researchers focused on the hypothesis that if some of alien abduction stories are the products of REM sleep, then they could be deliberately emulated by lucid dreaming practitioners. To check the hypothesis, they instructed a group of volunteers to try to emulate alien encounters via lucid dreams. Of the volunteers, 114 (75%) were able to experience alien encounters. Regarding the successful cases, 20% were close to reality in terms of the absence of paradoxical dreamlike events. And only among this 20% sleep paralysis and fear were observed, which are common in 'real' stories. In theory, random people might spontaneously encounter the same situation during REM sleep and confuse the events with reality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Testimonials">Testimonials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Testimonials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abduction researcher Brian Thompson claims that a nurse reported to him 1957 in Cincinnati she encountered a 3-foot-tall (90 cm) praying mantis-like entity two days after a V-shaped UFO sighting.<sup id="cite_ref-varietyofabductionbeings_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varietyofabductionbeings-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mantis-like creature is reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Insectoids_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectoids in science fiction">insectoid</a>-type entity reported in some abduction accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-varietyofabductionbeings_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varietyofabductionbeings-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He related this report to fellow researcher <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Stringfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Stringfield">Leonard Stringfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-varietyofabductionbeings_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varietyofabductionbeings-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stringfield told him of two cases he had in his files where separate witnesses reported identical circumstances in the same place and year.<sup id="cite_ref-varietyofabductionbeings_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varietyofabductionbeings-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some corroborated accounts seem to support the literal reality of the abduction experience, others seem to support a psychological explanation for the phenomenon's origins. Jenny Randles and Keith Basterfield both noted at the 1992 MIT alien abduction conference that of the five cases they knew of where an abduction researcher was present at the onset of an abduction experience, the experiencer "didn't physically go anywhere".<sup id="cite_ref-panelonculture_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panelonculture-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brazilian researcher Gilda Moura reported on a similar case, the Sueli case, from her home country. When psychologist and UFO researcher Don Donderi said that these cases were "evidence of psychological processes" that did not "have anything to do with a physical alien abduction", Moura replied: "If the Sueli case is not an abduction, I don't know what is an abduction any more".<sup id="cite_ref-panelonculture_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panelonculture-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gilda Moura noted that in the Brazilian Sueli case during the abduction UFOs were observed.<sup id="cite_ref-panelonculture_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panelonculture-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, she claims the experiencer had eye burns, saw lights and there seemed to be residual poltergeist activity.<sup id="cite_ref-panelonculture_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panelonculture-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempts_at_confirmation">Attempts at confirmation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Attempts at confirmation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Alien_implants" title="Alien implants">Alien implants</a></div> <p>It has been argued that if actual "flesh and blood" aliens are abducting humans, there should be some hard evidence that this is occurring.<sup id="cite_ref-skepticalperspective_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skepticalperspective-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of the physical reality of the abduction experience have suggested ways that could conceivably confirm abduction reports. One procedure reported occurring during the alleged <a href="#Examination">examination</a> phase of the experience is the insertion of a long needle-like contraption into a woman's navel.<sup id="cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medicaldiff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have speculated that this could be a form of <a href="/wiki/Laparoscopy" title="Laparoscopy">laparoscopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medicaldiff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this is true, after the abduction there should be <a href="/wiki/Insufflation" title="Insufflation">free gas</a> in the female's abdomen, which could be seen on an X-ray image.<sup id="cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medicaldiff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of free gas would be extremely abnormal and would help substantiate the claim of some sort of procedure being done to her.<sup id="cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medicaldiff-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_abduction_claims">Notable abduction claims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notable abduction claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;column-gap: 2em;"> <ul><li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Klarer" title="Elizabeth Klarer">Elizabeth Klarer</a> (South Africa)</li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Vilas_Boas" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio Vilas Boas">Antônio Vilas Boas</a> (Brazil)</li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Betty_and_Barney_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Betty and Barney Hill">Betty and Barney Hill</a> (US)<sup id="cite_ref-time_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Zamora_incident" title="Lonnie Zamora incident">Lonnie Zamora incident</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Pascagoula_Abduction" title="Pascagoula Abduction">Pascagoula Abduction</a> (US)</li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Travis_Walton_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Travis Walton UFO incident">Travis Walton</a> (US)</li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Frederick_Valentich" title="Disappearance of Frederick Valentich">Valentich disappearance</a> (Australia)</li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_incident" title="Robert Taylor incident">Robert Taylor incident</a> (Scotland)</li> <li>1970s–1980s: <a href="/wiki/Whitley_Strieber" title="Whitley Strieber">Whitley Strieber</a> (US)</li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_China#1994" title="UFO sightings in China">Meng Zhaoguo incident</a> (China)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_figures">Notable figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notable figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;column-gap: 2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Fowler" title="Raymond E. Fowler">Raymond E. Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Greer" title="Steven M. Greer">Steven M. Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budd_Hopkins" title="Budd Hopkins">Budd Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe" title="Linda Moulton Howe">Linda Moulton Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Jacobs" title="David M. Jacobs">David M. Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Mack" title="John E. Mack">John E. Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riley_Martin" title="Riley Martin">Riley Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitley_Strieber" title="Whitley Strieber">Whitley Strieber</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;column-gap: 2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction_claimants" title="Alien abduction claimants">Alien abduction claimants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction_entities" title="Alien abduction entities">Alien abduction entities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Alien abduction insurance">Alien abduction insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia" title="Anterograde amnesia">Anterograde amnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confabulation" title="Confabulation">Confabulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">Delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder#Therapist-induced" title="Dissociative identity disorder">Dissociative identity disorder § Therapist-induced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">Grey alien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">Hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubus" title="Incubus">Incubus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings" title="List of reported UFO sightings">List of reported UFO sightings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare (folklore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy" title="Recovered-memory therapy">Recovered-memory therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Christian_demonology" title="Sexuality in Christian demonology">Sexuality in Christian demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">Sleep paralysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy" title="Temporal lobe epilepsy">Temporal lobe epilepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_Repressed_Memory" title="The Myth of Repressed Memory">The Myth of Repressed Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a> – similarities include the involvement of sexual contact with non-human creatures in historical accusations of witchcraft.