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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Reed Smoot" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reed Smoot" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="رید اسموت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رید اسموت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Reed Smoot" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%98" title="ריד סמוט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריד סמוט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Reed Smoot" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="ريد سموت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريد سموت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="リード・スムート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リード・スムート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Reed Smoot" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Reed Smoot" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the cinematographer, see <a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot_(cinematographer)" title="Reed Smoot (cinematographer)">Reed Smoot (cinematographer)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><span class="fn">Reed Smoot</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Reed_Smoot,_bw_photo_portrait,_Bain_News_Service.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white portrait of Reed Smoot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Reed_Smoot%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_Bain_News_Service.jpg/220px-Reed_Smoot%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_Bain_News_Service.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Reed_Smoot%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_Bain_News_Service.jpg/330px-Reed_Smoot%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_Bain_News_Service.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Reed_Smoot%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_Bain_News_Service.jpg/440px-Reed_Smoot%2C_bw_photo_portrait%2C_Bain_News_Service.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3497" data-file-height="5121" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender; line-height: normal; padding: 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">Quorum of the Twelve Apostles</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">April 8, 1900 – February 9, 1941</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Called by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Snow" title="Lorenzo Snow">Lorenzo Snow</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender; line-height: normal; padding: 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">LDS Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Apostle (Latter Day Saints)">Apostle</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">April 8, 1900 – February 9, 1941</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Called by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Lorenzo Snow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reason</th><td class="infobox-data">Death of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Richards_(Mormon_apostle)" title="Franklin D. Richards (Mormon apostle)">Franklin D. Richards</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reorganization<br /><span class="nowrap">at end of term</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_B._Lee" title="Harold B. Lee">Harold B. Lee</a> ordained</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">United States Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;"><span class="nowrap">In office</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1933</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Rawlins" title="Joseph L. Rawlins">Joseph L. Rawlins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elbert_D._Thomas" title="Elbert D. Thomas">Elbert D. Thomas</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1862-01-10</span>)</span>January 10, 1862<br /><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 9, 1941<span style="display:none">(1941-02-09)</span> (aged 79)<br /><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young Academy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Alpha Eldredge<br />Alice Taylor Sheets</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_O._Smoot" title="Abraham O. Smoot">Abraham O. Smoot</a> (father)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Reed_Smoot_(1862%E2%80%931941).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Signature_of_Reed_Smoot_%281862%E2%80%931941%29.png/220px-Signature_of_Reed_Smoot_%281862%E2%80%931941%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Signature_of_Reed_Smoot_%281862%E2%80%931941%29.png/330px-Signature_of_Reed_Smoot_%281862%E2%80%931941%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Signature_of_Reed_Smoot_%281862%E2%80%931941%29.png/440px-Signature_of_Reed_Smoot_%281862%E2%80%931941%29.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="109" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #aaaaaa; text-align:left"><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks noprint navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/16px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/24px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/31px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a>  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/16px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/24px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/32px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement">LDS movement portal</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Reed Smoot</b> (January 10, 1862 – February 9, 1941) was an American politician, businessman, and <a href="/wiki/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Apostle (Latter Day Saints)">apostle</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church). A <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> who was first elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Utah_State_Legislature" title="Utah State Legislature">Utah State Legislature</a> in 1902, he served from 1903 to 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-Utah_History_Encyclopedia,_Reed_Smoot_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utah_History_Encyclopedia,_Reed_Smoot-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smoot is primarily remembered as the co-sponsor of the 1930 <a href="/wiki/Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act" title="Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act">Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act</a>, which increased almost 900 American import duties. Criticized at the time as having "intensified nationalism all over the world" by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Lamont" title="Thomas W. Lamont">Thomas Lamont</a> of <a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co." title="J.P. Morgan & Co.">J.P. Morgan & Co.</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-The_battle_of_Smoot-Hawley_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_battle_of_Smoot-Hawley-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smoot–Hawley is widely regarded as one of the catalysts for the worsening <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reed_Owen_Smoot:_A_Featured_Biography_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed_Owen_Smoot:_A_Featured_Biography-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smoot was a prominent leader of the LDS Church, <a href="/wiki/Calling_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calling (LDS Church)">called</a> to serve as an apostle and member of the <a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">Quorum of the Twelve</a> in 1900. His role in the church (together with rumors of a secret church policy continuing <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_vengeance" title="Oath of vengeance">secret oath</a> against the United States)<sup id="cite_ref-Smoot_Hearings,_Heath_S._Harvard_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smoot_Hearings,_Heath_S._Harvard-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to a controversy of four years after he was elected to the Senate. A Senate committee investigated his eligibility to serve, known as the <a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot_hearings" title="Reed Smoot hearings">Reed Smoot hearings</a>, and recommended against him, but the full Senate voted to seat him.<sup id="cite_ref-Smoot_Hearings,_Heath_S._Harvard_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smoot_Hearings,_Heath_S._Harvard-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smoot continued to be reelected to successive terms until he lost his seat in the 1932 elections. Smoot returned to Utah in 1933. Retiring from politics and business, he devoted himself to the church. At the time of his death, he was third in the line of succession to lead the church.