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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Weise's law</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Weise%27s_law" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Weise%27s_law" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector disabled"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a 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.side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/PIE_%C7%B5h.svg/40px-PIE_%C7%B5h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/PIE_%C7%B5h.svg/60px-PIE_%C7%B5h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/PIE_%C7%B5h.svg/80px-PIE_%C7%B5h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains characters used to write reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> words (for an explanation of the notation, see <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Proto-Indo-European phonology</a>). Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> combining characters and <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> characters.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1092331828"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)"><img alt="<?>" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/40px-Replacement_character.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/60px-Replacement_character.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/80px-Replacement_character.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains uncommon <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of the intended characters.</div></div> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a>, Weise's law describes the loss of <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> quality some consonants undergo in specific contexts in the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a>. In short, when the consonants represented by *ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ, called palatovelar consonants, are followed by *r, they lose their palatal quality, leading to <a href="/wiki/Phonological_change#Merger" title="Phonological change">a loss in distinction</a> between them and the <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar consonants">plain velar consonants</a> *k *g *gʰ. Some exceptions exist, such as when the *r is followed by *i or when the palatal form is restored <a href="/wiki/Analogical_change" title="Analogical change">by analogy</a> with related words. Although this sound change is most prominent in the satem languages, it is believed that the change must have occurred prior to the <a href="/wiki/Centum_and_satem_languages" title="Centum and satem languages">centum–satem division</a>, based on an earlier sound change which affected the distribution of Proto-Indo-European *u and *r. The law is named after the German linguist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Weise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskar Weise (page does not exist)">Oskar Weise</a>, who first postulated it in 1881 as the solution to reconciling <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Terminology">1 Terminology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Overview">3 Overview</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Relative_chronology">4 Relative chronology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References">6 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Notes">6.1 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Citations">6.2 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Sources">6.3 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Weise%27s_law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> is the hypothetical parent language of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>. The language is believed to have been spoken around the 4th millennium BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrask2000267-1">[1]</a> though some linguists argue that the 6th or 7th millennia BC are more likely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleiner2024-2">[2]</a> No record of the language exists, but its forms have been <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstructed</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method" title="Comparative method">comparative method</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Weise's law describes a sound change that affects a series of sounds in the Proto-Indo-European language called palatovelar consonants, sometimes called dorso-palatal or simply palatal consonants.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The pronunciation of these sounds is described as being articulated both with the back part of the tongue and the <a href="/wiki/Hard_palate" title="Hard palate">hard palate</a> of the mouth, represented with *ḱ, *ǵ, and *ǵʰ, where the <a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a> signifies a reconstructed or unattested form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997xvii-5">[5]</a> They are contrasted with plain velar consonants, also referred to as dorso-velar or simply velar consonants, which are described as being articulated with the back part of the tongue and the <a href="/wiki/Soft_palate" title="Soft palate">soft palate</a>, represented by *k, *g, and *gʰ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997xvii-5">[5]</a> Both of these sets were further contrasted with the <a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">labiovelar consonants</a>, likely pronounced with a simultaneous articulation with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate and the <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">rounding of the lips</a>, represented by *kʷ, *gʷ, and *gʷʰ.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> These three contrastive sets are often known collectively as <a href="/wiki/Guttural" title="Guttural">guttural consonants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiggers2011184-7">[7]</a> Although only one branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a> – maintained a distinction between all three sets of consonants,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011261-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguists</a> divide the Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Daughter_language" title="Daughter language">daughter languages</a> into two categories based on how these sounds developed over time, either into centum or satem languages. The terms centum and satem are derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *dḱm̥tóm, later shortened into *ḱm̥tóm, meaning 'one hundred'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes201130,_303-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrask200053-10">[10]</a> Centum languages, named after the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for 'one hundred', are those languages in which the palatovelar sounds underwent depalatalization – that is, lost their palatal quality – thereby merging with the plain velars, creating only a two-way contrast between plain velars and labiovelar sounds.