<sup id="cite_ref-skepticalperspective_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skepticalperspective-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Appelle" title="Stuart Appelle">Appelle, Stuart</a>. "The Abduction Experience: A Critical Evaluation of Theory and Evidence". <i>Journal of UFO Studies</i>, n.s. 6, 1995/96, pp. 29–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/alien+abduction">"Alien abduction – Define Alien abduction at Dictionary.com"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Alien+abduction+%E2%80%93+Define+Alien+abduction+at+Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Falien%2Babduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlien+abduction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appelle,_1996-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Appelle,_1996_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appelle,_1996_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Appelle, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-skepticalperspective-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-skepticalperspective_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skepticalperspective_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skepticalperspective_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skepticalperspective_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skepticalperspective_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skepticalperspective_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skepticalperspective_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheaffer, Robert. "A Skeptical Perspective on UFO Abductions." In: Pritchard, Andrea & Pritchard, David E. & Mack, John E. & Kasey, Pam & Yapp, Claudia. <i>Alien Discussions: Proceedings of the Abduction Study Conference</i>. Cambridge: North Cambridge Press, 1994. pp. 382–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-medicaldiff-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medicaldiff_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, John G. "Medical Procedural Differences: Alien Versus Human." In: Pritchard, Andrea & Pritchard, David E. & Mack, John E. & Kasey, Pam & Yapp, Claudia. <i>Alien Discussions: Proceedings of the Abduction Study Conference</i>. Cambridge: North Cambridge Press, 1994. pp. 59–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rarerepisodes-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rarerepisodes_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bullard, Thomas E. "The Rarer Abduction Episodes." In: Pritchard, Andrea & Pritchard, David E. & Mack, John E. & Kasey, Pam & Yapp, Claudia. <i>Alien Discussions: Proceedings of the Abduction Study Conference</i>. Cambridge: North Cambridge Press, 1994. pp. 72–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Östling_2021-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Östling_2021_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖstling2021" class="citation book cs1">Östling, Erik A. W. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkswEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA197">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I Figured That in My Dreams, I Remembered What Actually Happened': On Abduction Narratives as Emergent Folklore"</a>. In Zeller, Ben (ed.). <i>Handbook of UFO Religions</i>. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. 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(1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sohp.us/collections/ufos-a-history/doc/1953-Aug-Dec.php"><i>UFOs: A History, 1953 August–December</i></a> pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www_magonia_demon_co_uk1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-www_magonia_demon_co_uk1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060427053131/http://www.magonia.demon.co.uk/arc/90/revis01.html">"magonia.demon.co.uk"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magonia.demon.co.uk/arc/90/revis01.html">the original</a> on April 27, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fairyland%27s+Hunters+%E2%80%93+Part+One&rft.date=1993-06&rft.au=Peter+Rogerson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magonia.demon.co.uk%2Farc%2F90%2Frevis01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlien+abduction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryan, 145fn</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schnabel-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schnabel_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schnabel_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schnabel_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schnabel 1994 (missing source)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs (2015), p. 31. entire chapter 2 "Abductees, Aliens, and the Program" (pp. 15–46, especially Table 2, is helpful).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Globe-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Globe_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez_McRobbie" class="citation web cs1">Rodriguez McRobbie, Linda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2016/06/11/why-alien-abductions-are-down-dramatically/qQ3zdBIc2tLAf3LVms8GLP/story.html">"Why alien abductions are down dramatically"</a>. <i>bostonglobe.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=77026115">the original</a> on September 21, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Alleged+Alien+Abductions%3A+False+Memories%2C+Hypnosis+and+Fantasy+Proneness&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151-55&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2Fs15327965pli0702_8&rft.aulast=Kirsch&rft.aufirst=II&rft.au=Lynn+SJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FgoogleScholar.qst%3FdocId%3D77026115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlien+abduction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpanos_NP1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Spanos" title="Nicholas Spanos">Spanos NP</a> (1996). <i>Multiple Identities & False Memories: A Sociocognitive Perspective</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>. pp. 122–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55798-340-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55798-340-4"><bdi>978-1-55798-340-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multiple+Identities+%26+False+Memories%3A+A+Sociocognitive+Perspective&rft.pages=122-23&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-55798-340-4&rft.au=Spanos+NP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlien+abduction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johnemackinstitute.org/1992/06/the-ufo-abduction-phenomenon-what-does-it-mean-for-the-transformation-of-human-consciousness/">"The UFO Abduction Phenomenon"</a>. June 25, 1992<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+UFO+Abduction+Phenomenon&rft.date=1992-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohnemackinstitute.org%2F1992%2F06%2Fthe-ufo-abduction-phenomenon-what-does-it-mean-for-the-transformation-of-human-consciousness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlien+abduction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryan, 269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1995431-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack1995431_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMack1995">Mack 1995</a>, p. 431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matheson, 297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeel1996" class="citation book cs1">Keel, John A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130420102608/http://galaksija.com/literatura/jk_oth.pdf"><i>Operation Trojan Horse</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IllumiNet Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0962653469" title="Special:BookSources/978-0962653469"><bdi>978-0962653469</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galaksija.com/literatura/jk_oth.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 20, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Trojan+Horse&rft.pub=IllumiNet+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0962653469&rft.aulast=Keel&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalaksija.com%2Fliteratura%2Fjk_oth.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlien+abduction" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published in 1970 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000GK7CG4">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilsonWeldon1978-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WilsonWeldon1978_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifford_A._WilsonJohn_Weldon1978" class="citation book cs1">Clifford A. Wilson; John Weldon (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_hoPQAACAAJ"><i>Close Encounters: A Better Explanation, Involving Trauma, Terror, and Tragedy</i></a>. Master Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89051-041-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89051-041-4"><bdi>978-0-89051-041-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Close+Encounters%3A+A+Better+Explanation%2C+Involving+Trauma%2C+Terror%2C+and+Tragedy&rft.pub=Master+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-89051-041-4&rft.au=Clifford+A.+Wilson&rft.au=John+Weldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ_hoPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlien+abduction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danielrjennings.org/SimilaritiesBetweenUFOActivityAndDemonicActivity.html">"Articles Home"</a>. <i>danielrjennings.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=danielrjennings.org&rft.atitle=Articles+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danielrjennings.org%2FSimilaritiesBetweenUFOActivityAndDemonicActivity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlien+abduction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose2004-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rose2004_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFr._Seraphim_Rose2004" class="citation book cs1">Fr. Seraphim Rose (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=STIsAQAAMAAJ"><i>Orthodoxy and the Religion of the Future</i></a>. Saint Herman of Alaska Brotherhood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-887904-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-887904-00-1"><bdi>978-1-887904-00-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodoxy+and+the+Religion+of+the+Future&rft.pub=Saint+Herman+of+Alaska+Brotherhood&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-887904-00-1&rft.au=Fr.+Seraphim+Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSTIsAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlien+abduction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchbishop_Chrysostomos_of_Etna" class="citation web cs1">Archbishop Chrysostomos of Etna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthodoxinfo.com/praxis/alien_abduct.aspx">"Alien Abductions and the Orthodox Christian"</a>. <i>orthodoxinfo.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=orthodoxinfo.com&rft.atitle=Alien+Abductions+and+the+Orthodox+Christian&rft.au=Archbishop+Chrysostomos+of+Etna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forthodoxinfo.com%2Fpraxis%2Falien_abduct.