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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tribal government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribal_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture and language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Origin of name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribal_territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribal_territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tribal territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribal_territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Mescalero" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Mescalero"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable Mescalero</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_Mescalero-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable Mescalero subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_Mescalero-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_chiefs_and_headmen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_chiefs_and_headmen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Historical chiefs and headmen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_chiefs_and_headmen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_notable_Mescalero" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_notable_Mescalero"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Other notable Mescalero</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_notable_Mescalero-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mescalero</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Мескалероял – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Мескалероял" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="مسکلیروو، نیومکزیکو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مسکلیروو، نیومکزیکو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мескалера – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мескалера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Мескалеро – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мескалеро" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskleroeg" title="Meskleroeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Meskleroeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mescalero" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mescalero" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mescalero" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naashgal%C3%AD" title="Naashgalí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naashgalí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mescalero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskalero" title="Meskalero – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Meskalero" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="مسکلیروو، نیومکزیکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسکلیروو، نیومکزیکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescaleros" title="Mescaleros – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mescaleros" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mescalero" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescaleros" title="Mescaleros – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mescaleros" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="ميسكاليرو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميسكاليرو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalero_(volk)" title="Mescalero (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mescalero (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mescalero" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mescalero" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mescalero" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Мескалеро – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мескалеро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalerot" title="Mescalerot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mescalerot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescaleroapacher" title="Mescaleroapacher – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mescaleroapacher" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mescalero" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q56585#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Native American tribe in New Mexico</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Native American tribe. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mescalero_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mescalero (disambiguation)">Mescalero (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mescalero Apache</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="Mescalero-Chiricahua-language text"><i lang="apm">Naa'dahéńdé</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2205R_Mescalero_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/2205R_Mescalero_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/220px-2205R_Mescalero_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/2205R_Mescalero_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/330px-2205R_Mescalero_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/2205R_Mescalero_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/440px-2205R_Mescalero_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1331" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Location of Mescalero Apache Nation Reservation</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">64,484 total Apache 8,652 MATReservation</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Catholic Religion, Mescalero and Native Cultural Heritage</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Apache">Western Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="San Carlos Apache">San Carlos Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="White Mountain Apache">White Mountain Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mescalero</b> or <b>Mescalero Apache</b> (<a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua</a>: <i lang="apm"><b>Naa'dahéńdé</b></i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> tribe of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Athabaskan_languages" title="Southern Athabaskan languages">Southern Athabaskan</a>–speaking <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>. The tribe is <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized">federally recognized</a> as the <b>Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Apache Reservation</b>, located in south-central <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. </p><p>In the 19th century, the Mescalero opened their reservation to other <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> tribes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mimbreno" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimbreno">Mimbreno</a> (Chíhéńde, Warm Springs Apaches) and the <a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a> (Shá’i’áńde or Chidikáágu). Some <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan Apache</a> (Tú’édįnéńde and Túntsańde) also joined the reservation. Their descendants are enrolled in the Mescalero Apache Tribe. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reservation">Reservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescalero&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Reservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mescalero_tipis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mescalero_tipis.jpg/300px-Mescalero_tipis.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mescalero_tipis.jpg/450px-Mescalero_tipis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mescalero_tipis.jpg/600px-Mescalero_tipis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4002" data-file-height="2358" /></a><figcaption>Two Mescalero women, with <a href="/wiki/Tipi" title="Tipi">tipis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramada_(shelter)" title="Ramada (shelter)">ramada</a> (to the left)</figcaption></figure> <p>Originally established on May 27, 1873,<sup id="cite_ref-uniquename2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uniquename2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by executive order of President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, the reservation was first located near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Stanton" title="Fort Stanton">Fort Stanton</a> (Zhúuníidu). The present reservation was established in 1883. It has a land area of 1,862.463 km<sup>2</sup> (719.101 sq mi), almost entirely in <a href="/wiki/Otero_County,_New_Mexico" title="Otero County, New Mexico">Otero County</a>. The 463,000-acre reservation lies on the eastern flank of the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Mountains_(New_Mexico)" title="Sacramento Mountains (New Mexico)">Sacramento Mountains</a> and borders the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_National_Forest" title="Lincoln National Forest">Lincoln National Forest</a>. A small, unpopulated section is in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_New_Mexico" title="Lincoln County, New Mexico">Lincoln County</a> just southwest of <a href="/wiki/Ruidoso,_New_Mexico" title="Ruidoso, New Mexico">Ruidoso</a> (Tsé tághe' si'â-yá). <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_70_in_New_Mexico" title="U.S. Route 70 in New Mexico">U.S. Route 70</a> is the major highway through the reservation. </p><p>Given that the Mescalero Tribal lands in the Lincoln National Forest are ranked as one of the most beautiful scenic locations in the world,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> much of the tribal economy is in hospitality and tourism. The trades and ranching also contribute to their growing economy. With a growing technology sector their Native Innovation Centers and multi state University