CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:[]},session_replay:{sampling_rate:10.0,mask_text_selector:"",block_selector:"",mask_input_options:{date:true,text_area:true,week:true,select:true,color:true,range:true,textarea:true,url:true,number:true,search:true,month:true,datetime_local:true,tel:true,text:true,time:true,email:true},enabled:true,error_sampling_rate:100.0}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={xpid:"UA8FUVBADwsIV1VaAgQD",licenseKey:"76fb58fb05",applicationID:"788348554"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-full-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>d});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function d(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>p,xN:()=>g});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const d="[data-nr-mask]",u=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(d):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=d:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,u());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},d={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},u={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!u[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return u[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");u[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,d),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(u[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(u[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=u[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>f,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>l,m:()=>c,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,l=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),f=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>d});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function d(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function u(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)g(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function g(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>d});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),d=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},u={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:g,addEventListener:g,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(d.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=p(e),u=c.length,l=0;l<u;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var g=v()[s[e]];g&&g.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:p,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function g(e,t){n[e]=p(e).concat(t)}function p(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return u[t]=u[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),u=(0,n.Zm)();u.ee||(u.ee=d)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>d});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function d(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>d,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},d={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>u,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>d,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function d(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,d="addEventListener",u="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[d,u],"-",g)}function g(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),h(a.gm,f),h(c.prototype,f)),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,d);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],d=e[c];u(d)||(e[c]=r(d,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return u(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){d([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,u,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],u="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){d([t,"",[o,a,s],u],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],u,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],u,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],u,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){d([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function d(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function u(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>d});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(3969),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function d(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>u,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>d,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},d={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},u=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>d,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function d(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>d,Rz:()=>u,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,d="fn"+s,u="pushState",l=1e3},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},425:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),d=r(5289),u=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),h=r(384),g=r(6344);const p=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",g.G4.RECORD,g.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),R=r(3785),x=r(2646),w=r(3434);function T(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,w.YM)(i),a=new x.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function A(){const e=(0,h.pV)();p.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const E={};var S=r(9417),_=r(5603),O=r(5284);const N=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let I=!1;function P(e,t={},p,x){let{init:w,info:P,loader_config:j,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=p;const H=(0,h.pV)();P||(w=H.init,P=H.info,j=H.loader_config),(0,S.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,w||{}),(0,_.a)(e.agentIdentifier,j||{}),P.jsAttributes??={},u.bv&&(P.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,P);const D=(0,S.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),L=[P.beacon,P.errorBeacon];I||(D.proxy.assets&&(N(D.proxy.assets),L.push(D.proxy.assets)),D.proxy.beacon&&L.push(D.proxy.beacon),A(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===D.soft_navigations.enabled&&D.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...D.ajax.deny_list||[],...D.ajax.block_internal?L:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const p={};var x=s.ee.get(e),w=x.get("tracer");E[e]=b.g.OFF,x.on(g.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{E[e]=t}));var A="api-",S=A+"ixn-";function _(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(A,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function O(){}p.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),(0,R.R)(x,e,t,r)},p.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),T(x,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{p[e]=I(A,e,!0,"api")})),p.addPageAction=I(A,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),p.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(A,"setPageViewName",!0)()},p.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return _(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},p.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return _("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},p.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return _("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},p.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),x.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},p[g.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),(0,a.p)(g.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,x)},p[g.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),(0,a.p)(g.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,x)},p.interaction=function(e){return(new O).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const N=O.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),h||(0,a.p)(S+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,x),function(){if(w.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw w.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{w.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,v.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,x),r?void 0:this}}function P(){r.e(891).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),x.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{N[e]=I(S,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),p.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(S,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(A,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),p.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!E[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,x)},u.RI?(0,d.GG)((()=>P()),!0):P(),p}(e.agentIdentifier,x,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),I=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({95:"nr-full-compressor",222:"nr-full-recorder",891:"nr-full"}[e]+"-1.274.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var d=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),u=0;u<d.length;u++){var l=d[u];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={891:"sha512-Sx2xJQrHp2m/Ngn/ZcfBCUwNr2Xy/C5urYtWpfm3bWpil4spXOQGTtNwIfF5HvPGioGASn9QTyE4Z+zC7r7wcg==",222:"sha512-hMte3OWgwwYeisSiD7WCIx/6tT16zLaPjag9uF4tIZp7ybOvrJKbeyzhe4fz1tDbkdcdOMm8dvgPPLBatSAGeA==",95:"sha512-MPaT9dkHv16XzwEUVZPyqpN1do/Er1XFAZoIAPYWylmv+iGIThqN+GwQq27pUyAX7sNXVJQVZezH96p53Ks3Pg=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(g);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},g=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={959:0,85:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,d=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);d<a.length;d++)o=a[d],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function d(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var u=i(425);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),g=i(6154),p=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(891).