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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Homeodomain structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Homeodomain_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Homeodomain structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Homeodomain_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sequence_specificity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequence_specificity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sequence specificity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sequence_specificity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biological function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mutations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_homeobox_genes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_homeobox_genes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Types of homeobox genes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_homeobox_genes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of homeobox genes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_homeobox_genes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hox_genes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hox_genes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Hox genes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hox_genes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LIM_genes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LIM_genes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>LIM genes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LIM_genes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pax_genes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pax_genes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Pax genes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pax_genes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-POU_genes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#POU_genes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>POU genes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-POU_genes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_homeobox_genes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_homeobox_genes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Plant homeobox genes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_homeobox_genes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_homeobox_genes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_homeobox_genes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Human homeobox genes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_homeobox_genes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Homeobox</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeoboks" title="Homeoboks – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Homeoboks" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeobox" title="Homeobox – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Homeobox" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeobox" title="Homeobox – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Homeobox" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%B6obox" title="Homöobox – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Homöobox" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeobox" title="Homeobox – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Homeobox" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeobox" title="Homeobox – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Homeobox" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%AEte_hom%C3%A9otique" title="Boîte homéotique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boîte homéotique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoim%C3%A9abosca" title="Hoiméabosca – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hoiméabosca" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeobox" title="Homeobox – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Homeobox" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%A9%94%EC%98%A4%EB%B0%95%EC%8A%A4" title="호메오박스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호메오박스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeobox" title="Omeobox – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Omeobox" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeozinis_genas" title="Homeozinis genas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Homeozinis genas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeobox" title="Homeobox – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Homeobox" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%A1%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9C%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="ホメオボックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホメオボックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geny_homeotyczne" title="Geny homeotyczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geny homeotyczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeobox" title="Homeobox – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Homeobox" data-language-autonym="Português" 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Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹோமியோபாக்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%BA%90%E6%A1%86" title="同源框 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="同源框" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q898769#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Homeodomain</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Homeodomain-dna-1ahd.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Homeodomain-dna-1ahd.png/220px-Homeodomain-dna-1ahd.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Homeodomain-dna-1ahd.png/330px-Homeodomain-dna-1ahd.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Homeodomain-dna-1ahd.png/440px-Homeodomain-dna-1ahd.png 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="644" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Antennapedia" title="Antennapedia">Antennapedia</a> homeodomain protein from <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i> bound to a fragment of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7903398_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7903398-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recognition helix and unstructured N-terminus are bound in the major and minor grooves respectively.