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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Collective_plurals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collective_plurals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Collective plurals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collective_plurals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indefinite_Article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indefinite_Article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Indefinite Article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indefinite_Article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definite_Article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definite_Article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Definite Article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definite_Article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstrative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Demonstrative pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sample</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surselvisch" title="Surselvisch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Surselvisch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobreselv%C3%A0" title="Sobreselvà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sobreselvà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surselvische_Sprache" title="Surselvische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Surselvische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprasilvano" title="Suprasilvano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Suprasilvano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sursilvan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sursilvan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sursilvano" title="Dialetto sursilvano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dialetto sursilvano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sursilvan" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sursilvan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sursilvan_nyelvj%C3%A1r%C3%A1s" title="Sursilvan nyelvjárás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sursilvan nyelvjárás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surselvisch" title="Surselvisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Surselvisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sursilvan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Sursilvan" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Western variety of the Romansh language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Sursilvan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">sursilvan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="rm-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romansh" title="Help:IPA/Romansh">[sursilˈvaːn]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/46\/Rm-sursilv-sursilvan.flac\/Rm-sursilv-sursilvan.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-sursilvan.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/Rm-sursilv-sursilvan.flac/Rm-sursilv-sursilvan.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-sursilvan.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-sursilvan.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Surselva_Region" title="Surselva Region">Surselva</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a> or Gallo-Rhaetian<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Sursilvan</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/surs1244">surs1244</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">51-AAA-ka<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-22c4314b30d24cb79dc976b8d71e567ffd49ea78-v18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-22c4314b30d24cb79dc976b8d71e567ffd49ea78-v18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>rm-sursilv<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-5ed25969116c8c3d94b94a12bbe06f082a068bc3-v18_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-5ed25969116c8c3d94b94a12bbe06f082a068bc3-v18-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Sursilvan</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="rm-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romansh" title="Help:IPA/Romansh">[sursilˈvaːn]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/46\/Rm-sursilv-sursilvan.flac\/Rm-sursilv-sursilvan.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-sursilvan.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/Rm-sursilv-sursilvan.flac/Rm-sursilv-sursilvan.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-sursilvan.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-sursilvan.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; also <i>romontsch sursilvan</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="rm-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romansh" title="Help:IPA/Romansh">[roˈmɔntʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>sursilˈvaːn]</a></span>; Sursilvan, <a href="/wiki/Vallader" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallader">Vallader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surmiran" class="mw-redirect" title="Surmiran">Surmiran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutsilvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutsilvan">Sutsilvan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rumantsch_Grischun" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumantsch Grischun">Rumantsch Grischun</a>: <i>sursilvan</i>; <a href="/wiki/Puter" class="mw-redirect" title="Puter">Puter</a>: <i>sursilvaun</i>) is a group of dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh language</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Surselva_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Surselva District">Surselva</a>. It is the most widely spoken variety of Romansh with 17,897 people within the <a href="/wiki/Surselva_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Surselva District">Surselva District</a> (54.8%) naming Romansh as a habitually spoken language in the Swiss census of 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross200431_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross200431-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most closely related variety is <a href="/wiki/Sutsilvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutsilvan">Sutsilvan</a>, which is spoken in the area located to the east of the district. </p><p>The name of the dialect and the Surselva District is derived from <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">sur</i></span> 'above' and <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">selva</i></span> 'forest', with the forest in question being the <i>Uaul Grond</i> in the area affected by the <a href="/wiki/Flims_Rockslide" class="mw-redirect" title="Flims Rockslide">Flims Rockslide</a>. The word <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">selva</i></span> itself has fallen out of use in modern Sursilvan, with the most common word for forest being <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0e\/Rm-sursilv-uaul.flac\/Rm-sursilv-uaul.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<i>uaul<\/i>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-uaul.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Rm-sursilv-uaul.flac/Rm-sursilv-uaul.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><i>uaul</i></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-uaul.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-uaul.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, an <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> loanword. <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">Selva</i></span> is only used for in a few more recent terms such as <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">selvicultura</i></span> 'forestry', <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">selvicultur</i></span> 'forest officer', or <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">cavrer selvadi</i></span> '<a href="/wiki/Long-eared_owl" title="Long-eared owl">Long-eared owl</a>'. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscriptziun_romontsch_sin_ina_casa_a_Vuorz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Inscriptziun_romontsch_sin_ina_casa_a_Vuorz.jpg/220px-Inscriptziun_romontsch_sin_ina_casa_a_Vuorz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Inscriptziun_romontsch_sin_ina_casa_a_Vuorz.jpg/330px-Inscriptziun_romontsch_sin_ina_casa_a_Vuorz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Inscriptziun_romontsch_sin_ina_casa_a_Vuorz.jpg/440px-Inscriptziun_romontsch_sin_ina_casa_a_Vuorz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A Sursilvan inscription on a house in <a href="/wiki/Waltensburg/Vuorz" title="Waltensburg/Vuorz">Waltensburg/Vuorz</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sursilvan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lubiu_traffic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Lubiu_traffic.jpg/220px-Lubiu_traffic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Lubiu_traffic.jpg/330px-Lubiu_traffic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Lubiu_traffic.jpg/440px-Lubiu_traffic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A Sursilvan traffic sign</figcaption></figure> <p>Sursilvan is used across most of the <a href="/wiki/Surselva_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Surselva District">Surselva District</a>, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Walser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walser">Walser</a> villages of <a href="/wiki/Obersaxen" title="Obersaxen">Obersaxen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vals_GR" class="mw-redirect" title="Vals GR">Vals</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Martin_GR" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Martin GR">St. Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safiental" title="Safiental">Safiental</a>. Outside of the Surselva District, <a href="/wiki/Flims" title="Flims">Flims</a> is also part of the Sursilvan dialect area. In addition, Sursilvan was previously used as the written Romansh language of parts of the <a href="/wiki/Sutsilvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutsilvan">Sutsilvan</a> dialect area. When a separate Sutsilvan written language was introduced in 1944, the villages of <a href="/wiki/Bonaduz" title="Bonaduz">Bonaduz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%A4z%C3%BCns" title="Rhäzüns">Rhäzüns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domat/Ems" title="Domat/Ems">Domat/Ems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trin" title="Trin">Trin</a> retained Sursilvan as their written language. In addition, Sursilvan was previously used in the <a href="/wiki/Surmiran" class="mw-redirect" title="Surmiran">Surmiran</a> dialect area as the language of church, but has now been replaced by Standard Surmiran and <a href="/wiki/Rumantsch_Grischun" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumantsch Grischun">Rumantsch Grischun</a>. </p><p>Most municipalities in which Sursilvan is the traditional language still have a Romansh-speaking majority today. The exceptions are <a href="/wiki/Flims" title="Flims">Flims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laax" title="Laax">Laax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schnaus" title="Schnaus">Schnaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilanz" title="Ilanz">Ilanz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castrisch" title="Castrisch">Castrisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surcuolm" title="Surcuolm">Surcuolm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duvin" title="Duvin">Duvin</a>. In all of these, except for Flims, however, a majority of people reported using Romansh daily in the 2000 Swiss census, even if only a minority named it as their language of best command. In about half of the Sursilvan villages, Romansh is the language of best command of over 70% or 80%. The highest percentage is found in <a href="/wiki/Vrin" title="Vrin">Vrin</a> with over 95%. As a daily language, it is used in nearly all municipalities by at least 70%, in about half by more than 80%, and in a third by over 90%. Overall across the Sursilvan dialect area, in the census of 2000, 70.1% named Romansh as a habitually used language, while 58.3% named it as their language of best command.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sursilvan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right selfref noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gnome-speakernotes.svg/40px-Gnome-speakernotes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gnome-speakernotes.svg/60px-Gnome-speakernotes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gnome-speakernotes.svg/80px-Gnome-speakernotes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This section includes inline links to audio files.</b> If you have trouble playing the files, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MH">Wikipedia Media help</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>Sursilvan spelling mostly follows a phonemic system. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Orthography </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>а</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/97\/Rm-sursilv-clav.flac\/Rm-sursilv-clav.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"clav"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-clav.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/Rm-sursilv-clav.flac/Rm-sursilv-clav.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">clav</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-clav.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-clav.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘key‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>аi</td> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aɪ̯</span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/38\/Rm-sursilv-zai.flac\/Rm-sursilv-zai.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"zai"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-zai.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/Rm-sursilv-zai.flac/Rm-sursilv-zai.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">zai</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-zai.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-zai.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘tough‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>аu</td> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aʊ̯</span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/15\/Rm-sursilv-paun.flac\/Rm-sursilv-paun.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"paun"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-paun.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Rm-sursilv-paun.flac/Rm-sursilv-paun.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">paun</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-paun.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-paun.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘bread‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-7" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/81\/Rm-sursilv-bogn.flac\/Rm-sursilv-bogn.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"bogn"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-bogn.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Rm-sursilv-bogn.flac/Rm-sursilv-bogn.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">bogn</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-bogn.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-bogn.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘bath‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>c</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span>/ before <i>a, o, u</i><br />/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span>/ before <i>i</i> and <i>e</i></td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-8" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d1\/Rm-sursilv-canzun.flac\/Rm-sursilv-canzun.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"canzun"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-canzun.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/Rm-sursilv-canzun.flac/Rm-sursilv-canzun.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">canzun</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-canzun.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-canzun.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘song‘<br /><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-9" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/46\/Rm-sursilv-december.flac\/Rm-sursilv-december.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"december"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-december.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/Rm-sursilv-december.flac/Rm-sursilv-december.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">december</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-december.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-december.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘December‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ch</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span>/ (only occurs before <i>i</i> and <i>e</i>)</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-10" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/30\/Rm-sursilv-zucher.flac\/Rm-sursilv-zucher.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"zucher"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-zucher.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Rm-sursilv-zucher.flac/Rm-sursilv-zucher.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">zucher</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-zucher.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-zucher.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘sugar‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>d</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-11" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8e\/Rm-sursilv-dadens.flac\/Rm-sursilv-dadens.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"dadens"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-dadens.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Rm-sursilv-dadens.flac/Rm-sursilv-dadens.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">dadens</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-dadens.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-dadens.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘inside‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>e</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span>/<br />/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-12" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/ce\/Rm-sursilv-tegia.flac\/Rm-sursilv-tegia.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"tegia"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-tegia.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/Rm-sursilv-tegia.flac/Rm-sursilv-tegia.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">tegia</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-tegia.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-tegia.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘hut‘<br /><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-13" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1b\/Rm-sursilv-lev.flac\/Rm-sursilv-lev.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"lev"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-lev.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Rm-sursilv-lev.flac/Rm-sursilv-lev.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">lev</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-lev.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-lev.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘light‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>è</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-14" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/34\/Rm-sursilv-p%C3%A8r.flac\/Rm-sursilv-p%C3%A8r.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"p\u00e8r"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-p\u00e8r.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Rm-sursilv-p%C3%A8r.flac/Rm-sursilv-p%C3%A8r.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pèr</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-p%C3%A8r.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-pèr.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘pair‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>é</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-15" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/18\/Rm-sursilv-p%C3%A9r.flac\/Rm-sursilv-p%C3%A9r.