Consortiums will soon provide a robust research and development sector to their economy. </p><p>The Mescalero Department of Resource Management and Land Development celebrated 60 years of success in 2022 on the 20th anniversary of their two premier tourist destination resorts. The Mescalero designed, developed and own the Inn of the Mountain Gods (IMG) Casino and Golf Resort within the Lincoln National Forest. The Mescalero designed, developed, own and operate Ski Apache Resort in the Sierra Blanca Mountains. This is the southern most large ski resort in New Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mescalero ownership and management of these facilities including all of the Alpine Sports including equestrian center and zip lines requires effective resource management. They reflect the entrepreneurial vision and resilience of the Mescalero Tribe. These resorts are premier destination tourism spots according to New Mexico, US, North American and global travel guides. Native American heritage combined with one-of-a kind resorts that features hand made cultural accessories to high tech operations. The mountains and foothills are forested with pines; resource and commercial development are managed carefully by the Mescalero Apache Tribal Council. The Mescalero Apache developed a cultural center near the tribal headquarters on U.S. Route 70 in the reservation's largest community of <a href="/wiki/Mescalero,_New_Mexico" title="Mescalero, New Mexico">Mescalero</a>. On display are tribal artifacts and important historical information. The tribe also operates another, larger museum on the western flank of the Sacramento Mountains in Dog Canyon, south of <a href="/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico" title="Alamogordo, New Mexico">Alamogordo</a> (T'iis ntsaadz-í 'úú'á). New museums and exhibits are being planned to fully capture the Mescalero Space Innovation integration capabilities through partnerships with the New Mexico Space Consortium, Spaceport America, NASA, other commercial space companies, the Intl Institute for Homeland Security Defense and US military partners (Air Force-AFRL and Space Force) the Mescalero Apache Space Innovation and Integration Centers. </p><p>The ski area is situated adjacent to the massive peak of <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Blanca_(New_Mexico)" title="Sierra Blanca (New Mexico)">Sierra Blanca</a> (Dziãgais'â-ní = "sacred mountain") a 12,003-foot (3,659 m) mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the southernmost alpine peak in the continental United States, and is part of the Sacramento Mountains. Using the EPA's Level III Ecoregion System, derived from Omernik, this mountain is included in the Arizona/New Mexico Mountains, which are south of the Southern Rocky Mountains of northern New Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sierra Blanca Peak, located on the reservation, is sacred ground for the Mescalero Apache Tribe. They do not allow access without a permit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribal_government">Tribal government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescalero&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tribal government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mescalero_Apache_Tribal_Offices_Community_Center_New_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mescalero_Apache_Tribal_Offices_Community_Center_New_Mexico.jpg/220px-Mescalero_Apache_Tribal_Offices_Community_Center_New_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mescalero_Apache_Tribal_Offices_Community_Center_New_Mexico.jpg/330px-Mescalero_Apache_Tribal_Offices_Community_Center_New_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mescalero_Apache_Tribal_Offices_Community_Center_New_Mexico.jpg/440px-Mescalero_Apache_Tribal_Offices_Community_Center_New_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2795" data-file-height="2096" /></a><figcaption>Mescalero Apache Tribal Administrative Offices and Community Center in <a href="/wiki/Mescalero,_New_Mexico" title="Mescalero, New Mexico">Mescalero, New Mexico</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Mescalero Apache Tribe holds elections for the office of president every two years. The eight tribal council members also are elected for two years. Strong woman leadership is welcomed and encouraged in the Mescalero Apache Tribal Council. Election for the council is held every year, when one half of the members are up for re-election. The Apache nation of over 64,000 coordinate with each other through tribal meetings. The tribe comprised over 12,468 with 8,652 according to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">United States Census</a>. </p><p>In 1959, the tribe elected <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Klinekole" title="Virginia Klinekole">Virginia Klinekole</a> as its first woman president.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She later was elected to the tribal council, serving on it until 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribe repeatedly re-elected <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Chino" title="Wendell Chino">Wendell Chino</a> as president; he served a total of 43 years, until his death on November 4, 1998. </p><p>Soon after Chino's death, the late <a href="/wiki/Sara_Misquez" title="Sara Misquez">Sara Misquez</a> was elected as president. Chino's son, Mark Chino, also has been elected and served as president. </p><p>In 2022, Eddie Martinez was sworn in as the new president of the Mescalero Apache tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leadership from Holloman Airforce Base attended the tribal council ceremony for the newly elected president, officers, and Tribal Council. Kelton Starr, retired Army veteran and Tribal Defense Liaison maintained coordination with the Defense Research Labs and US military bases in New Mexico. The new leadership was focused on building on past successes and accelerating economic development projects with a new focus on Native Innovation and the “Made-in-Native-America” campaign. Martinez was appointed chair of the Native American Regional Commission (comprising all 34 states with Federally recognized tribes) to accelerate economic security, development, and defense projects that benefit the Mescalero Apache Tribe and all Native American and other Indigenous peoples. </p><p>In 2024, Thora Walsh Padilla serves as the tribe's president alongside Vice President Duane Duffy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_language">Culture and language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescalero&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Culture and language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: section. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mescalero&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mescalero_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mescalero language">Mescalero language</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Athabaskan_languages" title="Southern Athabaskan languages">Southern Athabaskan language</a> which is a subfamily of the <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a> families. Mescalero is part of the southwestern branch of this subfamily; it is very closely related to <a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a>, and more distantly related to <a href="/wiki/Western_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Apache">Western Apache</a>. These are considered the three dialects of Apachean. Although Navajo is a related Southern Athabaskan language, its language and culture are considered distinct from those of the Apache. </p><p>The Mescalero Apache were primarily a nomadic <a href="/wiki/Mountain_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain people">mountain people</a>. They were innovative warriors, stealth, fierce, precise and tactical. Their capabilities are forever recognized as superior military tactics. Modern defense industrial base utilizes this irregular warfare precision and “brand” in naming the most superior military aircraft i.e. the Boeing Manufactured Apache helicopter, the Sikorsky Blackhawk etc. after the Native Americans. They traveled east on the arid plains to hunt the buffalo and south into the desert for gathering <a href="/wiki/Mescal_Agave" class="mw-redirect" title="Mescal Agave">Mescal Agave</a>. Spanish colonists associated them with this plant and named them Mescalero Apache. The Mescalero Apache, along with the other Apache groups, lived by traditional hunting and gathering. The Mescalero Apache culture protected the ecology and were able to utilize their resources very effectively. </p><p>The Mescalero Apache relied on hunting and gathering for subsistence. Men led the hunting parties for buffalo, antelope, and deer. Women accompanied men and dressed the meat and skins and would also participate in the hunting of small game such as rabbits.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women would gather Mescal Agave in groups of 4–10 people, mainly consisting of female friends and family members and usually several men.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men would also take an active role in the processing of mescal.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Family descent was <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a>, but men's heritage would be remembered especially if there was a famous warrior in his lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extended families consisted of grandparents, unmarried children, and their remarried daughters' nuclear families.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mescalero also practiced <a href="/wiki/Matrilocal_residence" title="Matrilocal residence">matrilocal residence</a> patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a woman married, the couple would move into a new <a href="/wiki/Tipi" title="Tipi">tipi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">wickiup</a> close to her parents' home.