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<span>Naval career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Naval_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Naval career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Naval_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opening_of_Key_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opening_of_Key_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Opening of Key West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening_of_Key_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Father_of_the_Steam_Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Father_of_the_Steam_Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Father of the Steam Navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Father_of_the_Steam_Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promotion_to_commodore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promotion_to_commodore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Promotion to commodore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promotion_to_commodore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexican–American_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexican–American_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mexican–American War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexican–American_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perry_Expedition:_opening_of_Japan,_1852–1854" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perry_Expedition:_opening_of_Japan,_1852–1854"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Perry Expedition: opening of Japan, 1852–1854</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Perry_Expedition:_opening_of_Japan,_1852–1854-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Perry Expedition: opening of Japan, 1852–1854 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Perry_Expedition:_opening_of_Japan,_1852–1854-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>American motivations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_journey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_journey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The journey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_journey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_visit_(1853)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_visit_(1853)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>First visit (1853)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_visit_(1853)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_visit_(1854)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_visit_(1854)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Second visit (1854)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_visit_(1854)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_the_United_States_(1855)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_the_United_States_(1855)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Return to the United States (1855)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_the_United_States_(1855)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Last years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Matthew C. Perry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Matthew C. Perry" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ماثيو كالبرايث بيري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماثيو كالبرايث بيري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Perry" title="Matthew Perry – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Matthew Perry" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Calbraith_Perry" title="Matthew Calbraith Perry – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Matthew Calbraith Perry" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Calbraith_Perry" title="Matthew Calbraith Perry – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Matthew Calbraith Perry" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Matthew C. Perry" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Matthew C. Perry" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Calbraith_Perry" title="Matthew Calbraith Perry – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Matthew Calbraith Perry" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%B3%DB%8C._%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="متیو سی. پری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="متیو سی. پری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Perry_(militaire)" title="Matthew Perry (militaire) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Matthew Perry (militaire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A4%EC%8A%88_%ED%8E%98%EB%A6%AC_(%EA%B5%B0%EC%9D%B8)" title="매슈 페리 (군인) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="매슈 페리 (군인)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Matthew C. Perry" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Perry" title="Matthew Perry – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Matthew Perry" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Perry_(ufficiale_di_marina)" title="Matthew Perry (ufficiale di marina) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Matthew Perry (ufficiale di marina)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%27%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99_(%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%99)" title="מת'יו פרי (קצין צי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מת'יו פרי (קצין צי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthaeus_Calbraith_Perry" title="Matthaeus Calbraith Perry – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Matthaeus Calbraith Perry" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Matthew C. Perry" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%89" title="ماثيو كالبرايث بيرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماثيو كالبرايث بيرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Matthew C. Perry" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Calbraith_Perry" title="Matthew Calbraith Perry – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Matthew Calbraith Perry" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="マシュー・ペリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マシュー・ペリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Calbraith_Perry" title="Matthew Calbraith Perry – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Matthew Calbraith Perry" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Perry_(oficer)" title="Matthew Perry (oficer) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Matthew Perry (oficer)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Matthew C. Perry" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Перри, Мэтью (коммодор) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перри, Мэтью (коммодор)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Matthew C. Perry" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Matthew C. Perry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%98%D1%83_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Метју Пери (адмирал) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Метју Пери (адмирал)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Perry_(upseeri)" title="Matthew Perry (upseeri) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Matthew Perry (upseeri)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Matthew C. Perry" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7_%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5._%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="แมทธิว ซี. เพร์รี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แมทธิว ซี. เพร์รี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Matthew C. Perry" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D1%96" title="Меттью Колбрайт Перрі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Меттью Колбрайт Перрі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Matthew C. 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Matthew C. Perry</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_Matthew_Calbraith_Perry.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Commodore_Matthew_Calbraith_Perry.png/220px-Commodore_Matthew_Calbraith_Perry.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Commodore_Matthew_Calbraith_Perry.png/330px-Commodore_Matthew_Calbraith_Perry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Commodore_Matthew_Calbraith_Perry.png/440px-Commodore_Matthew_Calbraith_Perry.png 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="1560" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Perry <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1856–1858</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Commander of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Squadron" title="East India Squadron">East India Squadron</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 20, 1852 – September 6, 1854</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Aulick" title="John H. Aulick">John H. Aulick</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Abbot_(naval_officer)" title="Joel Abbot (naval officer)">Joel Abbot</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Matthew Calbraith Perry</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1794-04-10</span>)</span>April 10, 1794<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 4, 1858<span style="display:none">(1858-03-04)</span> (aged 63)<br />New York City, New York, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Slidell_Mackenzie#Early_life" title="Alexander Slidell Mackenzie">Jane Slidell Perry</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="December 24, 1814">1814</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">10</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Raymond_Perry" title="Christopher Raymond Perry">Christopher Perry</a> (father)</li><li>Sarah Wallace Alexander (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Matthew_Calbraith_Perry.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Matthew C. Perry's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Signature_of_Matthew_Calbraith_Perry.png/128px-Signature_of_Matthew_Calbraith_Perry.