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"p\u00e9r"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-p\u00e9r.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Rm-sursilv-p%C3%A9r.flac/Rm-sursilv-p%C3%A9r.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pér</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-p%C3%A9r.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-pér.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘pear‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ei</td> <td>depending on the region, /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛɪ̯</span>/ (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gruob&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gruob (page does not exist)">Gruob</a>), /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aɪ̯</span>/ (<a href="/wiki/Cadi_(Swiss_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadi (Swiss region)">Cadi</a>) or /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔɪ̯</span>/ (<a href="/wiki/Breil/Brigels" title="Breil/Brigels">Breil/Brigels</a>)</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-16" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/77\/Rm-sursilv-treis.flac\/Rm-sursilv-treis.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"treis"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-treis.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Rm-sursilv-treis.flac/Rm-sursilv-treis.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">treis</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-treis.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-treis.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘three‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>eu</td> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛʊ̯</span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-17" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/28\/Rm-sursilv-glieud.flac\/Rm-sursilv-glieud.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"glieud"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-glieud.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Rm-sursilv-glieud.flac/Rm-sursilv-glieud.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">glieud</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-glieud.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-glieud.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘people‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>f</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-18" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/94\/Rm-sursilv-fil.flac\/Rm-sursilv-fil.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"fil"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-fil.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Rm-sursilv-fil.flac/Rm-sursilv-fil.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">fil</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-fil.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-fil.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘thread‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>g</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span>/ before <i>a, o, u</i><br />/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a></span>/ before <i>i</i> and <i>e</i> (<i>i</i> is silent)</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-19" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/07\/Rm-sursilv-grischun.flac\/Rm-sursilv-grischun.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"grischun"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-grischun.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Rm-sursilv-grischun.flac/Rm-sursilv-grischun.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">grischun</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-grischun.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-grischun.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘Grisons‘<br /><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-20" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b8\/Rm-sursilv-baselgia.flac\/Rm-sursilv-baselgia.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"baselgia"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-baselgia.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Rm-sursilv-baselgia.flac/Rm-sursilv-baselgia.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">baselgia</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-baselgia.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-baselgia.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘church‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>gh</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span>/ (only occurs before <i>i</i> and <i>e</i>)</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-21" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/63\/Rm-sursilv-schenghegiar.flac\/Rm-sursilv-schenghegiar.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"schenghegiar"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-schenghegiar.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Rm-sursilv-schenghegiar.flac/Rm-sursilv-schenghegiar.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">schenghegiar</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-schenghegiar.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-schenghegiar.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘give a gift‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>gl</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span>/ at the end of a word and before <i>i</i> (<i>i</i> is silent)<br />/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">gl</span>/ before <i>a, e, o, u</i> and some loanwords</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-22" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d1\/Rm-sursilv-egl.flac\/Rm-sursilv-egl.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"egl"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-egl.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/Rm-sursilv-egl.flac/Rm-sursilv-egl.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">egl</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-egl.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-egl.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘eye‘<br /><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-23" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/44\/Roh-Glaruna.ogg\/Roh-Glaruna.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Glaruna"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Roh-Glaruna.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Roh-Glaruna.ogg/Roh-Glaruna.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Glaruna</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Roh-Glaruna.ogg" title="File:Roh-Glaruna.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘<a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a>‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>gn</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-24" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/50\/Rm-sursilv-gnierv.flac\/Rm-sursilv-gnierv.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"gnierv"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-gnierv.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/Rm-sursilv-gnierv.flac/Rm-sursilv-gnierv.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">gnierv</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-gnierv.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-gnierv.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘nerve‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>h</td> <td>usually silent<br />/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span>/ in loanwords</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-25" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f6\/Rm-sursilv-habitaziun.flac\/Rm-sursilv-habitaziun.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"habitaziun"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-habitaziun.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Rm-sursilv-habitaziun.flac/Rm-sursilv-habitaziun.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">habitaziun</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-habitaziun.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-habitaziun.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘habitation‘<br /><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-26" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d5\/Roh-sursilvan-haluncs.ogg\/Roh-sursilvan-haluncs.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"haluncs"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Roh-sursilvan-haluncs.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Roh-sursilvan-haluncs.ogg/Roh-sursilvan-haluncs.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">haluncs</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Roh-sursilvan-haluncs.ogg" title="File:Roh-sursilvan-haluncs.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘crooks‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-27" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b8\/Rm-sursilv-ti.flac\/Rm-sursilv-ti.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"ti"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-ti.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b8/Rm-sursilv-ti.flac/Rm-sursilv-ti.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">ti</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-ti.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-ti.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘you‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ia</td> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ̯a</span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-28" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/21\/Rm-sursilv-siat.flac\/Rm-sursilv-siat.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"siat"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-siat.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/Rm-sursilv-siat.flac/Rm-sursilv-siat.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">siat</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-siat.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-siat.