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_name">Origin of name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescalero&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origin of name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mescalero's autonym, or name for themselves, is <b>Shis-Inday</b> ("People of the Mountain Forests") or <b> Mashgaléńde / Mashgaléneí</b> ("People close to the mountains" or "Mescalero Apache People").<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a> (in Mescalero: ’Indaa’bixúńde / ’Indabixúńde, modern name: Chusht’a ’íízhańde), another <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabascan</a>-speaking tribe, call the Mescalero <b>Naashgalí Dineʼé.</b><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other Apache peoples they often identify simply as <b>Ndé / Nndéí / Ndéne / Ndéńde</b> ("The People", "Apaches"). Neighboring Apache bands called the Mescalero <b>Nadahéndé</b> ("People of the Mescal"), because the mescal agave (<i><a href="/wiki/Agave_parryi" title="Agave parryi">Agave parryi</a></i>) (Apache: naa’da / ’inaa’da / na’da) was a staple <a href="/wiki/Agave#Uses" title="Agave">food source</a> for them. In times of need and hunger, they depended on stored mescal for survival. They adopted and identify today also as <b>Naa'dahéńdé / Naa’dańde</b> ("The People of the Mescal"). Since 1550 Spanish colonists referred to them as the <i>Mescalero.</i> </p><p>Mescalero Apache bands were often referred to by European colonists and settlers by different names, some related to their geographic territory. They were recorded in documents by a wide number of names: <i>Apaches de Cuartelejo, Apaches del Río Grande, Apachi, Faraones, Mezcaleros, Natage (more correctly, one of the Lipan Apache subdivisions, along with the Nahizan), Natahene, Querechos, Teyas, Tularosa Apaches, and Vaqueros.</i> They were also distinguished as <i>Sierra Blanca Apaches, Sacramento Mountains Apaches, Guadalupe Mountains Apaches, Limpia Mountains Apaches.</i> according to their homelands in northern or southern Mescalero territory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribal_territory">Tribal territory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescalero&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tribal territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally the different Mescalero bands and local groups ranged in an area between the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> (Tú 'ichii-dí – "the water that is the color of red ocher") in the west and the eastern and southern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a> and the southern <a href="/wiki/Texas_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Panhandle">Texas Panhandle</a> in Texas in the east; from present-day <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a> (Yuutu') in the northwest and the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Panhandle">Texas Panhandle</a> in the northeast, down to the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_(Texas)" title="Big Bend (Texas)">Big Bend</a> of Texas and what became the Mexican provinces of Chihuahua and Coahuila to the south. The diverse landscape of this area has high mountains up to 12,000 feet, as well as watered and sheltered valleys, surrounded by arid semi-deserts and deserts, deep canyons and open plains. The Mescalero Apache Reservation is located at <a href="/wiki/Geographical_coordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical coordinates">geographical coordinates</a> <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mescalero&params=33_10_42_N_105_36_44_W_scale:500000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°10′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">105°36′44″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.17833°N 105.61222°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.17833; -105.61222</span></span></span></a></span></span>. Mescalero identity is filled with legends of the past. For instance, four mountains represent the direction of everyday life for the Mescalero Apache people: those being (1) <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Blanca_(New_Mexico)" title="Sierra Blanca (New Mexico)">Sierra Blanca Peak (White Peak)</a>, (2) <a href="/wiki/El_Capitan_(Texas)" title="El Capitan (Texas)">El Capitan</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Mountains" title="Guadalupe Mountains">Guadalupe Mountains</a>, (3) Three Sisters Mountain (Las Tres Hermanas) and (4) Oscura Mountain Peak (sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Salinas_Peak" title="Salinas Peak">Salinas Peak</a> within the <a href="/wiki/San_Andres_Mountains" title="San Andres Mountains">San Andres Mountains</a> is listed as the fourth sacred mountain instead of the Oscuru Mountain Peak).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, their forefathers spoke of a creator giving them life on White Mountain. It was there that <a href="/wiki/Asdz%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85%CC%81_N%C3%A1dleeh%C3%A9" title="Asdzą́ą́ Nádleehé">White Painted Woman</a> gave birth to two sons, Child of Water and Killer of Enemies </p><p>Since each band of Mescalero had the right to use the resources of deer and plants of the neighboring groups, the different bands felt at home in any area of their wide tribal territory. The Mescalero or <i>Mashgalé-õde</i> bands often ranged widely for hunting, gathering, warring and raiding. They called their home <b>Indeislun Nakah</b> ("people, forming a group, when they are there," "place where people get together") or today <b>Mashgalé-ne bikéyaa</b> ("Mescalero Apache Country"; "Mescalero Apache Homelands").<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When many Mescalero bands were displaced by the enemy <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> (<i>'Indaa tse'-éõde</i> or <i>Indassene</i>; modern name: Gumáõchí-í)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the Southern Plains in northern and central Texas between 1700 and 1750, they took refuge in the mountains of New Mexico, western Texas, and Coahuila and Chihuahua in Mexico. Some southern Mescalero bands, together with Lipan, lived in the <a href="/wiki/Bols%C3%B3n_de_Mapim%C3%AD" title="Bolsón de Mapimí">Bolsón de Mapimí</a>, moving between the <a href="/wiki/Nazas_River" title="Nazas River">Nazas River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conchos_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Conchos River">Conchos River</a> and the Rio Grande to the north. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bands">Bands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescalero&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mescalero,_Painted_boy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mescalero%2C_Painted_boy.jpg/220px-Mescalero%2C_Painted_boy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mescalero%2C_Painted_boy.jpg/330px-Mescalero%2C_Painted_boy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mescalero%2C_Painted_boy.jpg/440px-Mescalero%2C_Painted_boy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="4004" /></a><figcaption>Mescalero painted boy; photo entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Long_Walk_of_the_Navajo" title="Long Walk of the Navajo">Long Walk of the Navajo</a></i>. After being defeated by United States military forces, most of the <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a> were marched over 350-mile (560 km) during the winter of 1864 and incarcerated at <a href="/wiki/Bosque_Redondo,_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosque Redondo, New Mexico">Bosque Redondo, New Mexico</a> with the Mescalero Apache.</figcaption></figure><p> The Mescalero were divided into some regional bands, which were known to the Spanish/Mexican ('indantûhé-õde) and later Americans ('indaa łiga-ńne bindáa-í datł'ij-í – "white [enemy] people with blue eyes" or 'indáá-ńne – "white people"; "[white] enemies"; modern name: nndé bindáa datł'ijé-ńne – "white people"; lit. "blue-eyed people") by different names (most were transliterations or renderings of the bands Apache name).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><ul><li><b>Naa’dańde / Naa’dahéńdé</b> ("Mescal People", "People of the Mescal") or <b>Natagés</b> (Spanish rendering and transliteration, pronounced Na-ta-hay); really a Lipan group, they lived between Rio Grande and <a href="/wiki/Pecos_River" title="Pecos River">Pecos River</a> (also known as <i>Rio Salado</i> or <i>Rio del Natagee</i>) in central <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, with several local groups traveling on the southern and western edge of the <a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a> onto the southern <a href="/wiki/Texas_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Panhandle">Texas Panhandle</a>, original Apachean group who would become the Mescalero and <a href="/wiki/Salinero_Apaches" title="Salinero Apaches">Salinero Apaches</a> ("Salt producing People").)</li> <li><b>Gułgahéńde / Gułgańde</b> ("People of the Plains", "The People of Open Spaces") or <b>Cuelcajenne</b>, later <b>Llañeros</b> ("Plains People"; really a Jicarilla group, they lived east of the mountains and the Pecos River, on the High Plains from the Texas Panhandle to the Pecos Valley, between <a href="/wiki/Amarillo,_TX" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarillo, TX">Amarillo</a> (Bighą́ą́’ gułga-yá / Bighą́ą́’ gułtsúú-yá), <a href="/wiki/Tucumcari,_NM" class="mw-redirect" title="Tucumcari, NM">Tucumcari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_TX" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubbock, TX">Lubbock</a> and the Llano Estacado, along the Sandia and Tijeras Mountains westward to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_NM" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Fe, NM">Santa Fe</a>, from Nogal Canyon to the north to <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_NM" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, NM">Las Vegas</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Organ_Mountains" title="Organ Mountains">Organ Mountains</a> (Tsé daadeezhá-yá; Tsé deezhá-yá – "The place where rocks are jagged") eastwards to <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_TX" class="mw-redirect" title="El Paso, TX">El Paso</a> (Tsé táhúú'á-yá) in Texas (Ch'a nteeã-õde bikéé'yaa'). In Oklahoma (Indian Territory) they developed kinship ties by marriage with the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>.)