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Signature_of_Matthew_Calbraith_Perry.png 1.5x" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="32" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1809–1858</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Commodore_(United_States)" title="Commodore (United States)">Commodore</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Shark_(1821)" title="USS Shark (1821)">USS <i>Shark</i></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Squadron" title="Africa Squadron">Africa Squadron</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Fulton_(1837)" title="USS Fulton (1837)">USS <i>Fulton</i></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Navy_Yard" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Navy Yard">New York Navy Yard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Mississippi_(1841)" title="USS Mississippi (1841)">USS <i>Mississippi</i></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Fleet" title="Mosquito Fleet">Mosquito Fleet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/USS_President_(1800)" title="USS President (1800)">USS <i>President</i></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Belt_affair" title="Little Belt affair">Little Belt affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_President_(1800)" title="USS President (1800)">USS <i>President</i></a> vs <a href="/wiki/HMS_Belvidera_(1809)" title="HMS Belvidera (1809)">HMS <i>Belvidera</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">Suppression of the Slave Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivory Coast Expedition">Battle of Little Bereby</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Opening of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> <ul><li>Battle of Frontiera</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tabasco" title="First Battle of Tabasco">First Battle of Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampico_Expedition" title="Tampico Expedition">Tampico Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Veracruz" title="Siege of Veracruz">Siege of Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tuxpan" title="First Battle of Tuxpan">First Battle of Tuxpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tuxpan" title="Second Battle of Tuxpan">Second Battle of Tuxpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Tuxpan" title="Third Battle of Tuxpan">Third Battle of Tuxpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tabasco" title="Second Battle of Tabasco">Second Battle of Tabasco</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Matthew C. Perry</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author abbrev. (botany)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Perry</b></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Matthew Calbraith Perry</b> (April 10, 1794 – March 4, 1858) was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> officer who commanded ships in several wars, including the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. He led the <a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">Perry Expedition</a> that <a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">ended Japan's isolationism</a> and signed the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Convention of Kanagawa</a> between Japan and the United States in 1854. </p><p>Perry was interested in the education of naval officers and assisted in the development of an apprentice system that helped establish the curriculum at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a>. With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a>, he became a leading advocate of modernizing the U.S. Navy and came to be considered "The Father of the Steam Navy" in the United States. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lineage">Lineage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Lineage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Matthew Perry was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Perry_family" title="Perry family">Perry family</a>, a son of Sarah Wallace (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a> Alexander) (1768–1830) and Navy Captain <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Raymond_Perry" title="Christopher Raymond Perry">Christopher Raymond Perry</a> (1761–1818). He was born April 10, 1794, in <a href="/wiki/South_Kingstown,_Rhode_Island" title="South Kingstown, Rhode Island">South Kingstown, Rhode Island</a>. His siblings included <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hazard_Perry" title="Oliver Hazard Perry">Oliver Hazard Perry</a>, Raymond Henry Jones Perry, Sarah Wallace Perry, Anna Marie Perry (mother of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Rodgers" title="George Washington Rodgers">George Washington Rodgers</a>), James Alexander Perry, Nathaniel Hazard Perry, and Jane Tweedy Perry (who married <a href="/wiki/William_Butler_(1790%E2%80%931850)" title="William Butler (1790–1850)">William Butler</a>). </p><p>His mother was born in <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">County Down</a>, Ireland and was a descendant of an uncle of <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">William Wallace</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-copes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> the Scottish knight and landowner.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His paternal grandparents were James Freeman Perry, a surgeon, and Mercy Hazard,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a descendant of Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Prence" title="Thomas Prence">Thomas Prence</a>, a co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Eastham,_Massachusetts" title="Eastham, Massachusetts">Eastham, Massachusetts</a>, who was a political leader in both the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay colonies</a>, and governor of <a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth</a>; and a descendant of <i><a href="/wiki/Mayflower" title="Mayflower">Mayflower</a></i> passengers, both of whom were signers of the <a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Compact" title="Mayflower Compact">Mayflower Compact</a>, Elder <a href="/wiki/William_Brewster_(Mayflower_passenger)" title="William Brewster (Mayflower passenger)">William Brewster</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)" title="Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrim</a> colonist leader and spiritual elder of the Plymouth Colony, and <a href="/wiki/George_Soule_(Mayflower_passenger)" title="George Soule (Mayflower passenger)">George Soule</a>, through Susannah Barber Perry.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_career">Naval career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Naval career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1809, Perry received a <a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">midshipman's</a> warrant in the Navy and was initially assigned to <a href="/wiki/USS_Revenge_(1806)" title="USS Revenge (1806)">USS <i>Revenge</i></a>, under the command of his elder brother. He was then assigned to <a href="/wiki/USS_President_(1800)" title="USS President (1800)">USS <i>President</i></a>, where he served as an aide to Commodore <a href="/wiki/John_Rodgers_(1772%E2%80%931838)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rodgers (1772–1838)">John Rodgers</a>. <i>President</i> attacked the neutral <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> post ship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Little_Belt_(1807)" title="HMS Little Belt (1807)">HMS <i>Little Belt</i></a> in the <a href="/wiki/Little_Belt_affair" title="Little Belt affair"><i>Little Belt</i> affair</a>. Perry continued to serve aboard <i>President</i> during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> and was present at her engagement with <a href="/wiki/HMS_Belvidera_(1809)" title="HMS Belvidera (1809)">HMS <i>Belvidera</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rodgers fired the first shot of the war at <i>Belvidera</i>. A later shot resulted in a cannon bursting, killing several men and wounding Rodgers, Perry and others.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perry transferred to <a href="/wiki/USS_United_States_(1797)" title="USS United States (1797)">USS <i>United States</i></a>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Decatur" title="Stephen Decatur">Stephen Decatur</a>, and saw little fighting in the war afterwards, since the ship was trapped in port at <a href="/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut" title="New London, Connecticut">New London, Connecticut</a>. </p><p>Following the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a> which ended the war, Perry served on various vessels in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. Perry served under Commodore <a href="/wiki/William_Bainbridge" title="William Bainbridge">William Bainbridge</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a>. He then served in African waters aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cyane_(1806)" title="HMS Cyane (1806)">USS <i>Cyane</i></a> during its patrol off <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> from 1819 to 1820. After that cruise, Perry was sent to suppress <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opening_of_Key_West">Opening of Key West</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opening of Key West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1821 to 1825, Perry placed in commission and commanded <a href="/wiki/USS_Shark_(1821)" title="USS Shark (1821)">USS <i>Shark</i></a>, a <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a> with 12 guns. He was sent to the <a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="West Africa Station">West Africa Station</a> as part of the Anglo-American <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">blockade of Africa</a> to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1815, the Spanish governor in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> deeded the island of <a href="/wiki/Key_West" title="Key West">Key West</a> to Juan Pablo Salas of <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>. After Florida was transferred to the United States, Salas sold Key West to American businessman John W. Simonton for $2,000 in 1821. Simonton lobbied Washington to establish a naval base on Key West, both to take advantage of its strategic location and to bring law and order to the area. </p><p>On March 25, 1822, Perry sailed <i>Shark</i> to Key West and planted the U.S. flag, physically claiming the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Florida Keys</a> as United States territory. Perry renamed Cayo Hueso "Thompson's Island" for the Secretary of the Navy <a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Smith Thompson</a> and the harbor "Port Rodgers" for the president of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Navy_Commissioners" title="Board of Navy Commissioners">Board of Navy Commissioners</a>. Neither name stuck however. </p><p>From 1826 to 1827, Perry acted as fleet captain for Commodore Rodgers. In 1828, Perry returned to <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, for shore duty. In 1830, he took command of a <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloop-of-war</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Concord_(1828)" title="USS Concord (1828)">USS <i>Concord</i></a>. During this period, while in port in Russian <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>, Perry was offered a commission in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy" title="Imperial Russian Navy">Imperial Russian Navy</a>, which he declined. </p><p>He spent 1833 to 1837 as second officer of the New York Navy