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">Homeodomain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a></th><td class="infobox-data pfam" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/pfam/PF00046">PF00046</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a> clan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/set/pfam/CL0123/">CL0123</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR001356">IPR001356</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Simple_Modular_Architecture_Research_Tool" title="Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool">SMART</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/smart/do_annotation.pl?DOMAIN=SM00389">SM00389</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/PROSITE" title="PROSITE">PROSITE</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prosite.expasy.org/PDOC00027">PDOC00027</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Structural_Classification_of_Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Classification of Proteins">SCOP2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scop2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/search?t=txt;q=1ahd">1ahd</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scop.berkeley.edu/pdb/code=1ahd">SCOPe</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supfam.org/SUPERFAMILY/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search_field=1ahd">SUPFAM</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Available protein structures:</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a>  </th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfam.xfam.org/family/PF00046?tab=pdbBlock">structures</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prodata.swmed.edu/ecod/complete/search?kw=PF00046">ECOD</a>  </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.annotation_id:PF00046%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.type:Pfam">RCSB PDB</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/search/index?pfam_accession:PF00046">PDBe</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdbj.org/search/pdb?other_db_select=PFam&other_db_field=PF00046">PDBj</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/PDBsum" title="PDBsum">PDBsum</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPfamStr.pl?pfam_id=PF00046">structure summary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1ahd">1ahd</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1akh">1akh</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1apl">1apl</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1au7">1au7</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1b72">1b72</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1b8i">1b8i</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1bw5">1bw5</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1cqt">1cqt</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1du0">1du0</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1du6">1du6</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1e3o">1e3o</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1enh">1enh</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1f43">1f43</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1fjl">1fjl</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1ftt">1ftt</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1ftz">1ftz</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1gt0">1gt0</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1hdd">1hdd</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1hdp">1hdp</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1hf0">1hf0</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1hom">1hom</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1ic8">1ic8</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1ig7">1ig7</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1jgg">1jgg</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1k61">1k61</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1kz2">1kz2</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1le8">1le8</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1lfb">1lfb</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1lfu">1lfu</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1mh3">1mh3</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1mh4">1mh4</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1mnm">1mnm</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1nk2">1nk2</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1nk3">1nk3</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1o4x">1o4x</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1ocp">1ocp</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1oct">1oct</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1p7i">1p7i</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1p7j">1p7j</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1pog">1pog</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1puf">1puf</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1qry">1qry</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1s7e">1s7e</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1san">1san</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1uhs">1uhs</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1vnd">1vnd</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1wi3">1wi3</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1x2m">1x2m</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1x2n">1x2n</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1yrn">1yrn</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1yz8">1yz8</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1zq3">1zq3</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1ztr">1ztr</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2cqx">2cqx</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2cra">2cra</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2cue">2cue</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2cuf">2cuf</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2dmq">2dmq</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2e1o">2e1o</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2ecb">2ecb</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2ecc">2ecc</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2h8r">2h8r</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2hdd">2hdd</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2hi3">2hi3</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2hoa">2hoa</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2jwt">2jwt</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2lfb">2lfb</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2p81">2p81</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2r5y">2r5y</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2r5z">2r5z</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3hdd">3hdd</a></span>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/9ant">9ant</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>homeobox</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="Nucleic acid sequence">DNA sequence</a>, around 180 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a> long, that regulates large-scale anatomical features in the early stages of embryonic development. Mutations in a homeobox may change large-scale anatomical features of the full-grown organism. </p><p>Homeoboxes are found within <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> that are involved in the regulation of patterns of anatomical development (<a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">morphogenesis</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, and numerous single cell <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26464018_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26464018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homeobox genes encode <b>homeodomain</b> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> products that are <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factors</a> sharing a characteristic <a href="/wiki/Protein_fold" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein fold">protein fold</a> structure that binds <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> to regulate expression of target genes.