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlien+abduction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352906005">"Emulating alien and UFO encounters in REM sleep"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emulating+alien+and+UFO+encounters+in+REM+sleep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F352906005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlien+abduction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-panelonculture-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-panelonculture_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-panelonculture_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-panelonculture_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-panelonculture_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, Dick & Randles, Jenny & Basterfield, Keith & Moura, Gilda. "Panel on Cross Cultural Patterns in Abductions." In: Pritchard, Andrea & Pritchard, David E. & Mack, John E. & Kasey, Pam & Yapp, Claudia. <i>Alien Discussions: Proceedings of the Abduction Study Conference</i>. Cambridge: North Cambridge Press, 1994. pp. 193–95.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan,_C._D._B.1995" class="citation book cs1">Bryan, C. D. B. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/closeencounterso00brya_0"><i>Close Encounters of the Fourth Kind: Alien Abduction, UFOs, and the Conference at M.I.T.</i></a></span>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42975-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42975-3"><bdi>978-0-679-42975-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Close+Encounters+of+the+Fourth+Kind%3A+Alien+Abduction%2C+UFOs%2C+and+the+Conference+at+M.I.T.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-679-42975-3&rft.au=Bryan%2C+C.+D.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcloseencounterso00brya_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlien+abduction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancy_SA2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Clancy" title="Susan Clancy">Clancy SA</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U8fqoTvsvUEC"><i>Abducted: How People Come to Believe They Were Kidnapped by Aliens</i></a>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01879-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01879-2"><bdi>978-0-674-01879-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abducted%3A+How+People+Come+to+Believe+They+Were+Kidnapped+by+Aliens&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01879-2&rft.au=Clancy+SA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU8fqoTvsvUEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlien+abduction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Michael_Jacobs" class="mw-redirect" title="David Michael Jacobs">Jacobs, David M. (Ph.D.)</a> (2015), <i>Walking Among Us: The Alien Plan to Control Humanity</i>, Disinformation Books, an imprint of Red Wheel/Weiser, LLC; The Disinformation Company Ltd., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-938875-14-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-938875-14-4">978-1-938875-14-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry_Matheson1998" class="citation book cs1">Terry Matheson (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alienabductionsc0000math"><i>Alien Abductions: Creating a Modern Phenomenon</i></a></span>. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-244-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-244-9"><bdi>978-1-57392-244-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alien+Abductions%3A+Creating+a+Modern+Phenomenon&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+NY&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57392-244-9&rft.au=Terry+Matheson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falienabductionsc0000math&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlien+abduction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._J._Stevens" title="C. J. Stevens">C. J. Stevens</a>, <i>The Supernatural Side of Maine</i>, 2002, about alien abductions and people from Maine who faced the supernatural.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack1995" class="citation book cs1">Mack, John E. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abductionhumanen00mack"><i>Abduction: Human encounters with aliens</i></a></span>. New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-39300-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-39300-7"><bdi>0-345-39300-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abduction%3A+Human+encounters+with+aliens&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-345-39300-7&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabductionhumanen00mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlien+abduction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkun2003" class="citation book cs1">Barkun, Michael (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cultureofconspir0000bark"><i>A culture of conspiracy – Apocalyptic visions in contemporary America</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23805-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23805-2"><bdi>0-520-23805-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+culture+of+conspiracy+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BApocalyptic+visions+in+contemporary+America&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-520-23805-2&rft.aulast=Barkun&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcultureofconspir0000bark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlien+abduction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivers2002" class="citation book cs1">Rivers, Lance (2002). "Alien abductions". In Shermer, Michael (ed.). <i>The skeptic encyclopedia of pseudoscience</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-654-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-654-7"><bdi>1-57607-654-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alien+abductions&rft.btitle=The+skeptic+encyclopedia+of+pseudoscience&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-57607-654-7&rft.aulast=Rivers&rft.aufirst=Lance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlien+abduction" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alien_abduction&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv805708">R. Leo Sprinkle papers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wyoming" title="University of Wyoming">University of Wyoming</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_Center" title="American Heritage Center">American Heritage Center</a></li> <li>Ballester-Olmos, V.J. and Heiden, Richard W. (Eds.), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/101922617/The_Reliability_of_UFO_Witness_Testimony">The Reliability of UFO Witness Testimony</a></i>. UPIAR, Turin, Italy (2023). ISBN 9791281441002.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UFOs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UFOs" title="Template:UFOs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UFOs" title="Template talk:UFOs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UFOs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UFOs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UFOs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object" title="Unidentified flying object">UFOs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings" title="List of reported UFO sightings">Claimed sightings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings" title="List of reported UFO sightings">List of reported UFO sightings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_outer_space" title="UFO sightings in outer space">Sightings in outer space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pre-20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Ezekiel's Wheel (circa 622–570 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airship_of_Clonmacnoise" title="Airship of Clonmacnoise">Airship of Clonmacnoise</a> (740s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1561_celestial_phenomenon_over_Nuremberg" title="1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg">1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1566_celestial_phenomenon_over_Basel" title="1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel">1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1665_celestial_phenomenon_over_Stralsund" title="1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund">1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonilla_observation" title="Bonilla observation">José Bonilla observation (1883)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_airship#The_airship_wave_of_1896-1897" title="Mystery airship">Airship wave (1896–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Texas,_UFO_incident" title="Aurora, Texas, UFO incident">Aurora (1897)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Angeles" title="Battle of Los Angeles">Los Angeles (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ngelholm_UFO_memorial" title="Ängelholm UFO memorial">Ängelholm UFO memorial (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arnold_UFO_sighting" title="Kenneth Arnold UFO sighting">Kenneth Arnold (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_flying_disc_craze" title="1947 flying disc craze">1947 craze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_105_UFO_sighting" title="Flight 105 UFO sighting">Flight 105 (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_incident" title="Roswell incident">Roswell (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_UFO_photographs" title="Rhodes UFO photographs">Rhodes (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantell_UFO_incident" title="Mantell UFO incident">Mantell (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiles-Whitted_UFO_encounter" title="Chiles-Whitted UFO encounter">Chiles-Whitted (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorman_dogfight" title="Gorman dogfight">Gorman Dogfight (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_UFO_incident" title="Mariana UFO incident">Mariana (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMinnville_UFO_photographs" title="McMinnville UFO photographs">McMinnville photographs (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperry_UFO_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry UFO case">Sperry (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock_Lights" title="Lubbock Lights">Lubbock Lights (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash-Fortenberry_UFO_sighting" title="Nash-Fortenberry UFO sighting">Nash-Fortenberry (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Washington,_D.C._UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident">Washington, D.C. (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatwoods_monster" title="Flatwoods monster">Flatwoods