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> By contrast, satem languages, named after the <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> word for 'one hundred' (𐬯𐬀𐬙𐬆𐬨 satəm), are those in which the labiovelar sounds lost their labialization, causing a lack of differentiation with the plain velar sounds called a <a href="/wiki/Phonological_change#Merger" title="Phonological change">merger</a>. The palatovelar sounds, on the other hand, underwent <a href="/wiki/Assibilation" title="Assibilation">assibilation</a> – also called satemization in this particular context – whereby these palatovelars became <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant consonants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Sibilant consonants comprise <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">[t͡ʃ]</a> (as in chat), and <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">[s]</a> (as in sunk).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011302-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Weise%27s_law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eisenberg_Wohnhaus_Oskar_Weise_Tafel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A black sign with gold Gothic lettering on the side of a concrete building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Eisenberg_Wohnhaus_Oskar_Weise_Tafel.jpg/220px-Eisenberg_Wohnhaus_Oskar_Weise_Tafel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3210" data-file-height="2370"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Eisenberg_Wohnhaus_Oskar_Weise_Tafel.jpg/220px-Eisenberg_Wohnhaus_Oskar_Weise_Tafel.jpg" data-alt="A black sign with gold Gothic lettering on the side of a concrete building" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Eisenberg_Wohnhaus_Oskar_Weise_Tafel.jpg/330px-Eisenberg_Wohnhaus_Oskar_Weise_Tafel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Eisenberg_Wohnhaus_Oskar_Weise_Tafel.jpg/440px-Eisenberg_Wohnhaus_Oskar_Weise_Tafel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Commemorative plaque to Weise in <a href="/wiki/Eisenberg,_Thuringia" title="Eisenberg, Thuringia">Eisenberg, Germany</a>, which reads in part: 'Here lived the researcher and teacher of our mother tongue, <a href="/wiki/Geheimrat" title="Geheimrat">Geheimrat</a> Prof. Dr. Oskar Weise [...]'</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Weise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskar Weise (page does not exist)">Oskar Weise</a> first described a problem in correspondences between <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> cognates in an 1881 article for the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-Europeanist</a> periodical <a href="/wiki/Historische_Sprachforschung" title="Historische Sprachforschung">Articles on the Science of the Indo-European Languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Beiträge zur Kunde der indogermanischen Sprachen) entitled "Is initial γ dropped before λ?" (Ist anlautendes γ vor λ abgefallen?).<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In it, he notes an imbalance in the relationship between Ancient Greek and Sanskrit cognates, writing: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> If we examine the Indic words beginning with guttural + r or l and compare them with their Greek reflexes, we will notice that all those which have retained the guttural in Indic intact show guttural + <a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">ρ</a>, whereas Greek guttural + <a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">λ</a> only occurs regularly when the palatal sibilants [ś], j, h appear in Indic. The absence of exceptions in this rule automatically prohibits the assumption that coincidence prevailed here. Of course, this excludes cases where r (or l) is not immediately after the guttural, but there is a vowel in between, although the rule stated above often applies here too.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeise1881115-16">[16]</a> </blockquote> According to <a href="/wiki/Alwin_Kloekhorst" title="Alwin Kloekhorst">Alwin Kloekhorst</a> in 2011, Weise's original article has "been largely forgotten by the scholarly world", but its findings have appeared sporadically in linguistic literature with some of it needing revision in light of other research.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262-17">[17]</a> In 1894, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Meillet" title="Antoine Meillet">Antoine Meillet</a> described the law and defended it as established fact in a dissertation for the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_Linguistique_de_Paris" title="Société de Linguistique de Paris">Société de Linguistique de Paris</a> on the difficulty of determining gutturals in Proto-Indo-European, citing Weise as its progenitor.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Kortlandt" title="Frederik Kortlandt">Frederik Kortlandt</a> similarly considered Weise's findings strong but limited in scope, citing both Weise's and Meillet's works on the law in his own research on the <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Robert S. P. Beekes</a> also described the process derived from the law, but did not reference its origins with Weise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011126-20">[20]</a> Kloekhorst presented a defense of the law at a conference in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2008a-21">[21]</a> followed by a more complete account – Weise's Law: Depalatalization of Palatovelars before *r in Sanskrit – published in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011-22">[22]</a> The 2011 defense conglomerates several different sources on the topic, some referencing Weise and some not, and summarizes its general characteristics, its relative chronology, and possible violations; its contents are a revision of his work done in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Kloekhorst has been credited with reviving interest in the law.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Weise%27s_law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overview" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:441px;max-width:441px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_palatal_plosive.