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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sudden transient acceleration</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Arkansas_(CGN-41)_shock_trials.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/USS_Arkansas_%28CGN-41%29_shock_trials.jpg/220px-USS_Arkansas_%28CGN-41%29_shock_trials.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/USS_Arkansas_%28CGN-41%29_shock_trials.jpg/330px-USS_Arkansas_%28CGN-41%29_shock_trials.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/USS_Arkansas_%28CGN-41%29_shock_trials.jpg/440px-USS_Arkansas_%28CGN-41%29_shock_trials.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Explosive shock test of naval 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Mechanical failure modes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckling" title="Buckling">Buckling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion_fatigue" title="Corrosion fatigue">Corrosion fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creep_(deformation)" title="Creep (deformation)">Creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">Fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouling" title="Fouling">Fouling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture" title="Fracture">Fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_embrittlement" title="Hydrogen embrittlement">Hydrogen embrittlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)" title="Impact (mechanics)">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_metal_embrittlement" title="Liquid metal embrittlement">Liquid metal embrittlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_overload" title="Mechanical overload">Mechanical overload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-induced_embrittlement" title="Metal-induced embrittlement">Metal-induced embrittlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_corrosion_cracking" title="Stress corrosion cracking">Stress corrosion cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfide_stress_cracking" title="Sulfide stress cracking">Sulfide stress cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_shock" title="Thermal shock">Thermal shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wear" title="Wear">Wear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yield_(engineering)" title="Yield (engineering)">Yielding</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mechanical_failure_modes" title="Template:Mechanical failure modes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mechanical_failure_modes" title="Template talk:Mechanical failure modes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mechanical_failure_modes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mechanical failure modes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">mechanics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <b>shock</b> is a sudden <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a> caused, for example, by <a href="/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)" title="Impact (mechanics)">impact</a>, drop, kick, <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosion</a>. Shock is a transient physical excitation. </p><p>Shock describes matter subject to extreme rates of force with respect to time. Shock is a vector that has units of an acceleration (rate of change of velocity). The unit <i>g</i> (or <i><b>g</b></i>) represents multiples of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_acceleration_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard acceleration of gravity">standard acceleration of gravity</a> and is conventionally used. </p><p>A shock pulse can be characterised by its peak acceleration, the duration, and the shape of the shock pulse (half sine, triangular, trapezoidal, etc.). The <a href="/wiki/Shock_response_spectrum" title="Shock response spectrum">shock response spectrum</a> is a method for further evaluating a mechanical shock.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shock_measurement">Shock measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shock_(mechanics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Shock measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shock measurement is of interest in several fields such as </p> <ul><li>Propagation of heel shock through a runner's body<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Measure the magnitude of a shock need to cause damage to an item: <b>fragility</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Measure shock attenuation through athletic flooring <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Measuring the effectiveness of a <a href="/wiki/Shock_absorber" title="Shock absorber">shock absorber</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Measuring the shock absorbing ability of package <a href="/wiki/Cushioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushioning">cushioning</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Measure the ability of an athletic helmet to protect people<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Measure the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Shock_mount" title="Shock mount">shock mounts</a></li> <li>Determining the ability of structures to resist seismic shock: earthquakes, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Determining whether personal protective fabric attenuates or amplifies shocks<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Verifying that a Naval ship and its equipment can survive explosive shocks <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Shocks are usually measured by <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometers</a> but other <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducers</a> and high speed imaging are also used.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wide variety of laboratory <a href="/wiki/Instrumentation" title="Instrumentation">instrumentation</a> is available; stand-alone <a href="/wiki/Shock_data_logger" class="mw-redirect" title="Shock data logger">shock data loggers</a> are also used. </p><p>Field shocks are highly variable and often have very uneven shapes. Even laboratory controlled shocks often have uneven shapes and include short duration spikes; Noise can be reduced by appropriate digital or analog filtering.