monster (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly%E2%80%93Hopkinsville_encounter" title="Kelly–Hopkinsville encounter">Kelly–Hopkinsville (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakenheath-Bentwaters_incident" title="Lakenheath-Bentwaters incident">Lakenheath-Bentwaters (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Villas_Boas" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio Villas Boas">Antônio Villas Boas (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levelland_UFO_case" title="Levelland UFO case">Levelland (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_and_Betty_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Barney and Betty Hill">Barney and Betty Hill abduction (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Zamora_incident" title="Lonnie Zamora incident">Lonnie Zamora incident (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solway_Firth_Spaceman" title="Solway Firth Spaceman">Solway Firth Spaceman (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_incident" title="Exeter incident">Exeter (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kecksburg_UFO_incident" title="Kecksburg UFO incident">Kecksburg (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westall_UFO" title="Westall UFO">Westall (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Lake_Incident" title="Falcon Lake Incident">Falcon Lake (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shag_Harbour_UFO_incident" title="Shag Harbour UFO incident">Shag Harbour (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_UFO_incident" title="Jimmy Carter UFO incident">Jimmy Carter (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force_UFO_sighting" title="Finnish Air Force UFO sighting">Finnish Air Force (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascagoula_Abduction" title="Pascagoula Abduction">Pascagoula Abduction (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lennon_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lennon UFO incident">John Lennon UFO incident (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travis_Walton_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Travis Walton UFO incident">Travis Walton incident (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tehran_UFO_incident" title="1976 Tehran UFO incident">Tehran (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk_phenomenon" title="Petrozavodsk phenomenon">Petrozavodsk phenomenon (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Prato" title="Operação Prato">Operação Prato (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanfretta_UFO_Incident" title="Zanfretta UFO Incident">Zanfretta incident (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Frederick_Valentich" title="Disappearance of Frederick Valentich">Valentich disappearance (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaikoura_lights" title="Kaikoura lights">Kaikoura Lights (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_incident" title="Robert Taylor incident">Robert Taylor incident (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Johnson_incident" title="Val Johnson incident">Val Johnson incident (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manises_UFO_incident" title="Manises UFO incident">Manises (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash%E2%80%93Landrum_incident" title="Cash–Landrum incident">Cash–Landrum incident (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendlesham_Forest_incident" title="Rendlesham Forest incident">Rendlesham Forest (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-en-Provence_case" title="Trans-en-Provence case">Trans-en-Provence (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Cargo_Flight_1628_incident" title="Japan Air Lines Cargo Flight 1628 incident">Japan Air Lines (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkley_Moor_UFO_incident" title="Ilkley Moor UFO incident">Ilkley Moor (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh_UFO_incident" title="Voronezh UFO incident">Voronezh incident (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_UFO_wave" title="Belgian UFO wave">Belgian UFO wave (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_School_UFO_incident" title="Ariel School UFO incident">Ariel School (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varginha_UFO_incident" title="Varginha UFO incident">Varginha (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Lights" title="Phoenix Lights">Phoenix Lights (1997)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Nimitz_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Nimitz UFO incident">USS <i>Nimitz</i> UFO incident (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Mexico#2004" title="UFO sightings in Mexico">Campeche, Mexico (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_O%27Hare_International_Airport_UFO_sighting" title="2006 O'Hare International Airport UFO sighting">O'Hare Airport (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Alderney_UFO_sighting" title="2007 Alderney UFO sighting">Alderney (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Norwegian_spiral_anomaly" title="2009 Norwegian spiral anomaly">Norway (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_UFO_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt UFO incidents">USS <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i> UFO incidents (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetpack_man" title="Jetpack man">Jetpack man (2020–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-altitude_object_events_in_2023" title="List of high-altitude object events in 2023">High-altitude object events (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Grusch_UFO_whistleblower_claims" title="David Grusch UFO whistleblower claims">David Grusch claims (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Confirmed hoaxes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maury_Island_incident" title="Maury Island incident">Maury Island hoax (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls_saucer_hoax" title="Twin Falls saucer hoax">Twin Falls, Idaho hoax (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico_UFO_hoax" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec, New Mexico UFO hoax">Aztec, New Mexico hoax (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_British_flying_saucer_hoax" title="1967 British flying saucer hoax">Southern England (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">Majestic 12 (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_UFO_incident" title="Gulf Breeze UFO incident">Gulf Breeze (1987–88)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)" title="Alien Autopsy (1995 film)">Alien Autopsy (1995 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown_UFO_hoax" title="Morristown UFO hoax">Morristown (2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sightings by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Africa" title="UFO sightings in Africa">Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_South_Africa" title="UFO sightings in South Africa">South Africa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Albania" title="UFO sightings in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Argentina" title="UFO sightings in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Australia" title="UFO sightings in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Belarus" title="UFO sightings in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Belgium" title="UFO sightings in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Brazil" title="UFO sightings in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Canada" title="UFO sightings in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_China" title="UFO sightings in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="UFO sightings in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_France" title="UFO sightings in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Greece" title="UFO sightings in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_India" title="UFO sightings in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Indonesia" title="UFO sightings in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Iran" title="UFO sightings in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Italy" title="UFO sightings in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Mexico" title="UFO sightings in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Nepal" title="UFO sightings in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_New_Zealand" title="UFO sightings in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Norway" title="UFO sightings in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Poland" title="UFO sightings in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Russia" title="UFO sightings in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Spain" title="UFO sightings in Spain">Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="UFO sightings in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Sweden" title="UFO sightings in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="UFO sightings in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_United_States" title="UFO sightings in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of UFOs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(UFO)" title="Black triangle (UFO)">Black triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_saucer" title="Flying saucer">Flying saucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foo_fighter" title="Foo fighter">Foo fighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_rockets" title="Ghost rockets">Ghost rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_fireballs" title="Green fireballs">Green fireballs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_airship" title="Mystery airship">Mystery airship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_jellyfish" title="Space jellyfish">Space jellyfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alleged_extraterrestrial_beings" title="List of alleged extraterrestrial beings">Types of alleged<br /> extraterrestrial beings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy beings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">Grey aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectoids_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectoids in science fiction">Insectoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_aliens" title="Nordic aliens">Nordic aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_humanoid" title="Reptilian humanoid">Reptilian humanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies and timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_UFO_reports_by_the_United_States_government" title="Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government">Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Saucers_Are_Real" title="The Flying Saucers Are Real"><i>The Flying Saucers Are Real</i> (1947–1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sign" title="Project Sign">Project Sign (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Grudge" title="Project Grudge">Project Grudge (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Saucer_Working_Party" title="Flying Saucer Working Party">Flying Saucer Working Party (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Magnet_(UFO)" title="Project Magnet (UFO)">Project Magnet (1950–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Blue_Book" title="Project Blue Book">Project Blue Book (1952–1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robertson_Panel" title="Robertson Panel">Robertson Panel (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Report_on_Unidentified_Flying_Objects" title="The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects">Ruppelt report (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigations_Committee_On_Aerial_Phenomena" title="National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena">National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (1956–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condon_Committee" title="Condon Committee">Condon Report (1966–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_22" title="Institute 22">Institute 22 (1978–?)