<sup id="cite_ref-PUB00005390_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PUB00005390-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7903947_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7903947-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26464018_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26464018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homeodomain proteins regulate gene expression and cell differentiation during early embryonic development, thus mutations in homeobox genes can cause developmental disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Homeosis" title="Homeosis">Homeosis</a> is a term coined by <a href="/wiki/William_Bateson" title="William Bateson">William Bateson</a> to describe the outright replacement of a discrete body part with another body part, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Antennapedia" title="Antennapedia">antennapedia</a>—replacement of the antenna on the head of a fruit fly with legs.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "homeo-" prefix in the words "homeobox" and "homeodomain" stems from this <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutational phenotype</a>, which is observed when some of these genes are mutated in <a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a>. The homeobox domain was first identified in a number of <i>Drosophila</i> <a href="/wiki/Homeosis" title="Homeosis">homeotic</a> and segmentation proteins, but is now known to be well-conserved in many other animals, including <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PUB00005390_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PUB00005390-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PUB00005540_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PUB00005540-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PUB00000591_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PUB00000591-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeobox&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mutation_Antennapedia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mutation_Antennapedia.jpg/220px-Mutation_Antennapedia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mutation_Antennapedia.jpg/330px-Mutation_Antennapedia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mutation_Antennapedia.jpg/440px-Mutation_Antennapedia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><i>Drosophila</i> with the <i>antennapedia</i> mutant phenotype exhibit homeotic transformation of the antennae into leg-like structures on the head.</figcaption></figure> <p>The existence of homeobox genes was first discovered in <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">Drosophila</a></i> by isolating the gene responsible for a homeotic transformation where legs grow from the head instead of the expected antennae. Walter Gehring identified a gene called <i><a href="/wiki/Antennapedia" title="Antennapedia">antennapedia</a></i> that caused this homeotic phenotype.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysis of <i>antennapedia</i> revealed that this gene contained a 180 base pair sequence that encoded a DNA binding domain, which William McGinnis termed the "homeobox".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of additional <i>Drosophila</i> genes containing the <i>antennapedia</i> homeobox sequence was independently reported by Ernst Hafen, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levine_(biologist)" title="Michael Levine (biologist)">Michael Levine</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_McGinnis" title="William McGinnis">William McGinnis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Jakob_Gehring" title="Walter Jakob Gehring">Walter Jakob Gehring</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_P._Scott" title="Matthew P. Scott">Matthew P. Scott</a> and Amy Weiner of <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_(Bloomington)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana University (Bloomington)">Indiana University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington</a> in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isolation of homologous genes by <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._De_Robertis" title="Edward M. De Robertis">Edward de Robertis</a> and William McGinnis revealed that numerous genes from a variety of species contained the homeobox.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic</a> studies detailing the evolutionary relationship between homeobox-containing genes showed that these genes are present in all <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">bilaterian</a> animals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homeodomain_structure">Homeodomain structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeobox&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Homeodomain structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The characteristic homeodomain <a href="/wiki/Protein_fold" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein fold">protein fold</a> consists of a 60-<a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> long domain composed of three alpha helixes. The following shows the <a href="/wiki/Consensus_sequence" title="Consensus sequence">consensus</a> homeodomain (~60 amino acid chain):<sup id="cite_ref-urlwww.csb.ki.se_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlwww.csb.ki.se-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <pre> Helix 1 Helix 2 Helix 3/4 ______________ __________ _________________ RRRKRTAYTRYQLLELEKEFHFNRYLTRRRRIELAHSLNLTERHIKIWFQNRRMKWKKEN ....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....| 10 20 30 40 50 60</pre> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1NK2-NK2_homeodomain_DNA_complex.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/1NK2-NK2_homeodomain_DNA_complex.png/220px-1NK2-NK2_homeodomain_DNA_complex.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/1NK2-NK2_homeodomain_DNA_complex.png/330px-1NK2-NK2_homeodomain_DNA_complex.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/1NK2-NK2_homeodomain_DNA_complex.png/440px-1NK2-NK2_homeodomain_DNA_complex.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The vnd/NK-2 homeodomain-DNA complex. Helix 3 of the homeodomain binds in the major groove of the DNA and the N-terminal arm binds in the minor groove, in analogy with other homeodomain-DNA complexes.