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="An illustrated view of the inside of the mouth with the middle of the tongue pressed against the roof of the mouth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Voiceless_palatal_plosive.svg/143px-Voiceless_palatal_plosive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="143" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 143px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Voiceless_palatal_plosive.svg/143px-Voiceless_palatal_plosive.svg.png" data-alt="An illustrated view of the inside of the mouth with the middle of the tongue pressed against the roof of the mouth" data-width="143" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Voiceless_palatal_plosive.svg/215px-Voiceless_palatal_plosive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Voiceless_palatal_plosive.svg/286px-Voiceless_palatal_plosive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="An illustrated gif of the inside of the mouth where the tip of the tongue alternates between the pressing against the alveolar ridge and constricting airflow just behind the teeth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.gif/143px-Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.gif" decoding="async" width="143" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 143px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.gif/143px-Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.gif" data-alt="An illustrated gif of the inside of the mouth where the tip of the tongue alternates between the pressing against the alveolar ridge and constricting airflow just behind the teeth" data-width="143" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.gif/215px-Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.gif/286px-Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_articulation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="An illustrated view of the inside of the mouth with the tip of the tongue constricting airflow just behind the teeth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_articulation.svg/143px-Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_articulation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="143" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 143px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_articulation.svg/143px-Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_articulation.svg.png" data-alt="An illustrated view of the inside of the mouth with the tip of the tongue constricting airflow just behind the teeth" data-width="143" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_articulation.svg/215px-Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_articulation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_articulation.svg/286px-Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_articulation.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">These three images show one example of assibilation from inside the mouth; from left to right: <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">palatal stop</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[c]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">alveolar sibilant affricate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[t͡s]</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">alveolar fricative</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[s]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></div></div></div></div> Weise's law describes a depalatalization which affects the palatovelar consonants of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a>: *ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ. In the satem languages, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[a]</a> these sounds became fricatives, such as <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">[s]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">[z]</a>, rather than remaining <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">stops</a>. Weise's law, however, demonstrates that these sounds depalatalize before *r, thereby merging with the plain velar stops *k *g *gʰ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262-17">[17]</a> Because the palatovelar sounds underwent <a href="/wiki/Assibilation" title="Assibilation">assibilation</a> – that is, underwent the process of becoming <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilants</a> – in the satem languages while the plain velars did not, the merging of palatovelars with plain velars explains why these words have plain velar <a href="/wiki/Reflex_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex (linguistics)">reflexes</a> in words that share a common Indo-European root containing a palatovelar. In other words, while the palatovelar stops were made into alveolar sibilants in most cases, Weise's law explains many exceptions, though not all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262-17">[17]</a> The effects of the law are commonly found in <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut#Ablaut_grades" title="Indo-European ablaut">zero-grade</a> stems – that is, stems without a vowel<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011301-27">[26]</a> – which may receive <a href="/wiki/Anaptyxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaptyxis">inserted</a> vowels in the <a href="/wiki/Daughter_language" title="Daughter language">daughter languages</a>. One such example may be found in <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Old Avestan</a> 𐬐𐬆𐬵𐬭𐬞𐬇𐬨 kəhrpə̄m 'figure, body', derived from *ḱrp-os- 'body'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan2008137%E2%80%93138-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[b]</a> Although the original palatovelar *ḱ does not immediately precede *r in the Avestan reflex, it is still in accordance with the depalatalization described by Weise's law since *ḱ immediately precedes *r in the zero-grade form *ḱrp-os-.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan2008137%E2%80%93138-28">[27]</a> Sanskrit words contain many potential violations of the rule, particularly in circumstances where the surface representation of the word contains śr- or hr-, implying a derivation from an unmodified *ḱr- or *ǵʰr- source. However, these are often the result of later sound changes particular to a language or <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a>. Examples can be found in Sanskrit, where /l/ became /r/ in many circumstances, such as in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: श्रवस् śravas 'fame', which is derived from Proto-Indo-European *ḱleu-es-, and ह्राद् hrād 'to resound, to make a noise', which is derived from *ǵʰleh₃d-.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011265%E2%80%93266-32">[30]</a> Thus, these apparent counterexamples do not actually represent exceptions to the rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011266-33">[31]</a> Other apparent violations occur in contexts in which the palatovelar consonant and *r cross a morphemic boundary, such as between an <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affix</a> and the root it modifies, or share a clear derivational relationship with another word that would not have been subjected to the sound law, leading to an <a href="/wiki/Analogical_change" title="Analogical change">analogical change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> With respect to the first apparent violation, the Sanskrit word अज्र ájra 'field, plain' is derived from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%82%C3%A9%C7%B5ros" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂éǵros">*h₂éǵ-ro-</a> 'field, pasturage', where the expected outcome is *अग्र *ágra.