Yard, later the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard" title="Brooklyn Navy Yard">Brooklyn Navy Yard</a>, gaining a promotion to captain at the end of this tour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Father_of_the_Steam_Navy">Father of the Steam Navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Father of the Steam Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_Matthew_C_Perry-5c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Commodore_Matthew_C_Perry-5c.jpg/220px-Commodore_Matthew_C_Perry-5c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Commodore_Matthew_C_Perry-5c.jpg/330px-Commodore_Matthew_C_Perry-5c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Commodore_Matthew_C_Perry-5c.jpg/440px-Commodore_Matthew_C_Perry-5c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><div class="center">Commodore Matthew C. Perry</div><div class="center">U.S. postage, 1953 issue</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Perry had an ardent interest in and saw the need for naval education, supporting an <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprentice</a> system to train new seamen, and helped establish the curriculum for the United States Naval Academy. He was a vocal proponent of modernizing the Navy. Once promoted to captain, he oversaw construction of the Navy's second steam frigate <a href="/wiki/USS_Fulton_(1837)" title="USS Fulton (1837)">USS <i>Fulton</i></a>, which he commanded after its completion. </p><p>He was called "The Father of the Steam Navy",<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he organized America's first corps of naval engineers. Perry conducted the first U.S. naval gunnery school while commanding <i>Fulton</i> from 1839 to 1841 off <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandy Hook, New Jersey">Sandy Hook</a> on the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> coast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promotion_to_commodore">Promotion to commodore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Promotion to commodore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1841, Perry received the title of <a href="/wiki/Commodore_(United_States)" title="Commodore (United States)">commodore</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a> appointed him commandant of New York Navy Yard.<sup id="cite_ref-g154-155_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g154-155-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States Navy did not have ranks higher than captain until 1857, so the title of commodore carried considerable importance. Officially, an officer would revert to his permanent rank after the squadron command assignment had ended, although in practice officers who received the title of commodore retained the title for life, as did Perry. </p><p>During his tenure in Brooklyn, he lived in <a href="/wiki/Quarters_A,_Brooklyn_Navy_Yard" title="Quarters A, Brooklyn Navy Yard">Quarters A</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vinegar_Hill,_Brooklyn" title="Vinegar Hill, Brooklyn">Vinegar Hill</a>, a building which still stands today.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1843, Perry took command of the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Squadron" title="Africa Squadron">Africa Squadron</a>, whose duty was to interdict the slave trade under the <a href="/wiki/Webster%E2%80%93Ashburton_Treaty" title="Webster–Ashburton Treaty">Webster-Ashburton Treaty</a>, and continued in this endeavor to 1844. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexican–American_War"><span id="Mexican.E2.80.93American_War"></span>Mexican–American War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mexican–American War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intervenci%C3%B3n_estadounidense_en_Tabasco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Intervenci%C3%B3n_estadounidense_en_Tabasco.jpg/220px-Intervenci%C3%B3n_estadounidense_en_Tabasco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Intervenci%C3%B3n_estadounidense_en_Tabasco.jpg/330px-Intervenci%C3%B3n_estadounidense_en_Tabasco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Intervenci%C3%B3n_estadounidense_en_Tabasco.jpg/440px-Intervenci%C3%B3n_estadounidense_en_Tabasco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2588" data-file-height="1885" /></a><figcaption>In 1847, Perry attacked and took San Juan Bautista (<a href="/wiki/Villahermosa" title="Villahermosa">Villahermosa</a> today) in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tabasco" title="Second Battle of Tabasco">Second Battle of Tabasco</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1845, Commodore <a href="/wiki/David_Conner_(naval_officer)" title="David Conner (naval officer)">David Conner</a>'s length of service in command of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Squadron" title="Home Squadron">Home Squadron</a> had come to an end. However, the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> persuaded the authorities not to change commanders in the face of the war. Perry, who eventually succeeded Conner, was made second-in-command and captained <a href="/wiki/USS_Mississippi_(1841)" title="USS Mississippi (1841)">USS <i>Mississippi</i></a>. Perry captured the Mexican city of <a href="/wiki/Frontera,_Tabasco" title="Frontera, Tabasco">Frontera</a>, demonstrated against <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a>, being defeated in <a href="/wiki/Villahermosa" title="Villahermosa">San Juan Bautista</a> by Colonel Juan Bautista Traconis in the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tabasco" title="First Battle of Tabasco">First Battle of Tabasco</a>, and took part in the capture of <a href="/wiki/Tampico" title="Tampico">Tampico</a> on November 14, 1846. </p><p>Perry had to return to <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>, to make repairs and was there when the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Veracruz" title="Siege of Veracruz">amphibious landings at Veracruz</a> took place. His return to the U.S. gave his superiors the chance to give him orders to succeed Commodore Conner in command of the Home Squadron. Perry returned to the fleet, and his ship supported the siege of Veracruz from the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fall of Veracruz, <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> moved inland, and Perry moved against the remaining Mexican port cities. Perry assembled the <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Fleet" title="Mosquito Fleet">Mosquito Fleet</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tuxpan" title="First Battle of Tuxpan">captured Tuxpan</a> in April 1847. In June 1847 he <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tabasco" title="Second Battle of Tabasco">attacked Tabasco</a> personally, leading a 1,173-man landing force ashore and attacking the city of San Juan Bautista from land, defeating the Mexican forces and taking the city.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1847, Perry was elected as an honorary member of the New York <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a> in recognition of his achievements during the Mexican War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perry_Expedition:_opening_of_Japan,_1852–1854"><span id="Perry_Expedition:_opening_of_Japan.2C_1852.E2.80.931854"></span>Perry Expedition: opening of Japan, 1852–1854</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Perry Expedition: opening of Japan, 1852–1854"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">Perry Expedition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gasshukoku_suishi_teitoku_k%C5%8Dj%C5%8Dgaki_(Oral_statement_by_the_American_Navy_admiral).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gasshukoku_suishi_teitoku_k%C5%8Dj%C5%8Dgaki_%28Oral_statement_by_the_American_Navy_admiral%29.png/250px-Gasshukoku_suishi_teitoku_k%C5%8Dj%C5%8Dgaki_%28Oral_statement_by_the_American_Navy_admiral%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gasshukoku_suishi_teitoku_k%C5%8Dj%C5%8Dgaki_%28Oral_statement_by_the_American_Navy_admiral%29.png/330px-Gasshukoku_suishi_teitoku_k%C5%8Dj%C5%8Dgaki_%28Oral_statement_by_the_American_Navy_admiral%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gasshukoku_suishi_teitoku_k%C5%8Dj%C5%8Dgaki_%28Oral_statement_by_the_American_Navy_admiral%29.png/500px-Gasshukoku_suishi_teitoku_k%C5%8Dj%C5%8Dgaki_%28Oral_statement_by_the_American_Navy_admiral%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3512" data-file-height="2624" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_in_Japan" title="Woodblock printing in Japan">Japanese woodblock print</a> of Perry (center) and other high-ranking American seamen</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_motivations">American motivations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: American motivations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1852, Perry was assigned a mission by American President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> to force the opening of Japanese ports to American trade, through the use of <a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">gunboat diplomacy</a> if necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-J._W._Hall,_Japan,_p.207_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._W._Hall,_Japan,_p.207-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growing commerce between the United States and China, the presence of American whalers in waters offshore Japan, and the increasing monopolization of potential <a href="/wiki/Filling_station" title="Filling station">coaling stations</a> by European powers in Asia were all contributing factors. Shipwrecked foreign sailors were either imprisoned or executed,<sup id="cite_ref-Blumberg,_Rhoda_p.18_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blumberg,_Rhoda_p.18-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meyer,_Milton_W._p.126_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer,_Milton_W._p.126-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Henshall,_Kenneth_G._p.66_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henshall,_Kenneth_G._p.66-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the safe return of such persons was one demand. </p><p>The Americans were also driven by concepts of <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a> and the desire to impose the benefits of western civilization and the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian religion</a> on what they perceived as backward Asian nations.<sup id="cite_ref-G._Beasley,_p.88_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G._Beasley,_p.88-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The people of America will, in some form or other, extend their dominion and their power, until they shall have brought within their mighty embrace the islands of the great Pacific, and placed the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxonism">Saxon race</a> upon the eastern shores of Asia," Perry said.