</figcaption></figure> <p>Helix 2 and helix 3 form a so-called <a href="/wiki/Helix-turn-helix" title="Helix-turn-helix">helix-turn-helix</a> (HTH) structure, where the two <a href="/wiki/Alpha_helix" title="Alpha helix">alpha helices</a> are connected by a short loop region. The <a href="/wiki/N-terminus" title="N-terminus">N-terminal</a> two helices of the homeodomain are <a href="/wiki/Antiparallel_(biochemistry)" title="Antiparallel (biochemistry)">antiparallel</a> and the longer <a href="/wiki/C-terminus" title="C-terminus">C-terminal</a> helix is roughly perpendicular to the axes established by the first two. It is this third helix that interacts directly with <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> via a number of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, as well as indirect interactions via water molecules, which occur between specific <a href="/wiki/Side_chain" title="Side chain">side chains</a> and the exposed <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">bases</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Major_groove" class="mw-redirect" title="Major groove">major groove</a> of the DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-PUB00005540_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PUB00005540-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Homeodomain proteins are found in <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26464018_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26464018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the HTH motif, they share limited sequence similarity and structural similarity to prokaryotic transcription factors,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Lambda_phage" title="Lambda phage">lambda phage</a> proteins that alter the expression of genes in <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a>. The HTH motif shows some sequence similarity but a similar structure in a wide range of DNA-binding proteins (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lambda_phage#Protein_function_overview" title="Lambda phage">cro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Repressor_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Repressor protein">repressor proteins</a>, homeodomain proteins, etc.). One of the principal differences between HTH motifs in these different proteins arises from the stereochemical requirement for <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a> in the turn which is needed to avoid <a href="/wiki/Steric" class="mw-redirect" title="Steric">steric</a> interference of the beta-carbon with the main chain: for cro and repressor proteins the glycine appears to be mandatory, whereas for many of the homeotic and other DNA-binding proteins the requirement is relaxed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sequence_specificity">Sequence specificity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeobox&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sequence specificity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Homeodomains can bind both specifically and nonspecifically to <a href="/wiki/B-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="B-DNA">B-DNA</a> with the C-terminal recognition helix aligning in the DNA's major groove and the unstructured peptide "tail" at the N-terminus aligning in the minor groove. The recognition helix and the inter-helix loops are rich in <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">arginine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a> residues, which form <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a> to the DNA backbone. <a href="/wiki/Conservation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation (genetics)">Conserved</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a> residues in the center of the recognition helix aid in stabilizing the helix packing. Homeodomain proteins show a preference for the DNA sequence 5'-TAAT-3'; sequence-independent binding occurs with significantly lower affinity. The specificity of a single homeodomain protein is usually not enough to recognize specific target gene promoters, making cofactor binding an important mechanism for controlling binding sequence specificity and target gene expression. To achieve higher target specificity, homeodomain proteins form complexes with other transcription factors to recognize the <a href="/wiki/Promoter_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Promoter (biology)">promoter region</a> of a specific target gene. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_function">Biological function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeobox&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biological function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Homeodomain proteins function as <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factors</a> due to the DNA binding properties of the conserved HTH motif. Homeodomain proteins are considered to be master control genes, meaning that a single protein can regulate expression of many target genes. Homeodomain proteins direct the formation of the body axes and body structures during <a href="/wiki/Embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryogenesis">early embryonic development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid13576283_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid13576283-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many homeodomain proteins induce <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">cellular differentiation</a> by initiating the cascades of coregulated genes required to produce individual <a href="/wiki/Biological_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological tissue">tissues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a>. Other proteins in the family, such as <a href="/wiki/Homeobox_protein_NANOG" title="Homeobox protein NANOG">NANOG</a> are involved in maintaining <a href="/wiki/Pluripotency" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluripotency">pluripotency</a> and preventing cell differentiation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeobox&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hox_gene" title="Hox gene">Hox genes</a> and their associated <a href="/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">microRNAs</a> are highly conserved developmental master regulators with tight tissue-specific, spatiotemporal control. These genes are known to be dysregulated in several cancers and are often controlled by DNA methylation.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid24996520_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24996520-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regulation of Hox genes is highly complex and involves reciprocal interactions, mostly inhibitory. <a href="/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">Drosophila</a> is known to use the <a href="/wiki/Polycomb-group_proteins" title="Polycomb-group proteins">polycomb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trithorax-group_proteins" title="Trithorax-group proteins">trithorax</a> complexes to maintain the expression of Hox genes after the down-regulation of the pair-rule and gap genes that occurs during larval development. <a href="/wiki/Polycomb-group_proteins" title="Polycomb-group proteins">Polycomb-group proteins</a> can silence the Hox genes by modulation of <a href="/wiki/Chromatin" title="Chromatin">chromatin</a> structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Portoso_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portoso-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mutations">Mutations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeobox&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mutations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mutations to homeobox genes can produce easily visible <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypic</a> changes in body segment identity, such as the