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘seven‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ie</td> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪə̯</span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-29" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/26\/Rm-sursilv-caschiel.flac\/Rm-sursilv-caschiel.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"caschiel"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-caschiel.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Rm-sursilv-caschiel.flac/Rm-sursilv-caschiel.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">caschiel</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-caschiel.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-caschiel.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘cheese‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>iu</td> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪʊ̯</span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-30" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d1\/Rm-sursilv-ischiu.flac\/Rm-sursilv-ischiu.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"ischiu"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-ischiu.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/Rm-sursilv-ischiu.flac/Rm-sursilv-ischiu.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">ischiu</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-ischiu.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-ischiu.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘vinegar‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>iau</td> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ̯aʊ̯</span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-31" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/90\/Rm-sursilv-cumiau.flac\/Rm-sursilv-cumiau.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"cumiau"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-cumiau.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Rm-sursilv-cumiau.flac/Rm-sursilv-cumiau.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">cumiau</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-cumiau.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-cumiau.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘farewell‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>j</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-32" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/df\/Rm-sursilv-jamna.flac\/Rm-sursilv-jamna.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"jamna"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-jamna.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Rm-sursilv-jamna.flac/Rm-sursilv-jamna.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">jamna</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-jamna.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-jamna.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘week‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>l</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-33" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/49\/Rm-sursilv-legums.flac\/Rm-sursilv-legums.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"legums"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-legums.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/Rm-sursilv-legums.flac/Rm-sursilv-legums.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">legums</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-legums.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-legums.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘vegetables‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>m</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-34" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/00\/Rm-sursilv-mir.flac\/Rm-sursilv-mir.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"mir"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-mir.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/Rm-sursilv-mir.flac/Rm-sursilv-mir.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">mir</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-mir.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-mir.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘wall‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>n</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-35" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/79\/Rm-sursilv-neiv.flac\/Rm-sursilv-neiv.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"neiv"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-neiv.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Rm-sursilv-neiv.flac/Rm-sursilv-neiv.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">neiv</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-neiv.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-neiv.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘snow‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>o</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-36" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0d\/Rm-sursilv-comba.flac\/Rm-sursilv-comba.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"comba"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-comba.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Rm-sursilv-comba.flac/Rm-sursilv-comba.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">comba</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-comba.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-comba.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘leg‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>p</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-37" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bb\/Rm-sursilv-pur.flac\/Rm-sursilv-pur.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pur"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-pur.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Rm-sursilv-pur.flac/Rm-sursilv-pur.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pur</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-pur.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-pur.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘farmer‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>r</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span>/ or /<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-38" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9a\/Rm-sursilv-raps.flac\/Rm-sursilv-raps.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"raps"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-raps.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/Rm-sursilv-raps.flac/Rm-sursilv-raps.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">raps</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-raps.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-raps.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> - ‘money‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>s</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span>/<br />/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span>/<br />/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>/ before <i>c</i>, <i>m</i>, <i>n</i>, <i>p</i>, <i>t</i>, <i>tg</i><br />/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span>/ before <i>b</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>g</i>, <i>v</i></td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-39" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c3\/Rm-sursilv-sulegl.flac\/Rm-sursilv-sulegl.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"sulegl"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-sulegl.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Rm-sursilv-sulegl.flac/Rm-sursilv-sulegl.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">sulegl</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-sulegl.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-sulegl.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘sun‘<br /><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-40" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/af\/Rm-sursilv-casa.flac\/Rm-sursilv-casa.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"casa"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-casa.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/Rm-sursilv-casa.flac/Rm-sursilv-casa.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">casa</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-casa.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-casa.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘house‘<br /><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-41" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/db\/Rm-sursilv-finiastra.flac\/Rm-sursilv-finiastra.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"finiastra"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-finiastra.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Rm-sursilv-finiastra.flac/Rm-sursilv-finiastra.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">finiastra</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-finiastra.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-finiastra.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘window‘<br /><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-42" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0a\/Rm-sursilv-sbagl.flac\/Rm-sursilv-sbagl.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"sbagl"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-sbagl.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Rm-sursilv-sbagl.flac/Rm-sursilv-sbagl.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">sbagl</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-sbagl.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-sbagl.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘mistake‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>sch</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>/<br />/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-43" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/55\/Rm-sursilv-cudisch.flac\/Rm-sursilv-cudisch.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"cudisch"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-cudisch.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/Rm-sursilv-cudisch.flac/Rm-sursilv-cudisch.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">cudisch</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-cudisch.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-cudisch.