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(891).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(891).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};g.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,p.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class R extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var x=i(384);var w=i(9908),T=i(2843),A=i(3878),E=i(782),S=i(1863);class _ extends b{static featureName=E.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,E.T,t),g.RI&&((0,T.u)((()=>(0,w.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,A.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,w.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var O=i(3969);class N extends b{static featureName=O.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,O.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),P=i(3304);class j{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,P.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return D(e)?e:new j(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(D(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function H(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new j(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return D(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function D(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class L extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,w.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,S.t)(),!0,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),g.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,w.p)("err",[k(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),g.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,w.p)("err",[H(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var K=i(8990);let M=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===g.gm?0:(0,K.I)(e,U,(function(){return M++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,P.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=g.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=g.gm.MutationObserver,s=g.gm.Promise,c=g.gm.setInterval,d="readystatechange",u=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=g.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(d,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,u,"fn-",y)}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(p?p.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var p=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===d||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",Q=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],J=g.gm.Request,ee=g.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(J&&ee&&g.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,Q.forEach((e=>{r(J[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(g.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),d={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(d.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),d.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(d.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),d}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof g.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,P.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),de=["load","error","abort","timeout"],ue=de.length,le=(0,x.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,x.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,w.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};g.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};ge(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=x,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){T(t,e)}),(0,A.jT)(!1)),g.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},ge(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<ue;s++)r.addEventListener(de[s],this.listener,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function d(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function u(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,S.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function p(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,S.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,S.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&g.RI&&(t=""+g.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:g.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:g.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),ge(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function R(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,S.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,S.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function x(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<ue;t++)e.removeEventListener(de[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,S.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCazptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):T(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function T(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,w.p)(O.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",d),t.on("xhr-load-added",u),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",p),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",R)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function ge(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const pe={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!g.RI||pe[t.debugId]++||(pe[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:Re,d3:xe,Kp:we,TZ:Te,Lc:Ae,uP:Ee,Rz:Se}=be;class _e extends b{static featureName=Te;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Te,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Ee,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,S.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){(0,w.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,S.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Se+xe,(function(e){this.time=(0,S.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Se+we,(function(e){(0,w.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,w.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:Re,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var Oe=i(2614);class Ne extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(Oe.H3,"_").concat(Oe.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,p.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,w.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.ERROR)||(0,p.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#d=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#d){this.#d=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(891),i.e(222)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(Oe.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=Oe.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=Oe.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3333);class Pe extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Ie.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled];g.RI&&e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(Ie.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,w.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),Ie.qN.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,w.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)))))),r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var je=i(993),Ce=i(3785);class ke extends b{static featureName=je.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,je.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,Ce.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),g.gm?(this.features={},(0,x.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(R),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,u.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=d(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,x.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[R,_,_e,Ne,he,N,L,Pe,ke],loaderType:"pro"})})()})();</script> <meta name="keywords" content="" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.bio-techne.com/research-areas/microbiology" /> <meta name="baidu-site-verification" content="xQr2vSIwwB" /> <title>Microbiology Research: microbes, bacterial & viral pathogens</title> <meta name="description" content="Discover parasitic and symbiotic relationships, virulence factors and endotoxins such as LPS on the host inflammatory response; regulation of immunity, digestion, and metabolism from microbiota interactions" /> <meta name="pubDate" content="202010" /> <script id="json-ld" type="application/ld+json">[{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"SiteNavigationElement","about":[{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/sars-cov-research-resources","name":"COVID-19 Research Tools"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/productsearch/novus","name":"Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/products/primary-antibodies","name":"Primary Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/conjugatedantibodies.html","name":"Conjugated Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/samplesize","name":"Sample Size Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/products/crispr-cas9-genetic-knockout-antibody-validation-reproducibility","name":"KO