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese were forewarned by the Dutch of Perry's voyage but were unwilling to change their 250-year-old policy of <a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">national seclusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-G._Beasley,_p.88_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G._Beasley,_p.88-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was considerable internal debate in Japan on how best to meet this potential threat to Japan's economic and political sovereignty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_journey">The journey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The journey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On November 24, 1852, Perry embarked from <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>, for Japan, in command of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Squadron" title="East India Squadron">East India Squadron</a> in pursuit of a Japanese trade treaty. He chose the paddle-wheeled steam frigate <a href="/wiki/USS_Mississippi_(1841)" title="USS Mississippi (1841)"><i>Mississippi</i></a> as his <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a> and made port calls at <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> (December 11–15), <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> (January 10–11), <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> (January 24 – February 3), <a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> (February 18–28), <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (March 10–15), <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Singapore</a> (March 25–29), <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macao</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> (April 7–28). </p><p>In Hong Kong he met with American-born Sinologist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wells_Williams" title="Samuel Wells Williams">Samuel Wells Williams</a>, who provided <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> translations of his official letters, and where he rendezvoused with <a href="/wiki/USS_Plymouth_(1844)" title="USS Plymouth (1844)"><i>Plymouth</i></a>. He continued to <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> (May 4–17), where he met with the Dutch-born American diplomat, Anton L. C. Portman, who translated his official letters into the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch language</a>, and where he rendezvoused with <a href="/wiki/USS_Susquehanna_(1850)" title="USS Susquehanna (1850)"><i>Susquehanna</i></a>. </p><p>Perry then switched his flag to <i>Susquehanna</i> and made call at <a href="/wiki/Naha" title="Naha">Naha</a> on Great Lewchew Island (Ryukyu, now <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>) from May 17–26. Ignoring the claims of <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma Domain</a> to the islands, he demanded an audience with the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ryukyu" title="King of Ryukyu">Ryukyuan King</a> <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_Tai" title="Shō Tai">Shō Tai</a> at <a href="/wiki/Shuri_Castle" title="Shuri Castle">Shuri Castle</a> and secured promises that the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu Kingdom</a> would be open to trade with the United States. Continuing on to the <a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islands" title="Bonin Islands">Ogasawara islands</a> in mid-June, Perry met with the local inhabitants and purchased a plot of land.<sup id="cite_ref-Rüegg_2017_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rüegg_2017-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_visit_(1853)"><span id="First_visit_.281853.29"></span>First visit (1853)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First visit (1853)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perry reached <a href="/wiki/Uraga,_Kanagawa" title="Uraga, Kanagawa">Uraga</a> at the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Bay" title="Tokyo Bay">Edo Bay</a> in Japan on July 8, 1853. His actions at this crucial juncture were informed by a careful study of Japan's previous contacts with Western ships and what he knew about the Japanese hierarchical culture. As he arrived, Perry ordered his ships to steam past Japanese lines towards the capital of <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a> and turn their guns towards the town of Uraga.<sup id="cite_ref-Beasly_153_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beasly_153-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perry refused Japanese demands to leave or to proceed to <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, the only Japanese port open to foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-Beasly_153_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beasly_153-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perry attempted to intimidate the Japanese by presenting them a <a href="/wiki/White_flag" title="White flag">white flag</a> and a letter which told them that in case they chose to fight, the Americans would destroy them.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also fired blank shots from his 73 cannon, which he claimed was in celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">American Independence Day</a>. Perry's ships were equipped with new <a href="/wiki/Paixhans_gun" title="Paixhans gun">Paixhans shell guns</a>, cannons capable of wreaking great explosive destruction with every shell.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also ordered his ship boats to commence survey operations of the coastline and surrounding waters over the objections of local officials. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore-Perry-Visit-Kanagawa-1854.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Commodore-Perry-Visit-Kanagawa-1854.jpg/220px-Commodore-Perry-Visit-Kanagawa-1854.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Commodore-Perry-Visit-Kanagawa-1854.jpg/330px-Commodore-Perry-Visit-Kanagawa-1854.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Commodore-Perry-Visit-Kanagawa-1854.jpg/440px-Commodore-Perry-Visit-Kanagawa-1854.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5346" data-file-height="3871" /></a><figcaption>Perry's visit in 1854</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, <i><a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">shōgun</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyoshi" title="Tokugawa Ieyoshi">Tokugawa Ieyoshi</a> was ill and incapacitated, which resulted in governmental indecision on how to handle the unprecedented threat to the nation's capital. On July 11, <i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dj%C5%AB" title="Rōjū">Rōjū</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Abe_Masahiro" title="Abe Masahiro">Abe Masahiro</a> bided his time, deciding that simply accepting a letter from the Americans would not constitute a violation of Japanese sovereignty. The decision was conveyed to Uraga, and Perry was asked to move his fleet slightly southwest to the beach at <a href="/wiki/Kurihama,_Yokosuka" title="Kurihama, Yokosuka">Kurihama</a> where he was allowed to land on July 14, 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After presenting the letter to attending delegates, Perry departed for Hong Kong, promising to return the following year for the Japanese reply.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_visit_(1854)"><span id="Second_visit_.281854.29"></span>Second visit (1854)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Second visit (1854)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_Perry%27s_second_fleet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Commodore_Perry%27s_second_fleet.jpg/250px-Commodore_Perry%27s_second_fleet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Commodore_Perry%27s_second_fleet.jpg/330px-Commodore_Perry%27s_second_fleet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Commodore_Perry%27s_second_fleet.jpg/500px-Commodore_Perry%27s_second_fleet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Perry's fleet for his second visit to Japan, 1854</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Gokoku-ji_Bell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Gokoku-ji_Bell.jpg/250px-The_Gokoku-ji_Bell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Gokoku-ji_Bell.jpg/330px-The_Gokoku-ji_Bell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Gokoku-ji_Bell.jpg/500px-The_Gokoku-ji_Bell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>An exact replica of the <a href="/wiki/Gokoku-ji_(Okinawa)" title="Gokoku-ji (Okinawa)">Gokoku-ji</a> Bell which Perry brought back from Okinawa, saying it was a gift from the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu Kingdom</a>. Stationed at the entrance of <a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Hall" title="Bancroft Hall">Bancroft Hall</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_MD" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapolis, MD">Annapolis, MD</a>. The original bell was returned to Okinawa in 1987.</figcaption></figure><p> On his way back to Japan, Perry anchored off <a href="/wiki/Keelung" title="Keelung">Keelung</a> in Formosa, known today as <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, for ten days. Perry and crewmembers landed on Formosa and investigated the potential of mining the coal deposits in that area. He emphasized in his reports that Formosa provided a convenient, mid-way trade location. Perry's reports noted that the island was very defensible and could serve as a base for exploration in a similar way that Cuba had done for the Spanish in the Americas. Occupying Formosa could help the United States counter European monopolization of the major trade routes. The United States government failed to respond to Perry's proposal to claim sovereignty over Formosa. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medal_given_to_Commodore_Perry.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Medal_given_to_Commodore_Perry.png/220px-Medal_given_to_Commodore_Perry.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Medal_given_to_Commodore_Perry.png/330px-Medal_given_to_Commodore_Perry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Medal_given_to_Commodore_Perry.png/440px-Medal_given_to_Commodore_Perry.png 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>1854 Commodore Perry silver Japan treaty medal</figcaption></figure> <p>To command his fleet, Perry chose officers with whom he had served in the Mexican–American War. Commander <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Franklin Buchanan</a> was captain of <i>Susquehanna</i>. <a href="/wiki/Joel_Abbot_(naval_officer)" title="Joel Abbot (naval officer)">Joel Abbot</a>, Perry's second in command, was captain of <i>Macedonian</i>. Commander Henry A. Adams was chief of staff with the title "Captain of the Fleet". Major <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zeilin" title="Jacob Zeilin">Jacob Zeilin</a>, future commandant of the United States Marine Corps, was the ranking Marine officer and was stationed on <i>Mississippi</i>. </p><p>Perry returned on February 13, 1854, after only half a year rather than the full year promised, and with ten ships and 1,600 men. American leadership designed the show of force to "command fear" and "astound the Orientals."