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘book‘<br /><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-44" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/54\/Rm-sursilv-pischada.flac\/Rm-sursilv-pischada.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pischada"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-pischada.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Rm-sursilv-pischada.flac/Rm-sursilv-pischada.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pischada</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-pischada.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-pischada.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> - ‘butter‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>t</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-45" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/66\/Rm-sursilv-Turitg.flac\/Rm-sursilv-Turitg.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Turitg"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-Turitg.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/Rm-sursilv-Turitg.flac/Rm-sursilv-Turitg.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Turitg</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-Turitg.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-Turitg.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘Zurich‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>tsch</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-46" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/52\/Rm-sursilv-tschiel.flac\/Rm-sursilv-tschiel.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"tschiel"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-tschiel.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Rm-sursilv-tschiel.flac/Rm-sursilv-tschiel.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">tschiel</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-tschiel.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-tschiel.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘sky‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>tg</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-47" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/60\/Rm-sursilv-tgaun.flac\/Rm-sursilv-tgaun.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"tgaun"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-tgaun.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Rm-sursilv-tgaun.flac/Rm-sursilv-tgaun.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">tgaun</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-tgaun.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-tgaun.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘dog‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-48" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cf\/Rm-sursilv-tut.flac\/Rm-sursilv-tut.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"tut"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-tut.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/Rm-sursilv-tut.flac/Rm-sursilv-tut.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">tut</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-tut.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-tut.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘everything‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ua</td> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ̯a</span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-49" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/53\/Rm-sursilv-quater.flac\/Rm-sursilv-quater.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"quater"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-quater.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/Rm-sursilv-quater.flac/Rm-sursilv-quater.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">quater</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-quater.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-quater.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘four‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ue</td> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ̯ɛ</span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-50" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/07\/Rm-sursilv-quel.flac\/Rm-sursilv-quel.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"quel"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-quel.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/Rm-sursilv-quel.flac/Rm-sursilv-quel.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">quel</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-quel.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-quel.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘this one‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>uo</td> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊə̯</span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-51" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8a\/Rm-sursilv-buob.flac\/Rm-sursilv-buob.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"buob"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-buob.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8a/Rm-sursilv-buob.flac/Rm-sursilv-buob.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">buob</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-buob.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-buob.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘boy‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>uei</td> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ̯ɛɪ̯</span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-52" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d9\/Rm-sursilv-quei.flac\/Rm-sursilv-quei.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"quei"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-quei.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Rm-sursilv-quei.flac/Rm-sursilv-quei.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">quei</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-quei.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-quei.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘this‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>uau</td> <td>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ̯aʊ̯</span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-53" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0e\/Rm-sursilv-uaul.flac\/Rm-sursilv-uaul.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"uaul"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-uaul.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Rm-sursilv-uaul.flac/Rm-sursilv-uaul.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">uaul</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-uaul.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-uaul.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘forest‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>v</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-54" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/52\/Rm-sursilv-luvrar.flac\/Rm-sursilv-luvrar.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"luvrar"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-luvrar.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Rm-sursilv-luvrar.flac/Rm-sursilv-luvrar.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">luvrar</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-luvrar.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-luvrar.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘to work‘ </td></tr> <tr> <td>z</td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span>/</td> <td><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-55" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/16\/Rm-sursilv-Svizra.flac\/Rm-sursilv-Svizra.flac.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Svizra"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-sursilv-Svizra.flac"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/Rm-sursilv-Svizra.flac/Rm-sursilv-Svizra.flac.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Svizra</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-sursilv-Svizra.flac" title="File:Rm-sursilv-Svizra.flac">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ‘Switzerland‘ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sursilvan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sursilvan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sursilvan nouns distinguish two genders (masculine and feminine) and two numbers (singular and plural). </p><p>Nouns in -a are overwhelmingly feminine (with few exceptions such as duca 'duke'). Nouns in consonants or other vowels can be either masculine or feminine. </p><p>Plurals are formed with the suffix -s. Nouns already ending in -s do not add this plural ending, but nouns in -z and -sch follow the general rule. Nominalised past participles in -au have a plural in -ai. In addition, nouns may show vowel alternations or other irregularities: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural</th> <th>Meaning (gender) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Regular + -s</td> <td>frar</td> <td>frars</td> <td>brother (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>sora</td> <td>soras</td> <td>sister (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>esch</td> <td>eschs</td> <td>door (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>péz</td> <td>pézs</td> <td>summit (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-s > -s</td> <td>nas</td> <td>nas</td> <td>nose (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-(t)schi > -(t)schals</td> <td>purschi</td> <td>purschals</td> <td>piglet (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>utschi</td> <td>utschals</td> <td>bird (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-i > -ials</td> <td>marti</td> <td>martials</td> <td>hammer (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-agl > -als</td> <td>cavagl</td> <td>cavals</td> <td>horse (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-egl > -els</td> <td>cavegl</td> <td>cavels</td> <td>hair (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-iel > -euls</td> <td>migiel</td> <td>migeuls</td> <td>glass (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-al > -auls</td> <td>armal</td> <td>armauls</td> <td>ox (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-au > -ai</td> <td>delegau</td> <td>delegai</td> <td>delegate (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ie- > -o- + -s</td> <td>iev</td> <td>ovs</td> <td>egg (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>tgiern</td> <td>corns</td> <td>horn (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>ies</td> <td>oss</td> <td>bone (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>tgaubriechel</td> <td>tgaubrochels</td> <td>somersault (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ie- > -o- + -s (with irreg.)