Validated Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/recombinant-monoclonals","name":"Recombinant Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/antibody-packs","name":"Antibody Sampler Packs"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/antibody-pairs","name":"Antibody Pairs"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/GeneralSecondaryAntibodies","name":"Secondary Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/products/isotype-controls","name":"Isotype Control Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/peptides-and-proteins","name":"Proteins and Peptides"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/products/peptides-and-proteins","name":"Peptides & Proteins"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/blocking-with-immunizing-peptide","name":"Blocking Peptides"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/peptides-and-proteins%3Fapplications%3DBioactivity","name":"Biologically Active Proteins"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/product-type/lysates","name":"Lysates and Cell Lines"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/lysates","name":"Lysates"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/stem-cells/stem-cell-lines.html","name":"Stem Cell Lines"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/kits","name":"Kits"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/Lightning-Link%20Antibody%20Labeling%20Kits","name":"Antibody Labeling Kits"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/kits%3Fcategory%3DKits%26kit_type%3DChIP%2520Kit","name":"ChIP Kits"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/products/elisa-kits","name":"ELISA Kits"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/kits%3Fcategory%3DKits%26kit_type%3DFlow%2520Cytometry%2520Kit","name":"Flow Cytometry Kits"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/support-products%3Fcategory%3DSupport%2520Products%26applications%3DLigand%2520Activation","name":"Activators and Inhibitors"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/inhibitors","name":"Inhibitors"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/support-products%3Fcategory%3DSupport%2520Products%26applications%3DLigand%2520Activation","name":"Activators"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/support-products","name":"Support Products"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-topics/cell-biology/exosome-isolation-and-detection","name":"Exosome Isolation"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/products/flow-cytometry-quality-control-beads","name":"Flow Cytometry Beads"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/control-slides","name":"IHC Tissue Slides"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/tissue-microarrays","name":"IHC Microarrays"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/search%3Fkeywords%3Drunblue","name":"Western Blot Gels & Buffers"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/wb-membranes","name":"Western Blot Membranes"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/support-products","name":"All Support Products"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/bulk-and-custom.html","name":"Bulk and Custom"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support.html","name":"Resources"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/support-by-application.html","name":"Protocols"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/video-protocols","name":"Video Protocols"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/troubleshooting","name":"Troubleshooting Guides"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/mailing-list","name":"Posters and Literature"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/handbooks-and-guides","name":"Handbooks and Guides"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/resources/calculators","name":"Calculators"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/faqs.html","name":"FAQs"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/antibody-news","name":"Blogs"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/all-diseases.html","name":"Diseases"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/whitepapers.html","name":"Whitepapers"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/webform/help-finding-antibodies","name":"Antibody Concierge"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/webinar","name":"Webinars"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-tools.html","name":"Tools"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/spectraviewer","name":"Spectra Viewer"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/novusknowsflow.html","name":"Flow Cytometry Panel Builder"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/application","name":"Application"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/application/elisa","name":"ELISA"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/application/flow-cytometry","name":"Flow Cytometry"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/products/antibodies-cytof","name":"Mass Cytometry (CyTOF)"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/application/icc","name":"ICC"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/application/ihc","name":"IHC"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/application/western-blotting","name":"Western Blotting"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/interviews","name":"Interviews"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/faculty/faculty-interviews","name":"Faculty"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/postdoc/postdoc-interviews","name":"Postdoc"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas.html","name":"By Research Area"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/apoptosis-pathway","name":"Apoptosis"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/autophagy-pathway","name":"Autophagy"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/cancer","name":"Cancer"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/cell-biology","name":"Cell Biology"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/cellular-markers","name":"Cellular Markers"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/epigenetics","name":"Epigenetics"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/epitope-tags","name":"Epitope Tags"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/cell-biology/Exosome-research-tools","name":"Exosomes Research"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/hypoxia","name":"Hypoxia"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/immunology","name":"Immunology"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/microbiology","name":"Microbiology"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/neuroscience","name":"Neuroscience"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/stem-cells","name":"Stem Cells"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/pathwaypages.html","name":"By Pathway"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/akt-signaling-pathway","name":"AKT "},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/mapkerkpathway.html","name":"ERK1/2/5 Pathway"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/hedgehogpathway.html","name":"Hedgehog"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/hippo-pathway.html","name":"Hippo"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/jnk-signaling-pathway","name":"JNK Pathway"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/mtor-pathway","name":"mTOR"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/necroptosis-pathway","name":"Necroptosis"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/nfkbpathway","name":"NFKB Signaling"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/p38mapkpathway.html","name":"p38 Signaling"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/tgfbetapathway","name":"TGF Beta"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/toll-like-receptors","name":"TLR"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/programs.html","name":"Customer Care"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/guarantee","name":"100% Guarantee"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/innovators-reward.html","name":"Risk Free Testing"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/about/rewards.html","name":"Novus Rewards Program"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/publications","name":"Publication Rewards Program"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/newlab.html","name":"New Lab Discount"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/scholarship-program.html","name":"Scholarship"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/travelgrant.html","name":"Travel Grants"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/products/promotions","name":"Promotions"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/about.html","name":"About us"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.bio-techne.com/about/careers","name":"Careers"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/about/collaborations.html","name":"Collaborations"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/about/events","name":"Events"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/about/novus-story.html","name":"Novus Story"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/about/novus-team.html","name":"Our Team"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/about/novus-philanthropy.html","name":"Philanthropy"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/about/press-release.html","name":"Press Releases"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/why-choose-novus.html","name":"Why choose Novus"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/about/contact-us.html","name":"Contact