<sup id="cite_ref-Utah_History_Encyclopedia,_Reed_Smoot_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utah_History_Encyclopedia,_Reed_Smoot-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_family,_and_religious_activity"><span id="Early_life.2C_family.2C_and_religious_activity"></span>Early life, family, and religious activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reed_Smoot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life, family, and religious activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smoot was born in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a> on January 10, 1862, the son of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_O._Smoot" title="Abraham O. Smoot">Abraham O. Smoot</a>, who served as mayor of the city from 1856 to 1862 and Anne Kristina Morrison Smoot, also known as Anne Kirstine Mauritzen before her marriage. Anne was Abraham Smoot's fifth wife of six plural marriages, and he was the father of 27 children, three of whom he adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Utah:_Biographical_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Utah:_Biographical-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 99–102">: 99–102 </span></sup> The family moved to <a href="/wiki/Provo,_Utah" title="Provo, Utah">Provo, Utah</a>, when Abraham Smoot was called by <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Stake_president" class="mw-redirect" title="Stake president">stake president</a>. Smoot attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a> and graduated from Brigham Young Academy (now <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a>) in 1879. After completing his education, Smoot served as a <a href="/wiki/Mormon_missionary" title="Mormon missionary">missionary</a> for the church in England. After returning to Utah, he married Alpha M. Eldredge of Salt Lake City on September 17, 1884. They were the parents of six children.<sup id="cite_ref-Utah_History_Encyclopedia,_Reed_Smoot_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utah_History_Encyclopedia,_Reed_Smoot-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, Smoot became a successful businessman in the Provo and Salt Lake City areas, with interests including dry goods stores, mining, banking, railroads, lumberyards, raising livestock, coal sales, and manufacturing woolens. Beginning in 1895, he became increasingly involved in the hierarchy of the LDS Church. On April 8, 1900, he was ordained an apostle and member of the church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.<sup id="cite_ref-Utah_History_Encyclopedia,_Reed_Smoot_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utah_History_Encyclopedia,_Reed_Smoot-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grantsmootloc2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Grantsmootloc2.png/220px-Grantsmootloc2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Grantsmootloc2.png/330px-Grantsmootloc2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Grantsmootloc2.png/440px-Grantsmootloc2.png 2x" data-file-width="3790" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Smoot (right) with <a href="/wiki/Heber_J._Grant" title="Heber J. Grant">Heber J. Grant</a>, president of the LDS Church, c. 1918–1920</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_Senate">United States Senate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reed_Smoot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United States Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smoot joined the Republican Party and took part in several campaigns beginning in the late 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1892, he was the unsuccessful Republican nominee for mayor of Provo.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1892, he was a delegate to several Utah County Republican conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began serving as a member of the state Republican executive committee in the mid-1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After becoming an apostle in 1900, Smoot received the approval of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Church (LDS Church)">LDS Church president</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Smith" title="Joseph F. Smith">Joseph F. Smith</a> to run for office. In 1901, he ran for the U.S. Senate, and was defeated in the state legislative election by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kearns" title="Thomas Kearns">Thomas Kearns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Politics_of_American_Religious_Identity_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Politics_of_American_Religious_Identity-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> Smoot was elected by the Utah legislature to the United States Senate (<a href="/wiki/58th_United_States_Congress" title="58th United States Congress">58th Congress</a>) on January 20, 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-Business_of_the_House:_Proceedings_Before_That_Branch_Late_Yesterday_Afternoon._14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Business_of_the_House:_Proceedings_Before_That_Branch_Late_Yesterday_Afternoon.-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he took his oath of office, Kearns provided his formal introduction to the senate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy_over_religious_affiliation">Controversy over religious affiliation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reed_Smoot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Controversy over religious affiliation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smoot's election sparked a bitter four-year battle in the Senate on whether Smoot was eligible and should be allowed to serve. Many Americans were suspicious of the LDS Church because of its earlier polygamous practices. In addition, some senators thought Smoot's position as an apostle would disqualify him from representing all his constituents. Many were convinced that his association with the church disqualified him from serving in the United States Senate. Only a few years earlier, another prominent Utah Latter-day Saint, <a href="/wiki/B._H._Roberts" title="B. H. Roberts">B. H. Roberts</a>, had been elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>. He was denied his seat on the basis that he practiced <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygamy and the Latter Day Saint movement">plural marriage</a> (polygamy), which was illegal in Utah as well as all other states of the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Politics_of_American_Religious_Identity_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Politics_of_American_Religious_Identity-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13–20">: 13–20 </span></sup> </p><p>The LDS Church had officially renounced future plural marriages in an <a href="/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">1890 Manifesto</a>, before Utah was admitted as a state. However, the <i><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake Tribune">Salt Lake Tribune</a></i> reported that church leaders continued to approve secretly of new, post-Manifesto plural marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-Solemn_Covenant:_The_Mormon_Polygamous_Passage_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solemn_Covenant:_The_Mormon_Polygamous_Passage-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 377">: 377 </span></sup> Because of the controversy, the Senate began an investigation into Smoot's eligibility.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Politics_of_American_Religious_Identity_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Politics_of_American_Religious_Identity-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Smoot_Hearings" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoot Hearings">Smoot Hearings</a> began on January 16, 1904. The hearings included exhaustive questioning into the continuation of plural marriage within the state of Utah and the LDS Church, and questions on church teachings, doctrines, and history. Although Smoot was not a polygamist, the charge by those opposed to his election to the Senate was that he could not swear to uphold the United States Constitution while serving in the highest echelons of an organization that sanctioned law breaking.<sup id="cite_ref-Smoot_Hearings,_Heath_S._Harvard_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smoot_Hearings,_Heath_S._Harvard-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_apostle_is_going_some.