</td> <td>piertg</td> <td>pors</td> <td>pig (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>bov</td> <td>bos</td> <td>ox (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ie- > -ia- + -s</td> <td>vierm</td> <td>viarms</td> <td>worm (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ie- > -ia- (no -s)</td> <td>viers</td> <td>viars</td> <td>animal noise (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ie- > -a- + -s</td> <td>tschierv</td> <td>tscharvs</td> <td>stag (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Irregular</td> <td>um</td> <td>umens</td> <td>man (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>dunna</td> <td>dunnauns (also: dunnas)</td> <td>woman (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>matta</td> <td>mattauns (also: mattas)</td> <td>girl (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>liug</td> <td>loghens (also: logs)</td> <td>place (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Collective_plurals">Collective plurals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sursilvan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Collective plurals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the normal plural in -s many nouns also show a collective plural in -a. These forms typically occur with natural substances (rocks, wood, plants etc.) and human body parts. Syntactically these collective plurals behave like feminine singular nouns: <i>La crappa ei dira.</i> 'The rocks are hard. / The rock (= material) is hard.' (with <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>. dira 'hard' agreeing with the subject la crappa 'the rock(s)') and may best be considered as an intermediate formation between inflection and derivation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiver1999132_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiver1999132-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sursilvan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sursilvan has both a definite and an indefinite article. These are preposed and agree with their noun in gender and number. (The indefinite article only has singular forms.) Forms may differ depending on whether the following word starts with a vowel or a consonant: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indefinite_Article">Indefinite Article</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sursilvan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indefinite Article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MASC</abbr>.</td> <td><b>in</b> fegl</td> <td>'son' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><b>in</b> amitg</td> <td>'male friend' </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FEM</abbr>. before cons.</td> <td><b>ina</b> feglia</td> <td>'daughter' </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FEM</abbr>. before vowel</td> <td><b>in'</b>amitga</td> <td>'female friend' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definite_Article">Definite Article</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sursilvan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Definite Article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th></th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MASC</abbr>. </th> <th>before cons. </th> <td><b>il</b> bab</td> <td><b>ils</b> babs</td> <td>'father' </td></tr> <tr> <th>before vowel </th> <td><b>igl</b> aug</td> <td><b>ils</b> augs</td> <td>'uncle' </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FEM</abbr>. </th> <th>before cons. </th> <td><b>la</b> mumma</td> <td><b>las</b> mummas</td> <td>'mother' </td></tr> <tr> <th>before vowel </th> <td><b>l'</b>onda</td> <td><b>las</b> ondas</td> <td>'aunt' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The definite article contracts with a number of prepositions: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>il</th> <th>igl</th> <th>la</th> <th>l'</th> <th>ils</th> <th>las </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>a</b> 'to'</td> <td>al</td> <td>agl</td> <td>alla</td> <td>all'</td> <td>als</td> <td>allas </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>cun</b> 'with'</td> <td>cul</td> <td>cugl</td> <td>culla</td> <td>cull'</td> <td>culs</td> <td>cullas </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>da</b> 'of, by'</td> <td>dil</td> <td>digl</td> <td>dalla</td> <td>dall'</td> <td>dils</td> <td>dallas </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>en</b> 'in(to)'</td> <td>el</td> <td>egl</td> <td>ella</td> <td>ell'</td> <td>els</td> <td>ellas </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>per</b> 'for'</td> <td>pil</td> <td>pigl</td> <td>pella</td> <td>pell'</td> <td>pils</td> <td>pellas </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>sin</b> 'on (to)'</td> <td>sil</td> <td>sigl</td> <td>silla</td> <td>sill'</td> <td>sils</td> <td>sillas </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>sper</b> 'beside'</td> <td>spel</td> <td>spegl</td> <td>spella</td> <td>spell'</td> <td>spels</td> <td>spellas </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>tier</b> 'to, at'</td> <td>tiel</td> <td>tiegl</td> <td>tiella</td> <td>tiell'</td> <td>tiels</td> <td>tiellas </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sursilvan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The adjective agrees with its noun in gender and number and (as in other Romance languages) usually follows it. </p><p>A peculiarity of Sursilvan is that the adjective distinguishes an attributive and a predicative form in the masculine singular: </p><p><i>in um vegl</i> 'an old man'<br /> <i>igl um ei vegls</i> 'the man is old' </p><p>The predicative masculine singular form is morphologically identical with the masculine plural. </p><p>The ending of the masculine plural is -s. Feminine adjectives suffix -a in the singular and -as in the plural. The attributive masculine singular often differs from the other forms in its vocalism. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="attributive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ATTR</abbr>.</th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="predicate/predicative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRED</abbr>/<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>.</th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.</th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Regular</td> <td>grond</td> <td>gronds</td> <td>gronda</td> <td>grondas</td> <td>'big' </td></tr> <tr> <td>-gl > -gli-</td> <td>vegl</td> <td>vegls</td> <td>veglia</td> <td>veglias</td> <td>'old' </td></tr> <tr> <td>-tg > -gi-</td> <td>lartg</td> <td>lartgs</td> <td>largia</td> <td>largias</td> <td>'wide, broad' </td></tr> <tr> <td>-C > -CC</td> <td>met</td> <td>mets</td> <td>metta</td> <td>mettas</td> <td>'dumb' </td></tr> <tr> <td>-el > -l-</td> <td>fideivel</td> <td>fideivels</td> <td>fideivla</td> <td>fideivlas</td> <td>'faithful' </td></tr> <tr> <td>-en > -n-</td> <td>giuven</td> <td>giuvens</td> <td>giuvna</td> <td>giuvnas</td> <td>'young' </td></tr> <tr> <td>-er > -r-</td> <td>pauper</td> <td>paupers</td> <td>paupra</td> <td>paupras</td> <td>'poor' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Irreg.</td> <td>pign</td> <td>pigns</td> <td>pintga</td> <td>pintgas</td> <td>'small' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>agen</td> <td>agens</td> <td>atgna</td> <td>atgnas</td> <td>'own' </td></tr> <tr> <td>-i > -ial-</td> <td>bi</td> <td>bials</td> <td>biala</td> <td>bialas</td> <td>'beautiful' </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ie- > -ia-</td> <td>aviert</td> <td>aviarts</td> <td>aviarta</td> <td>aviartas</td> <td>'open(ed)' </td></tr> <tr> <td>-(t)schie- > -(t)scha-</td> <td>detschiert</td> <td>detscharts</td> <td>detscharta</td> <td>detschartas</td> <td>'resolute' </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ie- > -ia- + -er > -r-</td> <td>siniester</td> <td>siniasters</td> <td>siniastra</td> <td>siniastras</td> <td>'left' </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ie- > -o-</td> <td>niev</td> <td>novs</td> <td>nova</td> <td>novas</td> <td>'new' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>gries</td> <td>gross</td> <td>grossa</td> <td>grossas</td> <td>'thick' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>tgietschen</td> <td>cotschens</td> <td>cotschna</td> <td>cotschnas</td> <td>'red' </td></tr> <tr> <td>-ie- > -u-</td> <td>bien</td> <td>buns</td> <td>buna</td> <td>bunas</td> <td>'good' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Irreg.</td> <td>bia</td> <td>biars</td> <td>biara</td> <td>biaras</td> <td>'much' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sursilvan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sursilvan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">singular </th> <th rowspan="2">plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>subject </th> <th>object </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st person </th> <td>jeu </td> <td>mei (but: a mi) </td> <td>nus </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td>ti </td> <td>tei (but: a ti) </td> <td>vus </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person </th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MASC</abbr> </th> <td colspan="2">el </td> <td>els </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FEM</abbr> </th> <td colspan="2">ella </td> <td>ellas </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Modern Sursilvan has no unstressed proclitic personal pronouns appearing in preverbal position (as in French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">je l'ai vu</i></span> 'I have seen him') and only uses the (historically) stressed forms, which appear in the same position as nouns: <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">jeu hai viu el</i></span> 'I have seen him'.