Us"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/about/contact-us.html","name":"Customer Service"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/novus-distributors/list","name":"Distributors"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/technical-support.html","name":"Technical Support"}]},{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"WPFooter","about":[{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/productsearch/novus","name":"Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/product-type/secondary-antibodies","name":"Secondary Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/product-type/isotype-controls","name":"Isotype Controls"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/product-type/peptides-and-proteins","name":"Proteins and Peptides"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/product-type/elisa-kits","name":"ELISA Kits"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/samplesize","name":"Sample Size"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.comhttps://www.novusbio.com/new-product-information-page.html","name":"New Products"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/about.html","name":"About Us"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.comhttps://www.bio-techne.com/about/careers","name":"Careers"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/guarantee","name":"Novus Guarantee"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/about/contact-us.html","name":"Contact Us"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/about/novus-team.html","name":"Our Team"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/support/customer-service/privacy-policy.html","name":"Privacy Policy"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/novus-bio-sitemap.html","name":"Sitemap"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/about/contact-us.html","name":"Contact Us"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/support/customer-service/terms.html","name":"Terms & Conditions"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/support/technical-support.html","name":"Technical Support"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/support/faqs.html","name":"FAQs"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/webform/help-finding-antibodies","name":"Help Finding Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/support/support-by-application.html","name":"Protocols"}]},{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"WebPage","breadcrumb":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Thing","@id":"https://www.novusbio.com/","name":"Home"}}]},"potentialaction":{"query":""}}]</script> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.novusbio.com/node/41071356" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Novus Biologicals" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.novusbio.com/research-areas/microbiology" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Microbiology" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://resources.bio-techne.com/images/Social/2019NovusLogo.png" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/css/css_LyQQziAp-Ie-zmhrx1RDdqrlziy3o8gvzDqRXCb00hg.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/css/css_epQTvxkLlfWLGSq94lW04RlDEK26840QgzyS2d_R_fw.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/css/css_O34kbG7bNV2L25ZSxqya97cIYb6L-fiUUtyOnP8D4Vg.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/css/css_8-zvMULc0G5JczOUIWkZin0svexCP7R5pWo6msP_YwM.css" media="all" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/js/js_VUlliwzd-_is1_ryJskaiFlvPtaBpYuWsDxU6fMyUEk.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/js/js_c8LbWbHV1txem3q8oAzuadnL-HiBShaQH_WRviNqT_g.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/js/js_4newT8cBOK9auTS1LAR6RL1VYq1INsyOKwxSb1E2BPI.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/js/js_L8lyw9KaYYTt-8qh-mBY7lce378ekr1ZVaQi2f0q5pI.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/js/js_4Vv8GAuPg4M6GWetVxgFDPNPYfVcP37nnmzoZnsPOj8.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/js/js_V5Fwoup1DkxxL-Rm-7is5QWj_MZhigWTY27_fmKn7S4.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/js/js_Cd-6G9n7MZHe1pMqkZXBsw7rJDf_w3XQZBszSMZjV5s.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/js/js_dTJ57J99vIQpm9yKYgRKrebKxLHZQ0v0YQF2TKZcMBY.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/js/js_sNIdssRhxhJxJxAR2Pduc4_PqOXIKZf2m8g4hyLSJ8s.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/ico" href="//images.novusbio.com/design/faviconNew.ico"/> <meta name="yandex-verification" content="e7c24419f013b549"/> </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in no-sidebars page-node page-node- page-node-41071356 node-type-research-area" >  <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-52KXLL" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>  <div id="skip-link"> <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> </div> <noscript aria-hidden="true"><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-52KXLL" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div class="region region-bt-brands-bar"> <div id="block-bt-brands-bar-bt-brands-bar" class="block block-bt-brands-bar"> <div class="content"> <div id="bt_brands_bar"> <div class="container_16"> <div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; width:960px;zoom:1;word-wrap:break-word;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.bio-techne.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" aria-label="Bio-Techne"><div class="brandsSprite_biotechne"></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" aria-label="R&D Systems"><div class="brandsSprite_rndsystems"></div></a></li><li class="active"><div class="brandsSprite_novusbio_color"></div></li><li><a href="https://www.tocris.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" aria-label="Tocris Bioscience"><div class="brandsSprite_tocris"></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/brands/proteinsimple" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" aria-label="ProteinSimple"><div class="brandsSprite_proteinsimple"></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.biospacific.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" aria-label="BiosPacific"><div class="brandsSprite_biospacific"></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.cliniqa.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" aria-label="Cliniqa"><div class="brandsSprite_cliniqa"></div></a></li><li><a href="https://acdbio.com/ " rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" aria-label="ACD"><div class="brandsSprite_acd"></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.rndheme.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" aria-label="R&D Heme"><div class="brandsSprite_rndheme"></div></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-et-cookie-policy-cookie-policy" class="block block-et-cookie-policy"> <div class="content"> <div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="overlay"></div> <div id="header"> <div class="bluewide_wrapper"> <div class="container_16"> <div class="grid_16"> <div id="top_bar"> <div class="region region-top-left-bar"> <div id="block-et-internationalization-novus-dist-short" class="block block-et-internationalization"> <div class="content"> <div id="top_bar_support_info"><noscript>Support: 1-888-506-6887</noscript></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="top_bar_novus"> <div class="region region-top-right-bar"> <div id="block-et-quickorder-et-quickorder" class="block block-et-quickorder"> <div class="content"> <div id="quickOrder_topbar">Quick Order  <div class="fp_quickorder_arrow"></div> <div id="quickOrder_dropdown"> <p class="quickOrder_disabled">Quick order is disabled in your country. Please contact Customer Service if you have questions.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-et-internationalization-country-dropdown" class="block block-et-internationalization"> <div class="content"> <div id="internationalization_country_select"> <div class="internationalization_drop"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="content-wrapper" class="container_16"> <div class="grid_4"> <div id="logo"> <a href="/"><img src="//images.novusbio.com/design/novus_color_RGB_small.png" alt="Novus Biologicals Logo"></a> </div> </div> <div class="grid_12"> <div class="region region-login-area"> <div id="block-et-internationalization-sign-in" class="block block-et-internationalization"> <div class="content"> <div id="sign_in"><a href="/user/login" rel="nofollow"><noscript>Account</noscript></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search_form_container"> <div class="region region-search-bar"> <div id="block-et-searchbar-et-searchbar-bar" class="block block-et-searchbar"> <div class="content"> <div class="et_searchbar_wrapper"> <form name="et_searchbar" method="GET" action="/search" class="search_form"><div class="et_searchbar"> <input autocomplete="off" name="keywords" type="text" class="et_searchbar_wide et_searchbar_default" value="" placeholder="Enter Catalog #, Protein, or Keywords." data-default="" /><input type="submit" value="search" class="fp_mag_glass_wideSearch"></div></form><div class="et_spinner_small et_searchbar_spinner"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> </div> <div class="bluewide_wrapper"> <div class="container_16"> <div class="grid_16" id="main_menu"> <div class="region region-header"> <div id="block-et-main-menu-et-main-menu-block" class="block block-et-main-menu"> <div class="content"> <div id="main_menu_wrapper"> <ul id="small_menu"> <li class="main_menu_parent"> <div class="main_menu_submenu"><div