Antennapedia and Bithorax mutant phenotypes in <i>Drosophila</i>. Duplication of homeobox genes can produce new body segments, and such duplications are likely to have been important in the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> of segmented animals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeobox&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phylogenetic analysis of homeobox gene sequences and homeodomain protein structures suggests that the last common ancestor of plants, fungi, and animals had at least two homeobox genes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molecular evidence shows that some limited number of Hox genes have existed in the <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> since before the earliest true <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilatera</a>, making these genes pre-<a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17252055_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17252055-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is accepted that the three major animal ANTP-class clusters, Hox, ParaHox, and NK (MetaHox), are the result of segmental duplications. A first duplication created MetaHox and ProtoHox, the latter of which later duplicated into Hox and ParaHox. The clusters themselves were created by tandem duplications of a single ANTP-class homeobox gene.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gene duplication followed by <a href="/wiki/Neofunctionalization" title="Neofunctionalization">neofunctionalization</a> is responsible for the many homeobox genes found in eukaryotes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19734295_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19734295-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comparison of homeobox genes and gene clusters has been used to understand the evolution of genome structure and body morphology throughout metazoans.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_homeobox_genes">Types of homeobox genes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeobox&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types of homeobox genes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hox_genes">Hox genes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeobox&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hox genes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoxgenesoffruitfly.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hoxgenesoffruitfly.svg/400px-Hoxgenesoffruitfly.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hoxgenesoffruitfly.svg/600px-Hoxgenesoffruitfly.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hoxgenesoffruitfly.svg/800px-Hoxgenesoffruitfly.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption>Hox gene expression in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hox_gene" title="Hox gene">Hox gene</a></div> <p>Hox genes are the most commonly known subset of homeobox genes. They are essential <a href="/wiki/Metazoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoa">metazoan</a> genes that determine the identity of embryonic regions along the anterior-posterior axis.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid124454032_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid124454032-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first vertebrate Hox gene was isolated in <i><a href="/wiki/Xenopus" title="Xenopus">Xenopus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._De_Robertis" title="Edward M. De Robertis">Edward De Robertis</a> and colleagues in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid63270662_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid63270662-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main interest in this set of genes stems from their unique behavior and arrangement in the genome. Hox genes are typically found in an organized cluster. The linear order of Hox genes within a cluster is directly correlated to the order they are expressed in both time and space during development. This phenomenon is called colinearity. </p><p>Mutations in these <a href="/wiki/Homeotic_gene" title="Homeotic gene">homeotic genes</a> cause displacement of body segments during embryonic development. This is called <a href="/wiki/Ectopic_expression" title="Ectopic expression">ectopia</a>. For example, when one gene is lost the segment develops into a more anterior one, while a mutation that leads to a gain of function causes a segment to develop into a more posterior one. Famous examples are <i><a href="/wiki/Antennapedia" title="Antennapedia">Antennapedia</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Bithorax_complex" title="Bithorax complex">bithorax</a> in <i>Drosophila</i>, which can cause the development of legs instead of antennae and the development of a duplicated thorax, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In vertebrates, the four <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">paralog</a> clusters are partially redundant in function, but have also acquired several derived functions. For example, HoxA and HoxD specify segment identity along the <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limb</a> axis.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific members of the Hox family have been implicated in vascular remodeling, <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">angiogenesis</a>, and disease by orchestrating changes in matrix degradation, integrins, and components of the ECM.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HoxA5 is implicated in atherosclerosis.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HoxD3 and HoxB3 are proinvasive, angiogenic genes that upregulate b3 and a5 integrins and Efna1 in ECs, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HoxA3 induces <a href="/wiki/Endothelial" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelial">endothelial</a> cell (EC) migration by upregulating MMP14 and uPAR. Conversely, HoxD10 and HoxA5 have the opposite effect of suppressing EC migration and angiogenesis, and stabilizing adherens junctions by upregulating TIMP1/downregulating uPAR and MMP14, and by upregulating Tsp2/downregulating VEGFR2, Efna1, Hif1alpha and COX-2, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HoxA5 also upregulates the tumor suppressor p53 and Akt1 by downregulation of PTEN.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suppression of HoxA5 has been shown to attenuate <a href="/wiki/Hemangioma" title="Hemangioma">hemangioma</a> growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Arderiu,_G._20072_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arderiu,_G._20072-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HoxA5 has far-reaching effects on gene expression, causing ~300 genes to become upregulated upon its induction in breast cancer cell lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Arderiu,_G._20072_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arderiu,_G._20072-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HoxA5 protein transduction domain overexpression prevents inflammation shown by inhibition of TNFalpha-inducible monocyte binding to HUVECs.