<a href="#cite_note-37">[c]</a> However, the typical reflex of the palatovelar consonant has been restored because the palatovelar and the *r are separated by a morphemic boundary, represented here with a dash.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011266-33">[31]</a> With respect to the second potential violation, Sanskrit शृङ्ग śṛṅgá 'horn' is derived from the zero-grade form <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/%E1%B8%B1erh%E2%82%82-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱerh₂-">*ḱr-n-go-</a>. Although the expected reflex is *क्ङ्ग *kṛṅgá, the attested form may have been restored based on a relationship with related words like शरभ śarabhá 'a kind of deer', which is derived from a full-grade form of the root, *ḱer-n-bʰó- where the *r is not immediately preceded by the palatovelar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011267-38">[35]</a> All other violations of the rule appear in the particular sequence *Ḱri, where Ḱ represents any palatovelar sound. Kloekhorst suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">high front vowel</a> *i may have palatalized the preceding *r, giving no motivation to depalatalize the initial palatovelar sound.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Relative_chronology">Relative chronology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Weise%27s_law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relative chronology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_steppe_homeland_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A map of Europe, Africa, and Asia contrasting the Indo-European homeland and the current dispersal of modern languages in differing shades of green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Indo-European_steppe_homeland_map.svg/220px-Indo-European_steppe_homeland_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="535"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 230px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Indo-European_steppe_homeland_map.svg/220px-Indo-European_steppe_homeland_map.svg.png" data-alt="A map of Europe, Africa, and Asia contrasting the Indo-European homeland and the current dispersal of modern languages in differing shades of green" data-width="220" data-height="230" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Indo-European_steppe_homeland_map.svg/330px-Indo-European_steppe_homeland_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Indo-European_steppe_homeland_map.svg/440px-Indo-European_steppe_homeland_map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Migrations by the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a> from around <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> likely spread the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> through parts of Europe and Asia during the 3rd millenium BC, which supports the <a href="/wiki/Steppe_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe hypothesis">steppe hypothesis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Proto-Indo-European homeland</a> debate.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Estimated range of the Yamnaya culture before its migration</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Extent of modern Indo-European languages in Europe and Asia</div></figcaption></figure> The chronology of Weise's law is the subject of some debate. The depalatalization described by the law must have occurred by at least the time the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a> diverged from the rest of Proto-Indo-European (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3000 BC).<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> Kloekhorst argues that it probably occurred much earlier, after the divergence of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4500 BC),<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> since the distribution of late Proto-Indo-European *u and *r underwent an exchange in placement, or <a href="/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">metathesis</a>, which only occurred after both the Anatolian language family had diverged from Proto-Indo-European and palatovelars had undergone the depalatalization described by Weise's law. This explains exceptions such as Sanskrit श्मश्रु śmáśru 'beard', which derives from the form *smóḱ-ru- rather than from the earlier *smóḱ-ur, attested in <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> 𒍝𒈠𒀭𒆳 zama(n)kur 'beard'. The Sanskrit form does not show depalatalization because the depalatalization occurred only in environments where the palatovelar was followed by *r prior to this metathesis.<a href="#cite_note-44">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Kortlandt" title="Frederik Kortlandt">Frederik Kortlandt</a> noted that, while it is tempting to assert that Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian depalatalizations derive from a common innovation, the scope of depalatalization is much larger in the Balto-Slavic languages and there is positive evidence that this kind of depalatalization never occurred in Armenian, pointing to examples like սրունք srunkʿ 'leg' from Proto-Indo-European *ḱrūs-ni- and մերձ merj 'near, close to' from *méǵʰ(s)ri.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> Instead, Kortlandt suggested that Weise's law applies only to Indo-Iranian languages and, although Indo-Iranian languages and Balto-Slavic languages restored palatal features in a similar fashion, these restorations occurred independently of one another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1978242-47">[43]</a> Based on Albanian and Balto-Slavic agreement in depalatalization, he considers Albanian to have been a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">transitional dialect</a> of Balto-Slavic and Armenian during the same period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1978242-47">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Robert S. P. Beekes</a>, disputing some of Kortlandt's etymologies,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2003175,_196-48">[44]</a> wrote that depalatalization is assumed to have taken place before *r in Armenian as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2003176-49">[45]</a> Although the effects of the law are most clearly demonstrated in satem languages, Kloekhorst suggests that this sound change occurred before the centum–satem split, arguing that it almost certainly occurred in late Proto-Indo-European after the departure of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011269-43">[40]</a> Because their reflexes appear to be in accordance with the law, Kloekhorst groups <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> in with the satem languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011261,_269-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[e]</a> He further notes that