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Governing <a href="/wiki/Test_method" title="Test method">test methods</a> and specifications provide detail about the conduct of shock tests. Proper placement of measuring instruments is critical. Fragile items and packaged goods respond with variation to uniform laboratory shocks;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Replicate testing is often called for. For example, <a href="/wiki/MIL-STD-810" title="MIL-STD-810">MIL-STD-810</a>G Method 516.6 indicates: <i>at least three times in both directions along each of three orthogonal axes".</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shock_testing">Shock testing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shock_(mechanics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Shock testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drop_test_haz-mat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Drop_test_haz-mat.jpg/170px-Drop_test_haz-mat.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Drop_test_haz-mat.jpg/255px-Drop_test_haz-mat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Drop_test_haz-mat.jpg/340px-Drop_test_haz-mat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption>Military shipping container being drop tested</figcaption></figure> <p>Shock testing typically falls into two categories, classical shock testing and pyroshock or ballistic shock testing. Classical shock testing consists of the following shock impulses: half <a href="/wiki/Sine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sine">sine</a>, haversine, <a href="/wiki/Sawtooth_wave" title="Sawtooth wave">sawtooth wave</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trapezoid" title="Trapezoid">trapezoid</a>. Pyroshock and ballistic shock tests are specialized and are not considered classical shocks. Classical shocks can be performed on Electro Dynamic (ED) Shakers, Free Fall Drop Tower or Pneumatic Shock Machines. A classical shock impulse is created when the shock machine table changes direction abruptly. This abrupt change in direction causes a rapid velocity change which creates the shock impulse. Testing the effects of shock are sometimes conducted on end-use applications: for example, automobile <a href="/wiki/Crash_test" title="Crash test">crash tests</a>. </p><p>Use of proper <a href="/wiki/Test_method" title="Test method">test methods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a> protocols are important for all phases of testing and evaluation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_shock">Effects of shock</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shock_(mechanics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Effects of shock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mechanical shock has the potential for damaging an item (e.g., an entire <a href="/wiki/Light_bulb" class="mw-redirect" title="Light bulb">light bulb</a>) or an element of the item (e.g. a filament in an <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">Incandescent light bulb</a>): </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Brittle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittle">brittle</a> or fragile item can fracture. For example, two crystal wine glasses may shatter when impacted against each other. A <a href="/wiki/Shear_pin" title="Shear pin">shear pin</a> in an engine is designed to fracture with a specific magnitude of shock. Note that a soft <a href="/wiki/Ductile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ductile">ductile</a> material may sometimes exhibit brittle failure during shock due to <a href="/wiki/Time-temperature_superposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-temperature superposition">time-temperature superposition</a>.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Malleable" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleable">malleable</a> item can be bent by a shock. For example, a copper pitcher may bend when dropped on the floor.</li> <li>Some items may appear to be not damaged by a single shock but will experience <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">fatigue</a> failure with numerous repeated low-level shocks.</li> <li>A shock may result in only minor damage which may not be critical for use. However, cumulative minor damage from several shocks will eventually result in the item being unusable.</li> <li>A shock may not produce immediate apparent damage but might cause the service life of the product to be shortened: the <a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">reliability</a> is reduced.</li> <li>A shock may cause an item to become out of adjustment. For example, when a precision scientific instrument is subjected to a moderate shock, good <a href="/wiki/Metrology" title="Metrology">metrology</a> practice may be to have it re<a href="/wiki/Calibrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Calibrate">calibrated</a> before further use.</li> <li>Some materials such as primary high <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosives</a> may <a href="/wiki/Detonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Detonate">detonate</a> with mechanical shock or impact.</li> <li>When <a href="/wiki/Glass_bottles" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass bottles">glass bottles</a> of liquid are dropped or subjected to shock, the <a href="/wiki/Water_hammer" title="Water hammer">water hammer</a> effect may cause <a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrodynamic">hydrodynamic</a> glass breakage.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Considerations">Considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shock_(mechanics)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When laboratory testing, field experience, or engineering judgement indicates that an item could be damaged by mechanical shock, several courses of action might be considered:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Reduce and control the input shock at the source.</li> <li>Modify the item to improve its <a href="/wiki/Toughness" title="Toughness">toughness</a> or support it to better handle shocks.</li> <li>Use <a href="/wiki/Shock_absorber" title="Shock absorber">shock absorbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shock_mount" title="Shock mount">shock mounts</a>, or cushions to control the shock transmitted to the item. <a href="/wiki/Cushioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushioning">Cushioning</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reduces the peak acceleration by extending the duration of the shock.