</li> <li><b>Dził-í naańde / Dził-í naahńde</b> ("Mountain Ridge Band People", "The People of the Mountainside", "The People who Live on the Edge of the Mountains") or <b>Chilpaines</b> (lived in the mountains west and south of the Pecos River, extending in northern <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a> of present-day Mexico.)</li> <li><b>Ch’ilaańde / Jilaa’éńde</b> ("Antelope Band People", "The People of Antelope") (lived west of the Pecos west to the Rio Grande in the mountains of central and south New Mexico and the <a href="/wiki/Tularosa_Basin" title="Tularosa Basin">Tularosa Basin</a> (Tséts’ųųsí yaneeł’ą́’-ee tú nk’ų́jí siką́-yá).</li> <li><b>Nii’t’ahéńde / Niit’ahéńde</b> ("The People of the Side of the Land", "The People at the Side of the Earth", "The People at the Edge of the Earth", "People Who Live Against the Mountains", "Earth Crevine (Deer) People") or <b>Sierra Blanca (White Mountains) Mescaleros</b>, sometimes <b>Sacramento Mountains Mescaleros</b> (so named because their 19th century dominant local groups lived in the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Mountains_(New_Mexico)" title="Sacramento Mountains (New Mexico)">Sacramento Mountains</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Blanca_(New_Mexico)" title="Sierra Blanca (New Mexico)">Sierra Blanca (White Mountains)</a> (Dził Gais ’ą́ní) in New Mexico with other local groups living east in the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Mountains" title="Guadalupe Mountains">Guadalupe Mountains</a> of western Texas.)</li> <li><b>Tséichíńde</b> ("People of Hook Nose", "The People of Red Rock", "The People of the Guadalupe Mountains") or <b>Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros</b> (several bands, who lived in the <i>Tséichí</i> ("red rock", i.e. Guadalupe Mountains), the adjacent Plains of Texas and in northern Coahuila and Chihuahua of Mexico.)</li> <li><b>Tsébikįnéńde</b> ("Rock House People", "Stone House People", "The People of Rock Houses"), <b>Aguas Nuevas Apaches</b> or <b>Norteños</b> ("The Northerners"), later <b>Limpia Mescaleros</b> (have been based around the <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Casas_Grandes" title="Nuevo Casas Grandes">Nuevo Casas Grandes</a> in Chihuahua, migrating north toward the Sacramento Mountains and south to Agua Nueva 60 miles north of <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua,_Chihuahua" class="mw-redirect" title="Chihuahua, Chihuahua">Chihuahua City</a> (Ją́’é łą́yá- "the place where (there are) many donkeys"), also on both sides of the Rio Grande between El Paso and <a href="/wiki/Ojinaga,_Chihuahua" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojinaga, Chihuahua">Ojinaga, Chihuahua</a>; some local groups lived in the Guadalupe and Limpia mountains)</li> <li><b>Tahuundé / Tá'huú'ndé</b> ("Mountains Extending into the River People") (lived on both sides of the Pecos River in southern New Mexico and into southwestern Texas)</li> <li><b>Chisos Apaches / Chishéńde / Chishhéńde</b> ("Forest People"),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Chinati Apaches</b> ("People at the mountain pass") or <b>Rio Grande Apaches</b> (one mighty band with several local groups living in the <a href="/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert" title="Chihuahuan Desert">Chihuahuan Desert</a> and arid mountains ranging on both sides of the Rio Grande from the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pecos" title="Trans-Pecos">Trans-Pecos</a> south down into the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="Sierra Madre Oriental">Sierra Madre Oriental</a> of North Mexico, with strongholds in the mountain ranges of the <a href="/wiki/Davis_Mountains" title="Davis Mountains">Davis Mountains (former Limpia Mountains)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chisos_Mountains" title="Chisos Mountains">Chisos Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinati_Mountains" title="Chinati Mountains">Chinati Mountains</a> (from Apache name <i>ch'íná'itíh</i> – "gate" or "mountain pass") of <a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a> and in the adjoining <a href="/wiki/Sierra_del_Burro" title="Sierra del Burro">Sierra del Burro (Serranias del Burro)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_del_Carmen" title="Sierra del Carmen">Sierra (Maderas) del Carmen</a> of Coahuila and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Alamos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sierra Alamos (page does not exist)">Sierra Alamos</a> of Chihuahua north of the <a href="/wiki/Bols%C3%B3n_de_Mapim%C3%AD" title="Bolsón de Mapimí">Bolsón de Mapimí</a>, today's <a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_National_Park" title="Big Bend National Park">Big Bend National Park</a> in Texas and the <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_Santa_Elena_Flora_and_Fauna_Protection_Area" title="Cañón de Santa Elena Flora and Fauna Protection Area">Cañón de Santa Elena Protected Area</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maderas_del_Carmen" title="Maderas del Carmen">Maderas del Carmen</a> Protected Area are part of their former band territory.)</li> <li><b>Túntsańde / Tú ntsaa-ńde</b> ("Big Water People") (once the <i>Tú sis Ndé</i> band of the <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipan Apache">Lipan Apache</a>, who lived in south central Texas and in northern Coahuila, camping together with several bands of the Mescalero on the Plains for hunting and raiding; they merged with the Mescalero, forming a Mescalero band)</li> <li><b>Tú’édįnéńde</b> ("No Water People", "Tough People of the Desert") (once the <i>Tú é diné Ndé</i> band of the Lipan Apache, who had territory in northern Coahuila and Chihuahua; they eventually merged with some southern Mescalero bands)</li></ul> <p>The <i>Naa’dahéńdé</i> had had a considerable influence on the decision-making of some bands of the Western Lipan in the 18th century, especially on the <i>Tindi Ndé</i>, <i>Tcha shka-ózhäye</i>, <i>Tú’édįnéńde</i> and <i>Tú sis Ndé</i>. To fight their common enemy, the Comanche, and to protect the northeastern and eastern border of the <a href="/wiki/Apacheria" title="Apacheria">Apacheria</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Comancheria" title="Comancheria">Comancheria</a>, the Mescalero (<i>Naa’dahéńdé</i> and <i>Gułgahéńde</i>) on the Plains joined forces with their Lipan kin (<i>Cuelcahen Ndé</i>, <i>Te'l kóndahä</i>, <i>Ndáwe qóhä</i> and <i>Shá’i’áńde</i>) to the east and south of them. </p><p>In August 1912, by an act of the U.S. Congress, the surviving members of the <a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a> tribe were released from their prisoner-of-war status. They were given the choice to remain at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</a>, Oklahoma, where they had been imprisoned since 1894, or to relocate to the Mescalero Apache reservation. One hundred and eighty-three elected to go to New Mexico, while seventy-eight remained in Oklahoma.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their descendants still reside in both places. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Mescalero">Notable Mescalero</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescalero&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable Mescalero"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_chiefs_and_headmen">Historical chiefs and headmen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescalero&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historical chiefs and headmen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorgonia,_Mescalero_medicine_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gorgonia%2C_Mescalero_medicine_man.jpg/170px-Gorgonia%2C_Mescalero_medicine_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gorgonia%2C_Mescalero_medicine_man.jpg/255px-Gorgonia%2C_Mescalero_medicine_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gorgonia%2C_Mescalero_medicine_man.jpg/340px-Gorgonia%2C_Mescalero_medicine_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2404" data-file-height="4005" /></a><figcaption><i>Gorgonia</i>, Sierrablanca Mescalero medicine man</figcaption></figure><p><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><b>Northern Mescalero</b> </p> <ul><li>Barranquito (also known as <i>Palanquito</i>): most influential chief of the <i>Nii’t’ahéńde (Sierra Blanca Mescalero)</i> band, which ranged between the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Blanca_(New_Mexico)" title="Sierra Blanca (New Mexico)">Sierra Blanca</a> east toward the Pecos River, probably the most important Mescalero chief in the early 1800s, when he died in 1857, his three sons and/or nephews Santana, Cadete and Roman succeeded him.</li> <li>Santana (also known as <i>Santa Ana</i>, ca. 1810 / 1815 – †1876): son and successor of Barranquito, since about 1830' had been a local group leader of great authority of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band, since the death of Barranquito Santana seem to have had the most influence within the northern Mescalero bands, but avoided the spotlight and was hardly known by the whites, in his later years he became the most steadfast friend of the whites, until his death of pneumonia or smallpox.