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Condign" title="Project Condign">Project Condign (1997–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Aerospace_Threat_Identification_Program" title="Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program">Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (2007–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_studies_of_UFOs" title="Identification studies of UFOs">Identification studies of UFOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_Aerial_Phenomena_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force">Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (current)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%27s_UAP_independent_study_team" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA's UAP independent study team">NASA's UAP independent study team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hypotheses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Tonnies#Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis" title="Mac Tonnies">Cryptoterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdimensional_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdimensional hypothesis">Interdimensional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychosocial hypothesis">Psychosocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_UFOs" title="Nazi UFOs">Nazi UFOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-traveller_UFO_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-traveller UFO hypothesis">Time-traveller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Trotskyist-Posadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories" title="UFO conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Area_51" title="Storm Area 51">Storm Area 51</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Lazar" title="Bob Lazar">Bob Lazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulce_Base" title="Dulce Base">Dulce Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Project Serpo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abduction claims</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alien_abduction_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alien abduction claims">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction_entities" title="Alien abduction entities">Entities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction_claimants" title="Alien abduction claimants">Claimants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_of_the_abduction_phenomenon" title="Narrative of the abduction phenomenon">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_the_abduction_phenomenon" title="Perspectives on the abduction phenomenon">Perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niche_insurance" title="Niche insurance">Insurance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_implants" title="Alien implants">Implants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_mutilation" title="Cattle mutilation">Cattle mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contactee" title="Contactee">Contactee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_circle" title="Crop circle">Crop circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_investigations_of_UFOs_by_governments" title="List of investigations of UFOs by governments">Government responses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEIPAN" title="GEIPAN">GEIPAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO_organizations" title="List of UFO organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ufologists" title="List of ufologists">Ufologists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UFOs_in_fiction" title="UFOs in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">Religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO_religions" title="List of UFO religions">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skepticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_skeptics" title="List of scientific skeptics">List of scientific skeptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government & Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Congress_hearings_on_UFOs" title="2022 United States Congress hearings on UFOs">United States Congress hearings on UFOs (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_Anomalous_Phenomena_Disclosure_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act">Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act (UADPA), USA law (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Unidentified_flying_objects" title="Category:Unidentified flying objects">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conspiracy_theories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conspiracy_theories" title="Template:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conspiracy_theories" title="Template talk:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conspiracy_theories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conspiracy_theories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">List of conspiracy theories</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabal" title="Cabal">Cabals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state" title="Deep state">deep state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89minence_grise" title="Éminence grise">éminence grise</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne" title="Power behind the throne">power behind the throne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conspiracy" title="Civil conspiracy">Civil</a> / <a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Criminal</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_conspiracies" title="List of political conspiracies">Political conspiracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy" title="Conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_actor" title="Crisis actor">Crisis actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophe_scenarios" title="Global catastrophe scenarios">Global catastrophe scenarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_message" title="Hidden message">Hidden message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secrecy" title="Secrecy">Secrecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">Secret societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legends and myths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_polarization#Attitude_polarization" title="Group polarization">Attitude polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_of_control" title="Locus of control">Locus of control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">Paranoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Astronomy_and_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Astronomy and outer space</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Apollo Moon landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs" title="Modern flat Earth beliefs">Flat Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Moon" title="Hollow Moon">Hollow Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_conspiracy_theory" title="Reptilian conspiracy theory">Reptilians</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="UFOs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories" title="UFO conspiracy theories">UFOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alien abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_satellite_conspiracy_theory" title="Black Knight satellite conspiracy theory">Black Knight satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Tonnies#Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis" title="Mac Tonnies">Cryptoterrestrial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Interdimensional_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdimensional hypothesis">Interdimensional hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulce_Base" title="Dulce Base">Dulce Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sign" title="Project Sign"><i>Estimate of the Situation</i></a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan_Triangle" title="Lake Michigan Triangle">Lake Michigan Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">MJ-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_UFOs" title="Nazi UFOs">Nazi UFOs</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Glocke_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Die Glocke (conspiracy theory)">Die Glocke</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Serpo" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Project Serpo</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hoaxes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Hoaxes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dundy_County_UFO_hoax" title="Dundy County UFO hoax">Dundy County</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maury_Island_incident" title="Maury Island incident">Maury Island</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_incident#Roswell_in_UFO_conspiracy_theories_(1978–present)" title="Roswell incident">Roswell</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls_saucer_hoax" title="Twin Falls saucer hoax">Twin Falls</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico_crashed_saucer_hoax" title="Aztec, New Mexico crashed saucer hoax">Aztec, New Mexico</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_British_flying_saucer_hoax" title="1967 