ADW: Moniezia expansa: INFORMATION

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <title>ADW: Moniezia expansa: INFORMATION</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Moniezia_expansa/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-migrate-3.3.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/compat.js"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://animaldiversity.org/favicon.ico" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Gentium+Book+Basic:400,400italic,700,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.styles.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.print.css" media="print" />  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/colorbox/colorbox.css" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Moniezia_expansa/" /> <meta content="Moniezia expansa" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="Animal Diversity Web" property="og:site_name" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AnimalDiversity" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Moniezia expansa" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Read about Moniezia expansa on the Animal Diversity Web." /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Moniezia_expansa/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/Hyphenator.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/social-likes/social-likes_birman.css" /> <style> .social-likes { margin: 0; } .social-likes__widget { margin: 0; } </style>   </head> <body> <div id="outerwrap"> <div id="header" aria-role="header"> <h1> <a id="homelink" href="/">Animal Diversity Web</a> </h1> <div class="umlinks"> <div class="relative"> <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/ummz/" id="ummzlink">University of Michigan Museum of Zoology</a> <a href="https://www.umich.edu/" id="umlink">University of Michigan</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wrap" class="gradient"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="span2 sidebar left"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs nav-stacked" id="sitemap"> <li> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/">About Us</a> </li> <li> <a href="/animal_names/">About Animal Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="/teach/">Educational Resources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/collections/">Special Collections</a> </li> <li> <a href="/glossary/">Glossary</a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/">Browse Animalia</a> </li> </ul> <h2 class="offscreen">More Information</h2> <div class="well"> <h3>Additional Information</h3> <ul class="unstyled"> <li> <a href="http://eol.org/search/?q=Moniezia expansa&search=Go">Encyclopedia of Life</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="span7_5 blahblahblah main" aria-role="main"> <h2 class="rank-species">Moniezia expansa</h2> <div class="social-likes" data-counters="no"> <div class="facebook" title="Share link on Facebook">Facebook</div> <div class="twitter" title="Share link on Twitter">Twitter</div> </div> <div class="byline">By Andrea Smith</div> <nav class="contents"> <ul> <li> <a href="#geographic_range">Geographic Range</a> </li> <li> <a href="#habitat">Habitat</a> </li> <li> <a href="#physical_description">Physical Description</a> </li> <li> <a href="#development">Development</a> </li> <li> <a href="#reproduction">Reproduction</a> </li> <li> <a href="#lifespan_longevity">Lifespan/Longevity</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="#behavior">Behavior</a> </li> <li> <a href="#communication">Communication and Perception</a> </li> <li> <a href="#food_habits">Food Habits</a> </li> <li> <a href="#predation">Predation</a> </li> <li> <a href="#ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</a> </li> <li> <a href="#economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="#economic_importance_negative">Economic Importance for Humans: Negative</a> </li> <li> <a href="#conservation_status">Conservation Status</a> </li> <li> <a href="#contributors">Contributors</a> </li> <li> <a href="#references">References</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="inner-wrap"> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="geographic_range">Geographic Range</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Moniezia expansa</span> is primarily present throughout ungulates of Europe, Asia, Africa, America and Australia. This parasite has also been found in South American countries, including Peru and Argentina. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#3D9AA95F-3840-40A5-920B-7DF28CA6114B" class="citation">Beveridge, et al., 1994</a>; <a href="#F8F63D94-2DC2-4A0F-8E4E-EFB081AF34D5" class="citation">Gomez-Puerta and Denegre, 2008</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Biogeographic Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020915001330">palearctic</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145365">native</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020915001348">oriental</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145365">native</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916134510">ethiopian</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145365">native</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020915000403">neotropical</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145365">native</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="habitat">Habitat</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Moniezia