</li> <li>In the 1Sg and 2Sg the special dative forms <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">mi</i></span> and <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">ti</i></span> exist, which are used after the preposition <i>a(d)</i> 'to'. In the 3Sg <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">agli</i></span> is occasionally used instead of <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">ad el</i></span>.</li> <li>In the 3rd person Sursilvan has a neuter pronoun <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">ei</i></span> (<span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">igl</i></span> before <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">ei</i></span> 'is'): <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">ei plova</i></span> 'it rains', <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">igl ei tard</i></span> 'it is late'. This pronoun is also used as an expletive pronoun in sentences like <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">ei vegn ora in drag cun siat tgaus</i></span> 'there emerges [lit: it comes out] a dragon with seven heads'. The same form can be used with 3Pl verb forms as a gender-neutral 'they/people' (French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">on</i></span>, German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">man</i></span>): <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">ei dian</i></span> 'they/people say'.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demonstrative_pronouns">Demonstrative pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sursilvan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demonstrative pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="neuter gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEUT</abbr> </th> <th colspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MASC</abbr> </th> <th colspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FEM</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Pron. </th> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">quei</i></span> 'this' </td> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">quel</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">quels</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">quella</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">quellas</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Adj. </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">quei</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">quels</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">quella</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">quellas</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pron. </th> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">tschei</i></span> 'that' </td> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">tschel</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">tschels</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">tschella</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">tschellas</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Adj. </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">tschei</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">tschels</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">tschella</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">tschellas</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pron. & Adj. </th> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">quest</i></span> 'this' </td> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">quest</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">quests</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">questa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">questas</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The proximal pronoun <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">quel</i></span> 'this' and the distal pronoun <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">tschel</i></span> 'that' have different forms in the masc. sg. depending on whether they are used adjectivally with a noun or pronominally on their own (referring to a masculine noun): <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">El va vitier <u>quei um vegl</u>, e <u>quel</u> gi,...</i></span> 'he goes to <u>this old man</u>, and <u>this one</u> says...'.</li> <li><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">Quel</i></span> and <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">tschel</i></span> have pronominal neuter forms <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">quei</i></span> and <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">tschei</i></span> (formally identical with the <u>adjectival</u> masculine forms).</li> <li><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">Quest</i></span>, which in other Rhetoromance dialects serves as proximal demonstrative, is in modern Sursilvan limited to fixed expression such <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">quest onn</i></span> 'this year', <span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">questa sera</i></span> 'this evening'.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample">Sample</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sursilvan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sample"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fable <a href="/wiki/The_Fox_and_the_Crow_(Aesop)" title="The Fox and the Crow (Aesop)">The Fox and the Crow</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_Fontaine" title="Jean de La Fontaine">Jean de La Fontaine</a> in Sursilvan, as well as a translation into <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the similar-looking but noticeably different-sounding dialect Sutsilvan, and Rumantsch Grischun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross200429_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross200429-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="0" style="width:100%; font-family:serif; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:12.5%;">Sursilvan<br /><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-56" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f8\/Sursilvan-L%27uolp.ogg\/Sursilvan-L%27uolp.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"audio"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sursilvan-L'uolp.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/Sursilvan-L%27uolp.ogg/Sursilvan-L%27uolp.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">audio</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Sursilvan-L%27uolp.ogg" title="File:Sursilvan-L'uolp.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> </th> <th style="width:12.5%;"><a href="/wiki/Sutsilvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutsilvan">Sutsilvan</a><br /> </th> <th style="width:12.5%;"><a href="/wiki/Rumantsch_Grischun" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumantsch Grischun">Rumantsch Grischun</a><br /><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-57" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b2\/Rm-rumgr-La_vulp.oga\/Rm-rumgr-La_vulp.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"audio"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Rm-rumgr-La vulp.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Rm-rumgr-La_vulp.oga/Rm-rumgr-La_vulp.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">audio</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Rm-rumgr-La_vulp.oga" title="File:Rm-rumgr-La vulp.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> </th> <th style="width:12.5%;">Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>L'uolp era puspei inagada fomentada.<br />Cheu ha ella viu sin in pegn in tgaper che teneva in toc caschiel en siu bec.<br />Quei gustass a mi, ha ella tertgau, ed ha clamau al tgaper: «Tgei bi che ti eis! Sche tiu cant ei aschi bials sco tia cumparsa, lu eis ti il pli bi utschi da tuts». </td> <td>La gualp eara puspe egn'eada fumantada.<br />Qua â ella vieu sen egn pegn egn corv ca taneva egn toc caschiel ainten sieus pecel.<br />Quegl gustass a mei, â ella tartgieu, ed ha clamo agli corv: «Tge beal ca tei es! Scha tieus tgànt e aschi beal sco tia pareta, alura es tei igl ple beal utschi da tuts». </td> <td>La vulp era puspè ina giada fomentada.<br />Qua ha ella vis sin in pign in corv che tegneva in toc chaschiel en ses pichel.<br />Quai ma gustass, ha ella pensà, ed ha clamà al corv: «Tge bel che ti es! Sche tes chant è uschè bel sco tia parita, lur es ti il pli bel utschè da tuts». </td> <td>The fox was hungry yet again. There he saw a raven upon a fir holding a piece of cheese in its beak. This I would like, he thought, and shouted at the raven: "You are so beautiful! If your singing is as beautiful as your looks, then you are the most beautiful of all birds.". </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sursilvan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Swiss vocal group <a href="/wiki/Furbaz" title="Furbaz">Furbaz</a> mainly performs in the Sursilvan variety of Romansh. Their entry representing <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1989" title="Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1989">Switzerland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1989" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1989">Eurovision Song Contest 1989</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Viver_senza_tei" class="mw-redirect" title="Viver senza tei">Viver senza tei</a></i>, was sung in Sursilvan. They placed 13th out of 22 participating countries with 47 points. It is the only time to date in which Switzerland have sent an entry to the contest in Romansh. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sursilvan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2022" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/surs1244">"Romansh"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007140744/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/surs1244">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Romansh&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fsurs1244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASursilvan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-22c4314b30d24cb79dc976b8d71e567ffd49ea78-v18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-22c4314b30d24cb79dc976b8d71e567ffd49ea78-v18_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAA-ka">"Sursilvan"</a>. <i>Linguasphere Observatory</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linguasphere+Observatory&rft.atitle=Sursilvan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hortensj-garden.org%2Findex.php%3Ftnc%3D1%26tr%3Dlsr%26nid%3D51-AAA-ka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASursilvan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-5ed25969116c8c3d94b94a12bbe06f082a068bc3-v18-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-5ed25969116c8c3d94b94a12bbe06f082a068bc3-v18_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/lang-subtags-templates/sursilv.txt">"Sursilvan idiom of Romansh"</a>. <i>IANA language subtag registry</i>. 