</li> <li>Cadete (also known as <i>Cadette</i> – "Volunteer", in Apache: <i>Gian-na-tah</i> – "Always Ready",<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <i>Zhee-es-not-son</i>, <i>Zhee Ah Nat Tsa</i>): a son and successor of Barranquito, after Santana he was the most prominent and powerful chief of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band, was more diplomatic than Santana and was a spokesman for the northern Mescalero bands. After the outbreak from Bosque Redondo on November 3, 1863, he had fled with his band toward the Staked Plains, trading stolen cattle and horses from Mexico directly or via the Comanchero to Comanche. He was murdered in 1872 while on a peace mission and returning from Tularosa.</li> <li>Roman Grande: a son and successor of Barranquito, serving as chief of a local group of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band. Less important than Santana and Cadete, he followed the lead of his brother Santana; died during an epidemic in 1885.</li> <li>Josecito (also known as <i>José Cito</i>): after Barranquito and Santana, the most prominent leader of some local groups of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band. In April 1852 he signed a treaty with Calhoun representing the US, together with the minor leader of another group of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero and Chacon, leader of the Jicarilla Apache.</li> <li>San Juan: chief of the <i>Nii’t’ahéńde (Sacramento Mountains Mescaleros)</i> band, his band ranged along the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Bonito_(New_Mexico)" title="Rio Bonito (New Mexico)">Rio Bonito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_Hondo_(Southern_New_Mexico)" title="Rio Hondo (Southern New Mexico)">Rio Hondo</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Capitan_Mountains" title="Capitan Mountains">Capitan Mountains</a> with the Sacramento Mountains—the area where Fort Stanton was built—had alliances with eastern Mescalero bands, Lipan Apache bands as well as some Comanche bands; after Santana and Cadete were gone, chief San Juan and Nautzili took over the leadership of the Mescaleros on the reservation, but, unlike Nautzili, San Juan left the reservation in spring 1880, after Caballero's outbreak, during "Victorio's war"; his son Peso would become the last Mescalero chief.</li> <li>Caballero (<i>Ca-bal-le-so</i>, eventually to be identified with <i>Kutbhalla</i> or <i>Kutu-hala</i>): war chief and later principal chief of the <i>Nii’t’ahéńde (Sacramento Mountains Mescaleros)</i> local groups of the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Mountains_(New_Mexico)" title="Sacramento Mountains (New Mexico)">Sacramento Mountains</a> during the decades 1860s and 1870s, likely married to a daughter of the Chihenne Chief <a href="/wiki/Mangas_Coloradas" title="Mangas Coloradas">Mangas Coloradas</a>, close ally and long-time friend of the great Mimbreño chief <a href="/wiki/Victorio" title="Victorio">Victorio</a> (and likely his brother-in-law as Mangas Coloradas' son-in-law); in March 1880 he left Tularosa and joined Victorio, fighting along with him in their last battles, but, according to some reports, he was killed in a trouble between the chiefs before the Tres Castillos massacre on oct. 14 1880.</li> <li>Peso: ca. *1849 – †1929, was born in the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Mountains" title="Guadalupe Mountains">Guadalupe Mountains</a> near present-day <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad,_New_Mexico" title="Carlsbad, New Mexico">Carlsbad</a> as son of chief San Juan and his wife Nagoo-nah-go, his <i>Nii’t’ahéńde</i> or maybe <i>Tséichíńde (Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros)</i> band joined Nautzili's band of Guhlkahéndé on the Southern Plains, from time to time he also joined the <i>Tu'sis Nde</i> band of Lipan Apaches of southeastern Texas and northeastern Mexico under Chief Magoosh, he was an expert tracker and served as Apache Scout in the campaigns against <a href="/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo</a>, in the late 1800s he, together with his brother Sin Miedo (Sans Peur, Without Fear) and Magoosh were the three primary leaders on the reservation—Magoosh for the Lipans at Elk Springs, Sin Miedo at Tule Canyon and Peso representing the Rinconada and the Three Rivers.</li> <li>Sin Miedo ("Without Fear" = "Sans Peur"): brother of chief Peso and son of chief San Juan, his <i>Nii’t’ahéńde</i> or maybe <i>Tséichíńde (Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros)</i> band were close allies of the eastern Mescalero band named Gułgahéńde on the Southern Plains and of the <i>Túsis Nde</i> band of Lipan Apaches of southeastern Texas and northeastern Mexico; together with his brothers Peso, Crook Neck, and leaders as Shanta Boy and Big Mouth he served as Apache Scout in the campaign against Geronimo, the war leader and shaman of the Bedonkohe band of the Ndendhe Apaches; he, together with his brother Peso and Magoosh were the three primary leaders on the reservation—Magoosh for the Lipans at Elk Springs, Peso representing the Rinconada and the Three Rivers, and Sin Miedo at Tule Canyon.</li> <li>Muchacho Negro ("Black Boy", born ca. 1860, died 1930): important local group leader and war chief, joined the Chihenne Chief Victorio, because of taking part in <a href="/wiki/Victorio%27s_War" title="Victorio's War">Victorio's War</a> he was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Union_National_Monument" title="Fort Union National Monument">Fort Union</a> (where he was to be imprisoned), but he escaped early in August 1882. Muchacho Negro was considered a renegade who would return to his people and continue to cause trouble. He was captured in June 1883 and imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</a>, Indian Territory.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gorgonio: medicine-man, aide to old Barranquito and, later, to Santana.</li></ul> <p><b>Southern Mescalero</b> <span class="anchor" id="Gomez"></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnoviste" title="Carnoviste">Carnoviste</a>: chief of <i>Tsehitcihéndé (Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros)</i> or maybe <i>Tsebekinéndé (Aguas Nuevas Apaches or Limpia Mescaleros)</i>, his band lived in the Big Bend Country, ranged on both sides of the Rio Grande from the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Mountains" title="Guadalupe Mountains">Guadalupe Mountains</a> towards east of the Limpia Mountains also known as Davis Mountains onto the edge of the Southern Plains, was reported to have committed frequent "depredations" on the San Antonio road and to have kidnapped Hermann—soon adopted in the tribe—and Willie Lehmann near Fort Mason in May 1870; in 1874 he promoted a council of Mescalero, Mimbreño and Lipan Apache chiefs, and Victorio succeeded in persuading the council to send peace messengers to the Comanches and Kiowas; he was killed by a medicine man of his band in the spring 1876.</li> <li>Gómez (also known as Chief Gómez or Juan Gómez or by the Apache Negoyani, "Old Man of Wisdom"): chief of the 1840s–1860s who led a large <i>Tsebekinéndé (Aguas Nuevas Apaches or Limpia Mescaleros)</i> band of five local groups with about 400 warriors. His band lived in the Big Bend Country and the Trans-Pecos on both sides of the Rio Grande; his stronghold was in the <a href="/wiki/Limpia_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Limpia Mountains">Limpia Mountains</a>, later named <a href="/wiki/Davis_Mountains" title="Davis Mountains">Davis Mountains</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Chihuahua" title="Governor of Chihuahua">governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a> Ángel Trías Álvarez offered 1000 <a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">pesos</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Scalping" title="Scalping">scalp</a>, Gómez offered an equal amount for any Mexican or American scalp. The <a href="/wiki/Glanton_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Glanton Gang">Glanton Gang</a>'s quest to capture Gómez on behalf of Gov. Trías was dramatized by <a href="/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy" title="Cormac McCarthy">Cormac McCarthy</a> in his 1985 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Blood_Meridian" title="Blood Meridian">Blood Meridian</a></i>. Gómez's lieutenants (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">segundos</i>) were Cigarito, Chinonero or Chino Huero, Simón Porode, and Simón Manuel.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Cigarito: leader of a local group in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and in the lowlands of the Trans-Pecos; <i>segundo</i> and war chief of southern Mescalero Chief Gómez, 1840s–1860s</li> <li>Chinonero: leader of a local group in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and in the lowlands of the Trans-Pecos; <i>segundo</i> and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Gómez, 1840s–1860s</li> <li>Simón Porode: leader of a local group in West Texas; <i>segundo</i> and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Gómez. In 1850 he and Simón Manuel contacted the garrison at San Elizario to sue for peace, but were likely overruled by Gómez, 1840s–1860s.