id="menu_products" class="menu_drop"> <div class="mm_menu"><ul class="menu"><li class="first expanded"><span title="" class="separator"><hr></span><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/support/sars-cov-research-resources" title="">COVID-19 Research Tools</a></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/productsearch/novus" title="">Antibodies</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first expanded"><a href="/products/primary-antibodies" title="">Primary Antibodies</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/conjugatedantibodies.html" title="">Conjugated Antibodies</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/samplesize" title="">Sample Size Antibodies</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/products/crispr-cas9-genetic-knockout-antibody-validation-reproducibility" title="">KO Validated Antibodies</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="https://www.novusbio.com/recombinant-monoclonals" title="">Recombinant Antibodies</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/product-type/antibody-packs" title="">Antibody Sampler Packs</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/product-type/antibody-pairs" title="">Antibody Pairs</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/support/GeneralSecondaryAntibodies" title="">Secondary Antibodies</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/products/isotype-controls" title="">Isotype Control Antibodies</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/product-type/peptides-and-proteins" title="">Proteins and Peptides</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/products/peptides-and-proteins" title="">Peptides & Proteins</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/support/blocking-with-immunizing-peptide" title="">Blocking Peptides</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/product-type/peptides-and-proteins?applications=Bioactivity" title="">Biologically Active Proteins</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded"><a href="https://www.novusbio.com/product-type/lysates" title="">Lysates and Cell Lines</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/product-type/lysates" title="">Lysates</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/research-areas/stem-cells/stem-cell-lines.html" title="">Stem Cell Lines</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded"><span title="" class="separator"><hr></span><ul class="menu"><li class="first expanded"><a href="/product-type/kits" title="">Kits</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/Lightning-Link%20Antibody%20Labeling%20Kits" title="">Antibody Labeling Kits</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/product-type/kits?category=Kits&kit_type=ChIP%20Kit" title="">ChIP Kits</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/products/elisa-kits" title="">ELISA Kits</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/product-type/kits?category=Kits&kit_type=Flow%20Cytometry%20Kit" title="">Flow Cytometry Kits</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/product-type/support-products?category=Support%20Products&applications=Ligand%20Activation" title="">Activators and Inhibitors</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/product-type/inhibitors" title="">Inhibitors</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/product-type/support-products?category=Support%20Products&applications=Ligand%20Activation" title="">Activators</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/product-type/support-products" title="">Support Products</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/research-topics/cell-biology/exosome-isolation-and-detection" title="Exosome Isolation and Detection Tools">Exosome Isolation</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/products/flow-cytometry-quality-control-beads" title="Flow Cytometry Calibration, Compensation and Cell Counting Beads">Flow Cytometry Beads</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/control-slides" title="">IHC Tissue Slides</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/tissue-microarrays" title="">IHC Microarrays</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/search?keywords=runblue" title="">Western Blot Gels & Buffers</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/product-type/wb-membranes" title="">Western Blot Membranes</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/product-type/support-products" title="">All Support Products</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/support/bulk-and-custom.html" title="">Bulk and Custom</a></li> </ul></li> </ul><div class="clear"></div></div> </div></div> <div class="menu_header"> <a href="/search?keywords=novus" class="main_menu_parent_link">Products</a> </div> </li> <li class="main_menu_parent"> <div class="main_menu_submenu"><div id="menu_support" class="menu_drop"> <div class="mm_menu"><a href="/support/support-by-application.html"><div class="link_button link_protocols_button">Our Protocols</div></a><ul class="menu"><li class="first expanded"><span title="" class="separator"><hr></span><ul class="menu"><li class="first last expanded"><a href="/support.html" title="">Resources</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/support/support-by-application.html" title="">Protocols</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/support/video-protocols" title="">Video Protocols</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/support/troubleshooting" title="">Troubleshooting Guides</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/mailing-list" title="">Posters and Literature</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/support/handbooks-and-guides" title="">Handbooks and Guides</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/resources/calculators" title="">Calculators</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/support/faqs.html" title="">FAQs</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/antibody-news" title="">Blogs</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/all-diseases.html" title="">Diseases</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/whitepapers.html" title="">Whitepapers</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/webform/help-finding-antibodies" title="">Antibody Concierge</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/webinar" title="">Webinars</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded"><span title="" class="separator"><hr></span><ul class="menu"><li class="first expanded"><a href="/research-tools.html" title="">Tools</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/spectraviewer" title="">Spectra Viewer</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/novusknowsflow.html" title="">Flow Cytometry Panel Builder</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/application" title="">Application</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/application/elisa" title="">ELISA</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/application/flow-cytometry" title="">Flow Cytometry</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="https://www.novusbio.com/products/antibodies-cytof" title="">Mass Cytometry (CyTOF)</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/application/icc" title="">ICC</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/application/ihc" title="">IHC</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/application/western-blotting" title="">Western Blotting</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded"><a href="/interviews" title="">Interviews</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/faculty/faculty-interviews" title="">Faculty</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/postdoc/postdoc-interviews" title="">Postdoc</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul><div class="clear"></div></div> </div></div> <div class="menu_header"> <a href="/support.html" class="main_menu_parent_link">Resources</a> </div> </li> <li class="main_menu_parent"> <div class="main_menu_submenu"><div id="menu_ra" class="menu_drop"> <div class="mm_menu"><a href="/pathwaypages.html"><div class="link_button">View Pathways</div></a><ul class="menu"><li class="first expanded"><span title="" class="separator"><hr></span><ul class="menu"><li class="first last expanded"><a href="/research-areas.html" title="">By Research Area</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/research-areas/apoptosis" title="">Apoptosis</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/autophagy" title="">Autophagy</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/cancer" title="">Cancer</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/cell-biology" title="">Cell Biology</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/cellular-markers" title="">Cellular Markers</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/epigenetics" title="">Epigenetics</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/epitope-tags" title="">Epitope Tags</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/cell-biology/Exosome-research-tools" title="Exosome Research Tools">Exosomes Research</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/hypoxia" title="">Hypoxia</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/immunology" title="">Immunology</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/microbiology" title="">Microbiology</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/neuroscience" title="">Neuroscience</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/research-areas/stem-cells" title="">Stem Cells</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded"><span