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_apostle_is_going_some.png/220px-The_apostle_is_going_some.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_apostle_is_going_some.png/330px-The_apostle_is_going_some.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_apostle_is_going_some.png/440px-The_apostle_is_going_some.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>Reed Smoot is shown fleeing two volumes of the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Discourses" title="Journal of Discourses">Journal of Discourses</a></i>. Protestants used quotes from the volumes of teachings of the prophets when asking Smoot questions about his religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Political_Cartooning_and_the_Reed_Smoot_Hearings_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Political_Cartooning_and_the_Reed_Smoot_Hearings-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> Some opponents claimed that <a href="/wiki/Temple_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple (LDS Church)">temple</a>-attending Latter-day Saints took an "<a href="/wiki/Oath_of_vengeance" title="Oath of vengeance">oath of vengeance</a>" against the United States for past grievances. As a leader of the LDS Church, Smoot was accused of taking this oath, which he denied. Although the majority of the investigative committee recommended that Smoot be removed from office, on February 20, 1907, the two-thirds majority required to expel Smoot failed and he was allowed to keep his seat.<sup id="cite_ref-Smoot_Hearings,_Heath_S._Harvard_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smoot_Hearings,_Heath_S._Harvard-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoot_and_Hawley_standing_together,_April_11,_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Smoot_and_Hawley_standing_together%2C_April_11%2C_1929.jpg/220px-Smoot_and_Hawley_standing_together%2C_April_11%2C_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Smoot_and_Hawley_standing_together%2C_April_11%2C_1929.jpg/330px-Smoot_and_Hawley_standing_together%2C_April_11%2C_1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Smoot_and_Hawley_standing_together%2C_April_11%2C_1929.jpg/440px-Smoot_and_Hawley_standing_together%2C_April_11%2C_1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3546" data-file-height="3662" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Willis_C._Hawley" title="Willis C. Hawley">Willis C. Hawley</a> (left) and Smoot in April 1929, shortly before the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act passed the House</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_career">Political career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reed_Smoot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:18em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p>Senator Smoot (Republican, Ut.)<br /> Is planning a ban on smut.<br /> Oh rooti-ti-toot for Smoot of Ut.<br /> And his reverend occiput.<br /> Smite, Smoot, smite for Ut.,<br /> Grit your molars and do your dut.,<br /> Gird up your l__ns,<br /> Smite h_p and th_gh,<br /> We'll all be Kansas<br /> By and by. ... </p> </div> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNash1930" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ogden_Nash" title="Ogden Nash">Nash, Ogden</a> (January 11, 1930), "Invocation", <i>The New Yorker</i>, p. 30</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Invocation&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1930-01-11&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Ogden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReed+Smoot" class="Z3988"></span>.</cite></p> </div> <p>Smoot was reelected in 1908 and continued to be reelected to successive terms until 1932, serving in the Senate until March 1933. A constitutional amendment mandated the popular election of U.S. senators after 1913. He was defeated in the 1932 election.<sup id="cite_ref-Utah_History_Encyclopedia,_Reed_Smoot_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utah_History_Encyclopedia,_Reed_Smoot-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1916, <a href="/wiki/William_Kent_(U.S._Congressman)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Kent (U.S. Congressman)">William Kent</a> was the lead sponsor in the House of Representatives of legislation to establish the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. Smoot sponsored the similar Senate bill. The legislation passed the House of Representatives on July 1, 1916, passed the Senate on August 5, and was signed by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> on August 25, 1916. The agency was placed within the cabinet Department of Interior.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Founding_of_the_National_Park_Service_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Founding_of_the_National_Park_Service-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine in December 1926 described <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> and Smoot as the two leading senators, stating that the Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Finance_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Finance Committee">Senate Finance Committee</a> spoke "with a dry holy passion for financial soundness".<sup id="cite_ref-time19261220_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time19261220-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smoot led the committee from 1923 to 1933, and served on the Senate Appropriations Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Everyman_and_Other_Essays_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everyman_and_Other_Essays-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> He became active in the national Republican Party and served as a delegate to the Republican national convention every four years between 1908 and 1924. He was Chairman of the 1928 Resolutions Committee at the 1928 Republican National Convention and Chairman of the Republican Senatorial Campaign Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Utah:_Biographical_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Utah:_Biographical-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smoot was a co-sponsor of the <a href="/wiki/Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act" title="Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act">Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act</a> in 1930, which raised U.S. import tariffs on over 20,000 dutiable items to record levels. Many historians believe that it exacerbated the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> signed the act into law on June 17, 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-The_battle_of_Smoot-Hawley_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_battle_of_Smoot-Hawley-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smoot served five terms before being defeated in the 1932 election by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Democratic Party">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Elbert_D._Thomas" title="Elbert D. Thomas">Elbert D. Thomas</a>. After his unsuccessful reelection campaign, Smoot moved back to Salt Lake City. He retired from active business and political pursuits to dedicate his remaining years as an apostle for the LDS Church. Smoot died on February 9, 1941, during a visit to <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a>. He was buried in <a href="/wiki/Provo,_Utah" title="Provo, Utah">Provo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Utah_History_Encyclopedia,_Reed_Smoot_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utah_History_Encyclopedia,_Reed_Smoot-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reed_Smoot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_expelled_or_censured" title="List of United States senators expelled or censured">List of United States senators expelled or censured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot_hearings" title="Reed Smoot hearings">Reed Smoot hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act" title="Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act">Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_O._Smoot_House" title="Reed O. Smoot House">Reed O. Smoot House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoot%E2%80%93Rowlett_family" title="Smoot–Rowlett family">Smoot–Rowlett