</li> <li>Plan for failures: accept certain losses. Have redundant systems available, etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shock_(mechanics)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_restitution" title="Coefficient of restitution">coefficient of restitution</a> – Ratio characterising inelastic collisions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushioning">Cushioning</a> – Protective packaging<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_collision" title="Elastic collision">Elastic collision</a> – Collision in which kinetic energy is conserved</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_mechanics" title="Fracture mechanics">Fracture mechanics</a> – Study of propagation of cracks in materials</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_toughness" title="Fracture toughness">Fracture toughness</a> – Stress intensity factor at which a crack's propagation increases drastically</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force">g-force</a> – Term for accelerations felt as weight in multiples of standard gravity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)" title="Impact (mechanics)">Impact (mechanics)</a> – Great force or shock applied over a short time period during a high-speed collision</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerk_(physics)" title="Jerk (physics)">Jerk (physics)</a> – Rate of change of acceleration with time</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_testing" title="Modal testing">Modal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_Collision" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic Collision">Plastic Collision</a> – Collision in which energy is lost to heat<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroshock" title="Pyroshock">Pyroshock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Response_spectrum" title="Response spectrum">Response spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_mount" title="Shock mount">Shock mount</a> – Device used for vibration isolation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_data_logger" class="mw-redirect" title="Shock data logger">Shock data logger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_detector" title="Shock detector">Shock detector</a> – Indicator of physical shock or impact</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">Shock wave</a> – Propagating disturbance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_shock" title="Thermal shock">Thermal shock</a> – Load caused by rapid temperature change</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">Vibration</a> – Mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium point</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_hammer" title="Water hammer">Water hammer</a> – Pressure surge when a fluid is forced to stop or change direction suddenly</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIL-S-901" title="MIL-S-901">MIL-S-901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIL-STD-810" title="MIL-STD-810">MIL-STD-810</a> – Military standard Section 516.6, Shock</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shock_(mechanics)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2009" class="citation conference cs1">Alexander, J. Edward (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093602/http://sem-proceedings.com/27i/sem.org-IMAC-XXVII-Conf-s30p002-The-Shock-Response-Spectrum-A-Primer.pdf">"The Shock Response Spectrum – A Primer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the IMAC-XXVII, February 9–12, 2009 Orlando, Florida USA</i>. Society for Experimental Mechanics. 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DoD. 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Package+Cushioning+Design&rft.pub=DoD&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wpafb.af.mil%2Fshared%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2FAFD-120914-055.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShock+%28mechanics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shock_(mechanics)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>DeSilva, C. W., "Vibration and Shock Handbook", CRC, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-1580-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-1580-8">0-8493-1580-8</a></li> <li>Harris, C. M., and Peirsol, A. G. "Shock and Vibration Handbook", 2001, McGraw Hill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-137081-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-137081-1">0-07-137081-1</a></li> <li>ISO 18431:2007 - Mechanical vibration and shock</li> <li>ASTM D6537, Standard Practice for Instrumented Package Shock Testing for Determination of Package Performance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIL-STD-810" title="MIL-STD-810">MIL-STD-810</a>G, Environmental Test Methods and Engineering Guidelines, 2000, sect 516.6</li> <li>Brogliato, B., "Nonsmooth Mechanics. Models, Dynamics and Control", Springer London, 2nd Edition, 1999.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shock_(mechanics)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Response to mechanical shock, Department of Energy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZzCj50Stt0&ebc=ANyPxKoXdOPDHZ0TM-T2JF_KZ_krgG8QgnGNcj7zvTsHOK4dA8yWqLVltRKALrPwJYOQ6dk3-yRi79CeEx40dLGLFVfd1xRidg">[1]</a></li> <li>Shock Response Spectrum, a primer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sandv.com/downloads/0906alex.pdf">[2]</a></li> <li>A Study in the Application of SRS, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://scholarworks.rit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1284&context=theses">[3]</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shock_(mechanics)&oldid=1187182789">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shock_(mechanics)&oldid=1187182789</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mechanics" title="Category:Mechanics">Mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Packaging" title="Category:Packaging">Packaging</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fracture_mechanics" title="Category:Fracture mechanics">Fracture mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Acceleration" title="Category:Acceleration">Acceleration</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_of_redirect_targets_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2023, at 23:43<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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