29 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IANA+language+subtag+registry&rft.atitle=Sursilvan+idiom+of+Romansh&rft.date=2010-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fassignments%2Flang-subtags-templates%2Fsursilv.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASursilvan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross200431-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross200431_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGross2004">Gross (2004)</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCathomasCarigiet2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cathomas, R.; Carigiet, W. (2008). <i>Top-Chance Mehrsprachigkeit. Zwei- und mehrsprachige Erziehung in Familie und Schule</i> [<i>Top chance multilingualism. Bilingual and multilingual education in family and school</i>] (in German). Bern: Schulverlag blmv AG. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Top-Chance+Mehrsprachigkeit.+Zwei-+und+mehrsprachige+Erziehung+in+Familie+und+Schule&rft.place=Bern&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Schulverlag+blmv+AG&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Cathomas&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Carigiet%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASursilvan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiver1999132-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiver1999132_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiver1999">Liver (1999)</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross200429-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross200429_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGross2004">Gross (2004)</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurovision.tv/event/lausanne-1989/final">"Final of Lausanne 1989 - Eurovision Song Contest"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+of+Lausanne+1989+-+Eurovision+Song+Contest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurovision.tv%2Fevent%2Flausanne-1989%2Ffinal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASursilvan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sursilvan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bernardi, Rut, & H. Stricker, & Società Retorumantscha, & Verein für Bündner Kulturforschung (1994), <i>Handwörterbuch des Rätoromanischen : Wortschatz aller Schriftsprachen, einschliesslich Rumantsch Grischun, mit Angaben zur Verbreitung und Herkunft</i>; erarbeitet auf Initiative von Hans Stricker ; herausgegeben von der Società Retorumantscha und dem Verein für Bündner Kulturforschung. Zürich: Offizin.</li> <li>Cahannes, Gion, & Ligia romontscha (1924), <i>Grammatica romontscha per Surselva e Sutselva</i>, Ediziun della Ligia romontscha. Mustér: Stampa da G. Condrau.</li> <li>Da Sale, Flaminio (1729), <i>Fundamenti principali della lingua retica, o griggiona, con le regole del declinare i nomi, e congiugare i verbi, all'uso di due delle principali valli della Rezia, cioe di Sopraselva e di Sorset che può servire alli italiani per imparare [...]</i>, Disentis : Francesco Antonio Binn. [Online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_eAg1QKNnFWkC">copy (1)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/FundamentiPrincipaliDellaLinguaRetica">copy (2)</a>.]</li> <li>Decurtins, Alexis (2001), <i>Niev vocabulari romontsch sursilvan - tudestg / Neues rätoromanisches Wörterbuch surselvisch-deutsch</i>, Chur. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-03900-999-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-03900-999-0">3-03900-999-0</a>.</li> <li>Eichenhofer, Wolfgang (1999), <i>Historische Lautlehre des Bünderromanischen.</i> Tübingen: Francke.</li> <li>Gartner, Theodor (1883), <i>Raetoromanische Grammatik</i>. (Sammlung romanischer Grammatiken.) Heilbronn: Gebr. Henninger. [Online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raetoromanische01gartgoog">copy (1)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raetoromanischeg00gart">copy (2)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raetoromanische00gartgoog">copy (3)</a>.]</li> <li>Gregor, D.B. (1982), <i>Romontsch : Language and literature : The sursilvan Raeto-Romance of Switzerland</i>. (Oleander language and literature ; 11). Cambridge: Oleander.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2004" class="citation book cs1">Gross, Manfred (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104161427/http://www.liarumantscha.ch/data/media/pdf/facts_figures/facts_figures_english.pdf"><i>Romanisch: Facts & Figures</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Translated by Evans, Mike; Evans, Barbara. Chur: Lia Rumantscha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-03900-037-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-03900-037-3"><bdi>3-03900-037-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liarumantscha.ch/data/media/pdf/facts_figures/facts_figures_english.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romanisch%3A+Facts+%26+Figures&rft.place=Chur&rft.pub=Lia+Rumantscha&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-03900-037-3&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liarumantscha.ch%2Fdata%2Fmedia%2Fpdf%2Ffacts_figures%2Ffacts_figures_english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASursilvan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Janzing, Gereon (2006), <i>Rätoromanisch Wort für Wort</i>, Reise Know-How Verlag Rump. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89416-365-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-89416-365-8">3-89416-365-8</a> (Deals in spite of its title only with Sursilvan).</li> <li>Liver, Ricarda (1982). <i>Manuel pratique de romanche : Sursilvan-vallader : Précis de grammaire suivi d'un choix de textes</i>. (Romanica Raetica ; t. 4). Chur: Ligia Romontscha.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiver1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liver, Ricarda (1999). <i>Rätoromanisch : Eine Einführung in das Bündnerromanische</i> [<i>Rhaeto-Romanic: An introduction to the Romansh language</i>]. Narr Studienbücher (in German). Tübingen: G. Narr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C3%A4toromanisch+%3A+Eine+Einf%C3%BChrung+in+das+B%C3%BCndnerromanische&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.series=Narr+Studienb%C3%BCcher&rft.pub=G.+Narr&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Liver&rft.aufirst=Ricarda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASursilvan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lutz, Florentin, & Dieter Strehle (1988), <i>Rückläufiges Wörterbuch des Surselvischen = Dicziunari invers dil romontsch sursilvan</i>. (Romanica Monacensia ; 29). Tübingen: Narr.</li> <li>Nay, Sep Modest, & Ramun Vieli, & Ligia romontscha (1948), <i>Lehrbuch der rätoromanischen Sprache (deutsch-surselvisch)</i>. (2. Aufl. / im Auftrage der Ligia Romontscha besorgt von Ramun Vieli. ed.). [Chur]: Ligia Romontscha.</li> <li>Spescha, Arnold (1989), <i>Grammatica sursilvana</i>, Lehrmittelverlag Graubünden, Chur. (This grammar is entirely written in Romansh.)</li> <li>Vieli, Ramun (1938), <i>Vocabulari scursaniu romontsch-tudestg,</i> redigius da dr. Ramun Vieli. Ediziun della Ligia romontscha 1938. Mustér: G. Condrau.</li> <li>Vieli/Decurtins (1994), <i>Vocabulari tudestg - romontsch sursilvan</i>, Lia Rumantscha.</li></ul> <p>Sursilvan literature is published among others by the <a href="/wiki/Lia_Rumantscha" title="Lia Rumantscha">Lia Rumantscha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sursilvan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sursilvan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170902145727/http://hydra1.spinfo.uni-koeln.de:9000/application/text">Crestomazia Retorumantscha Digitala / Digitale Rätoromanische Chrestomathie</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pledari.ch/mypledari/">MyPledari. Pledari rumantsch-englais. English-Romansh Dictionary.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vocabularisursilvan.ch/">Niev vocabulari Sursilvan ONLINE</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rhaeto-Romance_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>varieties:</i> Central Friulian</li> <li>Northern Friulian</li> <li>South-eastern Friulian</li> <li>Western Friulian</li> <li><i>constructed language</i>: <a href="/wiki/Furlan_standard" title="Furlan standard">Furlan standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>varieties:</i> Maréo/Badiot</li> <li>Gherdëina</li> <li>Fascian (cazet, moenat, brach)</li> <li>Ampezan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li> <li>Fodom</li> <li><i>constructed language</i>: <a href="/wiki/Ladin_Dolomitan" title="Ladin Dolomitan">Ladin Dolomitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>standard language:</i> <a href="/wiki/Rumantsch_Grischun" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumantsch Grischun">Rumantsch Grischun</a></li> <li><i>written varieties:</i> <a href="/wiki/Sursilvan_dialects_(Romansh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sursilvan dialects (Romansh)">Sursilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutsilvan_dialects_(Romansh)" title="Sutsilvan dialects (Romansh)">Sutsilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect_(Romansh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallader dialect (Romansh)">Vallader</a><br /></li> <li><i>non-written varieties:</i> Bargunsegner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect_(Romansh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jauer dialect (Romansh)">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuatschin_dialect_(Romansh)" title="Tuatschin dialect (Romansh)">Tuatschin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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