expansa</span> occupies three different environments during its life cycle: the external environment, the body cavity of the intermediate host (oribatid mite), and the intestine of the definitive host (ungulate). First, the eggs of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">M. expansa</span> exist in the external environment until accidentally ingested by the intermediate host, an oribatid (ground living) mite. The eggs of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">M. expansa</span> exist in ungulates' feces, most regularly in pastures where these animals feed. The oribatid mite occupies the first inch of turf-hiding during the day, and searching for food at night. <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Moniezia expansa</span> eggs will then grow and develop to adults in the oribatid mite鈥檚 body cavity. Through ingestion of the oribatid mite by ungulates, the adult <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">M. expansa</span> is able to feed on nutrients in the host鈥檚 intestine. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#734047F2-A38C-41A0-9054-B767B8FC9B2C" class="citation">Barriga, 1994</a>; <a href="#1C37ED32-D1D8-47CC-A8D1-89AEF3C42C95" class="citation">Olsen, 1986</a>; <a href="#C8EC9081-5C9A-4C2D-8514-E3BB491841B9" class="citation">Stunkard, 1939</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Habitat Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145595">temperate</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145598">tropical</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145794">terrestrial</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Other Habitat Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145700">agricultural</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="physical_description">Physical Description</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Like all cestodes, or tapeworms, <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">M. expansa</span> are flat with multiple segments of proglottids, used for producing gametes for reproduction. The adult bodies lack digestive tracts and are covered in microvilli to increase surface area for the absorption of nutrients. <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Moniezia expansa</span> adults can reach lengths of 4 to 5 meters and are separated into three sections including the scolex, neck and strobila. The scolex is usually less than 1 millimeter, and contains suckers and hooks to assist in holding on to the host. The small neck produces immature proglottids, while the large strobila (main body) consists of a large chain of mature male and female proglottids. The size of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">M. expansa</span> larvae vary throughout its life cycle, containing hooks to dispel the egg. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#4CDD71D4-D4E3-42EA-A990-A9F853F9D851" class="citation">Brusca and Brusca, 1990</a>; <a href="#EFF1570A-25A5-48F3-8C4A-D225DDD2AE8C" class="citation">Chilton, et al., 2007</a>; <a href="#472A659D-9A2B-4C85-BA12-BBE42C1E7873" class="citation">Elliot, 1993</a>; <a href="#C8EC9081-5C9A-4C2D-8514-E3BB491841B9" class="citation">Stunkard, 1939</a>)</span></p> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Moniezia expansa</span> can be distinguished from a similar species, <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Moniezia_benedeni/">Moniezia benedeni</a>, through the patterns of interproglottidal glands. In <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">M. expansa</span> these glands from a rosette pattern around depressions into the posterior surface while <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Moniezia_benedeni/">M. benedeni</a> glands are linear. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#9262D9D9-2EB2-41F0-BA89-EA616C39F14B" class="citation">Taylor, 1928</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Other Physical Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916131519">ectothermic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916125902">heterothermic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145642">bilateral symmetry</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Range length</dt> <dd>4 to 5 m</dd> <dd class="english">13.12 to 16.40 ft</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="development">Development</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The life cycle of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">M. expansa</span> begins with the development of the oncosphere, a six-hooked larva, inside the cuticle of the egg. Following the consumption of mature eggs by the intermediate host (oribatid mite) the oncosphere emerges through destruction in the egg鈥檚 cuticle caused by the host鈥檚 mouth parts. The oncosphere is then able to invade the intestinal wall of the mite and continue growth into an invasive cysticercoid larva in the mite鈥檚 body cavity, or hemocoel. By 15 to 18 weeks fully developed cysticercoids are formed. The oribatid mite is then consumed by the definitive host (ungulate) where further development into the adult occurs in the intestine. The life cycle is completed through the release of proglottids, containing eggs, in the ungulate鈥檚 feces. Eggs are able to survive on their own, without ingestion by the intermediate host, for less than one day. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#734047F2-A38C-41A0-9054-B767B8FC9B2C" class="citation">Barriga, 1994</a>; <a href="#1C37ED32-D1D8-47CC-A8D1-89AEF3C42C95" class="citation">Olsen, 1986</a>; <a href="#C8EC9081-5C9A-4C2D-8514-E3BB491841B9" class="citation">Stunkard, 1939</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Development - Life Cycle</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145364">metamorphosis</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020913223809">diapause</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="reproduction">Reproduction</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Moniezia expansa</span> does not have a complex mating system.</p> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The strobila of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Moniezia expansa</span>, which contain chains of mature male and female proglottids, allow for reproduction within a proglottid or copulation with other proglottids and proglottids of other tapeworms. Once reproduction has occurred, proglottids containing fertilized eggs (gravid proglottid) will reach the end of the strobila and detach into the host feces. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#13B3C0E4-599F-42E3-9F69-D63C2FB8408A" class="citation">Melhorn, 2001</a>)</span></p> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Mass amounts of eggs must be produced to counter high mortality seen in the egg and larval form. This is caused by environmental conditions and the absence of ingestion by the intermediate and definitive host. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#1C37ED32-D1D8-47CC-A8D1-89AEF3C42C95" class="citation">Olsen, 1986</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Reproductive Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145698">year-round breeding</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145546">fertilization</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145427">internal</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145572">oviparous</a> </li> </ul> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Moniezia expansa</span> shows no parental investment.</p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Parental Investment</li> <li> <span>no parental involvement</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="lifespan_longevity">Lifespan/Longevity</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The lifespan/longevity of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Moniezia expansa</span> has not been studied.</p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="behavior">Behavior</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Specific behavior of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Moniezia expansa</span> have not been studied but adult Cestoda have no cilia, and thus do not travel. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#4CDD71D4-D4E3-42EA-A990-A9F853F9D851" class="citation">Brusca and Brusca, 1990</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Behaviors</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145767">parasite</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="communication">Communication and Perception</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Moniezia expansa</span> has sensory organs characteristic of organisms in the class Cestoda. These consist of general sensory organs for tactile stimulation and are located in the scolex where longitudinal nerves then extend down the body. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#4CDD71D4-D4E3-42EA-A990-A9F853F9D851" class="citation">Brusca and Brusca, 1990</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Communication Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Perception Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145500">tactile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="food_habits">Food Habits</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Cestodes, including <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Moniezia expansa</span> contain no digestive system, and therefore absorb nutrients from the host鈥檚 intestine through their tegument, or external covering. Projections of microvilli aid in the absorption of nutrients through an increase in surface area. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#4CDD71D4-D4E3-42EA-A990-A9F853F9D851" class="citation">Brusca and Brusca, 1990</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Primary Diet</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145419">carnivore</a> <ul> <li> <span>eats body fluids</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Animal Foods</li> <li> <span>body fluids</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="predation">Predation</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Moniezia expansa</span> are not predatory or preyed upon directly.</p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Known Predators</dt> <dd> <ul> <li>There are no known predators of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">M. expansa</span></li> </ul> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Moniezia expansa</span> can be found in the intermediate host, an oribatid mite, or in the small intestine of the definitive host, sheep and cattle. This parasite's most important impact on the community is seen through the infection of sheep or cattle with <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Moniezia expansa</span> which can cause stockbreeding losses through diarrhea and flesh loss. There have also been reports of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Moniezia expansa</span> in the domestic pig in Peru. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#EFF1570A-25A5-48F3-8C4A-D225DDD2AE8C" class="citation">Chilton, et al., 2007</a>; <a href="#472A659D-9A2B-4C85-BA12-BBE42C1E7873" class="citation">Elliot, 1993</a>; <a href="#F8F63D94-2DC2-4A0F-8E4E-EFB081AF34D5" class="citation">Gomez-Puerta and Denegre, 2008</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Ecosystem Impact</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145767">parasite</a> </li> </ul> <div class="note"> <strong>Species Used as Host</strong> <br /> <ul> <li>Domesticated sheep, <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Ovis aires</span></li> <li>Eurpean domesticated cattle, <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Bos_taurus/">Bos taurus</a></li> <li>Tropical domesticated cattle, <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Bos indicus</span></li> <li>Orbatid mites, <span class="taxon-name">Oribatidae</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">There are no known positive effects of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Moniezia expansa</span> on humans.</p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_negative">Economic Importance for Humans: Negative</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Although <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">Moniezia expansa</span> does not directly negatively affect humans, it can indirectly affect humans through the loss of cattle and sheep. The stockbreeding loss associated with infection of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-link rank-species">M. expansa</span> in cattle and sheep can cause an economic loss affecting humans with an income based on cattle and sheep.</p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Negative Impacts</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145556">causes or carries domestic animal disease</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="conservation_status">Conservation Status</h3> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate three-up"> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">IUCN Red List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>Not Evaluated</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.fws.gov/endangered/">US Federal List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php">CITES</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/data/specialanimals.cfm">State of Michigan List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="contributors">Contributors</h3> <p>Andrea Smith (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Heidi Liere (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, John Marino (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Barry OConnor (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Renee Mulcrone (editor), Special Projects. </p> </section> <section class="offscreen"> <h3 id="glossary">Glossary</h3> <div id="20020916134510"> <dl> <dt>Ethiopian</dt> <dd> <p>living in sub-Saharan Africa (south of 30 degrees north) and Madagascar.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020915000403"> <dl> <dt>Neotropical</dt> <dd> <p>living in the southern part of the New World. In other words, Central and South America.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020915001330"> <dl> <dt>Palearctic</dt> <dd> <p>living in the northern part of the Old World. In otherwords, Europe and Asia and northern Africa.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145700"> <dl> <dt>agricultural</dt> <dd> <p>living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145642"> <dl> <dt>bilateral symmetry</dt> <dd> <p>having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145419"> <dl> <dt>carnivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats meat</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145556"> <dl> <dt>causes or carries domestic animal disease</dt> <dd> <p>either directly causes, or indirectly transmits, a disease to a domestic animal</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145606"> <dl> <dt>chemical</dt> <dd> <p>uses smells or other chemicals to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020913223809"> <dl> <dt>diapause</dt> <dd> <p>a period of time when growth or development is suspended in insects and other invertebrates, it can usually only be ended the appropriate environmental stimulus.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916131519"> <dl> <dt>ectothermic</dt> <dd> <p>animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145546"> <dl> <dt>fertilization</dt> <dd> <p>union of egg and spermatozoan</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916125902"> <dl> <dt>heterothermic</dt> <dd> <p>having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145427"> <dl> <dt>internal fertilization</dt> <dd> <p>fertilization takes place within the female's body</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145364"> <dl> <dt>metamorphosis</dt> <dd> <p>A large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. In insects, "incomplete metamorphosis" is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and "complete metamorphosis" is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. Butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145365"> <dl> <dt>native range</dt> <dd> <p>the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020915001348"> <dl> <dt>oriental</dt> <dd> <p>found in the oriental region of the world. In other words, India and southeast Asia.