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 31">: 31 </span></sup> After initial resistance, Perry was permitted to land at <a href="/wiki/Kanagawa-juku" title="Kanagawa-juku">Kanagawa</a>, near the site of present-day <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a> on March 8. The <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Convention of Kanagawa</a> was signed on March 31. Perry signed as American <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">plenipotentiary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hayashi_Akira" title="Hayashi Akira">Hayashi Akira</a>, also known by his title of <i><a href="/wiki/Daigaku-no-kami" title="Daigaku-no-kami">Daigaku-no-kami</a></i>, signed for the Japanese side. The celebratory events for the signing ceremony included a <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">Kabuki</a> play from the Japanese side and, from the American side, U.S. military band music and blackface minstrelsy.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 32–33">: 32–33 </span></sup> </p><p>Perry departed, mistakenly believing the agreement had been made with <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">imperial</a> representatives, not understanding the true position of the <i>shōgun</i>, the de facto ruler of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perry then visited <a href="/wiki/Hakodate" title="Hakodate">Hakodate</a> on the northern island of <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shimoda,_Shizuoka" title="Shimoda, Shizuoka">Shimoda</a>, the two ports which the treaty stipulated would be opened to visits by American ships. A handscroll with pictorial record from the Japanese side of US Commodore Matthew Perry's second visit to Japan in 1854 is retained in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_the_United_States_(1855)"><span id="Return_to_the_United_States_.281855.29"></span>Return to the United States (1855)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Return to the United States (1855)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Perry returned to the United States, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> voted to grant him a reward of $20,000, equivalent to $520,000 in 2023, in appreciation of his work in Japan. He used part of this money to prepare and publish a report on the expedition in three volumes, titled <i><a href="/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Expedition_of_an_American_Squadron_to_the_China_Seas_and_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan">Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan</a></i>. He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">rear admiral</a> on the retired list when his health began to fail, as a reward for his service in the Far East.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_years">Last years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Last years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Living in his adopted home of New York City, Perry's health began to fail as he suffered from <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a> of the liver from heavy drinking. Perry was known to have been an alcoholic, which compounded the health complications leading to his death.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also suffered severe arthritis that left him in frequent pain, and on occasion precluded him from his duties.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perry spent his last years preparing for the publication of his account of the Japan expedition, announcing its completion on December 28, 1857. Two days later he was detached from his last post, an assignment to the Naval Efficiency Board. He died awaiting further orders on March 4, 1858, in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">rheumatic fever</a> that had spread to the heart, compounded by complications of <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially interred in a vault on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/St._Mark%27s_Church_in-the-Bowery" title="St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery">St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery</a>, in New York City, Perry's remains were moved to the <a href="/wiki/Island_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Cemetery">Island Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>, on March 21, 1866, along with those of his daughter, Anna, who died in 1839. In 1873, an elaborate monument was placed by Perry's widow over his grave in Newport.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perry was married to Jane Slidell Perry (1797–1864), sister of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Slidell" title="John Slidell">John Slidell</a> (1793–1871),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in New York on December 24, 1814, and they had ten children:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Jane Slidell Perry (c. 1817–1880)</li> <li>Sarah Perry (1818–1905), who married Col. Robert Smith Rodgers (1809–1891)</li> <li>Jane Hazard Perry (1819–1881), who married John Hone (1819–1891) and <a href="/wiki/Frederic_de_Peyster" title="Frederic de Peyster">Frederic de Peyster</a> (1796–1882)</li> <li>Matthew Calbraith Perry (1821–1873), a captain in the United States Navy and veteran of the Mexican War and the Civil War</li> <li>Susan Murgatroyde Perry (c. 1824–1825)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Oliver Hazard Perry (c. 1825–1870), US <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">Consul</a> in Canton, China</li> <li>William Frederick Perry (1828–1884), a 2nd Lieutenant, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>, 1847–1848</li> <li>Caroline Slidell Perry Belmont (1829–1892), who married financier <a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">August Belmont</a></li> <li>Isabella Bolton Perry (1834–1912), who married George T. Tiffany</li> <li>Anna Rodgers Perry (c. 1838–1839)</li></ul> <p>In 1819, Perry joined the <a href="/wiki/Masonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic">masonic</a> Holland Lodge No. 8 in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jane_Slidell_Perry_(page_134_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jane Slidell Perry"><img alt="Jane Slidell Perry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jane_Slidell_Perry_%28page_134_crop%29.jpg/80px-Jane_Slidell_Perry_%28page_134_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jane_Slidell_Perry_%28page_134_crop%29.jpg/121px-Jane_Slidell_Perry_%28page_134_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jane_Slidell_Perry_%28page_134_crop%29.jpg/161px-Jane_Slidell_Perry_%28page_134_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="907" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jane Slidell Perry</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Matthew_C._Perry_1855-56.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Matthew C. Perry, 1855–56"><img alt="Matthew C. Perry, 1855–56" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Matthew_C._Perry_1855-56.jpg/120px-Matthew_C._Perry_1855-56.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Matthew_C._Perry_1855-56.jpg/250px-Matthew_C._Perry_1855-56.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="1726" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Matthew C. Perry, 1855–56</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perry_flag_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Perry_flag_1945.jpg/220px-Perry_flag_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Perry_flag_1945.jpg/330px-Perry_flag_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Perry_flag_1945.jpg/440px-Perry_flag_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4541" data-file-height="5743" /></a><figcaption>Perry's flag (upper left corner) was flown from <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_MD" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapolis, MD">Annapolis</a> to Tokyo for display <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">at the surrender ceremonies</a> which officially ended World War II.</figcaption></figure><p>Perry was a key agent in both the making and recording of Japanese history, as well as in the shaping of Japanese history. 90% of school children in Japan can identify him.<sup id="cite_ref-japantoday.com_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantoday.com-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Woodblock paintings of Matthew Perry closely resemble his actual appearance, depicting a physically large, clean shaven, jowly man.<sup id="cite_ref-DowerMIT_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DowerMIT-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The portraits portray him with blue eyeballs, rather than blue irises.<sup id="cite_ref-DowerMIT_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DowerMIT-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Westerners in this period were commonly thought of as "blue-eyed barbarians", however, in Japanese culture, blue eyeballs were also associated with ferocious or threatening figures, such as monsters or renegades.<sup id="cite_ref-DowerMIT_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DowerMIT-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that the intimidation that the Japanese felt at the time could have influenced these portraits. Some portraits of Perry depict him as a <a href="/wiki/Tengu" title="Tengu">tengu</a>. However, the portraits of his crewmen are normal.<sup id="cite_ref-DowerMIT_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DowerMIT-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Perry returned to the United States after signing the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Convention of Kanagawa</a>, he brought with him diplomatic gifts, including art, pottery, textiles, musical instruments, and other artifacts now in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Overtures" title="Pacific Overtures">Pacific Overtures</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical</a> set in Japan beginning in 1853 and follows the difficult westernization of Japan, told from the point of view of the Japanese. </p><p>A replica of Perry's U.S. flag is on display on board the <a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS <i>Missouri</i></a> memorial in <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, attached to the <a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_(partition)" title="Bulkhead (partition)">bulkhead</a> just inboard of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">Japanese surrender</a> signing site on the <a href="/wiki/Port_and_starboard" title="Port and starboard">starboard</a> side of the ship. The original flag was brought from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Naval_Academy_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Naval Academy Museum">U.S. Naval Academy Museum</a> to Japan for the Japan surrender ceremony and was displayed on that occasion at the request of <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, who was a blood-relative of Perry. Today, the flag is preserved and on display at the Naval Academy Museum in <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the museum, the flag is displayed the 'wrong' way round. However, photographs show that at the signing ceremony, this flag was displayed properly, on its starboard side, with the stars in the upper right corner, as are all flags on vessels, known as ensigns. The cloth of this historic flag was so fragile that the conservator at the museum directed that a protective backing be sewn on it, which accounts for its currently being displayed 'port' side round.