title="" class="separator"><hr></span><ul class="menu"><li class="first last expanded"><a href="/pathwaypages.html" title="">By Pathway</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/akt-signaling-pathway" title="">AKT </a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/apoptosis-pathway" title="">Apoptosis</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/autophagy-pathway" title="">Autophagy</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/mapkerkpathway.html" title="">ERK1/2/5 Pathway</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/hedgehogpathway.html" title="">Hedgehog</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/hippo-pathway.html" title="">Hippo</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/jnk-signaling-pathway" title="">JNK Pathway</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/mtor-pathway" title="">mTOR</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/necroptosis-pathway" title="">Necroptosis</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/nfkbpathway" title="">NFKB Signaling</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/p38mapkpathway.html" title="">p38 Signaling</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/tgfbetapathway" title="">TGF Beta</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/toll-like-receptors" title="">TLR</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul><div class="clear"></div></div> </div></div> <div class="menu_header"> <a href="/research-areas.html" class="main_menu_parent_link">Research Areas</a> </div> </li> <li class="main_menu_parent"> <div class="main_menu_submenu"><div id="menu_promotions" class="menu_drop"> <div class="mm_menu"><a href="/about/rewards.html"><div class="link_button">Get Rewards</div></a><ul class="menu"><li class="first last expanded"><span title="" class="separator"><hr></span><ul class="menu"><li class="first last expanded"><a href="/programs.html" title="">Customer Care</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/guarantee" title="">100% Guarantee</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/support/innovators-reward.html" title="">Risk Free Testing</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/rewards.html" title="">Novus Rewards Program</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/publications" title="">Publication Rewards Program</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/newlab.html" title="">New Lab Discount</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/scholarship-program.html" title="">Scholarship</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/travelgrant.html" title="">Travel Grants</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/products/promotions" title="">Promotions</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul><div class="clear"></div></div> </div></div> <div class="menu_header"> <a href="/programs.html" class="main_menu_parent_link">Customer Care</a> </div> </li> <li class="main_menu_parent"> <div class="main_menu_submenu"><div id="menu_about" class="menu_drop"> <div class="mm_menu"><a href="/about/careers-at-novus.html"><div class="link_button">Novus Careers</div></a><ul class="menu"><li class="first last expanded"><span title="" class="separator"><hr></span><ul class="menu"><li class="first last expanded"><a href="/about.html" title="">About us</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/about/careers" title="">Careers</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/collaborations.html" title="">Collaborations</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/events" title="Events">Events</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/novus-story.html" title="">Novus Story</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/novus-team.html" title="">Our Team</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/novus-philanthropy.html" title="">Philanthropy</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/press-release.html" title="">Press Releases</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/why-choose-novus.html" title="">Why choose Novus</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul><div class="clear"></div></div> </div></div> <div class="menu_header"> <a href="/about.html" class="main_menu_parent_link">About Us</a> </div> </li> <li class="main_menu_parent"> <div class="main_menu_submenu"><div id="menu_contact" class="menu_drop"> <div class="mm_menu"><ul class="menu"><li class="first last expanded"><span title="" class="separator"><hr></span><ul class="menu"><li class="first last expanded"><a href="/about/contact-us.html" title="">Contact Us</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/about/contact-us.html" title="">Customer Service</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/novus-distributors/list" title="">Distributors</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/support/technical-support.html" title="">Technical Support</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul><div class="clear"></div></div> </div></div> <div class="menu_header"> <a href="/about/contact-us.html" class="main_menu_parent_link">Contact</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="caspertesting"> <div class="container_16"> <div id="page-breadcrumb" class="grid_16"> <div class="breadcrumb"><a href="/">Home</a> » <a href="/research-areas.html">Research Areas</a> » Microbiology</div> <div class="region region-banners"> <div id="block-block-26" class="block block-block"> <div class="content"> <div class="container_12"><a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/account/novus-bio-techne/login?_ga=2.17257593.151271452<br />
5.1724696046-473375462.1712005244" style="margin: 0 10px;" target="_blank"><img alt="Novus Biologicals products are now on bio-techne.com" src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/ready-to-buy-novus-products-login.png" style="height:120px; width:940px" /></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="ra-header"><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-microbiology-ra-banner2.jpg" class="ra-header" alt="Microbiology" /></div> </div> <div class="main grid_4"> <div class="ra-menu"><ul><li class="active"><a href="/research-areas/microbiology">Microbiology</a></li><li><a href="/research-areas/microbiology/bacterial-pathogens">Bacterial Pathogens</a></li><li><a href="/research-areas/microbiology/gut-brain-axis">Gut-Brain Axis Resources</a></li><li><a href="/research-areas/microbiology/viral-pathogens">Viral Pathogens</a></li></ul></div><div class="ra-publications"><div class="ra-left-header">Publications</div><div class="ra-left-body"><ul class="ra-publist"><li><a href="/support/gut-brain-axis-poster" target="_blank"><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/gut-brain-poster-187px.jpg" /></a></li><li><a href="https://resources.rndsystems.com/images/site/rnd-systems-coronavirus-research-br.pdf" target="_blank"><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/bt-coronavirus-br.jpg" /></a></li><li><a href="https://acdbio.com/science/applications/research-areas/covid-19-coronavirus" target="_blank"><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/acd-covid19-flyer.jpg" /></a></li><li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/resources/posters/pattern-recognition-receptors-innate-immune-response" target="_blank"><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/PRR-poster-resource-187px.jpg" /></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="ra-charities"><div class="ra-left-header">Charities</div><div class="ra-left-body"><span class="ra-button-span"><a href="mailto:marketing@novusbio.com?subject=Charity%20Submission%20for%20Microbiology" class="ra-button">Submit a Charity</a></span><div class="clear"></div></div></div><div class="ra-events"><div class="ra-left-header">Events</div><div class="ra-left-body"><p class="ra-events-blurb"><span class="ra-events-image"> </span>Submit your event on Microbiology to be featured.</p><span class="ra-button-span"><a href="mailto:marketing@novusbio.com?subject=Event%20Submission%20for%20Microbiology&body%3DEvent%20Name%3A%0ADescription%3A%0ADates%3A%0ATime%3A%0ALocation%3A%0AMore%20information%20URL%3A%0AImage%20%28please%20attach%20any%20relevant%20images%29" class="ra-button">Submit an Event</a></span><div class="clear"></div></div></div> </div> <div class="main grid_12"> <table> <tr> <td> <h1>Microbiology Research Scope</h1> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Microbiology research encompasses the study of all microscopic entities including unicellular and multicellular life forms, and non-cellular or acellular particles. When microbes form symbiotic relationships with hosts, either both species benefit from the host-microbe interaction, classified as mutualism, or is described as commensalism where only one species benefits. Conversely in parasitism one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host, often resulting in an infection and/or disease.</p> <p> </p> <table width="650px" align="center" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="6"> <tr align="center" bgcolor="#005F9E"> <td align="center" colspan="2"><span style="color: #FFFFFF; font-weight: bold;">Unicellular</span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top" align="center"> <td ><p><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-microbiology-bacteria-300px.jpg" alt="Single celled organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles; with pathogenic bacteria causing infections and disease" title="Bacteria or Prokaryotic Microorganisms"><br/> <a href="/research-areas/bacterial-pathogens"><strong>Bacteria</strong></a>- Prokaryotic unicellular forms are defined by their lack of organized membrane-enclosed DNA or nuclei and organelles.