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145572"> <dl> <dt>oviparous</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145767"> <dl> <dt>parasite</dt> <dd> <p>an organism that obtains nutrients from other organisms in a harmful way that doesn't cause immediate death</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145500"> <dl> <dt>tactile</dt> <dd> <p>uses touch to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145595"> <dl> <dt>temperate</dt> <dd> <p>that region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145794"> <dl> <dt>terrestrial</dt> <dd> <p>Living on the ground.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145598"> <dl> <dt>tropical</dt> <dd> <p>the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145698"> <dl> <dt>year-round breeding</dt> <dd> <p>breeding takes place throughout the year</p> </dd> </dl> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="references">References</h3> <p id="734047F2-A38C-41A0-9054-B767B8FC9B2C">Barriga, O. 1994. <span style="font-style: italic">Veterinary Parasitology</span>. Columbus: Greyden Press. </p> <p id="3D9AA95F-3840-40A5-920B-7DF28CA6114B">Beveridge, I., L. Khalil, A. Jones, R. Bray. 1994. <span style="font-style: italic">Keys to the Cestode Parasites of Vertebrates</span>. Wallingford: CAB International. </p> <p id="4CDD71D4-D4E3-42EA-A990-A9F853F9D851">Brusca, R., G. Brusca. 1990. <span style="font-style: italic">Invertebrates</span>. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. </p> <p id="EFF1570A-25A5-48F3-8C4A-D225DDD2AE8C">Chilton, N., M. O'Callaghan, I. Beveridge, R. Andrews. 2007. Genetic markers to distinguish <em>Moniezia expansa</em> from <em>M. benedeni</em>. <span style="font-style: italic">Parasitology Research</span>, 100: 1187. </p> <p id="472A659D-9A2B-4C85-BA12-BBE42C1E7873">Elliot, D. 1993. Tapeworm (<em>Moniezia expansa</em>) and its effect on sheep production: the evidence reviewed. <span style="font-style: italic">New Zealand Veterinary Journal</span>, 106 (4): 429-440. </p> <p id="F8F63D94-2DC2-4A0F-8E4E-EFB081AF34D5">Gomez-Puerta, , Denegre. 2008. Occurrence of <em>Moniezia expansa</em> in dometic pig. <span style="font-style: italic">Veterinary Parasitology</span>, 33: 191-194. </p> <p id="13B3C0E4-599F-42E3-9F69-D63C2FB8408A">Melhorn, H. 2001. <span style="font-style: italic">Encyclopedic Reference of Parasitology</span>. Berlin: Springer. </p> <p id="1C37ED32-D1D8-47CC-A8D1-89AEF3C42C95">Olsen, O. 1986. <span style="font-style: italic">Animal parasites: their life cycles and ecology</span>. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press. </p> <p id="C8EC9081-5C9A-4C2D-8514-E3BB491841B9">Stunkard, H. 1939. The development of <em>Moniezia expansa</em> in the intermediate host. <span style="font-style: italic">Parasitology</span>, 30: 491-501. </p> <p id="9262D9D9-2EB2-41F0-BA89-EA616C39F14B">Taylor, E. 1928. <em>Moniezia</em>, a genus of cestode worms, and the proposed reduction of its species to three. <span style="font-style: italic">Proceedings of the US Natational Museum</span>, 74: 1-9. </p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="span2_5 right sidebar"> <div class="well" id="pocket-guide-link"> <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/adw-pocket-guide/id916179421?mt=8" target="_blank"><i class="icon-download icon-white" style="vertical-align: bottom"></i> ADW Pocket Guides on the iOS App Store! </a> <p>The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides!</p> <p> <a href="/news/5009059054038197651/">Read more...</a> </p> </div> <h2 class="offscreen">Search</h2> <div id="site-search"> <form action="/search" method="GET"> <label for="q" class="offscreen">Enter search 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</div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Order</span> <a href="/accounts/Cyclophyllidea/" class="taxon-name rank-order">Cyclophyllidea</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <span class="feature-off feature-information"></span> <a href="/accounts/Cyclophyllidea/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Cyclophyllidea: pictures (1)" data-delay="250">Cyclophyllidea: pictures (1)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Family</span> <a href="/accounts/Anoplocephalidae/" class="taxon-name rank-family">Anoplocephalidae</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <span class="feature-off feature-information"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-pictures"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Genus</span> <a href="/accounts/Moniezia--Anoplocephalidae/" class="taxon-name rank-genus">Moniezia</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <span class="feature-off feature-information"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-pictures"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li class="active"> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Moniezia_expansa/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Moniezia expansa</a> <span class="vernacular-name"></span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Moniezia_expansa/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Moniezia expansa: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Moniezia expansa: information (1)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-pictures"></span> <span 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ADW: Moniezia expansa: INFORMATION