<sup id="cite_ref-tsusumi2007_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsusumi2007-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japan erected a monument to Perry on July 14, 1901, at the spot where the commodore first landed.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monument survived <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and is now the centerpiece of a small seaside park called Perry Park at Yokosuka, Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the park there is a small museum dedicated to the events of 1854. Matthew C. Perry Elementary and High School can be found on <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Iwakuni" title="Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni">Marine Corps Air Station, Iwakuni</a>. </p><p>At his birthplace in Newport, there is a memorial plaque in <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_(Newport,_Rhode_Island)" title="Trinity Church (Newport, Rhode Island)">Trinity Church, Newport</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Perry_Monument_(Newport,_Rhode_Island)" title="Matthew Perry Monument (Newport, Rhode Island)">statue of Perry</a> in Touro Park. It was designed by <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_Ward" title="John Quincy Adams Ward">John Quincy Adams Ward</a>, erected in 1869, and dedicated by his daughter. He was buried in Newport's <a href="/wiki/Island_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Cemetery">Island Cemetery</a>, near his parents and brother. There are also exhibits and research collections concerning his life at the <a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College_Museum" title="Naval War College Museum">Naval War College Museum</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Historical_Society" title="Newport Historical Society">Newport Historical Society</a>. </p><p>Perry Street in <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton, New Jersey</a> is named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. Navy's <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hazard_Perry-class_frigate" title="Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate"><i>Oliver Hazard Perry</i>-class frigates</a> (purchased in the 1970s and 1980s) were named after Perry's brother, Commodore <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hazard_Perry" title="Oliver Hazard Perry">Oliver Hazard Perry</a>. The ninth ship of the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark-class_dry_cargo_ship" title="Lewis and Clark-class dry cargo ship"><i>Lewis and Clark</i> class</a> of dry-cargo-ammunition vessels is named <a href="/wiki/USNS_Matthew_Perry" title="USNS Matthew Perry">USNS <i>Matthew Perry</i></a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_Matthew_Perry_Statue_in_Touro_Park,_Newport,_RI.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Perry's statue in Touro Park, Newport, Rhode Island"><img alt="Perry's statue in Touro Park, Newport, Rhode Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Commodore_Matthew_Perry_Statue_in_Touro_Park%2C_Newport%2C_RI.JPG/67px-Commodore_Matthew_Perry_Statue_in_Touro_Park%2C_Newport%2C_RI.JPG" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Commodore_Matthew_Perry_Statue_in_Touro_Park%2C_Newport%2C_RI.JPG/101px-Commodore_Matthew_Perry_Statue_in_Touro_Park%2C_Newport%2C_RI.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Commodore_Matthew_Perry_Statue_in_Touro_Park%2C_Newport%2C_RI.JPG/135px-Commodore_Matthew_Perry_Statue_in_Touro_Park%2C_Newport%2C_RI.JPG 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="1663" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Perry's statue in Touro Park, <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Matthewperry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese woodblock print of Perry, c. 1854. The caption reads "North American" (top line, written from right to left in Kanji) and "Perry's portrait" (first line, written from top to bottom)."><img alt="Japanese woodblock print of Perry, c. 1854. The caption reads "North American" (top line, written from right to left in Kanji) and "Perry's portrait" (first line, written from top to bottom)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Matthewperry.jpg/120px-Matthewperry.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Matthewperry.jpg/250px-Matthewperry.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="1493" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_in_Japan" title="Woodblock printing in Japan">Japanese woodblock print</a> of Perry, c. 1854. The caption reads "North American" (top line, written from right to left in <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a>) and "Perry's portrait" (first line, written from top to bottom).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_(BM_2013,3002.1_102).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A pictorial representation of Perry (on the right) from the scroll painted by the Japanese artist Hibata Ōsuke to mark the occasion of the signing of the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. The 15.25m long scroll has been part of the British Museum's collection since 2013."><img alt="A pictorial representation of Perry (on the right) from the scroll painted by the Japanese artist Hibata Ōsuke to mark the occasion of the signing of the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. The 15.25m long scroll has been part of the British Museum's collection since 2013." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_102%29.jpg/120px-The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_102%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_102%29.jpg/180px-The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_102%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_102%29.jpg/240px-The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_102%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1013" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A pictorial representation of Perry (on the right) from the scroll painted by the Japanese artist Hibata Ōsuke to mark the occasion of the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Convention of Kanagawa</a> in 1854. The 15.25m long scroll has been part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>'s collection since 2013.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_early_American_naval_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of early American naval history">Bibliography of early American naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">Sakoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Archives_of_History" title="Yokohama Archives of History">Yokohama Archives of History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Westerners_who_visited_Japan_before_1868" title="List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868">List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmolski1971" class="citation journal cs1">Smolski, Chester (December 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/smolski_images/162/">"Newport: Commodore Matthew Perry Public Sculpture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_College" title="Rhode Island College">Rhode Island College</a></i>. Rhode Island College<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhode+Island+College&rft.atitle=Newport%3A+Commodore+Matthew+Perry+Public+Sculpture&rft.date=1971-12&rft.aulast=Smolski&rft.aufirst=Chester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.ric.edu%2Fsmolski_images%2F162%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-copes-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-copes_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCopes1994" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Copes, Jan M. (Fall 1994). "The Perry Family: A Newport Naval Dynasty of the Early Republic". <i>Newport History: Bulletin of the Newport Historical Society</i>. 66, Part 2 (227). <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, RI</a>: Newport Historical Society: <span class="nowrap">49–</span>77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newport+History%3A+Bulletin+of+the+Newport+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Perry+Family%3A+A+Newport+Naval+Dynasty+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=66%2C+Part+2&rft.issue=227&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Copes&rft.aufirst=Jan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skaggs, David Curtis. "Oliver Hazard Perry: Honor, Courage, and Patriotism in the Early U.S. Navy". US Naval Institute Press, 2006. P. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wallace_william.shtml">"BBC – History – William Wallace"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.clayfox.com&rft.atitle=PhpGedView+User+Login+%E2%80%93+PhpGedView&rft.aulast=Phillipson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clayfox.com%2Ffamily%2Findividual.php%3Fpid%3DI737%26ged%3Dbradleys.ged&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genealogiesraym00raymgoog"><i>Genealogies of the Raymond Families of New England, 1630–1 to 1886: With a Historical Sketch of Some of the Raymonds of Early Times, Their Origin, Etc</i></a>. Press of J.J. 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January 1, 1886.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogies+of+the+Raymond+Families+of+New+England%2C+1630%E2%80%931+to+1886%3A+With+a+Historical+Sketch+of+Some+of+the+Raymonds+of+Early+Times%2C+Their+Origin%2C+Etc&rft.pub=Press+of+J.J.+Little+%26+Company&rft.date=1886-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenealogiesraym00raymgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Griffis">Griffis, 1887</a> p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Griffis">Griffis, 1887</a> p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nmusn/explore/photography/ships-us/ships-usn-s/uss-shark-schooner-1821-46.html">"USS Shark (Schooner), 1821-46"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USS+Shark+%28Schooner%29%2C+1821-46&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fcontent%2Fhistory%2Fmuseums%2Fnmusn%2Fexplore%2Fphotography%2Fships-us%2Fships-usn-s%2Fuss-shark-schooner-1821-46.