family</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reed_Smoot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Utah_History_Encyclopedia,_Reed_Smoot-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Utah_History_Encyclopedia,_Reed_Smoot_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Utah_History_Encyclopedia,_Reed_Smoot_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Utah_History_Encyclopedia,_Reed_Smoot_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Utah_History_Encyclopedia,_Reed_Smoot_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Utah_History_Encyclopedia,_Reed_Smoot_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Utah_History_Encyclopedia,_Reed_Smoot_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGessel" class="citation journal cs1">Gessel, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historytogo.utah.gov/people/reedsmoot.html">"Reed Smoot"</a>. <i>Utah History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utah+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Reed+Smoot&rft.aulast=Gessel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorytogo.utah.gov%2Fpeople%2Freedsmoot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReed+Smoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_battle_of_Smoot-Hawley-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_battle_of_Smoot-Hawley_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_battle_of_Smoot-Hawley_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/12798595">"The battle of Smoot–Hawley"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. December 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+battle+of+Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley&rft.date=2008-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F12798595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReed+Smoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reed_Owen_Smoot:_A_Featured_Biography-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reed_Owen_Smoot:_A_Featured_Biography_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Featured_Bio_Smoot.htm">"Reed Owen Smoot: A Featured Biography"</a>. <i>United States Senate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Senate&rft.atitle=Reed+Owen+Smoot%3A+A+Featured+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fgeneric%2FFeatured_Bio_Smoot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReed+Smoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smoot_Hearings,_Heath_S._Harvard-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smoot_Hearings,_Heath_S._Harvard_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smoot_Hearings,_Heath_S._Harvard_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smoot_Hearings,_Heath_S._Harvard_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smoot_Hearings,_Heath_S._Harvard_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath1992" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Harvard S. 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New York: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smoot+Hearings&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Harvard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feom.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FSmoot_Hearings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReed+Smoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Utah:_Biographical-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Utah:_Biographical_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Utah:_Biographical_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitney1904" class="citation book cs1">Whitney, Orson Ferguson (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyutahcomp00whitgoog"><i>History of Utah: Biographical</i></a>. Salt Lake City: G.Q. Cannon. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyutahcomp00whitgoog/page/n113">101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Utah%3A+Biographical&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=G.Q.+Cannon&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=Orson+Ferguson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryutahcomp00whitgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReed+Smoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.lib.byu.edu/repositories/14/resources/2670">"Reed Smoot Papers: Biographical History"</a>. <i>Finding Aid HBLL</i>. BYU<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Finding+Aid+HBLL&rft.atitle=Reed+Smoot+Papers%3A+Biographical+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.lib.byu.edu%2Frepositories%2F14%2Fresources%2F2670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReed+Smoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-salt-lake-herald-jubilate/134195059/">"Provo Republicans Jubilate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Daily_Herald" title="Salt Lake Daily Herald">Salt Lake Daily Herald</a></i>. Salt Lake City, UT. November 17, 1888. p. 5 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salt+Lake+Daily+Herald&rft.atitle=Provo+Republicans+Jubilate&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1888-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-salt-lake-herald-jubilate%2F134195059%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReed+Smoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-salt-lake-herald-caldron/134195347/">"The Political Caldron"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salt_Lake_herald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salt Lake herald (page does not exist)">Salt Lake herald</a></i>. Salt Lake, UT. December 24, 1891. p. 3 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salt+Lake+herald&rft.atitle=The+Political+Caldron&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1891-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-salt-lake-herald-caldron%2F134195347%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReed+Smoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-salt-lake-herald-democratic/134195523/">"It Is Democratic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake Herald">Salt Lake Herald</a></i>. Salt Lake City, UT. February 9, 1892. p. 3 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salt+Lake+Herald&rft.atitle=It+Is+Democratic&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1892-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-salt-lake-herald-democratic%2F134195523%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReed+Smoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-salt-lake-herald-delegates/134195704/">"Republican Delegates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake Herald">Salt Lake Herald</a></i>. Salt lake City, UT. March 22, 1892. p. 3 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salt+Lake+Herald&rft.atitle=Republican+Delegates&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1892-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-salt-lake-herald-delegates%2F134195704%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReed+Smoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-enquirer-convention/134196030/">"Utah County Republicans Holding A Convention"</a>. <i>The Daily Enquirer</i>. Provo, UT. September 6, 1892. p. 1 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Enquirer&rft.atitle=Utah+County+Republicans+Holding+A+Convention&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1892-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-daily-enquirer-convention%2F134196030%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReed+Smoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-enquirer-executive/134197015/">"Executive Committee: Two Legislatures Necessary; Women Given Representation"</a>. <i>The Daily Enquirer</i>. Provo, UT. July 11, 1895. p. 1 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Enquirer&rft.atitle=Executive+Committee%3A+Two+Legislatures+Necessary%3B+Women+Given+Representation&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1895-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-daily-enquirer-executive%2F134197015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReed+Smoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Politics_of_American_Religious_Identity-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Politics_of_American_Religious_Identity_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Politics_of_American_Religious_Identity_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Politics_of_American_Religious_Identity_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathleen Flake, <i>The Politics of American Religious Identity: The Seating of Senator Reed Smoot, Mormon Apostle</i> (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Business_of_the_House:_Proceedings_Before_That_Branch_Late_Yesterday_Afternoon.-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Business_of_the_House:_Proceedings_Before_That_Branch_Late_Yesterday_Afternoon._14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/den7/id/48687/show/48898/rec/95">"Business of the House: Proceedings Before That Branch Late Yesterday Afternoon"</a>. <i>Deseret News</i>. Salt Lake City, Utah. January 21, 1903<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Business+of+the+House%3A+Proceedings+Before+That+Branch+Late+Yesterday+Afternoon.