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Supermajor — Wikipédia
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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Présentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Présentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Présentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Présentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-«_Big_oil_»" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#«_Big_oil_»"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>« Big oil »</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-«_Big_oil_»-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controverse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controverse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Controverse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controverse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Notes et références</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Annexes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Annexes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Annexes</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Annexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_connexe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_connexe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Article connexe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_connexe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Supermajor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 9 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B7" title="كبار النفط – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كبار النفط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Oil" title="Big Oil – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Big Oil" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="غولهای نفتی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غولهای نفتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%85_%EC%98%A4%EC%9D%BC" title="빅 오일 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빅 오일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Did%C5%BEiausios_pasaulio_naftos_bendrov%C4%97s" title="Didžiausios pasaulio naftos bendrovės – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didžiausios pasaulio naftos bendrovės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empresa_petrol%C3%ADfera_internacional" title="Empresa petrolífera internacional – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Empresa petrolífera internacional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermajor" title="Supermajor – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Supermajor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மாபெரும் எண்ணெய் நிறுவனங்கள் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாபெரும் எண்ணெய் நிறுவனங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E5%B7%A8%E5%A4%B4" title="石油巨头 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="石油巨头" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1330390#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Supermajor" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Supermajor" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Supermajor"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Supermajor"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Supermajor" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Supermajor" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&oldid=217798890" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Supermajor&id=217798890&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSupermajor"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSupermajor"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Supermajor"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Supermajor&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1330390" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Supermajor_(homonymie)" class="mw-disambig" title="Supermajor (homonymie)">Supermajor (homonymie)</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="floatright"> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Les <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">supermajors</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>a<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Société </th> <th>Chiffre d'affaires<br />(<a href="/wiki/Dollar_am%C3%A9ricain" title="Dollar américain">USD</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Bénéfice net<br />(USD) </th> <th>Autres marques<br />détenues </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFE3E3;"><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFE3E3;">286 milliards $ </td> <td style="background:#FFE3E3;">23 milliards $ </td> <td style="background:#FFE3E3;"><a href="/wiki/Mobil" title="Mobil">Mobil</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Esso_(marque)" title="Esso (marque)">Esso</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Oil_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Oil Limited">Imperial Oil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFFACD;"><a href="/wiki/Shell_(entreprise)" title="Shell (entreprise)">Shell plc</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFFACD;">273 milliards $ </td> <td style="background:#FFFACD;">20 milliards $ </td> <td style="background:#FFFACD;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiffy_Lube&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiffy Lube (page inexistante)">Jiffy Lube</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiffy_Lube" class="extiw" title="en:Jiffy Lube"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Jiffy Lube »">(en)</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pennzoil" title="Pennzoil">Pennzoil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a> </td> <td style="background:#E0FFFF;">185 milliards $ </td> <td style="background:#E0FFFF;">16 milliards $ </td> <td style="background:#E0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Bostik" title="Bostik">Bostik</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elf_Aquitaine" title="Elf Aquitaine">Elf Aquitaine</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sunpower" title="Sunpower">Sunpower</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#AEFF5C;"><a href="/wiki/BP_(entreprise)" title="BP (entreprise)">BP</a> </td> <td style="background:#AEFF5C;">164 milliards $ </td> <td style="background:#AEFF5C;">7,6 milliards $ </td> <td style="background:#AEFF5C;"><a href="/wiki/Amoco" title="Amoco">Amoco</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aral_(entreprise)" title="Aral (entreprise)">Aral AG</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#D4ECFF;"><a href="/wiki/Chevron_(entreprise)" title="Chevron (entreprise)">Chevron</a> </td> <td style="background:#D4ECFF;">163 milliards $ </td> <td style="background:#D4ECFF;">16 milliards $ </td> <td style="background:#D4ECFF;"><a href="/wiki/Texaco" title="Texaco">Texaco</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Caltex" title="Caltex">Caltex</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Havoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Havoline (page inexistante)">Havoline</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havoline" class="extiw" title="en:Havoline"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Havoline »">(en)</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E7E7FF;"><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Petroleum" title="Marathon