it is likely that secondary depalatalizations took place at a later date in each of the satem language families outside the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a>, as depalatalization is more extensive in those languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011269-43">[40]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Weise%27s_law&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouk%C3%B3los_rule" title="Boukólos rule">Boukólos rule</a> – a similar rule affecting labiovelar consonants in Proto-Indo-European, which affected the centum languages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sound_laws_in_the_Indo-European_languages" title="Glossary of sound laws in the Indo-European languages">Glossary of sound laws in the Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Weise%27s_law&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Weise%27s_law&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Albanian and Armenian have a controversial placement in centum–satem taxonomy. See <a href="#Relative_chronology">§ Relative chronology</a> for further discussion. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Although de Vaan posits the palatovelar form *ḱrp- as a possible reconstruction, other linguists – such as <a href="/wiki/Ranko_Matasovi%C4%87" title="Ranko Matasović">Ranko Matasović</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guus_Kroonen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guus Kroonen (page does not exist)">Guus Kroonen</a> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guus_Kroonen" class="extiw" title="lt:Guus Kroonen">lt</a>] – have reconstructed the root as *krep- (zero-grade *krp-) without the palatovelar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasovi%C4%872009224-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013244-30">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> The term अग्र ágra 'foremost, summit' is an attested form in Sanskrit,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayrhofer198645-35">[33]</a> but it is either a derivative of अङ्ग् aṅg 'to go'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams18996-36">[34]</a> or otherwise related to <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> agrs 'early'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayrhofer198645-35">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: mjekër 'chin, beard' and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: smãkras 'chin' also derive from *smóḱ-ru-; however, the presence of plain velars suggests a later depalatalization in Albanian and Balto-Slavic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011269-43">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> This opinion is not unique to Kloekhorst; many linguists also categorize Albanian and Armenian as satem languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapovi%C4%872017Map_1.1-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997xxiii-52">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes201130-53">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Larry_Trask" title="Larry Trask">Larry Trask</a> also categorizes both as satem languages, but cautions that Albanian can only be categorized as such "with qualifications".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrask2000297-54">[50]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Weise%27s_law&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrask2000267-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrask2000267_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrask2000">Trask 2000</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleiner2024-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleiner2024_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKleiner2024">Kleiner 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For the lack of record of Proto-Indo-European, see <a href="#CITEREFTrask2000">Trask 2000</a>, p. 267.</li><li>For its reconstruction by comparative linguistics, see <a href="#CITEREFClackson2007">Clackson 2007</a>, p. 1 and <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, p. xv.</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For palatovelar nomenclature and those consonants' relationship to Weise's law, see <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 261.</li><li>For dorso-palatal, see <a href="#CITEREFAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997">Adams et al. 1997</a>, p. xvii.</li><li>For palatal, see <a href="#CITEREFClackson2007">Clackson 2007</a>, p. 49 and <a href="#CITEREFTrask2000">Trask 2000</a>, p. 53.</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997xvii-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997xvii_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997xvii_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997">Adams et al. 1997</a>, p. xvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For the precise description of how the sound is articulated, see <a href="#CITEREFVineUntermann1998">Vine & Untermann 1998</a>.</li><li>For the term in Indo-Europeanist literature and the associated graphemes, see <a href="#CITEREFAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997">Adams et al. 1997</a>, p. xx, <a href="#CITEREFClackson2007">Clackson 2007</a>, p. 49, <a href="#CITEREFSwiggers2011">Swiggers 2011</a>, p. 184, and <a href="#CITEREFTrask2000">Trask 2000</a>, p. 181.</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwiggers2011184-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwiggers2011184_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwiggers2011">Swiggers 2011</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011261-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011261_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes201130,_303-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes201130,_303_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, pp. 30, 303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrask200053-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrask200053_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrask2000">Trask 2000</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For the definition of depalatalization, see <a href="#CITEREFTrask2000">Trask 2000</a>, p. 86.</li><li>For its derivation from the Latin term, see <a href="#CITEREFAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997">Adams et al. 1997</a>, p. xvi and <a href="#CITEREFTrask2000">Trask 2000</a>, p. 53.</li><li>For the centum example of depalatalization, see <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2003">Beekes 2003</a>, p. 30.</li><li>For the process of merging, see <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 261 and <a href="#CITEREFTrask2000">Trask 2000</a>, p. 53.</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997">Adams et al. 1997</a>, p. xxiii.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, p. 302.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTrask2000">Trask 2000</a>, p. 297.