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Howard</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American risk analyst (1938–2023)</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PrepTalks_Dr._Howard_Kunreuther_%E2%80%9CHuman_Biases_Why_People_Underprepare_for_Disasters%E2%80%9D_7-1_screenshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/PrepTalks_Dr._Howard_Kunreuther_%E2%80%9CHuman_Biases_Why_People_Underprepare_for_Disasters%E2%80%9D_7-1_screenshot.jpg/220px-PrepTalks_Dr._Howard_Kunreuther_%E2%80%9CHuman_Biases_Why_People_Underprepare_for_Disasters%E2%80%9D_7-1_screenshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/PrepTalks_Dr._Howard_Kunreuther_%E2%80%9CHuman_Biases_Why_People_Underprepare_for_Disasters%E2%80%9D_7-1_screenshot.jpg/330px-PrepTalks_Dr._Howard_Kunreuther_%E2%80%9CHuman_Biases_Why_People_Underprepare_for_Disasters%E2%80%9D_7-1_screenshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/PrepTalks_Dr._Howard_Kunreuther_%E2%80%9CHuman_Biases_Why_People_Underprepare_for_Disasters%E2%80%9D_7-1_screenshot.jpg/440px-PrepTalks_Dr._Howard_Kunreuther_%E2%80%9CHuman_Biases_Why_People_Underprepare_for_Disasters%E2%80%9D_7-1_screenshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Kunreuther in 2020</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Howard Charles Kunreuther</b> (November 14, 1938 – August 1, 2023) was an American economist. He was the <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Dinan" title="Jamie Dinan">James G. Dinan</a> <a href="/wiki/Professor_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor emeritus">professor emeritus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Decision_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision sciences">decision sciences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wharton_School_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania">Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Kunreuther&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Howard Charles Kunreuther<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> received an A.B. in economics from <a href="/wiki/Bates_College" title="Bates College">Bates College</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> in the same subject from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>, and a distinguished fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Risk_Analysis" title="Society for Risk Analysis">Society for Risk Analysis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>His research focuses on managing and financing losses due to technological and natural hazards<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as high-level radioactive waste repositories,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and extreme events such as climate change,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> terrorism,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> earthquakes,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> floods,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hurricanes.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Howard Kunreuther died on August 1, 2023, at the age of 84.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Kunreuther&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>. It solely cites primary sources under discussion, and does not have an encyclopedic tone.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard_Kunreuther&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interdependent_Security">Interdependent Security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Kunreuther&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interdependent Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an interdependent world, the risks faced by any one agent depend not only on its choices but also on those of others. One weak link in a system can cause large losses to others. An example is the bombing of <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Pan Am Flight 103</a> in 1988: the bomb was loaded onto a plane at a low-security airport in Malta and transferred to Pan Am 103 where it was set to explode when the plane was 25,000 feet in the air.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guiding_Principles_for_Insurance">Guiding Principles for Insurance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Kunreuther&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Guiding Principles for Insurance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Insurance premiums should be based on risk<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to provide signals to individuals as to the hazards they face and to encourage them to engage in cost-effective mitigation measures<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to reduce their vulnerability to catastrophes.</li> <li>Affordability of insurance for low-income residents is an important concern if premiums rise to a level that low-income residents cannot afford. Kunreuther has proposed a mechanism whereby low-income homeowners could receive a voucher to cover the costs of protecting their property.