</li> <li>Simón Manuel: leader of a local group in West Texas; <i>segundo</i> and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Gómez. In 1850 he and Simón Porode contacted the garrison at San Elizario to sue for peace, but were likely overruled by Gómez, 1840s–1860s)</li></ul></li> <li>Marco (also known as <i>Marcus</i>): chief of about 600 <i>Tsehitcihéndé (Guadalupe Mountains Mescaleros)</i> or maybe <i>Niit'a-héõde</i>, including about 200 warriors. They lived in the Big Bend Country, ranged on both sides of the Rio Grande from the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Mountains" title="Guadalupe Mountains">Guadalupe Mountains</a> (Tsé'íchîî') toward east of the Limpia Mountains also known as Davis Mountains onto the edge of the Southern Plains. He was reported to have led frequent raids and attacks of parties on the San Antonio road and in the settlement near El Paso. He wished to join the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band, but their request was refused, because they were considered a Texas Mescalero band; active in the 1840s–1860s.</li> <li>Espejo ("looking-glass"): chief of a large band of <i>Tsebekinéndé (Aguas Nuevas Apaches or Limpia Mescaleros)</i> with several local groups under his <i>segundos</i> (or war chiefs) Nicolás and Antonio. They ranged between Limpia Canyon, <a href="/wiki/Horsehead_Crossing" title="Horsehead Crossing">Horsehead Crossing</a> on the Pecos and east of the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains onto the surrounding desert lowlands of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pecos" title="Trans-Pecos">Trans-Pecos</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a>, from the 1840s to the late 1860s. <ul><li>Nicolás: leader of a local group of the <i>Tsebekinéndé</i> band in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and east onto the edge of the Southern Plains, <i>segundo</i> and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Espejo, 1840s–1860s.</li> <li>Antonio: leader of a local group of the <i>Tsebekinéndé</i> band in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and east onto the edge of the Southern Plains, <i>segundo</i> and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Espejo, 1840s–1860s.</li></ul></li> <li>Mateo: leader of a local group of the <i>Tsebekinéndé</i> (often called by Spanish and Americans <i>Aguas Nuevas</i> or <i>Norteños</i>), stayed together with Verancia in the vicinity of Dog Canyon in the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Mountains_(New_Mexico)" title="Sacramento Mountains (New Mexico)">Sacramento Mountains</a> and presumably followed the old ways of hunt and raid, since they were considered "troublesome.", 1840s–1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Verancia: said to be a son of Gomez, leader of a local group of the <i>Tsebekinéndé</i>, stayed together with Mateo in the vicinity of Dog Canyon in the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Mountains_(New_Mexico)" title="Sacramento Mountains (New Mexico)">Sacramento Mountains</a> and presumably followed the old ways of hunt and raid, since they were considered "troublesome.", 1840s–1860s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsate" title="Alsate">Alsate</a> (also known as <i>Arzate</i>, <i>Arzatti</i>, also known as Pedro Muzquiz, ca. *1820 – †1881/1882): last chief of the Chisos Apaches (also <i>Chinati</i> or <i>Rio Grande Apaches</i>), this band ranged in the <a href="/wiki/Limpia_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Limpia Mountains">Limpia Mountains</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Davis_Mountains" title="Davis Mountains">Davis Mountains</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chisos_Mountains" title="Chisos Mountains">Chisos Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinati_Mountains" title="Chinati Mountains">Chinati Mountains</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_(Texas)" title="Big Bend (Texas)">Big Bend</a> area, the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_del_Carmen" title="Sierra del Carmen">Sierra del Carmen</a> of Coahuila and Sierra Alamos in Chihuahua north of the <a href="/wiki/Bols%C3%B3n_de_Mapim%C3%AD" title="Bolsón de Mapimí">Bolsón de Mapimí</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> born to a Mescalero woman and a member by blood of the influential Muzquiz family, captured with his band in 1878 at San Carlos de Chihuahua and deported to Mexico City to be jailed in "la Acordada", succeeded in escaping with his people in December 1879 and came back to the Big Bend; was caught again at San Carlos de Chihuahua in 1880 and executed together with his <i>segundos</i> (or war chiefs) Colorado and Zorillo at <a href="/wiki/Ojinaga" title="Ojinaga">Ojinaga</a>, opposite <a href="/wiki/Presidio,_Texas" title="Presidio, Texas">Presidio del Norte</a>, Texas, his people were sold into slavery in Mexico, ca. 1860 – 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Colorado ("Red", likely "Avispa Colorada" "Red Wasp"): leader of a local group of Chisos, or maybe Lipan, Apaches in the border region of Coahuila, Chihuahua and West Texas, <i>segundo</i> and war chief of the Chisos Mescalero chief Alsate, was caught and executed together with Alsate and Zorillo at Ojinaga, opposite Presidio del Norte, Texas, late 1860s – 1882.</li> <li>Zorillo (likely "Zorrillo" "Little Fox"): leader of a local group of Chisos Apaches in the border region of Coahuila, Chihuahua and West Texas, <i>segundo</i> and war chief of the Chisos Mescalero chief Alsate, was caught and executed together with Alsate and Colorado at Ojinaga, opposite Presidio del Norte, Texas, late 1860s – 1882.</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Eastern Mescalero / Plains Mescalero</b> </p> <ul><li>Nautzili (also known as <i>Natzili</i>, <i>Nautzile</i>, <i>Nodzilla</i>, <i>Nalt'zilli</i> or <i>Nut Cilli</i> – "buffalo"): chief of the <i>Guhlkahéndé (Llañeros)</i> band and southern Lipan splinter groups living in northern Mexico, moved to reservation in 1876. In 1879 he had assumed leadership of most of the Mescalero reservation bands (including the Lipan) and persuaded many warriors not to join the Tchihende chief <a href="/wiki/Victorio" title="Victorio">Victorio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Victorio%27s_War" title="Victorio's War">Victorio's War</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_notable_Mescalero">Other notable Mescalero</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescalero&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other notable Mescalero"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gouyen" title="Gouyen">Gouyen</a> (ca. 1857 – 1903), female warrior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Chino" title="Wendell Chino">Wendell Chino</a>, former tribal president of the Mescalero Apache Tribe for 43 years<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Klinekole" title="Virginia Klinekole">Virginia Klinekole</a>, first female tribal president</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Misquez" title="Sara Misquez">Sara Misquez</a>, former tribal president</li> <li>Dr. Felicia Fontenot, DDS, the first Mescalero Apache Dentist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Aguilar" title="George Aguilar">George Aguilar</a>, actor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescalero&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mescalero_Apache_Schools" title="Mescalero Apache Schools">Mescalero Apache Schools</a> is the tribal school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescalero&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_National_Forest" title="Lincoln National Forest">Lincoln National Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero,_New_Mexico" title="Mescalero, New Mexico">Mescalero, New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mescalero language">Mescalero language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnetou" title="Winnetou">Winnetou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero_Escarpment" class="mw-redirect" title="Mescalero Escarpment">Mescalero Escarpment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescalero&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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(1974). <i>Mescalero Apache subsistence patterns and socio-political organization</i>. United States. Indian Claims Commission. New York: Garland Pub. Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824007131" title="Special:BookSources/0824007131"><bdi>0824007131</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/868002">868002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mescalero+Apache+subsistence+patterns+and+socio-political+organization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland+Pub.+Inc&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F868002&rft.isbn=0824007131&rft.au=Basehart%2C+Harry+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarrer2010" class="citation book cs1">Farrer, Claire R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=nt25-000"><i>Culture Summary: Mescalero Apache</i></a>. Human Relations Area Files.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+Summary%3A+Mescalero+Apache&rft.pub=Human+Relations+Area+Files&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Farrer&rft.aufirst=Claire+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehrafworldcultures.yale.edu%2Fdocument%3Fid%3Dnt25-000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Stumbling toward truth : anthropologists at work</i>. DeVita, Philip R., 1932-. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1577661257" title="Special:BookSources/1577661257"><bdi>1577661257</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44602504">44602504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stumbling+toward+truth+%3A+anthropologists+at+work&rft.place=Prospect+Heights%2C+IL&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44602504&rft.isbn=1577661257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themote.info/frarchive/arts/world/lang4301.htm">Languages of the World</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140415221158/http://www.twinrocks.com/legends/135-navajo-clans.html">"Navajo Clans"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twinrocks.com/legends/135-navajo-clans.html">the original</a> on 2014-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navajo+Clans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.twinrocks.com%2Flegends%2F135-navajo-clans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archserve.id.ucsb.edu/courses/rs/natlink/apache/apa_space.htm">Introduction to Apache Sacred Space</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maschiefs.org/Language/wp-content/uploads/Mescalero-Dictionary-Two-XHTML.xhtml">Mescalero Dictionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maschiefs.org/Language/wp-content/uploads/Non-Athabaskan-Tribe-Names.pdf">Non Athabascan Tribe Names</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maschiefs.org/Language/wp-content/uploads/The-Mescalero-Apache-Tribe-and-Mescalero-Apache-Band-Names.pdf">The Mescalero Apache Tribe and Mescalero Apache Band Names</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">perhaps an adaption from the 18th century <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Forest Lipan Apache Division</a> autonym as <i>Chishį́į́hį́į́, Tcici</i> or <i>Tcicihi</i> – "People of the Forest" or named after the former Chizos Indians</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Debo p.447-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[J. P. Dunn: <i>Massacres of the Mountains</i>, Volume II: <i>A History of the Indian Wars of the Far West:</i> v. II, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58218-204-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58218-204-9">978-1-58218-204-9</a>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Because some of the Mescalero Apaches were raiding off their reservation in September 1882, a short time after Muchacho Negro's escape, troops from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Stanton" title="Fort Stanton">Fort Stanton</a> were sent to round them up and capture the leaders (Roman Chiquita, Hosthea, Horse-Thief, and Maria's Boy). They were captured and sent to Fort Union to be imprisoned. Because Muchacho Negro had escaped while being transported to Fort Union, Mackenzie directed that these prisoners be shackled with "double irons" and "placed in charge of some one who will be responsible for their safe keeping and that every precaution be taken to prevent their escape." He emphasized "that they must not escape." Mackenzie later decided to keep Hosthea at Fort Stanton because the Indian agent wanted to file criminal charges of murder against him. The others were moved to Fort Union. When these three prisoners arrived at Fort Union, they joined 26 other Indian prisoners (one man, fourteen women, and eleven children) being detained at the post. Roman Chiquita, Horse-Thief, and Maria's Boy were soon sent to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Riley" title="Fort Riley">Fort Riley</a>, Kansas, to get them farther away from their homeland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James L. Haley: <i>Apaches: A History and Culture Portrait</i> (1981/paperback 1997), University of Oklahoma Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2978-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2978-5">978-0-8061-2978-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/newmexicohistori25univrich/newmexicohistori25univrich_djvu.txt">Mescalero Apache History in the Southwest</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chinati</i> derives from the Apache word ch'íná'itíh, which means gate or mountain pass</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luis López Elizondo and Franklin W. Daugherty, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=13709207">"Documentos de la genealogía y la vida de Alsate, Jefe de los Apaches de los Chisos"</a>, <i>Relaciones</i> XXIII(92) 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0185-3929">0185-3929</a> (pdf) <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Dan L. Thrapp: <i>Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography</i>, Volume 1: A–F, University of Nebraska Press (August 1, 1991), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9418-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9418-9">978-0-8032-9418-9</a>, p. 18–19]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notablebiographies.com/supp/Supplement-Ca-Fi/Chino-Wendell.html">Encyclopedia of World Biography: Wendell Chino</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescalero&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Debo, Angie, <i>Geronimo: The Man, His Time, His Place</i>, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (1976), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-1828-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-1828-8">0-8061-1828-8</a></li> <li>Farrer, Claire R. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thunderridesblac0000farr">Thunder Rides a Black Horse: Mescalero Apaches and the Mythic Present</a></i>. Waveland Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88133-897-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88133-897-4">0-88133-897-4</a></li> <li><i>New York Times</i>, February 6, 2005, section 5, pp. 7, 14.</li> <li>United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov">Mescalero Reservation, New Mexico</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescalero&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Joseph%27s_Mescalero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/St._Joseph%27s_Mescalero.jpg/220px-St._Joseph%27s_Mescalero.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/St._Joseph%27s_Mescalero.jpg/330px-St._Joseph%27s_Mescalero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/St._Joseph%27s_Mescalero.jpg/440px-St._Joseph%27s_Mescalero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1507" /></a><figcaption>St. Joseph's Catholic Church, Mescalero, New Mexico ca. 1975 Mountain Spirit Dancers painted on altar</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Casteter, Edward F.; & Opler, Morris E. (1936). The ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache: The use of plants for foods, beverages and narcotics. Ethnobiological studies in the American Southwest, (Vol. 3); Biological series (Vol. 4, No. 5); Bulletin, University of New Mexico, whole, (No. 297). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.</li> <li>Debo, Angie, <i>Geronimo: The Man, His Time, His Place</i>, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (1976), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-1828-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-1828-8">0-8061-1828-8</a></li> <li>Hoijer, Harry; & Opler, Morris E. (1938). Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts. The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404-15783-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-404-15783-1">0-404-15783-1</a>).</li> <li>Opler, Morris E. (1933). An analysis of Mescalero and Chiricahua Apache social organization in the light of their systems of relationship. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago.</li> <li>Opler, Morris E. (1935). The concept of supernatural power among the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apaches. American Anthropologist, 37 (1), 65–70.</li> <li>Opler, Morris E. (1936). The kinship systems of the Southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes. American Anthropologist, 38 (4), 620–633.</li> <li>Sonnichsen, C. L. (1972) The Mescalero Apaches (The Civilization of the American Indian Series), Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (1972), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-1615-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-1615-3">0-8061-1615-3</a></li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2002) Conquest and Concealment: After the El Paso Phase on Fort Bliss. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss. Lone Mountain Report 525/528. This document can be obtained by contacting belinda.mollard@us.army.mil.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2003) Protohistoric and Early Historic Temporal Resolution. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss. Lone Mountain Report 560–003. This document can be obtained by contacting belinda.mollard@us.army.mil.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2003) The Cerro Rojo Complex: A Unique Indigenous Assemblage in the El Paso Area and Its Implications For The Early Apache. Proceedings of the XII Jornada Mogollon Conference in 2001. Geo-Marine, El Paso.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2004) A Ranchería in the Gran Apachería: Evidence of Intercultural Interaction at the Cerro Rojo Site. Plains Anthropologist 49(190):153-192.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2004) Before the Spanish Chronicles: Early Apache in the Southern Southwest, pp. 120 –142. In "Ancient and Historic Lifeways in North America’s Rocky Mountains." Proceedings of the 2003 Rocky Mountain Anthropological Conference, Estes Park, Colorado, edited by Robert H. Brunswig and William B. Butler. Department of Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2007) Sexually Based War Crimes or Structured Conflict Strategies: An Archaeological Example from the American Southwest. In Texas and Points West: Papers in Honor of John A. Hedrick and Carol P. Hedrick, edited by Regge N. Wiseman, Thomas C. O’Laughlin, and Cordelia T. Snow, pp. 117–134. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico No. 33. Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Albuquerque.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2007) Apache, Spanish, and Protohistoric Archaeology on Fort Bliss. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss. Lone Mountain Report 560–005. With Tim Church</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2007) An Archaeological Perspective on the Hohokam-Pima Continuum. Old Pueblo Archaeology Bulletin No. 51 (December 2007):1-7. (This discusses the early presence of Athapaskans.)