&rft.date=1903-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fudn.lib.utah.edu%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fden7%2Fid%2F48687%2Fshow%2F48898%2Frec%2F95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReed+Smoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solemn_Covenant:_The_Mormon_Polygamous_Passage-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Solemn_Covenant:_The_Mormon_Polygamous_Passage_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Carmon Hardy, <i>Solemn Covenant: The Mormon Polygamous Passage</i> (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994) extensively documents Mormon-sanctioned post-Manifesto polygamy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Political_Cartooning_and_the_Reed_Smoot_Hearings-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Political_Cartooning_and_the_Reed_Smoot_Hearings_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulos2006" class="citation journal cs1">Paulos, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sunstonemagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/144-36-40.pdf">"Political Cartooning and the Reed Smoot Hearings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sunstone</i>: 36–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunstone&rft.atitle=Political+Cartooning+and+the+Reed+Smoot+Hearings&rft.pages=36-40&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Paulos&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunstonemagazine.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsbi%2Farticles%2F144-36-40.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReed+Smoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Founding_of_the_National_Park_Service-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Founding_of_the_National_Park_Service_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwain1969" class="citation journal cs1">Swain, Donald C. (September 1969). "The Founding of the National Park Service". <i>The American West</i>. <b>VI</b> (5). Palo Alto, CA: American West Publishing Company: 6–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+West&rft.atitle=The+Founding+of+the+National+Park+Service&rft.volume=VI&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=6-9&rft.date=1969-09&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Donald+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReed+Smoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time19261220-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-time19261220_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220111458/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0%2C16641%2C19261220%2C00.html">"The Congress: Quiet Leader"</a>. <i>Time</i>. December 20, 1926. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,711494,00.html">the original</a> on December 20, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Congress%3A+Quiet+Leader&rft.date=1926-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C711494%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReed+Smoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everyman_and_Other_Essays-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Everyman_and_Other_Essays_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen1953" class="citation journal cs1">Pedersen, N.A. (March 1953). "Everyman and Other Essays". <i>Utah State Agricultural College Monograph Series</i>. <b>1</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utah+State+Agricultural+College+Monograph+Series&rft.atitle=Everyman+and+Other+Essays&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1953-03&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=N.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReed+Smoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reed_Smoot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Flake, Kathleen. <i>The Politics of American Religious Identity: The Seating of Senator Reed Smoot, Mormon Apostle</i>. The University of North Carolina Press, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0807855014">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Paulos, Michael Harold. <i>The Mormon Church on Trial: Transcripts of the Reed Smoot Hearings</i>. Signature Books, Salt Lake City, Utah, 2008.</li> <li>Heath, Harvard S. <i>In the World: The Diaries of Reed Smoot</i>. Signature Books, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1997.</li> <li>Merrill, Milton R. <i>Reed Smoot: Apostle in Politics</i>. Utah State University Press, 1990.</li> <li>Smith, Konden R. "The Reed Smoot Hearings and the Theology of Politics: Perceiving an 'American' Identity," <i>Journal of Mormon History,</i> 35 (Summer 2009), pp. 118–62.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archival_materials">Archival materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reed_Smoot&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Archival materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.lib.byu.edu/agents/people/2293?&page=3">Reed Smoot collections</a> at the <a href="/wiki/L._Tom_Perry_Special_Collections" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Tom Perry Special Collections">L. Tom Perry Special Collections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_B._Lee_Library" title="Harold B. Lee Library">Harold B. Lee Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/correspondencebe01jone">Correspondence between Senator Reed Smoot and N. V. Jones</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reed_Smoot&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reed_Smoot" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Reed Smoot">Reed Smoot</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressS000644" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000644">"Reed Smoot (id: S000644)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Reed+Smoot+%28id%3A+S000644%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DS000644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReed+Smoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gapages.com/smootr1.htm">Grampa Bill's G.A. Pages: Reed Smoot</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Smoot, Reed"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Smoot,_Reed">"Smoot, Reed" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (12th ed.). 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smoot%2C+Reed&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=12th&rft.date=1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReed+Smoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Featured_Bio_Smoot.htm">United States Senate's Senate Historical Office</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostsofdc.org/2013/11/14/controversy-apostle-utah-first-mormon-senator/">Who Was the First Mormon Senator?</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rudger_Clawson" title="Rudger Clawson">Rudger Clawson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">Quorum of the Twelve Apostles</a> </b><br />1900–1941 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hyrum_M._Smith" title="Hyrum M. Smith">Hyrum M. Smith</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Rawlins" title="Joseph L. Rawlins">Joseph L. Rawlins</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States senators from Utah">U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Utah</a> </b><br />1903–1933 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kearns" title="Thomas Kearns">Thomas Kearns</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">George Sutherland</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_H._King" title="William H. King">William H. King</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Elbert_D._Thomas" title="Elbert D. Thomas">Elbert D. Thomas</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_B._Kittredge" title="Alfred B. Kittredge">Alfred Kittredge</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Patents" title="United States Senate Committee on Patents">Senate Patents Committee</a> </b><br />1907–1909 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Norris_Brown" title="Norris Brown">Norris Brown</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Knute_Nelson" title="Knute Nelson">Knute Nelson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources">Senate Public Lands Committee</a> </b><br />1912–1913 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Earle_Chamberlain" class="mw-redirect" title="George Earle Chamberlain">George Chamberlain</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Myers" title="Henry L. Myers">Henry L. Myers</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources">Senate