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Behavioral_Risk_Audit">The Behavioral Risk Audit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Kunreuther&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Behavioral Risk Audit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is important to understand why people often do not purchase insurance voluntarily. When dealing with uncertain and risky events, individuals tend to be myopic, optimistic and to prefer the status quo. A behavioral risk audit addresses these cognitive biases so that individuals are more likely to pay attention to the potential consequences of low-probability events. Remedial solutions are proposed that work <i>with</i> rather than <i>against</i> people’s risk perceptions and decision biases. When combined with short-term economic incentives, individuals are likely to consider investing in protective measures that reduce the potential consequences of future catastrophic events.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Kunreuther&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kunreuther, H., Meyer, R. J., & Michel-Kerjan, E. O. (Eds.). (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1137740839"><i>The Future of Risk Management.</i></a> University of Pennsylvania Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812251326" title="Special:BookSources/9780812251326">9780812251326</a>.</li> <li>Kunreuther, H., & Useem, M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/951753707"><i>Mastering Catastrophic Risk: How Companies Are Coping with Disruption.</i></a> Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190499402" title="Special:BookSources/9780190499402">9780190499402</a>.</li> <li>Meyer, R., & Kunreuther, H. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/967552598"><i>The Ostrich Paradox: Why We Underprepare for Disasters.</i></a> Wharton School Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781613630808" title="Special:BookSources/9781613630808">9781613630808</a>.</li> <li>Kunreuther, H. C., Pauly, M. V., & McMorrow, S. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/883623507"><i>Insurance and Behavioral Economics: Improving Decisions in the Most Misunderstood Industry.</i></a> Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521608268" title="Special:BookSources/9780521608268">9780521608268</a>.</li> <li>Kunreuther, H. C., & Michel-Kerjan, E. O. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1020675496"><i>At War with the Weather: Managing Large-scale Risks in a New Era of Catastrophes.</i></a> MIT Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262516549" title="Special:BookSources/9780262516549">9780262516549</a>. Winner of the 2011 Kulp-Wright Book Award, presented annually by the American Risk and Insurance Association to the author of a book considered to be the most influential text published on the economics of risk management and insurance.</li> <li>Daniels, R., Kettl, D., & Kunreuther, H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956784371"><i>On Risk and Disaster: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina.</i></a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812219593" title="Special:BookSources/9780812219593">9780812219593</a>.</li> <li>Grossi, P., & Kunreuther, H. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/938632777"><i>Catastrophe Modeling: A New Approach to Managing Risk (Vol. 25).</i></a> Springer Science & Business Media. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387230825" title="Special:BookSources/9780387230825">9780387230825</a>.</li> <li>Kunreuther, H. C., & Hoch, S. J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1043669391"><i>Wharton on Making Decisions.</i></a> John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471689386" title="Special:BookSources/9780471689386">9780471689386</a>.</li> <li>Kunreuther, Howard, and Richard J. Roth. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42854191"><i>Paying the Price: The Status and Role of Insurance against Natural Disasters in the United States.</i></a> Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780309063616" title="Special:BookSources/9780309063616">9780309063616</a>.</li> <li>Easterling, D., & Kunreuther, H. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1066187793"><i>The Dilemma of Siting a High-level Nuclear Waste Repository (Vol. 5).</i></a> Springer Science & Business Media. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780792394396" title="Special:BookSources/9780792394396">9780792394396</a>.</li> <li>Kunreuther, H., Ginsberg, R., Miller, L., Sagi, P., Slovic, P., Borkan, B., & Katz, N. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/264551171"><i>Disaster Insurance Protection: Public Policy Lessons.</i></a> New York: Wiley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471032595" title="Special:BookSources/9780471032595">9780471032595</a>.</li> <li>Dacy, D. C., & Kunreuther, H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/925788204"><i>The Economics of Natural Disasters: Implications for Federal Policy.</i></a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780029069301" title="Special:BookSources/9780029069301">9780029069301</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Kunreuther&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GgE_udhTxMgC&q=Howard%C2%A0Kunreuther+1938"><i>Contemporary Authors, Volume 116</i></a>. Gale Research International, Limited. February 1986. p. 675<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Authors%2C+Volume+116&rft.pages=675&rft.pub=Gale+Research+International%2C+Limited&rft.date=1986-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGgE_udhTxMgC%26q%3DHoward%25C2%25A0Kunreuther%2B1938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Kunreuther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kunreuther, H. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41950120">Causes of underinsurance against natural disasters</a>.  <i>Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance</i>, 206-220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Easterling, D., & Kunreuther, H. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1066187793"><i>The Dilemma of Siting a High-Level Nuclear Waste Repository</i></a>. Kluwer Academic Publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kunreuther, H., Michel-Kerjan, E., & Ranger, N. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10584-012-0625-z">Insuring future climate catastrophes</a>. <i>Climatic Change</i>, 118(2), 339-354; Kunreuther, H., & Weber, E. U. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10603-013-9251-z">Aiding decision making to reduce the impacts of climate change</a>. <i>Journal of Consumer Policy</i>, 37(3), 397-411; and served as a Coordinating Lead Author for the Intergovernmental <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fifth Assessment Report">Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)’s 5th Assessment Report</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter2.pdf">Working Group III, Chapter 2, “Integrated Risk and Uncertainty Assessment of Climate Change Response Policies.”</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kunreuther, H. (2019). Testimony before the U.S. Senate, June 18, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.banking.senate.gov/hearings/the-reauthorization-of-the-terrorism-risk-insurance-program">The Reauthorization of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program</a>; Michel‐Kerjan, E., & Kunreuther, H. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/rmir.12094">A Successful (Yet Somewhat Untested) Case of Disaster Financing: Terrorism Insurance under TRIA, 2002-2020</a>. <i>Risk Management and Insurance Review</i>, 21(1), 157-180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kunreuther, H. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.earthquakespectra.org/doi/abs/10.1193/1.1586069">Insurance as an integrating policy tool for disaster management: The role of public-private partnerships</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127145029/https://www.earthquakespectra.org/doi/abs/10.1193/1.1586069">Archived</a> 2022-01-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Earthquake Spectra</i>, 15(4), 725-745.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel-Kerjan, E., & Kunreuther, H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.1202616">Redesigning flood insurance</a>. <i>Science</i>, 333(6041), 408-409; Kunreuther, H. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/behavioural-public-policy/article/improving-the-national-flood-insurance-program/E370743446A1A2B80A3E25214F981A53">Improving the National Flood Insurance Program</a>. <i>Behavioural Public Policy</i>, 1-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kunreuther, H., & Pauly, M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11166-006-0173-x">Rules rather than discretion: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina</a>. <i>Journal of Risk and Uncertainty</i>, 33(1-2), 101-116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/inquirer/name/howard-kunreuther-obituary?id=52622849">"Howard Kunreuther"</a>. <i>Legacy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legacy&rft.atitle=Howard+Kunreuther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legacy.com%2Fus%2Fobituaries%2Finquirer%2Fname%2Fhoward-kunreuther-obituary%3Fid%3D52622849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Kunreuther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heal, G., & Kunreuther, H. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022002704272833">IDS Models of Airline Security</a>. <i>Journal of Conflict Resolution</i>, 49(2), 201-217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kunreuther, H., Dorman, J., Edelman, S., Jones, C., Montgomery, M., & Sperger, J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S2345737617500117">Structure Specific Flood Risk Based Insurance</a>. <i>Journal of Extreme Events</i>, 4(03), 1750011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kunreuther, H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/527618/summary">Reducing Losses from Catastrophic Risks through Long-Term Insurance and Mitigation</a>. <i>Social Research: An International Quarterly</i>, 75(3), 905-930.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kousky, C., & Kunreuther, H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S2345737614500018">Addressing affordability in the national flood insurance program</a>. <i>Journal of Extreme Events</i>, 1(01), 1450001; Zhao, W., Kunreuther, H., & Czajkowski, J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000201">Affordability of the National Flood Insurance Program: Application to Charleston County, South Carolina</a>. <i>Natural Hazards Review</i>, 17(1), 04015020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyer, R., & Kunreuther, H. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/967552598"><i>The Ostrich Paradox: Why We Underprepare for Disasters</i></a>, Wharton School Press, 2017.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Kunreuther&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oid.wharton.upenn.edu/profile/kunreuth/">Wharton Profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://riskcenter.wharton.upenn.edu/">Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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