</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011302-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011302_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sibilant">"sibilant"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=sibilant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsibilant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeise%27s+law" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWeise1881">Weise 1881</a>, p. 115.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBlancde_Lamberterie2015">Blanc & de Lamberterie 2015</a>.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 261.</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKortlandt1978">Kortlandt 1978</a>, p. 238.</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeise1881115-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeise1881115_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeise1881">Weise 1881</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011262_17-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeillet1894">Meillet 1894</a>, p. 278: "Or on a constaté depuis longtemps que les cas de correspondance α′β sont particulièrement fréquents dans le voisinage de certains phonèmes: après u (de Saussure, dans ces Mémoires, 6, 161) et devant r (Weise, dans Bezz. Beit., 6, 115)." (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> 'Now we have long noted that cases of α′β correspondence are particularly frequent in the vicinity of certain phonemes: after u [de Saussure, in those Mémoires, 6, 161] and before r [Weise, in Bezz. Beit., 6, 115].') </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFKortlandt1978">Kortlandt 1978</a>, pp. 238–240:</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;">"The palatal feature of the palatovelars was lost before a following *r in Indo-Iranian. This development was established by Weise (1881:115f.), [...] The same development can be established for Balto-Slavic [...]" (§7–8)</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;">"The similarity between the Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic developments suggests that they arose from a common innovation. This is not necessarily the case. [...] It had a much wider range in Balto-Slavic, where the palatal feature was also lost before other resonants under certain conditions." (§10)</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;">"The loss of the palatal feature was not limited to the position before a following *r in Balto-Slavic." (§13)</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011126-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011126_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2008a-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2008a_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2008a">Kloekhorst 2008a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 261: "This article is a revision of my Kleine Scriptie (~ BA thesis) [...] written in 1999 [...]" </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlancde_Lamberterie2015">Blanc & de Lamberterie 2015</a>: "Selon ce auteur, d'après une loi établie par O. Weise et remise en honneur par A. Kloekhorst [...]" (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> 'According to this author, following a law established by O. Weise and brought to new appreciation by A. Kloekhorst [...]') </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;">For the definitions of affricate and assibilation, see <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, pp. 301–302.</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;">For the places of articulation, see <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, p. 300.</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;">For the symbols used to represent these sounds and the manners of articulation, see <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, p. 299.</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011301-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2011301_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, p. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan2008137–138-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan2008137%E2%80%93138_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan2008137%E2%80%93138_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Vaan2008">de Vaan 2008</a>, pp. 137–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović2009224-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasovi%C4%872009224_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatasovi%C4%872009">Matasović 2009</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013244-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen2013244_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011265–266-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011265%E2%80%93266_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, pp. 265–266. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011266-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011266_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011266_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For apparent violations that cross a morpheme boundary, see <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 266.</li><li>For apparent violations that occur as a result of a clear derivational relationship, see <a href="#CITEREFKortlandt1978">Kortlandt 1978</a>, p. 238 and <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 266.</li></ul></div>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayrhofer198645-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayrhofer198645_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayrhofer198645_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayrhofer1986">Mayrhofer 1986</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams18996-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams18996_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonier-Williams1899">Monier-Williams 1899</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011267-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011267_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 268: "It is therefore attractive to assume that in the sequence *Ḱri- the palatovelar was not depalatalized because the *r itself was phonetically somewhat palatalized due to the following *i." </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For the spread in Europe, see <a href="#CITEREFHaakLazaridisPattersonRohland2015">Haak et al. 2015</a>, pp. 207, 211.</li><li>For the spread in Asia, see <a href="#CITEREFNarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019">Narasimhan et al. 2019</a>, p. 11.</li><li>For support of the steppe theory, see <a href="#CITEREFHaakLazaridisPattersonRohland2015">Haak et al. 2015</a>, pp. 207, 211 and <a href="#CITEREFNarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019">Narasimhan et al. 2019</a>, p. 11.