Public Lands Committee</a> </b><br />1919–1923 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Irvine_Lenroot" title="Irvine Lenroot">Irvine Lenroot</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Porter_J._McCumber" title="Porter J. McCumber">Porter J. McCumber</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a> </b><br />1923–1933 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Harrison" title="Pat Harrison">Pat Harrison</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>First</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 3</a>) </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1914_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="1914 United States Senate election in Utah">1914</a>, <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="1920 United States Senate election in Utah">1920</a>, <a href="/wiki/1926_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="1926 United States Senate election in Utah">1926</a>, <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="1932 United States Senate election in Utah">1932</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_S._Harris" title="Franklin S. Harris">Franklin S. Harris</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Furnifold_McLendel_Simmons" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnifold McLendel Simmons">Furnifold Simmons</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Dean of the United States Senate">Dean of the United States Senate</a> </b><br />1931–1933 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Edgar_Borah" class="mw-redirect" title="William Edgar Borah">William E. Borah</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Most senior living U.S. senator<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Sitting or former)</span> </b><br />1940–1941 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._F._Dick" title="Charles W. F. 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href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States senators from Utah">United States senators from Utah</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Cannon" title="Frank J. 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Watkins">Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moss" title="Frank Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Brown_(U.S._senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Brown (U.S. senator)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Rawlins" title="Joseph L. Rawlins">Rawlins</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_D._Thomas" title="Elbert D. Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_F._Bennett" title="Wallace F. Bennett">W. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Garn" title="Jake Garn">Garn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Bennett_(politician)" title="Bob Bennett (politician)">R. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Lee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Finance_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Finance chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Finance_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Finance chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Finance_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Finance chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">United States Senate Committee on Finance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles_Eppes" title="John Wayles Eppes">Eppes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holmes_(Maine_politician)" title="John Holmes (Maine politician)">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lowrie_(politician)" title="Walter Lowrie (politician)">Lowrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Wright" title="Silas Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Evans_(American_politician)" title="George Evans (American politician)">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixon_Hall_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixon Hall Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Atherton" title="Charles G. Atherton">Atherton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pearce" title="James Pearce">Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Voorhees" title="Daniel W. Voorhees">Voorhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_W._Aldrich" title="Nelson W. Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._M._Simmons" title="F. M. Simmons">Simmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_J._McCumber" title="Porter J. McCumber">McCumber</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Harrison" title="Pat Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Millikin" title="Eugene Millikin">Millikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Millikin" title="Eugene Millikin">Millikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_B._Long" title="Russell B. Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Packwood" title="Bob Packwood">Packwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Moynihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Packwood" title="Bob Packwood">Packwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Roth" title="William Roth">Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Baucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Baucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Baucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Wyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Wyden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#default;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Energy_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Energy chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Energy_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Energy chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Energy_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Energy chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairmen of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources">United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public Lands<br />(1816–1921)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Morrow" title="Jeremiah Morrow">Morrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_Williams" title="Thomas Hill Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_B._Thomas" title="Jesse B. Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Barton_(politician)" title="David Barton (politician)">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Kane" title="Elias Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Poindexter" title="George Poindexter">Poindexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Walker" title="Robert J. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_H._Smith" title="Oliver H. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Woodbridge" title="William Woodbridge">Woodbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Breese" title="Sidney Breese">Breese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Felch" title="Alpheus Felch">Felch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_Borland" title="Solon Borland">Borland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_C._Dodge" title="Augustus C. Dodge">Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart" title="Charles E. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ward_Johnson" title="Robert Ward Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harlan_(Iowa_politician)" title="James Harlan (Iowa politician)">Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Pomeroy" title="Samuel C. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sprague_IV" title="William Sprague IV">Sprague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Oglesby" title="Richard J. Oglesby">Oglesby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._McDonald" title="Joseph E. McDonald">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_B._Plumb" title="Preston B. Plumb">Plumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_N._Dolph" title="Joseph N. Dolph">Dolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Berry" title="James H. Berry">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Dubois" title="Fred Dubois">Dubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Hansbrough" title="Henry C. Hansbrough">Hansbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knute_Nelson" title="Knute Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Chamberlain" title="George E. Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Myers" title="Henry L. Myers">Myers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smoot</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public Lands and Surveys<br />(1921–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvine_Lenroot" title="Irvine Lenroot">Lenroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_F._Ladd" title="Edwin F. Ladd">Ladd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Stanfield" title="Robert N. Stanfield">Stanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Nye" title="Gerald Nye">Nye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Kendrick" title="John B. Kendrick">Kendrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_B._Adams" title="Alva B. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hatch" title="Carl Hatch">Hatch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interior and Insular Affairs<br />(1947–1977)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_A._Butler" title="Hugh A. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._O%27Mahoney" title="Joseph C. O'Mahoney">O'Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_A._Butler" title="Hugh A. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Cordon" title="Guy Cordon">Cordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Murray" title="James E. Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Anderson" title="Clinton Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy and Natural Resources<br />(1977–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._McClure" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Bennett_Johnston" title="J. Bennett Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murkowski" title="Frank Murkowski">F. Murkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bingaman" title="Jeff Bingaman">Bingaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murkowski" title="Frank Murkowski">F. Murkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bingaman" title="Jeff Bingaman">Bingaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Domenici" title="Pete Domenici">Domenici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bingaman" title="Jeff Bingaman">Bingaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Wyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Landrieu" title="Mary Landrieu">Landrieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">L. Murkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Manchin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apostles_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LDSApostles" title="Template:LDSApostles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LDSApostles" title="Template talk:LDSApostles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LDSApostles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LDSApostles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apostles_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Apostle (Latter Day Saints)">Apostles</a> of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">J. Smith</a> (1829–44)<sup id="cite_ref-not12_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" title="Oliver Cowdery">Cowdery</a> (1829–38)<sup id="cite_ref-not12_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Whitmer" title="David Whitmer">Whitmer</a> (1829–38)<sup id="cite_ref-not12_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Harris_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)">Harris</a> (unknown–1837)<sup id="cite_ref-not12_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Marsh" title="Thomas B. Marsh">Marsh</a> (1835–39)<sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_W._Patten" title="David W. Patten">Patten</a> (1835–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">B. Young Sr.</a> (1835–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heber_C._Kimball" title="Heber C. Kimball">H. C. Kimball</a> (1835–68)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Hyde" title="Orson Hyde">Hyde</a> (1835–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._McLellin" title="William E. McLellin">McLellin</a> (1835–38)<sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parley_P._Pratt" title="Parley P. Pratt">P. P. Pratt</a> (1835–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Johnson_(Mormon)" title="Luke Johnson (Mormon)">Luke Johnson</a> (1835–37)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="William Smith (Latter Day Saints)">Wm. Smith</a> (1835–45)<sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Pratt" title="Orson Pratt">O. Pratt</a> (1835–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Boynton" title="John F. Boynton">Boynton</a> (1835–37)<sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_E._Johnson" title="Lyman E. Johnson">L. E. Johnson</a> (1835–38)<sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Page" title="John E. Page">Page</a> (1838–46)<sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(Mormon)" title="John Taylor (Mormon)">J. Taylor</a> (1838–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">W. Woodruff</a> (1839–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Smith" title="George A. Smith">G. A. Smith</a> (1839–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Richards" title="Willard Richards">W. Richards</a> (1840–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Wight" title="Lyman Wight">Wight</a> (1841–48)<sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrum_Smith" title="Hyrum Smith">H. Smith</a> (1841–44)<sup id="cite_ref-not12_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasa_Lyman" title="Amasa Lyman">A. M. Lyman</a> (1842–67)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_T._Benson" title="Ezra T. Benson">Benson</a> (1846–69)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Rich" title="Charles C. Rich">Rich</a> (1849–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Snow" title="Lorenzo Snow">L. Snow</a> (1849–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_Snow" title="Erastus Snow">E. Snow</a> (1849–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Richards_(Mormon_apostle)" title="Franklin D. Richards (Mormon apostle)">F. D. Richards</a> (1849–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedediah_M._Grant" title="Jedediah M. Grant">J. M. Grant</a> (1854–56)<sup id="cite_ref-not12_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Wells" title="Daniel H. Wells">Wells</a> (1857–91)<sup id="cite_ref-not12_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Willard_Young" title="John Willard Young">J. W. Young</a> (1855–1924)<sup id="cite_ref-not12_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Q._Cannon" title="George Q. Cannon">G. Q. Cannon</a> (1860–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Angell_Young" title="Joseph Angell Young">J. A. Young</a> (1864–75)<sup id="cite_ref-not12_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_Jr." title="Brigham Young Jr.">B. Young Jr.</a> (1864–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Smith" title="Joseph F. Smith">J. F. Smith Sr.</a> (1866–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Carrington" title="Albert Carrington">Carrington</a> (1870–85)<sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_21-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Thatcher" title="Moses Thatcher">Thatcher</a> (1879–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_M._Lyman" title="Francis M. Lyman">F. M. Lyman</a> (1880–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Smith" title="John Henry Smith">J. H. Smith</a> (1880–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Teasdale" title="George Teasdale">Teasdale</a> (1882–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heber_J._Grant" title="Heber J. Grant">H. J. Grant</a> (1882–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(Mormon)" title="John W. Taylor (Mormon)">J. W. Taylor</a> (1884–1911)<sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_21-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriner_W._Merrill" title="Marriner W. Merrill">M. W. Merrill</a> (1889–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthon_H._Lund" title="Anthon H. Lund">Lund</a> (1889–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_H._Cannon" title="Abraham H. Cannon">A. H. Cannon</a> (1889–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_F._Cowley" title="Matthias F. Cowley">M. F. Cowley</a> (1897–1911)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_O._Woodruff" title="Abraham O. Woodruff">A. O. Woodruff</a> (1897–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudger_Clawson" title="Rudger Clawson">Clawson</a> (1898–1943)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smoot</a> (1900–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrum_M._Smith" title="Hyrum M. Smith">H. M. Smith</a> (1901–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Albert_Smith" title="George Albert Smith">G. A. Smith</a> (1903–51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Penrose" title="Charles W. Penrose">Penrose</a> (1904–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Richards" title="George F. Richards">G. F. Richards</a> (1906–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_F._Whitney" title="Orson F. Whitney">Whitney</a> (1906–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_O._McKay" title="David O. McKay">McKay</a> (1906–70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_W._Ivins" title="Anthony W. Ivins">Ivins</a> (1907–34)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fielding_Smith" title="Joseph Fielding Smith">J. F. Smith Jr.