Petroleum">Marathon</a> </td> <td style="background:#E7E7FF;">141 milliards $ </td> <td style="background:#E7E7FF;">10 milliards $ </td> <td style="background:#E7E7FF;"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Richfield_Company" title="Atlantic Richfield Company">ARCO</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E9E9E9;"><a href="/wiki/Phillips_66" title="Phillips 66">Phillips 66</a> </td> <td style="background:#E9E9E9;">115 milliards $ </td> <td style="background:#E9E9E9;">1,3 milliard $ </td> <td style="background:#E9E9E9;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=76_(stations-service)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="76 (stations-service) (page inexistante)">76</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/76_(gas_station)" class="extiw" title="en:76 (gas station)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « 76 (gas station) »">(en)</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Conoco" title="Conoco">Conoco</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=JET_(marque)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JET (marque) (page inexistante)">JET</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(brand)" class="extiw" title="en:Jet (brand)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Jet (brand) »">(en)</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Valero_Energy" title="Valero Energy">Valero</a> </td> <td style="background:#E0FFFF;">108 milliards $ </td> <td style="background:#E0FFFF;">0,9 milliard $ </td> <td style="background:#E0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Texaco" title="Texaco">Texaco</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFFACD;"><a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFFACD;">77 milliards $ </td> <td style="background:#FFFACD;">5,8 milliards $ </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"><small><abbr class="abbr" title="Non communiqué">NC</abbr></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFE3E3;"><a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFE3E3;">48,3 milliards $ </td> <td style="background:#FFE3E3;">8,1 milliards $ </td> <td style="background: #ececec; color: grey; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"><small><abbr class="abbr" title="Non communiqué">NC</abbr></small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p>Le terme « <i><b>supermajor</b></i> » est employé pour désigner les grandes <a href="/wiki/Compagnie_p%C3%A9troli%C3%A8re" title="Compagnie pétrolière">compagnies pétrolières</a> privées mondiales (excluant donc les <a href="/wiki/Compagnies_p%C3%A9troli%C3%A8res_nationales" class="mw-redirect" title="Compagnies pétrolières nationales">compagnies pétrolières nationales</a> dont la principale est <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a>). L'expression a remplacé celle du <i>« <a href="/wiki/Cartel_des_sept_s%C5%93urs" title="Cartel des sept sœurs">Cartel des sept sœurs</a></i> » qui désignait les compagnies dominantes durant la période 1940-1970. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Présentation"><span id="Pr.C3.A9sentation"></span>Présentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Présentation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Présentation"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Officiant sous divers noms ces compagnies sont en 2005<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> : </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> (XOM) représentée en France par <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil#ExxonMobil_en_France" title="ExxonMobil">Esso SAF</a> (ES) <span class="flagicon" data-sort-value=""><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"><img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_(entreprise)" title="Shell (entreprise)">Shell</a> (RDS) <span class="flagicon" data-sort-value=""><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"><img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BP_(entreprise)" title="BP (entreprise)">BP</a> (BP) <span class="flagicon" data-sort-value=""><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"><img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_%C3%89nergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Total Énergies">TotalEnergies</a> (FP) <span class="flagicon" data-sort-value=""><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"><img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_(entreprise)" title="Chevron (entreprise)">Chevron Texaco</a> (CVX) <span class="flagicon" data-sort-value=""><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"><img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a> (COP) <span class="flagicon" data-sort-value=""><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"><img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a> (ENI) <span class="flagicon" data-sort-value=""><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Italie"><img alt="Drapeau de l'Italie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li></ul> <p>Les supermajors apparaissent à la fin des <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1990" title="Années 1990">années 1990</a> en réponse à l'importante baisse du prix du pétrole. De grosses compagnies pétrolières fusionnent entre 1998 et 2002, souvent dans le but d'améliorer les économies d'échelle, de se protéger contre la volatilité des prix du <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9trole" title="Pétrole">pétrole</a> et en investissant<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> de diminuer leurs importantes réserves financières, à savoir : <a href="/wiki/BP_(entreprise)" title="BP (entreprise)">BP</a> et <a href="/wiki/Amoco" title="Amoco">Amoco</a> (1998), <a href="/wiki/Exxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Exxon">Exxon</a> et <a href="/wiki/Mobil" title="Mobil">Mobil</a> (1999), <a href="/wiki/Total_(entreprise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Total (entreprise)">Total</a> avec <a href="/wiki/Petrofina" title="Petrofina">Petrofina</a> (1999) et <a href="/wiki/Elf_Aquitaine" title="Elf Aquitaine">Elf Aquitaine</a> (2000), <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a> et <a href="/wiki/Texaco" title="Texaco">Texaco</a> (2001) et <a href="/wiki/Conoco_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Conoco Inc.">Conoco Inc.</a> et <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Petroleum_Company" title="Phillips Petroleum Company">Phillips Petroleum Company</a> (2002). Ces fusions aboutisent à la création de quelques-unes des plus grandes multinationales du classement mondial Forbes 2000. En <a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>, elles font toutes partie du top 25. </p><p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-12-01" data-sort-value="2006-12-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> décembre 2006</time>, ExxonMobil est classé premier : de taille (<a href="/wiki/Capitalisation_boursi%C3%A8re" title="Capitalisation boursière">capitalisation boursière</a>), <a href="/wiki/Flux_de_tr%C3%A9sorerie" title="Flux de trésorerie">flux de trésorerie</a> (12 mois), <a href="/wiki/Chiffre_d%27affaires" title="Chiffre d'affaires">chiffre d'affaires</a> (12 mois), et bénéfices<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les supermajors contrôlent en tout environ 5 % des réserves mondiales de pétrole et de <a href="/wiki/Gaz_naturel" title="Gaz naturel">gaz</a>. Les 95 % restants sont presque exclusivement contrôlés par des compagnies pétrolières d'État. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="«_Big_oil_»"><span id=".C2.AB_Big_oil_.C2.BB"></span>« Big oil »</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : « Big oil »" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : « Big oil »"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pour désigner l'ensemble des supermajors du pétrole, on emploie parfois l'expression « Big Oil » ( Grand pétrole en français). Ce terme péjoratif fait référence à la puissance économique, individuelle et collective de ces industries géantes et de leur influence politique, en particulier aux <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>. Il est souvent associé au <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobby_de_l%27%C3%A9nergie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lobby de l'énergie (page inexistante)">lobby de l'énergie</a>. </p><p>Traditionnellement utilisé pour dénigrer ce secteur industriel, le terme de « Big Oil » évoque l'immense influence qu'exerce le pétrole brut sur la société dans les pays industrialisés. Il permet aussi de réduire la relation des consommateurs entre la production de pétrole et ses usages. On constate en effet que les consommateurs américains et européens ont tendance à investir dans des véhicules à basse consommation quand le prix du pétrole flambe, mais que leur intérêt pour les économies d'énergie et le débat sur le pétrole diminue de façon significative lorsque les "prix à la pompe" se stabilisent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controverse">Controverse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Controverse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Controverse"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aux États-Unis, le terme de « Big Oil » apparaît régulièrement dans les médias depuis 2005, date à laquelle le prix à la pompe du gallon d'essence sans plomb est monté à 2 $, puis à 3 $ au début de l'automne. </p><p>Entre 2004 et 2007, les supermajors réalisent au total 494,8 milliards de dollars de bénéfices. </p><p>En 2008 le prix du <a href="/wiki/Baril_de_p%C3%A9trole" class="mw-redirect" title="Baril de pétrole">baril de brut</a> atteint le pic de 147 $ en <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-07" data-sort-value="2008-07">juillet 2008</time> avant de redescendre à la fin de cet été. De nombreuses raisons sont alléguées pour cette hausse : l'insuffisance des approvisionnements face à la hausse de la demande des pays en développement, l'instabilité politique de pays exportateurs tels que l'Irak, l'Iran et le Nigeria, ou encore les ouragans au large des côtes du golfe du Mexique. L'industrie pétrolière aurait-t-elle voulu exploiter cette période de troubles politiques et de catastrophes naturelles ? Elle se présente comme un modèle d'économie et s'en défend en montrant que la hausse du prix de l'essence découle presque entièrement de la hausse du prix du brut sur lequel les supermajors n'ont qu'un contrôle limité et au vu de leurs faibles parts de marché comparées à celles des compagnies pétrolières d'État. Elle souligne aussi que les marges bénéficiaires de leur secteur ont été nettement plus faibles que celles observées par exemple dans les secteurs pharmaceutique ou bancaire. Elle insiste enfin sur les coûts considérables, les incertitudes du marché et, dans un contexte industriel difficile, ses efforts de sensibilisation du public au jeu de l'offre et de la demande et aux conséquences que le système de contrats à terme a sur les marchés des matières premières. Ses détracteurs tente de prouver qu'elles ont profités d'une période troublée pour réaliser des profits injustes. Une enquête de la Commission fédérale du commerce a conclu qu'il n'y avait pas eu de manipulation illégale du marché pour augmenter le prix des produits de l'essence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small lower-alpha" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Les données sont extraites de l'édition 2022 du classement <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:36em; column-count:2;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortune.com/fortune500/2022/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Classement Fortune 500</cite></a> » <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accès payant au document"><img alt="Accès payant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="947" /></span></span>, sur <span class="italique">www.<a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a>.com</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-11-17" data-sort-value="2022-11-17">17 novembre 2022</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_50/b3963127.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">ConocoPhillips: The Making Of An Oil Major</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">www.BusinessWeek.com</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2005-12-12" data-sort-value="2005-12-12">12 décembre 2005</time></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">"Slick Deal?", NewsHour with Jim Lehrer (1998-12-01).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Reuters, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-12-02" data-sort-value="2006-12-02">2 décembre 2006</time>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Forbes Global 2000, <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a></span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annexes">Annexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Annexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Annexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_connexe">Article connexe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Article connexe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Article connexe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartel_des_sept_s%C5%93urs" title="Cartel des sept sœurs">Cartel des sept sœurs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supermajor&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/business/BERA/issue5/research.html">The Oil & Gas Industry</a> - BERA (Business and Economic Research Advisor), <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 5/6, Hiver 2005/Printemps 2006</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="ouvrage" id="2006">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/18/Oil_gas_operations_Rank_1.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">The World's Biggest Public Companies:Oil and gas operations</cite></a> », <span class="italique">Forbes Global 2000</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-03-30" data-sort-value="2006-03-30">30 mars 2006</time></span></li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:%C3%89nergie" title="Portail de l’énergie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Circle-icons-bolt.svg/24px-Circle-icons-bolt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Circle-icons-bolt.svg/36px-Circle-icons-bolt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Circle-icons-bolt.svg/48px-Circle-icons-bolt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:%C3%89nergie" title="Portail:Énergie">Portail de l’énergie</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Entreprises" title="Portail des entreprises"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Factory.svg/28px-Factory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="24" class="mw-file-element" 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