</p> </td> <td><p><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-microbiology-protozoa-300px.jpg" alt="Types of Protozoa including amoebas are either free living or can cause disease" title="Protozoans, Single-celled Eukaryotes"><br/> <strong>Protozoa</strong>- Eukaryotic unicellular organisms include free living and parasitic forms.</p> </td> </tr> <tr align="center" bgcolor="#005F9E"> <td align="center"><span style="color: #FFFFFF; font-weight: bold;">Unicellular or Multicellular</span></td> <td align="center"><span style="color: #FFFFFF; font-weight: bold;">Acellular</span></td> </tr> <tr align="center" valign="top"> <td><p><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-microbiology-fungi-300px.jpg" alt="Eukaryotic microorganisms that include yeast and molds. Thermally dimorphic fungi infect humans and other mammals" title="Fungi Classification"><br/> <strong>Fungi</strong>- Eukaryotic organisms may be unicellular, as exemplified by <a href="/product-type/primary-antibodies?species=Yeast">yeasts</a>, and includes multicellular forms, represented by molds and dimorphic <a href="/product-type/primary-antibodies?species=Fungi">fungi</a>.</p> </td> <td><p><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-microbiology-viruses-300px.jpg" alt="Small parasites, having DNA or RNA, capsid, envelope, and membrane proteins; requiring a host to replicate." title="Viruses and Virions"><br/> <a href="/research-areas/microbiology-viral-pathogens"><strong>Viruses</strong></a>- Non-cellular particles consistent of genetic material (DNA or RNA) and proteins. Viruses infect cells of multicellular and unicellular organisms which serve as hosts for their replication.</p> </tr> </table> <br/> <h2>Microbial Diseases</h2> <p>Medical microbiology focuses on pathogenic microbes, which represent about 1% or less of all microorganisms. Microbiology as an area of research is closely intertwined with <a href="/research-areas/immunology/infections-virus-bacteria-and-parasites">immunology</a>, particularly in the study of host-pathogen interactions in infectious diseases. Microbial pathogen structures commonly referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are first recognized by cells of the <a href="/research-areas/immunology/innate-immunity">innate immune system</a> through a broad range of <a href="/research-areas/immunology/toll-receptors-tlr">pattern recognition receptors</a> (PRRs).</p> <br/> <p align="center"> <a href="/antibody-news/pamps-and-damps-what-is-the-same-and-what-is-different-about-these-molecules" class="link_button">Learn About PAMPs and DAMPs</a> </p> <br/> <h2>Microbial Virulence </h2> <p>Microbial pathogens induce tissue damage by their unique invasive phenotypes and virulence factors. <strong>Bacteria</strong> produce endotoxins (e.g., lipopolysaccharide or <a href="/search?keywords=Lipopolysaccharide&species=Bacteria">LPS</a>) and exotoxins (e.g., <a href="/search?keywords=Clostridium+botulinum">Botulinum toxin</a> and <a href="/search?keywords=Clostridium+Difficile+Toxin+"><em>Clostridium difficile</em> toxin A and B</a>). LPS is a predominant component of the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane containing a toxic lipid component, Lipid A, which triggers a generalized inflammatory response. In contrast, exotoxins are proteins produced predominantly by Gram-positive bacteria that act upon specific cellular receptors leading to cell damage. </p> <br/> <table cellpadding="6" cellspacing="6"> <tr> <td width="30%"> <p align="right"><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/francisella-tularensis-lps-antibody-250px.jpg" alt="Specificity of the F. Tularensis LPS Antibody (FB11) [NB110-7999] was evaluated by testing various bacterial strains and results show that mAb FB11 recognizes the O-antigen moiety of LPS." title="Francisella Tularensisurase LPS Western Blot"></p> </td> <td width="70%"> <p><em>Specificity of </em><a href="/products/francisella-tularensis-lps-antibody-fb11_nb110-7999"><em>Francisella Tularensis LPS Antibody (FB11) [NB110-7999]</em></a><em>. Inactivated F. tularensis SCHU S4 (lane 1), SCHU S4 deltawbtI (lacks O-antigen, lane 2), LVS (lane 3), F. tularensis subsp. holarctica (lane 4), subsp. novicida (lane 5), F. philomiragia (lane 6), purified B. pseudomallei LPS (lane 7) and E. coli LPS (lane 8) were separated on 12% SDS-PAGE gels and blotted onto nitrocellulose membranes. The membranes then were probed with mAb FB11. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195308), licensed under a CC-BY licence.</em></p> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="30%"> <p align="right"><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/clostridium-defficile-toxinB-164px.jpg" alt="Titration of the recombinant toxin B (TcdB) protein detected by Western Blot" title="Clostridium difficile toxin B (TcdB) Western Blot"></p> </td> <td width="70%"> <p><a href="/common-name/clostridium-difficile-toxin-b"><em>Clostridium difficile toxin B (TcdB)</em></a><em> is one of the main exotoxins produced by C. difficile which induces cytotoxicity through the inactivation of GTP binding proteins (Rho, Rac, and Cdc42). Western blot analysis of recombinant </em><a href="/products/recombinant-c-difficile-toxin-b-tcdb-protein-cf_6246-gt"><em>C. difficile Toxin B/TcdB (6246-GT)</em></a><em>. PVDF membrane was probed with 1 µg/mL of </em><a href="/products/toxin-b-tcdb-antibody_af6246"><em>Sheep Polyclonal Antibody to C. difficile Toxin B/TcdB Antigen (AF6246)</em></a><em> followed by </em><a href="/products/igg-antibody_haf016"><em>HRP-conjugated Anti-Sheep IgG Secondary Antibody (HAF016)</em></a><em>. A specific band was detected for Toxin B/TcdB at approximately 75 kDa. </em></p> </td> </tr> </table> <br/> <p><strong>Virus</strong> virulence determinants are encoded by both structural and non-structural proteins. Virulence factors act through different mechanisms to modulate virus-host interactions, including the regulation of viral replication, attachment, cell entry, and transmissibility. Additionally, virulence factors may modulate the host’s immune system allowing viruses to remain undetected. This is best exemplified by the immune-modulating factors produced by large DNA viruses such as poxviruses and herpes viruses which either inhibit or mimic host’s cytokines, chemokines, and proteases.</p> <p> </p> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" width="700px" title="Virulence Factors Modulating the Immune response"> <tr bgcolor="#005F9E"> <td width="109" > <span style="color: #FFFFFF; font-weight: bold;">Virus </span> </td> <td width="230" > <span style="color: #FFFFFF; font-weight: bold;">Immunomodulating Protein</span> </td> <td width="321" > <span style="color: #FFFFFF; font-weight: bold;">Immune Evasion Mechanism</span> </td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-color:#005f9e; border-width: 1px;" valign="top"> <td> <p>Poxvirus-Variola</p></td> <td> <p>Cytokine response modifier (<a href="/products/recombinant-variola-crmb-protein_4778-cr">CRMB</a>)</p></td> <td> <p>Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) homologue, binds to chemokines preventing immune cell recruitment.</p></td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-color:#005f9e; border-width: 1px;" valign="top"> <td> <p>Hepatitis C Virus (<a href="/search?keywords=hcv">HCV</a>)</p></td> <td> <p>Nonstructural protein 3 (<a href="/products/hcv-ns3-antibody-1b6_nbp2-80122">NS3</a>)</p></td> <td> <p>Serine protease, targets the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) to inhibit <a href="/common-name/ifn-beta">IFN-beta</a> production.</p></td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-color:#005f9e; border-width: 1px;" valign="top"> <td> <p>Herpes Simplex Virus (<a href="/search?keywords=herpes+simplex+virus">HSV</a>)</p></td> <td> <p>UL36 ubiquitin-specific protease (UL36USP)</p> <p>ICP34.5<br/> </p> <p>Kinase US3</p> </td> <td> <p>Tegument protein with deubiquitinase activity, inhibits INF-beta production.</p> <p>Inhibits production of IFN thorough <a href="/common-name/tbk1">TBK1</a> sequestration.</p> <p>Serine/threonine kinase, reduces activation of type I IFN.</p> </td> </tr> </table> <br/> <h2>Human Microbiota</h2> <p>The human microbiota is expansive, consisting of trillions of microorganisms inhabiting different organs and tissues throughout our bodies. By definition, the genes associated with the community of microbes (bacteria, virus, fungi and more) inhabiting symbiotically the human body, conform the microbiome. Among human organs, the gastrointestinal tract and gut mucosa represent the most populated niche for microbiota-host interactions. The gastrointestinal tract is primarily populated by <em>Firmicutes</em> and <em>Bacteroidetes </em>species. The microbiota, through interactions with the gut epithelium, is implicated in the regulation of metabolic processes and immune responses. </p> <p> </p> <table cellpadding="6" cellspacing="6" align="center" width="700" title="Microbiota Composition in the Human Gut" > <tr align="center" bgcolor="#005F9E"> <td colspan="3"><span style="color: #FFFFFF; font-weight: bold;">Human Gut Microbiota Composition</span></td> </tr> <tr > <td><p><strong>Predominant phyla</strong><br> <em>Bacteroidetes<br> Firmicutes</em></p> <p><strong>Minor phyla</strong><br> <em>Proteobacteria<br> Verrucomicrobia<br> Actinobacteria<br> Fusobacteria<br> Cyanobacteria </em></p> </td> <td align="center"><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/human-gut-microbiota-386px.jpg"></td> <td> <p><strong>Health</strong><br> Development <br> Digestion<br> <a