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LIM_genes">LIM genes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeobox&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: LIM genes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LIM_domain" title="LIM domain">LIM domain</a></div> <p>LIM genes (named after the initial letters of the names of three proteins where the characteristic domain was first identified) encode two 60 amino acid cysteine and histidine-rich LIM domains and a homeodomain. The LIM domains function in protein-protein interactions and can bind zinc molecules. LIM domain proteins are found in both the cytosol and the nucleus. They function in cytoskeletal remodeling, at focal adhesion sites, as scaffolds for protein complexes, and as transcription factors.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pax_genes">Pax genes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeobox&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pax genes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pax_genes" title="Pax genes">Pax genes</a></div> <p>Most Pax genes contain a homeobox and a paired domain that also binds DNA to increase binding specificity, though some Pax genes have lost all or part of the homeobox sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pax genes function in embryo <a href="/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">segmentation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> development, generation of the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_eye_fields" title="Frontal eye fields">frontal eye fields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeletal</a> development, and formation of face structures. <a href="/wiki/PAX6" title="PAX6">Pax 6</a> is a master regulator of eye development, such that the gene is necessary for development of the optic vesicle and subsequent eye structures.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="POU_genes">POU genes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeobox&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: POU genes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/POU_family" class="mw-redirect" title="POU family">POU family</a></div> <p>Proteins containing a POU region consist of a homeodomain and a separate, <a href="/wiki/Structurally_homologous" class="mw-redirect" title="Structurally homologous">structurally homologous</a> POU domain that contains two <a href="/wiki/Helix-turn-helix" title="Helix-turn-helix">helix-turn-helix</a> motifs and also binds DNA. The two domains are linked by a flexible loop that is long enough to stretch around the DNA helix, allowing the two domains to bind on opposite sides of the target DNA, collectively covering an eight-base segment with <a href="/wiki/Consensus_sequence" title="Consensus sequence">consensus sequence</a> 5'-ATGCAAAT-3'. The individual domains of POU proteins bind DNA only weakly, but have strong sequence-specific affinity when linked. The POU domain itself has significant structural similarity with repressors expressed in <a href="/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">bacteriophages</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Lambda_phage" title="Lambda phage">lambda phage</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plant_homeobox_genes">Plant homeobox genes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeobox&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Plant homeobox genes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in animals, the plant homeobox genes code for the typical 60 amino acid long DNA-binding homeodomain or in case of the TALE (three amino acid loop extension) homeobox genes for an atypical homeodomain consisting of 63 amino acids. According to their conserved intron–exon structure and to unique codomain architectures they have been grouped into 14 distinct classes: HD-ZIP I to IV, BEL, KNOX, PLINC, WOX, PHD, DDT, NDX, LD, SAWADEE and PINTOX.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19734295_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19734295-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservation of codomains suggests a common eukaryotic ancestry for TALE<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9336443_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9336443-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and non-TALE homeodomain proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17501745_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17501745-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_homeobox_genes">Human homeobox genes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeobox&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Human homeobox genes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hox genes in humans are organized in four chromosomal clusters: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>name</b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a></b></td> <td><b>gene</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>HOXA (or sometimes HOX1) - <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=HOXA@">HOXA@</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_7_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 7 (human)">chromosome 7</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homeobox_A1" title="Homeobox A1">HOXA1</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXA2" title="HOXA2">HOXA2</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXA3" title="HOXA3">HOXA3</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXA4" title="HOXA4">HOXA4</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXA5" title="HOXA5">HOXA5</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXA6" title="HOXA6">HOXA6</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXA7" title="HOXA7">HOXA7</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXA9" title="HOXA9">HOXA9</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXA10" class="mw-redirect" title="HOXA10">HOXA10</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXA11" title="HOXA11">HOXA11</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXA13" title="HOXA13">HOXA13</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>HOXB - <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=HOXB@">HOXB@</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_17" title="Chromosome 17">chromosome 17</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/HOXB1" title="HOXB1">HOXB1</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXB2" title="HOXB2">HOXB2</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXB3" title="HOXB3">HOXB3</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXB4" title="HOXB4">HOXB4</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXB5" title="HOXB5">HOXB5</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXB6" title="HOXB6">HOXB6</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXB7" title="HOXB7">HOXB7</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXB8" title="HOXB8">HOXB8</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXB9" title="HOXB9">HOXB9</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXB13" title="HOXB13">HOXB13</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>HOXC - <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=HOXC@">HOXC@</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12" title="Chromosome 12">chromosome 