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sewall, John S. 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G. Beasley, <i>The Meiji Restoration</i>, p.88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Bradley, "The Imperial Cruise: The Secret History of Empire and War," p. 171 citing Peter Booth Wiley "Yankees in the Land of the Gods," p. 490</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rüegg_2017-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rüegg_2017_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonas_Rüegg" class="citation book cs1">Jonas Rüegg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124215956/https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-23/ruegg"><i>Mapping the Forgotten Colony: The Ogasawara Islands and the Tokugawa Pivot to the Pacific</i></a>. Cross-Currents. pp. <span class="nowrap">125–</span>6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-23/ruegg">the original</a> on November 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+Forgotten+Colony%3A+The+Ogasawara+Islands+and+the+Tokugawa+Pivot+to+the+Pacific&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Cross-Currents&rft.au=Jonas+R%C3%BCegg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcross-currents.berkeley.edu%2Fe-journal%2Fissue-23%2Fruegg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beasly_153-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beasly_153_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beasly_153_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeasley2002" class="citation book cs1">Beasley, William G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j399Lfj6baYC&pg=PA153"><i>The Perry Mission to Japan, 1853–1854 – Google Books</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903350133" title="Special:BookSources/9781903350133"><bdi>9781903350133</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perry+Mission+to+Japan%2C+1853%E2%80%931854+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781903350133&rft.aulast=Beasley&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj399Lfj6baYC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_H._Schroeder2001" class="citation book cs1">John H. Schroeder (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=erBi_TmWanoC&pg=PA286"><i><span></span></i>Matthew Calbraith Perry: antebellum sailor and diplomat<i><span></span></i></a>. Naval Institute Press. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557508126" title="Special:BookSources/9781557508126"><bdi>9781557508126</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2015</span>. <q>The letter threatened that in the event the Japanese elected war rather than negotiation, he could use the white flag to sue for peace, since victory would naturally belong to the Americans</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew+Calbraith+Perry%3A+antebellum+sailor+and+diplomat&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781557508126&rft.au=John+H.+Schroeder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DerBi_TmWanoC%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTakekoshi2004" class="citation book cs1">Takekoshi, Yosaburō (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mvfMKV1b1fwC&pg=PA285"><i>The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan – Yosaburō Takekoshi – Google Books</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415323819" title="Special:BookSources/9780415323819"><bdi>9780415323819</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Aspects+of+the+History+of+the+Civilization+of+Japan+%E2%80%93+Yosabur%C5%8D+Takekoshi+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780415323819&rft.aulast=Takekoshi&rft.aufirst=Yosabur%C5%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmvfMKV1b1fwC%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillis1981" class="citation book cs1">Millis, Walter (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PcGpkzmjFbgC&pg=PA88"><i>Arms and Men: A Study in American Military History – Walter Millis – Google Books</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813509310" title="Special:BookSources/9780813509310"><bdi>9780813509310</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arms+and+Men%3A+A+Study+in+American+Military+History+%E2%80%93+Walter+Millis+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780813509310&rft.aulast=Millis&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPcGpkzmjFbgC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalworth1982" class="citation book cs1">Walworth, Arthur (January 1, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bFyV2BZMCRwC&pg=PA21"><i>Black Ships Off Japan: The Story of Commodore Perry's Expedition – Arthur Walworth – Google Books</i></a>. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443728508" title="Special:BookSources/9781443728508"><bdi>9781443728508</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Ships+Off+Japan%3A+The+Story+of+Commodore+Perry%27s+Expedition+%E2%80%93+Arthur+Walworth+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=1982-01-01&rft.isbn=9781443728508&rft.aulast=Walworth&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbFyV2BZMCRwC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F00A16FD3C59177B93C6A8178CD85F478585F9">"Perry Ceremony Today; Japanese and U. S. Officials to Mark 100th Anniversary."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, July 14, 1953.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sewall, pp. 183–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDriscoll2020" class="citation book cs1">Driscoll, Mark W. (2020). <i>The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection</i>. Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-1121-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-1121-7"><bdi>978-1-4780-1121-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whites+are+Enemies+of+Heaven%3A+Climate+Caucasianism+and+Asian+Ecological+Protection&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4780-1121-7&rft.aulast=Driscoll&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sewall, pp. 243–264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_2013-3002-1">"painting; handscroll | British Museum"</a>. <i>The British Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum&rft.atitle=painting%3B+handscroll+%26%23124%3B+British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FA_2013-3002-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sewall, p. lxxxvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mymexicanwar.com/leaders/perry-matthew-c/">"Commodore Matthew C Perry"</a>. mymexicanwar.com 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commodore+Matthew+C+Perry&rft.pub=mymexicanwar.com+2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mymexicanwar.com%2Fleaders%2Fperry-matthew-c%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grifworld.com/perryhome.html">"Commodore Perry's Expedition to Japan"</a>. Ben Griffiths 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commodore+Perry%27s+Expedition+to+Japan&rft.pub=Ben+Griffiths+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grifworld.com%2Fperryhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morison, Samuel Eliot. (1967). <i> 'Old Bruin' Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry</i> p. 431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1873/08/15/79043337.pdf">"Monument to Commodore M.C. Perry – View Article – NYTimes.com"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Monument+to+Commodore+M.C.+Perry+%E2%80%93+View+Article+%E2%80%93+NYTimes.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1873%2F08%2F15%2F79043337.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSears1922" class="citation journal cs1">Sears, Louis Martin (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1837537">"Slidell and Buchanan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>27</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">709–</span>730. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1837537">10.2307/1837537</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1837537">1837537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Slidell+and+Buchanan&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E709-%3C%2Fspan%3E730&rft.date=1922&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1837537%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1837537&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Louis+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1837537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Matthew Calbraith Perry" by William Elliot Griffis 1887</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsdKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA42"><i>The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography</i></a>. Vol. IV. James T. White & Company. 1893. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>43<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Cyclopaedia+of+American+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=James+T.+White+%26+Company&rft.date=1893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQsdKAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"New York, New York City Municipal Deaths, 1795-1949," database, FamilySearch (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:F6MK-VZ5">https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:F6MK-VZ5</a> : June 3, 2020), Susan M. Perry, August 14, 1825; citing Death, Manhattan, New York County, New York, United States, New York Municipal Archives, New York; FHL microfilm 447,545.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lodgestpatrick.co.nz/famous2.php#M%7Ctitle=">"Famous Freemasons M-Z"</a>. <i>www.lodgestpatrick.co.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lodgestpatrick.co.nz&rft.atitle=Famous+Freemasons+M-Z&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lodgestpatrick.co.nz%2Ffamous2.php%23M%257Ctitle%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masonrytoday.com/index.php?new_month=3&new_day=4&new_year=2015">"Today in Masonic History - Matthew Calbraith Perry Passes Away"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Today+in+Masonic+History+-+Matthew+Calbraith+Perry+Passes+Away&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masonrytoday.com%2Findex.php%3Fnew_month%3D3%26new_day%3D4%26new_year%3D2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-japantoday.com-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-japantoday.com_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japantoday.com/category/features/opinions/commodore-perry-the-legacy-of-american-imperialism">"Commodore Perry & the legacy of American imperialism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Japan_Today" title="Japan Today">Japan Today</a></i>. October 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Today&rft.atitle=Commodore+Perry+%26+the+legacy+of+American+imperialism&rft.date=2011-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjapantoday.com%2Fcategory%2Ffeatures%2Fopinions%2Fcommodore-perry-the-legacy-of-american-imperialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DowerMIT-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DowerMIT_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DowerMIT_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DowerMIT_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DowerMIT_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDowerMiyagawa2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">Dower, John W.