</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Despoblado or Athapaskan Heartland: A Methodological Perspective on Ancestral Apache Landscape Use in the Safford Area. Chapter 5 in Crossroads of the Southwest: Culture, Ethnicity, and Migration in Arizona's Safford Basin, pp. 121–162, edited by David E. Purcell, Cambridge Scholars Press, New York.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2008) A Pledge of Peace: Evidence of the Cochise-Howard Treaty Campsite. Historical Archaeology 42(4):154-179. With George Robertson.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Apache Plain and Other Plainwares on Apache Sites in the Southern Southwest. In "Serendipity: Papers in Honor of Frances Joan Mathien," edited by R.N. Wiseman, T.C O'Laughlin, C.T. Snow and C. Travis, pp 163–186. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico No. 34. Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Albuquerque.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Surfing Behind The Wave: A Counterpoint Discussion Relating To "A Ranchería In the Gran Apachería." Plains Anthropologist 53(206):241-262.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Pre-Differentiation Athapaskans (Proto-Apache) in the 13th and 14th Century Southern Southwest. Chapter in edited volume under preparation. Also paper in the symposium: The Earliest Athapaskans in Southern Southwest: Implications for Migration, organized and chaired by Deni Seymour, Society for American Archaeology, Vancouver.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts of Native Peoples along the Coronado Trail from the International Border to Cibola. New Mexico Historical Review 84(3):399-435.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Distinctive Places, Suitable Spaces: Conceptualizing Mobile Group Occupational Duration and Landscape Use. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 13(3): 255–281.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Nineteenth-Century Apache Wickiups: Historically Documented Models for Archaeological Signatures of the Dwellings of Mobile People. Antiquity 83(319):157-164.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Comments On Genetic Data Relating to Athapaskan Migrations: Implications of the Malhi et al. Study for the Apache and Navajo. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139(3):281-283.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2009) The Cerro Rojo Site (LA 37188)--A Large Mountain-Top Ancestral Apache Site in Southern New Mexico. Digital History Project. New Mexico Office of the State Historian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.newmexicohistory.org/">http://www.newmexicohistory.org/</a> Select: Place, Communities, Click on 'Cerro Rojo' on the map (orange square-dot NE of EL Paso, East of Las Cruces and Dona Ana ).</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2010) Cycles Of Renewal, Transportable Assets: Aspects of the Ancestral Apache Housing Landscape. Accepted at Plains Anthropologist.</li> <li>Seymour, Deni J. (2010) Contextual Incongruities, Statistical Outliers, and Anomalies: Targeting Inconspicuous Occupational Events. American Antiquity. (Winter, in press)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott1959" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Richard B. (1959-05-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1077&context=soc_etds"><i>Acculturation Among Mescalero Apache High School Students</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico" title="University of New Mexico">University of New Mexico</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acculturation+Among+Mescalero+Apache+High+School+Students&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico&rft.date=1959-05-18&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalrepository.unm.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1077%26context%3Dsoc_etds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero" class="Z3988"></span> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/soc_etds/74/">Profile</a> - Master's degree thesis</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescalero&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=New_Mexico&#124;link=New_Mexico_Indian_reservations_and_Pueblos_in_New_Mexico227" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico"><img alt="New Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_New_Mexico" title="List of Indian reservations in New Mexico">Indian reservations and Pueblos</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E7D9A9">Reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache#Jicarilla_reservation" title="Jicarilla Apache">Jicarilla</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mescalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamo_Navajo_Indian_Reservation" title="Alamo Navajo Indian Reservation">Alamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramah_Navajo_Indian_Reservation" title="Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation">Ramah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohajiilee_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohajiilee Indian Reservation">Tohajiilee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Mountain_Ute_Tribe#Reservation" title="Ute Mountain Ute Tribe">Ute Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_Indian_Reservation" title="Zuni Indian Reservation">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#E7D9A9"><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Indian_Reservation" title="Acoma Indian Reservation">Acoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochiti,_New_Mexico" title="Cochiti, New Mexico">Cochiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_of_Isleta" title="Pueblo of Isleta">Isleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemez_Pueblo,_New_Mexico" title="Jemez Pueblo, New Mexico">Jemez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewa_Pueblo,_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Kewa Pueblo, New Mexico">Kewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Pueblo" title="Laguna Pueblo">Laguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namb%C3%A9_Pueblo,_New_Mexico" title="Nambé Pueblo, New Mexico">Nambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohkay_Owingeh,_New_Mexico" title="Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico">Ohkay Owingeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picuris_Pueblo,_New_Mexico" title="Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico">Picuris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pojoaque,_New_Mexico" title="Pojoaque, New Mexico">Pojoaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandia_Pueblo" title="Sandia Pueblo">Sandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Felipe_Indian_Reservation" title="San Felipe Indian Reservation">San Felipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Ildefonso_Pueblo,_New_Mexico" title="San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico">San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_Pueblo" title="Santa Ana Pueblo">Santa Ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Indian_Reservation" title="Santa Clara Indian Reservation">Santa Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesuque,_New_Mexico" title="Tesuque, New Mexico">Tesuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_Pueblo,_New_Mexico" title="Zia Pueblo, New Mexico">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_Pueblo,_New_Mexico" title="Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apache_people68" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apache_people" title="Template:Apache people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apache_people" title="Template 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title="Mimbreños">Mimbreños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinero_Apaches" title="Salinero Apaches">Salinero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_people" title="Western Apache people">Western Apache people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache" title="Tonto Apache">Tonto</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Tribe of Oklahoma">Apache Tribe of Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill_Apache_Tribe" title="Fort Sill Apache Tribe">Fort Sill Apache Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McDowell_Yavapai_Nation" title="Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation">Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Jicarilla Apache Nation">Jicarilla Apache Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero_Apache_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mescalero Apache Tribe">Mescalero Apache Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_Apache_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="San Carlos Apache Tribe">San Carlos Apache Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonto Apache Tribe">Tonto Apache Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_Apache_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="White Mountain Apache Tribe">White Mountain Apache Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_Apache_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavapai Apache Nation">Yavapai Apache Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Wars" title="Apache Wars">Apache Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apacheria" title="Apacheria">Apacheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache language">Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56585#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata972" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56585#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata972" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56585#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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