</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 269: "This means that the depalatalization before *r must be at least an Indo-Iranian development."</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="#CITEREFKortlandt1978">Kortlandt 1978</a>, p. 238.</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="#CITEREFKulikov2017">Kulikov 2017</a>, p. 205: "All Indo-Iranian languages derive from a common ancestor, the reconstructed Proto-Indo-Iranian language that was spoken around the end of the 3rd millennium BCE."</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For the law's relationship to the Anatolian split, see <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 269.</li><li>For the approximate time the Anatolian languages diverged from Proto-Indo-European, see <a href="#CITEREFGoedegebuure2020">Goedegebuure 2020</a>, 46:09: "Anatolians left the Pontic–Caspian steppe before 4500 BC, but in what direction?".</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011269-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011269_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011269_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011269_43-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For the role of the metathesis on the law, see <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, p. 269 and <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2008a">Kloekhorst 2008a</a>, §11.</li><li>For the metathesis itself and the Hittite and Sanskrit examples, see <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2008b">Kloekhorst 2008b</a>, p. 1029 and <a href="#CITEREFLubotsky1994">Lubotsky 1994</a>, 5–6§6.</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>For Proto-Indo-European derivation of merj, see <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2003">Beekes 2003</a>, p. 204.</li><li>For the Proto-Indo-European derivation of srunkʿ, see <a href="#CITEREFMartirosyan2010">Martirosyan 2010</a>, p. 586.</li><li>For the rest, see <a href="#CITEREFKortlandt1978">Kortlandt 1978</a>, p. 239.</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1978242-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1978242_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKortlandt1978242_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKortlandt1978">Kortlandt 1978</a>, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2003175,_196-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2003175,_196_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2003">Beekes 2003</a>, pp. 175, 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2003176-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2003176_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2003">Beekes 2003</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011261,_269-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloekhorst2011261,_269_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKloekhorst2011">Kloekhorst 2011</a>, pp. 261, 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapović2017Map_1.1-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapovi%C4%872017Map_1.1_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapovi%C4%872017">Kapović 2017</a>, Map 1.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997xxiii-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997xxiii_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997">Adams et al. 1997</a>, p. xxiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes201130-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes201130_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrask2000297-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrask2000297_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrask2000">Trask 2000</a>, p. 297. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Weise%27s_law&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsBaldiBarberBeekes1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Q._Adams" title="Douglas Q. Adams">Adams, Douglas Q.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Baldi" title="Philip Baldi">Baldi, Philip</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Wayland_Barber" title="Elizabeth Wayland Barber">Barber, E. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes, Robert S. P.</a>; Della Volpe, Angela; Robbins Dexter, Miriam; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Friedrich_(linguist)" title="Paul Friedrich (linguist)">Friedrich, Paul</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_A._C._Greppin" title="John A. C. Greppin">Greppin, John</a>; Jellison Hansen, Leigh; <a href="/wiki/Martin_E._Huld" title="Martin E. Huld">Huld, Martin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carol_F._Justus" title="Carol F. Justus">Justus, Carol</a>; <a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dean_A._Miller" title="Dean A. Miller">Miller, Dean</a>; Niepokuj, Mary; O'Brien, Steven; <a href="/wiki/Edgar_C._Polom%C3%A9" title="Edgar C. Polomé">Polomé, Edgar C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joe_Salmons" title="Joe Salmons">Salmons, Joe</a> (1997). Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EncyclopediaOfIndoEuropeanCulture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a>. 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In Fisiak, Jacek (ed.). Recent Developments in Historical Phonology. <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>: Mouton. pp. 237–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110810929.237">10.1515/9783110810929.237</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7706-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7706-9"><bdi>978-90-279-7706-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I.-E.+palatovelars+before+resonants+in+Balto-Slavic&rft.btitle=Recent+Developments+in+Historical+Phonology&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pages=237-243&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110810929.237&rft.isbn=978-90-279-7706-9&rft.aulast=Kortlandt&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl%2Faccess%2Fitem%253A2732652%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeise%27s+law" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroonen2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guus_Kroonen" class="extiw" title="lt:Guus Kroonen">Kroonen, Guus</a> [in Lithuanian] (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-proto-germanic/page/n1/mode/2up">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18340-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18340-7"><bdi>978-90-04-18340-7</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Proto-Germanic&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18340-7&rft.aulast=Kroonen&rft.aufirst=Guus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fetymological-dictionary-of-proto-germanic%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeise%27s+law" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulikov2017" class="citation book cs1">Kulikov, Leonid (2017). 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