British flying saucer hoax">Southern England</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes#Photograph_of_"an_alien"_taken_at_Ilkley_Moor_(1987)" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Ilkley Moor</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_UFO_incident" title="Gulf Breeze UFO incident">Gulf Breeze</a> (1987–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)" title="Alien Autopsy (1995 film)">Alien autopsy</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown_UFO_hoax" title="Morristown UFO hoax">Morristown</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Deaths_and_disappearances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Deaths and disappearances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Assassination_theories" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Prince#Disappearance" title="Louis Le Prince">Louis Le Prince</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener#Death" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_legacy_of_Tom_Thomson#Alternative_theories" title="Death and legacy of Tom Thomson">Tom Thomson</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski%27s_death_controversy" title="Władysław Sikorski's death controversy">Władysław Sikorski</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Benito_Mussolini#Post-war_controversy" title="Death of Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_Adolf_Hitler%27s_death" title="Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death">Adolf Hitler</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Death of Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Johnny_Stompanato#Legacy_and_conspiracy_theories" title="Killing of Johnny Stompanato">Johnny Stompanato</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Marilyn_Monroe#Conspiracy_theories" title="Death of Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">John F. Kennedy</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald#Foreign_involvement_in_his_murder" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri#Death" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Harold_Holt#Conspiracy_theories" title="Disappearance of Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Martin Luther King Jr. assassination conspiracy theories">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Robert F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Salvador_Allende" title="Death of Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_kidnapping_and_murder_of_Aldo_Moro" title="Conspiracy theories about the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renny_Ottolina#Death_and_legacy" title="Renny Ottolina">Renny Ottolina</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I_conspiracy_theories" title="Pope John Paul I conspiracy theories">Pope John Paul I</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airey_Neave#Conspiracy_theories" title="Airey Neave">Airey Neave</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Olof_Palme#Murder_theories" title="Assassination of Olof Palme">Olof Palme</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq#Theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and state funeral of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEC-Marconi_scientist_deaths_conspiracy_theory" title="GEC-Marconi scientist deaths conspiracy theory">GEC-Marconi scientists</a> (1980s–90s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal#Death_and_exhumation" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Vince_Foster" title="Suicide of Vince Foster">Vince Foster</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kurt_Cobain" title="Suicide of Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Yitzhak Rabin assassination conspiracy theories">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Conspiracy theories about the death of Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana, Princess of Wales</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Estermann" title="Alois Estermann">Alois Estermann</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre#Conspiracy_theories" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Nepalese royal family</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_Yasser_Arafat%27s_death#Theories_about_the_cause_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause of Yasser Arafat's death">Yasser Arafat</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Benazir_Bhutto#United_Nations_inquiry" title="Assassination of Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_death_conspiracy_theories" title="Osama bin Laden death conspiracy theories">Osama bin Laden</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Seth_Rich" title="Murder of Seth Rich">Seth Rich</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Castro_(activist)" title="Alejandro Castro (activist)">Alejandro Castro</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jeffrey_Epstein#Homicide_suspicions_and_conspiracy_theories" title="Death of Jeffrey Epstein">Jeffrey Epstein</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Chan_Yin-lam" title="Death of Chan Yin-lam">Chan Yin-lam</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Sushant_Singh_Rajput#Public_reactions" title="Death of Sushant Singh Rajput">Sushant Singh Rajput</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee#Death" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accidents / disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Celeste#Myths_and_false_histories" title="Mary Celeste"><i>Mary Celeste</i></a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_conspiracy_theories" title="Titanic conspiracy theories">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake#Ensuing_violence" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynmouth_Flood#Conspiracy_theory" title="Lynmouth Flood">Lynmouth Flood</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyatlov_Pass_incident" title="Dyatlov Pass incident">Dyatlov Pass</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cosmonauts" title="Lost Cosmonauts">Lost Cosmonauts</a> (1950s–60s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAT_Flight_367#Shootdown_conspiracy_theory" title="JAT Flight 367">JAT Flight 367</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_553#Conspiracy_theories" title="United Air Lines Flight 553">United Air Lines Flight 553</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways_Flight_295#Theories_regarding_the_cause_of_the_fire" title="South African Airways Flight 295">South African Airways Flight 295</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamar-Daban_incident" title="Khamar-Daban incident">Khamar-Daban</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_MS_Estonia" title="Sinking of the MS Estonia">MS <i>Estonia</i></a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_800_conspiracy_theories" title="TWA Flight 800 conspiracy theories">TWA Flight 800</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EgyptAir_Flight_990#Media_coverage" title="EgyptAir Flight 990">EgyptAir Flight 990</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370_disappearance_theories" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappearance theories">Malaysia Airlines Flight 370</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_historical_interpretations_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="Alternative historical interpretations of Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> (1431)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Children_Affair" title="Yemenite Children Affair">Yemenite children</a> (1948–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_sightings" title="Elvis sightings">Elvis Presley</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown#Conspiracy_theories" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Body double hoax</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_is_dead" title="Paul is dead">Paul McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avril_Lavigne_replacement_conspiracy_theory" title="Avril Lavigne replacement conspiracy theory">Avril Lavigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory_about_Vladimir_Putin%27s_body_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theory about Vladimir Putin's body doubles">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump_replacement_conspiracy_theory" title="Melania Trump replacement conspiracy theory">Melania Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy,_environment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Energy, environment</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21#Opposition" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory" title="California drought manipulation conspiracy theory"> California drought manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change conspiracy theory">false theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_energy_suppression_conspiracy_theory" title="Free energy suppression conspiracy theory">Free energy suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program#Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program">HAARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="False_flag_allegations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a> allegations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)#False_flag_operation_conspiracy_theories" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS <i>Maine</i></a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania#Controversies" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire#Dispute_about_Van_der_Lubbe's_role" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory" title="Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory">Pearl Harbor</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Liberty_incident#Ongoing_controversy_and_unresolved_questions" title="USS Liberty incident">USS <i>Liberty</i></a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Flight_615#Allegations_of_West_German_government_involvement" title="Lufthansa Flight 615">Lufthansa Flight 615</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wider%C3%B8e_Flight_933" title="Widerøe Flight 933">Widerøe Flight 933</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007_alternative_theories" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007 alternative theories">KAL Flight 007</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Mozambican_Tupolev_Tu-134_crash" title="1986 Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 crash">Mozambican presidential jet</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103_conspiracy_theories" title="Pan Am Flight 103 conspiracy theories">Pan Am Flight 103</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing_conspiracy_theories" title="Oklahoma City bombing conspiracy