</a>; Miyagawa, Shigeru (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visualizingcultures.mit.edu/black_ships_and_samurai_02/bss_visnav06.html">"Black Ships & Samurai: Commodore Perry and the Opening of Japan (1853-1854)"</a>. <i>MIT Visualizing Cultures. Massachusetts Institute of Technology</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Visualizing+Cultures.+Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.atitle=Black+Ships+%26+Samurai%3A+Commodore+Perry+and+the+Opening+of+Japan+%281853-1854%29&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Dower&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft.au=Miyagawa%2C+Shigeru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisualizingcultures.mit.edu%2Fblack_ships_and_samurai_02%2Fbss_visnav06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bells.org/blog/hansho-bell-presented-commodore-matthew-perry">"Hanshō Presented to Commodore Matthew C. Perry | National Bell Festival"</a>. <i>www.bells.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bells.org&rft.atitle=Hansh%C5%8D+Presented+to+Commodore+Matthew+C.+Perry+%7C+National+Bell+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bells.org%2Fblog%2Fhansho-bell-presented-commodore-matthew-perry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broom, Jack <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19980521/2751979/memories-on-board-battleship">"Memories on Board Battleship,"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle Times">Seattle Times</a></i>, May 21, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tsusumi2007-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tsusumi2007_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsustsumi, Cheryl Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starbulletin.com/2007/08/26/travel/tsutsumi.html">"Hawaii's Back Yard: Mighty Mo memorial re-creates a powerful history,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726171925/http://starbulletin.com/2007/08/26/travel/tsutsumi.html">Archived</a> July 26, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Star-Bulletin</i> (Honolulu). August 26, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldtokyo.com/matthew-c-perry-memorial-kurihama-c-1949/">"Matthew C. Perry Landing Memorial, Kurihama, c. 1949. | Old TokyoOld Tokyo"</a>. January 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Matthew+C.+Perry+Landing+Memorial%2C+Kurihama%2C+c.+1949.+%26%23124%3B+Old+TokyoOld+Tokyo&rft.date=2019-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldtokyo.com%2Fmatthew-c-perry-memorial-kurihama-c-1949%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sewall, pp. 197–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trentonhistory.org/streets.html">"Trenton Historical Society, New Jersey"</a>. <i>www.trentonhistory.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.trentonhistory.org&rft.atitle=Trenton+Historical+Society%2C+New+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trentonhistory.org%2Fstreets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Perry, Matthew Calbraith. (1856). <i>Narrative of the expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan, 1856.</i> New York : D. Appleton and Company. digitized by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">University of Hong Kong</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong#Libraries_and_museums" title="University of Hong Kong">Libraries</a>,</li> <li>Perry, Matthew Calbraith, and Roger Pineau. <i>The Japan expedition, 1852-1854: the personal journal of Commodore Matthew C. Perry</i> (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1968).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArnold,_Josh_Makoto2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Arnold, Josh Makoto (2005). <i>Diplomacy Far Removed: A Reinterpretation of the U.S. Decision to Open Diplomatic Relations with Japan</i> (Thesis). University of Arizona.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Diplomacy+Far+Removed%3A+A+Reinterpretation+of+the+U.S.+Decision+to+Open+Diplomatic+Relations+with+Japan&rft.inst=University+of+Arizona&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Josh+Makoto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Blumberg, Rhoda. (1985) <i>Commodore Perry in the Land of the Shogun</i> (Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books, 1985)</li> <li>Cullen, Louis M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ycY_85OInSoC&q=A+History+of+Japan,+1582-1941:+Internal+and+External+Worlds"><i>A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds.</i></a> Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-82155-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-82155-X">0-521-82155-X</a> (cloth), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52918-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52918-2">0-521-52918-2</a> (paper)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Griffis" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Elliot_Griffis" title="William Elliot Griffis">Griffis, William Elliot</a> (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20160503"><i>Matthew Calbraith Perry: a typical American naval officer</i></a>. Cupples and Hurd, Boston. p. 459. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-163-63493-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-163-63493-X"><bdi>1-163-63493-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew+Calbraith+Perry%3A+a+typical+American+naval+officer&rft.pages=459&rft.pub=Cupples+and+Hurd%2C+Boston&rft.date=1887&rft.isbn=1-163-63493-X&rft.aulast=Griffis&rft.aufirst=William+Elliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fadedpage.com%2Fshowbook.php%3Fpid%3D20160503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hawks" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Hawks">Hawks, Francis</a>. (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uwALAAAAYAAJ&q=Narrative+of+the+Expedition+of+an+American+Squadron+to+the+China+Seas+and+Japan+Performed+in+the+Years+1852,+1853+and+1854+under+the+Command+of+Commodore+M.C.+Perry,+United+States+Navy"><i>Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852, 1853 and 1854 under the Command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy.</i></a> Washington: A.O.P. Nicholson by order of Congress, 1856; originally published in <i>Senate Executive Documents</i>, No. 34 of 33rd Congress, 2nd Session. [reprinted by London:Trafalgar Square, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84588-026-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84588-026-9">1-84588-026-9</a>]</li> <li>Kitahara, Michio. "Commodore Perry and the Japanese: a Study in the Dramaturgy of Power." <i>Symbolic Interaction</i> 9.1 (1986): 53–65.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Morison, Samuel Eliot</a>. (1967). <i>"Old Bruin": Commodore Matthew C. Perry, 1794-1858: The American naval officer who helped found Liberia, Hunted Pirates in the West Indies, Practised Diplomacy With the Sultan of Turkey and the King of the Two Sicilies; Commanded the Gulf Squadron in the Mexican War, Promoted the Steam Navy and the Shell Gun, and Conducted the Naval Expedition Which Opened Japan</i> (1967) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldbruincommodor00mori/page/n1">online free to borrow</a> a standard scholarly biography.</li> <li>Sewall, John S. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/logbookcaptains00sewagoog"><i>The Logbook of the Captain's Clerk: Adventures in the China Seas.</i></a> Bangor, Maine: Chas H. Glass & Co. [reprint by Chicago: R.R. Donnelly & Sons, 1995] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-548-20912-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-548-20912-X">0-548-20912-X</a></li> <li>Yellin, Victor Fell. (1996) "Mrs. Belmont, Matthew Perry, and the 'Japanese Minstrels'." <i>American Music</i> (1996): 257–275. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3052600">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Matthew_Perry_(naval_officer)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Matthew Perry (naval officer)">Matthew Perry (naval officer)</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070425165629/http://www.spurgeons.ac.uk/site/pages/ui_college_history.aspx">"China Through Western Eyes."</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visualizingcultures.mit.edu/black_ships_and_samurai/bss_essay05.html">Black Ships & Samurai Commodore Perry and the Opening of Japan (1853-1854), by John W Dower</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/teach/pearl/kanagawa/friends4.htm">A short timeline of Perry's life</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.lib.brown.edu/japan/index.html">Perry Visits Japan: A Visual History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/804">Matthew C. Perry</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/si.1986.9.1.53?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">Kitahara, Michio. Commodore Perry and the Japanese: A Study in the Dramaturgy of Power, 1986</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped03perr">Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan</a>, by M.C. Perry, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.org">archive.org</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArnold1970" class="citation web cs1">Arnold, Bruce Makoto (January 1, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5461862">"Diplomacy Far Removed: A Reinterpretation of the U.S. Decision to Open Diplomatic Relations with Japan | Bruce Makoto Arnold"</a>. Academia.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diplomacy+Far+Removed%3A+A+Reinterpretation+of+the+U.S.+Decision+to+Open+Diplomatic+Relations+with+Japan+%26%23124%3B+Bruce+Makoto+Arnold&rft.pub=Academia.edu&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Makoto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5461862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+C.+Perry" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Aulick" title="John H. Aulick">John H. Aulick</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander, <a href="/wiki/East_India_Squadron" title="East India Squadron">East India Squadron</a> </b><br />1852–1854 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Abbot_(naval_officer)" title="Joel Abbot (naval officer)">Joel Abbot</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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