12</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/HOXC4" title="HOXC4">HOXC4</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXC5" title="HOXC5">HOXC5</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXC6" title="HOXC6">HOXC6</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXC8" title="HOXC8">HOXC8</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXC9" title="HOXC9">HOXC9</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXC10" title="HOXC10">HOXC10</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXC11" title="HOXC11">HOXC11</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXC12" title="HOXC12">HOXC12</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXC13" title="HOXC13">HOXC13</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>HOXD - <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=HOXD@">HOXD@</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_2" title="Chromosome 2">chromosome 2</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/HOXD1" title="HOXD1">HOXD1</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXD3" title="HOXD3">HOXD3</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXD4" title="HOXD4">HOXD4</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXD8" title="HOXD8">HOXD8</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXD9" title="HOXD9">HOXD9</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXD10" title="HOXD10">HOXD10</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXD11" title="HOXD11">HOXD11</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXD12" title="HOXD12">HOXD12</a>, <a href="/wiki/HOXD13" title="HOXD13">HOXD13</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/ParaHox" title="ParaHox">ParaHox</a> genes are analogously found in four areas. They include <a href="/wiki/CDX1" class="mw-redirect" title="CDX1">CDX1</a>, <a href="/wiki/CDX2" class="mw-redirect" title="CDX2">CDX2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cdx_protein_family" title="Cdx protein family">CDX4</a>; <a href="/wiki/GSX1" title="GSX1">GSX1</a>, <a href="/wiki/GSX2" title="GSX2">GSX2</a>; and <a href="/wiki/PDX1" title="PDX1">PDX1</a>. Other genes considered Hox-like include <a href="/wiki/Evx1" title="Evx1">EVX1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=EVX2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EVX2 (page does not exist)">EVX2</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=GBX1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GBX1 (page does not exist)">GBX1</a>, <a href="/wiki/GBX2" title="GBX2">GBX2</a>; <a href="/wiki/MEOX1" title="MEOX1">MEOX1</a>, <a href="/wiki/MEOX2" title="MEOX2">MEOX2</a>; and <a href="/wiki/MNX1" title="MNX1">MNX1</a>. The NK-like (NKL) genes, some of which are considered "MetaHox", are grouped with Hox-like genes into a large ANTP-like group.<sup id="cite_ref-pmc2211742_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmc2211742-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humans have a <a href="/wiki/DLX_gene_family" title="DLX gene family">"distal-less homeobox" family</a>: <a href="/wiki/DLX1" title="DLX1">DLX1</a>, <a href="/wiki/DLX2" title="DLX2">DLX2</a>, <a href="/wiki/DLX3_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="DLX3 (gene)">DLX3</a>, <a href="/wiki/DLX4" title="DLX4">DLX4</a>, <a href="/wiki/DLX5" title="DLX5">DLX5</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DLX6" title="DLX6">DLX6</a>. Dlx genes are involved in the development of the nervous system and of limbs.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are considered a subset of the NK-like genes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmc2211742_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmc2211742-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human TALE (Three Amino acid Loop Extension) homeobox genes for an "atypical" homeodomain consist of 63 rather than 60 amino acids: <a href="/wiki/IRX1" title="IRX1">IRX1</a>, <a href="/wiki/IRX2" title="IRX2">IRX2</a>, <a href="/wiki/IRX3" title="IRX3">IRX3</a>, <a href="/wiki/IRX4" title="IRX4">IRX4</a>, <a href="/wiki/IRX5" title="IRX5">IRX5</a>, <a href="/wiki/IRX6" title="IRX6">IRX6</a>; <a href="/wiki/MEIS1" title="MEIS1">MEIS1</a>, <a href="/wiki/MEIS2" title="MEIS2">MEIS2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MEIS3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MEIS3 (page does not exist)">MEIS3</a>; <a href="/wiki/MKX" title="MKX">MKX</a>; <a href="/wiki/PBX1" title="PBX1">PBX1</a>, <a href="/wiki/PBX2" title="PBX2">PBX2</a>, <a href="/wiki/PBX3" title="PBX3">PBX3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PBX4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PBX4 (page does not exist)">PBX4</a>; <a href="/wiki/PKNOX1" title="PKNOX1">PKNOX1</a>, <a href="/wiki/PKNOX2" title="PKNOX2">PKNOX2</a>; <a href="/wiki/TGIF1" class="mw-redirect" title="TGIF1">TGIF1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGIF2" title="TGIF2">TGIF2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=TGIF2LX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TGIF2LX (page does not exist)">TGIF2LX</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=TGIF2LY&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TGIF2LY (page does not exist)">TGIF2LY</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmc2211742_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmc2211742-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, humans have the following homeobox genes and proteins:<sup id="cite_ref-pmc2211742_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmc2211742-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>LIM-class: <a href="/wiki/ISL1" title="ISL1">ISL1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISL2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISL2 (page does not exist)">ISL2</a>; <a href="/wiki/LHX1" title="LHX1">LHX1</a>, <a href="/wiki/LHX2" title="LHX2">LHX2</a>, <a href="/wiki/LHX3" title="LHX3">LHX3</a>, <a href="/wiki/LHX4" title="LHX4">LHX4</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LHX5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LHX5 (page does not exist)">LHX5</a>, <a href="/wiki/LHX6" title="LHX6">LHX6</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LHX8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LHX8 (page does not exist)">LHX8</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LHX9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LHX9 (page does not exist)">LHX9</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/LMX1A" title="LMX1A">LMX1A</a>, <a href="/wiki/LMX1B" title="LMX1B">LMX1B</a></li> <li>POU-class: <a href="/w/index.php?title=HDX_(gene)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HDX (gene) (page does not exist)">HDX</a>; <a href="/wiki/POU1F1" class="mw-redirect" title="POU1F1">POU1F1</a>; <a href="/wiki/POU2F1" title="POU2F1">POU2F1</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=POU2F2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="POU2F2 (page does not exist)">POU2F2</a>; <a href="/wiki/POU2F3" title="POU2F3">POU2F3</a>; <a href="/wiki/POU3F1" title="POU3F1">POU3F1</a>; <a href="/wiki/POU3F2" title="POU3F2">POU3F2</a>; <a href="/wiki/POU3F3" class="mw-redirect" title="POU3F3">POU3F3</a>; <a href="/wiki/POU3F4" title="POU3F4">POU3F4</a>; <a href="/wiki/POU4F1" title="POU4F1">POU4F1</a>; <a