theories">Oklahoma City bombing</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 attacks</a> (2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theories" title="September 11 attacks advance-knowledge conspiracy theories">advance knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_controlled_demolition_conspiracy_theories" title="World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories">WTC collapse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_the_2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings">Madrid train bombing</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings#Conspiracy_theories" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">London bombings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_air_disaster" title="Smolensk air disaster">Smolensk air disaster</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17#Russian_media_coverage" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight 17</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Gender_and_sexuality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gender and sexuality</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_male" title="Alpha and beta male">Alpha / beta males</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_chemicals_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBT chemicals conspiracy theory">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_panic" title="Drag panic">drag panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_agenda" title="Gay agenda">gay agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Nazis_myth" title="Gay Nazis myth">gay Nazis myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS#1981–1982:_From_GRID_to_AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States#Public_perception" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Homintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Homintern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Recruitment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax" title="Litter boxes in schools hoax">litter box hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvestigation" title="Transvestigation">Transvestigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_pinching_conspiracy_theory" title="Finger pinching conspiracy theory">Finger pinching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)" title="Gamergate (harassment campaign)">GamerGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incel#Ideology_present_in_incel_communities" title="Incel">Ideology in incel communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larries" title="Larries">Larries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Swifties#Gaylor" title="Swifties">Gaylors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_panic" title="Satanic panic">Satanic panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_boy" title="Soy boy">Soy and masculinity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G_misinformation" title="5G misinformation">5G misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">Anti-vaccination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">autism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic" title="Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic">in chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">misinformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">Aspartame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories" title="Big Pharma conspiracy theories">Big Pharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory" title="COVID-19 lab leak theory">lab leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">vaccines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_cancer" title="Turbo cancer">turbo cancer</a></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 misinformation in Canada">Canada</a> / <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines">Philippines</a> / <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_misinformation" title="Ebola misinformation">Ebola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_harassment" title="Electronic harassment">Electronic harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMO_conspiracy_theories" title="GMO conspiracy theories">GMOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories" title="Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories">origins theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis" title="Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis">oral polio AIDS hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1321_lepers%27_plot" title="1321 lepers' plot">Lepers' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medbed" title="Medbed">Medbeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS_conspiracy_theory" title="SARS conspiracy theory">SARS</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Pont-Saint-Esprit_mass_poisoning" title="1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning">Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Race,_religion_and/or_ethnicity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Race, religion and/or ethnicity</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwa_Love_Trap_conspiracy_theory" title="Bhagwa Love Trap conspiracy theory">Bhagwa Love Trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN_ritual_hoax" title="CERN ritual hoax">CERN ritual hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 and xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_conspiracy_theories" title="Masonic conspiracy theories">Freemasons</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masonic_conspiracy_theories_in_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masonic conspiracy theories in the French Revolution (page does not exist)">French Revolution</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ories_du_complot_ma%C3%A7onnique_dans_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Théories du complot maçonnique dans la Révolution française">fr</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp#Discredited_extermination_camp_story" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw</a></span> (1940s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_Losses" title="Other Losses">German POWs post-WWII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory_of_Sion" title="Priory of Sion">Priory of Sion</a></li> <li>Product labeling <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halal_conspiracy_theories" title="Halal conspiracy theories">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarian_Empire_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartarian Empire (conspiracy theory)">Tartarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Islam_controversy" title="War on Islam controversy">War against Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">during the Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Team" title="Epsilon Team">Epsilon Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros_conspiracy_theories" title="George Soros conspiracy theories">George Soros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_300" title="Committee of 300">Committee of 300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonic plot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">Z.O.G.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeopolonia" title="Judeopolonia">Judeopolonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Killing of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalergi_Plan" title="Kalergi Plan">Kalergi Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family#Conspiracy_theories" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian / <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Anti-Catholic_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">Anti-Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_conspiracy_theories" title="Jesuit conspiracy theories">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_conspiracy_theories" title="Vatican conspiracy theories">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_election_of_Giuseppe_Siri_theory" title="Papal election of Giuseppe Siri theory">Giuseppe Siri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpIndia#Bihar_human_sacrifice_claims" title="OpIndia">Bihar human sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurabia_conspiracy_theory" title="Eurabia conspiracy theory">Eurabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_jihad_conspiracy_theory" title="Love jihad conspiracy theory">Love jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamo-leftism#2021_proposed_Vidal_inquiry" title="Islamo-leftism">Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse_scandal" title="Trojan Horse scandal">Trojan Horse scandal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Template:Denial_of_mass_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Denial of mass killings">Denial of mass killings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide#Views_in_Pakistan" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo#Denial_and_justification" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs during WWII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cow_vigilante_violence_in_India" title="Cow vigilante violence in India">Cow vigilante violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Greater Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinnahpur" title="Jinnahpur">Jinnahpur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallano_gold" title="Tallano gold">Tallano gold</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger-pinching_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger-pinching conspiracy theory">Finger-pinching</a></li></ul></li> <li>Thailand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland_Plot" title="Finland Plot">Finland Plot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas<br /><small>(outside the United States)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_CF-105_Arrow#Cancellation" title="Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow">Avro Arrow cancellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuchter_report" title="Leuchter report">Leuchter report</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Matusita" title="Casa Matusita">Casa Matusita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daktari_Ranch_affair" title="Daktari Ranch affair">Daktari Ranch affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golpe_Azul" title="Golpe Azul">Golpe Azul</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East / North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_the_Arab_world" title="Conspiracy theories in the Arab world">In the Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_agorot_controversy" title="10 agorot controversy">10 agorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_fire#Conspiracy_theories" title="Cairo