href="/research-areas/immunology/innate-immunity">Immunity</a> <br> <a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/research/metabolism" target="_blank">Metabolism</a></p> <p><strong>Disease</strong><br> <a href="/antibody-news/lipopolysaccharide-from-gut-microbiome-localizes-in-human-atherosclerotic-plaques-and-promotes-tlr4-mediated-oxidative-stress">Atherosclerosis</a> <br> <a href="/diseases/diabetes-mellitus">Diabetes</a> <br> IBD<br> Liver Disease<br> <a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/literature/metabolic-syndrome-signaling" target="_blank">Metabolic Syndrome</a> <br> <a href="/research-areas/neuroscience/neurodegeneration">Neurodegeneration</a> <br> Obesity</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><p><em>The human gut microbiota is implicated in the modulation of a wide range of physiological processes including digestion (e.g., processing of indigestible substrates), metabolism (e.g., glucose and lipid homeostasis), immunity (e.g., pathogen exclusion), development (e.g., neuronal, epithelial and immune cells). </em></p></td> </tr> </table> <br/> <p>Microbial activity in the gut generates a wide range of metabolites including indoles, folate, secondary bile acids and neurotransmitters such as serotonin and GABA. Microbiota derived metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (e.g., acetic, propionic and butyric acid), interact with cellular receptors in the gut epithelium inducing the release of peptides involved in glucose metabolism.</p> <p align="center"><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/metabolic-syndrome-poster-650px.jpg" alt="A poor diet and/or antibiotic use leads to dysbiosis and results in abnormal metabolite levels, increased LPS, reduced tight junction integrity and short chain fatty acids, interference with glucose homeostasis and causes inflammation." title="Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis"></p> <p><em>Gut microbiota dysbiosis, resulting from poor diet (high-fat and low-fiber) and/or antibiotic use, is associated with abnormal metabolite levels, increased LPS, and decreased tight junction integrity. Reduced tight junction integrity, allows LPS leakage across the gut epithelial barrier, which contributes to chronic inflammation of the liver and adipose tissue. Additionally, dysbiosis is associated with reduced levels of short chain fatty acids, which normally interact with G-protein coupled receptors such as </em><a href="/common-name/ffar3-gpr41"><em>GPR-41</em></a><em> in the gut epithelium to promote the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (</em><a href="/common-name/glp1"><em>GLP1</em></a><em>). Reduced release of GLP1 by enteroendocrine L cells, disrupts glucose homeostasis and promotes inflammation. <em>Diagram from </em></em><a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/literature/metabolic-syndrome-signaling" target="_blank"><em>Metabolic Syndrome Signaling Poster<strong> </strong></em></a><em>, published in its original form in a collaborative between Dr. Robert H. Lustig, Dr. Alejandro Gugliucci and Bio-Techne Corporation</em></p> <br/> <p align="center"><a href="/antibody-news/category/immunology/virology-bacteria-parasites" class="link_button">Read Our Blogs on Microbiology Topics</a> </p> <br/> <p><strong>Select References</strong></p> <p>A., R., M.J., K., F., V., G.P., T., & M.R., H. (2014). <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1586/14787210.2014.866515" target="_blank">Clostridium difficile infection: Molecular pathogenesis and novel therapeutics</a>. <em>Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy</em>. https://doi.org/10.1586/14787210.2014.866515 </p> <p> Alejo, A., Ruiz-Argüello, M. B., Ho, Y., Smith, V. P., Saraiva, M., & Alcami, A. (2006). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1458686/" target="_blank">A chemokine-binding domain in the tumor necrosis factor receptor from variola (smallpox) virus</a>. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</em>, <em>103</em>(15), 5995–6000. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0510462103 </p> <p> Wang, B., Yao, M., Lv, L., Ling, Z., & Li, L. (2017). <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095809917301492#bib1" target="_blank">The Human Microbiota in Health and Disease</a>. <em>Engineering</em>. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENG.2017.01.008</p> <p> Cryan, J. (2018). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5887610/" target="_blank">37. THE GUT MICROBIOME: A KEY REGULATOR OF NEURODEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOUR</a>. <em>Schizophrenia Bulletin</em>. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby014.152</p> <p> Dabke, K., Hendrick, G., & Devkota, S. (2019). <a href="https://www.jci.org/articles/view/129194" target="_blank">The gut microbiome and metabolic syndrome</a>. <em>Journal of Clinical Investigation</em>. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI129194</p> <p> Farhana, A., & Khan, Y. S. (2020). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554414/" target="_blank">Biochemistry, Lipopolysaccharide</a>. In <em>StatPearls</em>.</p> <p> Freundt, E. C., & Lenardo, M. J. (2005). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1308935/" target="_blank">Interfering with interferons: Hepatitis C virus counters innate immunity</a>. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</em>. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509221102 </p> <p> Mogensen, T. H. (2009). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2668232/" target="_blank">Pathogen recognition and inflammatory signaling in innate immune defenses</a>. <em>Clinical Microbiology Reviews</em>. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00046-08</p> <p> Su, C., Zhan, G., & Zheng, C. (2016). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4782282/" target="_blank">Evasion of host antiviral innate immunity by HSV-1, an update</a>. <em>Virology journal</em>, <em>13</em>, 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-016-0495-5 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4782282/ </p> </td> </tr> </table><div class="ra-product-block"></div> </div> </div> <div id="novus_footer_line"></div>  </div> <div class="container_16"> <div id="footer"> <div class="grid_16 text_center"> <div class="fp_horzline"></div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="grid_16"> <table class="footer_boxes"> <tr> <th>Popular Products</th> <th>Company Information</th> <th>Support</th> <th>Stay Connected</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul class='links'><li><a href="/productsearch/novus">Antibodies</a></li><li><a href="/product-type/secondary-antibodies">Secondary Antibodies</a></li><li><a href="/product-type/isotype-controls">Isotype Controls</a></li><li><a href="/product-type/peptides-and-proteins">Proteins and Peptides</a></li><li><a href="/product-type/elisa-kits">ELISA Kits</a></li><li><a href="/samplesize">Sample Size</a></li><li><a href="https://www.novusbio.com/new-product-information-page.html">New Products</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul class='links'><li><a href="/about.html">About Us</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/about/careers">Careers</a></li><li><a href="/guarantee">Novus Guarantee</a></li><li><a href="/about/contact-us.html">Contact Us</a></li><li><a href="/about/novus-team.html">Our Team</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul class='links'><li><a href="/support/technical-support.html">Technical Support</a></li><li><a href="/support/faqs.html">FAQs</a></li><li><a href="/webform/help-finding-antibodies">Help Finding Antibodies</a></li><li><a href="/support/support-by-application.html">Protocols</a></li> </ul> </td> <td id="footer_social_links"> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="grid_16"> <div id="GTS_CONTAINER" style="float: right;margin-top: 10px;"></div> <div id="footer_officeinfo"> </div> <div class="fp_horzline"></div> <div class="footer_othersites"> <p>Visit our other sites</p> <a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_biotechne"></div></a> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/"><div class="fp_rnd"></div></a> <a href="https://www.novusbio.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_novus"></div></a> <a href="https://www.tocris.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_tocris"></div></a> <a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/brands/proteinsimple" target="_blank"><div class="fp_proteinSimple"></div></a> <a href="http://www.biospacific.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_biospacific"></div></a>  <a href="http://www.acdbio.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_acd"></div></a> <a href="https://www.rndheme.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_rndcc"></div></a> </div> <div class="text_center"> <div class="fp_horzline"></div> </div> <div class="copyright">©2024 Novus Biologicals, All Rights Reserved.</div> <div class="footer_legal"> <ul class="links"><li class="menu-47946 first"><a href="/support/customer-service/privacy-policy.html" title="">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li class="menu-47956"><a href="/novus-bio-sitemap.html" title="">Sitemap</a></li> <li class="menu-47951"><a href="/about/contact-us.html" title="">Contact Us</a></li> <li class="menu-47941 last"><a href="/support/customer-service/terms.html" title="">Terms & Conditions</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"76fb58fb05","applicationID":"788348554,30870807","transactionName":"YFdbZBFZXxdWAhAMVlkdeFMXUV4KGA8LAVxoQlhXBmdHDVIW","queueTime":17,"applicationTime":195,"atts":"TBBYEllDTBk=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>