</a> (1910–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Talmage" title="James E. Talmage">Talmage</a> (1911–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Richards" title="Stephen L Richards">S. L. Richards</a> (1917–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Lyman" title="Richard R. Lyman">R. R. Lyman</a> (1918–43)<sup id="cite_ref-excommunication_21-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_J._Ballard" title="Melvin J. Ballard">M. J. Ballard</a> (1919–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Widtsoe" title="John A. Widtsoe">Widtsoe</a> (1921–52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Merrill" title="Joseph F. Merrill">J. F. Merrill</a> (1931–52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Callis" title="Charles A. Callis">Callis</a> (1933–47)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Reuben_Clark" title="J. Reuben Clark">Clark</a> (1934–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_A._Hinckley" title="Alonzo A. Hinckley">A. A. Hinckley</a> (1934–36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Bowen" title="Albert E. Bowen">Bowen</a> (1937–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Q._Cannon" title="Sylvester Q. Cannon">S. Q. Cannon</a> (1938–43)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_B._Lee" title="Harold B. Lee">Lee</a> (1941–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_W._Kimball" title="Spencer W. Kimball">S. W. Kimball</a> (1943–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" title="Ezra Taft Benson">Benson</a> (1943–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Petersen" title="Mark E. Petersen">Petersen</a> (1944–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Cowley" title="Matthew Cowley">M. Cowley</a> (1945–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_D._Moyle" title="Henry D. Moyle">Moyle</a> (1947–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delbert_L._Stapley" title="Delbert L. Stapley">Stapley</a> (1950–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_G._Romney" title="Marion G. Romney">Romney</a> (1951–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeGrand_Richards" title="LeGrand Richards">L. Richards</a> (1952–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_S._Bennion" title="Adam S. Bennion">Bennion</a> (1953–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Evans" title="Richard L. Evans">Evans</a> (1953–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Q._Morris" title="George Q. Morris">Morris</a> (1954–62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Brown" title="Hugh B. Brown">Brown</a> (1958–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Hunter" title="Howard W. Hunter">Hunter</a> (1959–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_B._Hinckley" title="Gordon B. Hinckley">G. B. Hinckley</a> (1961–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Eldon_Tanner" title="Nathan Eldon Tanner">Tanner</a> (1962–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Monson" title="Thomas S. Monson">Monson</a> (1963–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_R._Dyer" title="Alvin R. Dyer">Dyer</a> (1967–77)<sup id="cite_ref-not12_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-not12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd_K._Packer" title="Boyd K. Packer">Packer</a> (1970–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_J._Ashton" title="Marvin J. Ashton">Ashton</a> (1971–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_R._McConkie" title="Bruce R. McConkie">McConkie</a> (1972–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Tom_Perry" title="L. Tom Perry">Perry</a> (1974–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Haight" title="David B. Haight">Haight</a> (1976–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Faust" title="James E. Faust">Faust</a> (1978–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_A._Maxwell" title="Neal A. Maxwell">Maxwell</a> (1981–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_M._Nelson" title="Russell M. Nelson">Nelson</a> (1984–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallin_H._Oaks" title="Dallin H. Oaks">Oaks</a> (1984–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Russell_Ballard" title="M. Russell Ballard">M. R. Ballard</a> (1985–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Wirthlin" title="Joseph B. Wirthlin">Wirthlin</a> (1986–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Scott" title="Richard G. Scott">Scott</a> (1988–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Hales" title="Robert D. Hales">Hales</a> (1994–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_R._Holland" title="Jeffrey R. Holland">Holland</a> (1994–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Eyring" title="Henry B. Eyring">Eyring</a> (1995–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_F._Uchtdorf" title="Dieter F. Uchtdorf">Uchtdorf</a> (2004–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Bednar" title="David A. Bednar">Bednar</a> (2004–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quentin_L._Cook" title="Quentin L. Cook">Cook</a> (2007–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Todd_Christofferson" title="D. Todd Christofferson">Christofferson</a> (2008–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_L._Andersen" title="Neil L. Andersen">Andersen</a> (2009–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_A._Rasband" title="Ronald A. Rasband">Rasband</a> (2015–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_E._Stevenson" title="Gary E. Stevenson">Stevenson</a> (2015–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_G._Renlund" title="Dale G. Renlund">Renlund</a> (2015–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_W._Gong" title="Gerrit W. Gong">Gong</a> (2018–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulisses_Soares" title="Ulisses Soares">Soares</a> (2018–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kearon" title="Patrick Kearon">Kearon</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Notes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Notes</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-not12-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-not12_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_20-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_20-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Never a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-excommunication-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_21-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_21-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_21-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_21-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Term ended by excommunication.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Term ended by resignation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Term ended by removal of apostleship; was later excommunicated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Term ended by suspension of priesthood.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959249#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959249#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959249#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000117018571">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/121755152">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/180605/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqfGH4k77RYtcyjMXDrMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118935704">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86071142">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb167704400">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb167704400">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007434166605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000644">US Congress</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/081946899">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10570471">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gb255p">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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