fire">Cairo fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissinger_Plan_in_Lebanon" title="Kissinger Plan in Lebanon">Kissinger Plan in Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel-related_animal_conspiracy_theories" title="Israel-related animal conspiracy theories">Israel-related animal theories</a></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_overthrow_of_Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories about the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Western-backed Iranian Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallywood" title="Pallywood">Pallywood</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_payment_conspiracy" title="Alaska payment conspiracy">Alaska payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulles%27_Plan" title="Dulles' Plan">Dulles' Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_billion" title="Golden billion">Golden billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagantsev_conspiracy" title="Tagantsev conspiracy">Petrograd Military Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigori_Rasputin" title="Grigori Rasputin">Rasputin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_bioweapons_conspiracy_theory" title="Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory">Ukraine bioweapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt#Staged_coup_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">2016 coup attempt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ergenekon_(organization)" title="Ergenekon (organization)">Ergenekon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledgehammer_(alleged_coup_plan)" title="Sledgehammer (alleged coup plan)">Operation Sledgehammer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests#Conspiracy_claims" title="Gezi Park protests">Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_syndrome" title="Sèvres syndrome">Sèvres syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Üst_akıl" title="List of conspiracy theories">Üst akıl</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyth</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_War_Party" title="Global War Party">Global War Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Plot_(Ireland)" title="German Plot (Ireland)">German Plot</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itavia_Flight_870" title="Itavia Flight 870">Itavia Flight 870</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lithuania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statesmen_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Statesmen (conspiracy theory)">Statesmen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Catilinarian_conspiracy" title="First Catilinarian conspiracy">First Catilinarian conspiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Negra_affair" title="Mano Negra affair">Mano Negra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lilla_Saltsj%C3%B6badsavtalet" title="Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet">Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet</a></li></ul></li> <li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clockwork_Orange_(plot)" title="Clockwork Orange (plot)">Clockwork Orange plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_Guest_House_hoax" title="Elm Guest House hoax">Elm Guest House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson_plot_allegations" title="Harold Wilson plot allegations">Harold Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory" title="Voting pencil conspiracy theory">Voting pencil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_United_States_politics" title="Conspiracy theories in United States politics">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barack Obama <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories">citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories">religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Real_Father" title="Dreams from My Real Father">parentage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_Barack_Obama_spying_on_Donald_Trump" title="Allegations of Barack Obama spying on Donald Trump">"Obamagate"</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spygate_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Spygate (conspiracy theory)">Spygate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden%E2%80%93Ukraine_conspiracy_theory" title="Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory">Biden–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_helicopter" title="Black helicopter">Black helicopters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory" title="CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory">CIA and JFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden">CIA assistance to bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_body_count_conspiracy_theory" title="Clinton body count conspiracy theory">Clinton body count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Election denial movement in the United States">Election denial movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_secret_society_conspiracy_theory" title="FBI secret society conspiracy theory">FBI secret society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEMA_camps_conspiracy_theory" title="FEMA camps conspiracy theory">FEMA camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Guidestones#Conspiracy_theories" title="Georgia Guidestones">Georgia Guidestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Helm_15_conspiracy_theories" title="Jade Helm 15 conspiracy theories">Jade Helm 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montauk_Project" title="Montauk Project">Montauk Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Experiment" title="Philadelphia Experiment">Philadelphia Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzagate_conspiracy_theory" title="Pizzagate conspiracy theory">Pizzagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plan_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="The Plan (Washington, D.C.)">The Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Azorian" title="Project Azorian">Project Azorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_QAnon" title="Pastel QAnon">Pastel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_incidents_involving_QAnon" title="Timeline of incidents involving QAnon">incidents</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting_conspiracy_theories" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories">Sandy Hook</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_pet-eating_hoax" title="Springfield pet-eating hoax">Springfield pet-eating hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_related_to_the_Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vast_right-wing_conspiracy_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vast right-wing conspiracy (term)">"Vast right-wing conspiracy"</a></li> <li>Vietnam War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue" title="Vietnam War POW/MIA issue">POW/MIA issue</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2020_election" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Conspiracy_allegations" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">2020 election</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italygate" title="Italygate">Italygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Pence_Card" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">"Pence Card"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Maricopa_County_presidential_ballot_audit" title="2021 Maricopa County presidential ballot audit">Maricopa County ballot audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Stop_the_Steal" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Stop the Steal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Internet_theory" title="Dead Internet theory">Dead Internet theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NESARA" title="NESARA">NESARA/GESARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Coke#Conspiracy_theories" title="New Coke">New Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_time_conspiracy_theory" title="Phantom time conspiracy theory">Phantom time</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_chronology_(Fomenko)" title="New chronology (Fomenko)">New chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_government_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Shadow government (conspiracy theory)">Shadow government claims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilderberg_Meeting#Conspiracy_theories" title="Bilderberg Meeting">Bilderberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Shakespearean authorship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law#Conspiracy_theory" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">Redemption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawman_theory" title="Strawman theory">Strawman theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_conspiracy_arguments" title="Tax protester conspiracy arguments">Tax protesters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satirical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre_conspiracy" title="Acre conspiracy">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld_conspiracy" title="Bielefeld conspiracy">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_Aren%27t_Real" title="Birds Aren't Real">Birds Aren't Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%27s_field" title="Li's field">Li's field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz%E2%80%93Zodiac_Killer_meme" title="Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme">Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="See_also" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">See also</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_Encyclopedia" title="Conspiracy Encyclopedia">Conspiracy Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_fiction" title="Conspiracy fiction">Conspiracy fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspirituality" title="Conspirituality">Conspirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">pseudoskepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">Online youth radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">Radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_by_press_conference" title="Science by press conference">Science by press conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/805048/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4647817-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh96002201">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12545941d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12545941d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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