href="/wiki/POU4F2" title="POU4F2">POU4F2</a>; <a href="/wiki/POU4F3" title="POU4F3">POU4F3</a>; <a href="/wiki/POU5F1" class="mw-redirect" title="POU5F1">POU5F1</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=POU5F1P1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="POU5F1P1 (page does not exist)">POU5F1P1</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=POU5F1P4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="POU5F1P4 (page does not exist)">POU5F1P4</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=POU5F2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="POU5F2 (page does not exist)">POU5F2</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=POU6F1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="POU6F1 (page does not exist)">POU6F1</a>; and <a href="/w/index.php?title=POU6F2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="POU6F2 (page does not exist)">POU6F2</a></li> <li>CERS-class: <a href="/wiki/LASS2" class="mw-redirect" title="LASS2">LASS2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LASS3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LASS3 (page does not exist)">LASS3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LASS4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LASS4 (page does not exist)">LASS4</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LASS5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LASS5 (page does not exist)">LASS5</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LASS6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LASS6 (page does not exist)">LASS6</a>;</li> <li>HNF-class: <a href="/wiki/HMBOX1" title="HMBOX1">HMBOX1</a>; <a href="/wiki/TCF1" class="mw-redirect" title="TCF1">HNF1A</a>, <a href="/wiki/TCF2" class="mw-redirect" title="TCF2">HNF1B</a>;</li> <li>SINE-class: <a href="/wiki/SIX1" class="mw-redirect" title="SIX1">SIX1</a>, <a href="/wiki/SIX2" title="SIX2">SIX2</a>, <a href="/wiki/SIX3" title="SIX3">SIX3</a>, <a href="/wiki/SIX4" title="SIX4">SIX4</a>, <a href="/wiki/SIX5" title="SIX5">SIX5</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SIX6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SIX6 (page does not exist)">SIX6</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>CUT-class: <a href="/wiki/ONECUT1" title="ONECUT1">ONECUT1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ONECUT2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONECUT2 (page does not exist)">ONECUT2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ONECUT3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONECUT3 (page does not exist)">ONECUT3</a>; <a href="/wiki/CUX1_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="CUX1 (gene)">CUX1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CUX2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CUX2 (page does not exist)">CUX2</a>; <a href="/wiki/SATB1" title="SATB1">SATB1</a>, <a href="/wiki/SATB2" title="SATB2">SATB2</a>;</li> <li>ZF-class: <a href="/wiki/ADNP_(gene)" title="ADNP (gene)">ADNP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ADNP2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ADNP2 (page does not exist)">ADNP2</a>; <a href="/wiki/TSHZ1" title="TSHZ1">TSHZ1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=TSHZ2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TSHZ2 (page does not exist)">TSHZ2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TSHZ3" title="TSHZ3">TSHZ3</a>; <a href="/wiki/ZEB1" title="ZEB1">ZEB1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZEB2" title="ZEB2">ZEB2</a>; <a href="/wiki/ZFHX2" class="mw-redirect" title="ZFHX2">ZFHX2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZFHX3" class="mw-redirect" title="ZFHX3">ZFHX3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFHX4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZFHX4 (page does not exist)">ZFHX4</a>; <a href="/wiki/ZHX1" title="ZHX1">ZHX1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=HOMEZ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HOMEZ (page does not exist)">HOMEZ</a>;</li> <li>PRD-class: <a href="/wiki/ALX1" title="ALX1">ALX1</a> (CART1), <a href="/wiki/ALX3" title="ALX3">ALX3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ALX4" title="ALX4">ALX4</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=ARGFX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARGFX (page does not exist)">ARGFX</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aristaless_related_homeobox" title="Aristaless related homeobox">ARX</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=DMBX1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMBX1 (page does not exist)">DMBX1</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=DPRX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DPRX (page does not exist)">DPRX</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=DRGX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DRGX (page does not exist)">DRGX</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=DUXA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DUXA (page does not exist)">DUXA</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=DUXB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DUXB (page does not exist)">DUXB</a>, DUX (<a href="/w/index.php?title=DUX1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DUX1 (page does not exist)">1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=DUX2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DUX2 (page does not exist)">2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=DUX3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DUX3 (page does not exist)">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/DUX4" title="DUX4">4</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=DUX4c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DUX4c (page does not exist)">4c</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=DUX5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DUX5 (page does not exist)">5</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ESX1" title="ESX1">ESX1</a>; <a href="/wiki/GSC_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="GSC (gene)">GSC</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=GSC2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSC2 (page does not exist)">GSC2</a>; <a href="/wiki/HESX1" title="HESX1">HESX1</a>; <a href="/wiki/HOPX" title="HOPX">HOPX</a>; <a href="/wiki/ISX" class="mw-redirect" title="ISX">ISX</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=LEUTX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LEUTX (page does not exist)">LEUTX</a>; <a href="/wiki/MIXL1" title="MIXL1">MIXL1</a>; <a href="/wiki/NOBOX" title="NOBOX">NOBOX</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=OTP_(gene)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OTP (gene) (page does not exist)">OTP</a>; <a href="/wiki/OTX1" title="OTX1">OTX1</a>, <a href="/wiki/OTX2" class="mw-redirect" title="OTX2">OTX2</a>, <a href="/wiki/CRX_(gene)" title="CRX (gene)">CRX</a>; <a href="/wiki/PAX2" title="PAX2">PAX2</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAX3" title="PAX3">PAX3</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAX4" title="PAX4">PAX4</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAX5" title="PAX5">PAX5</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAX6" title="PAX6">PAX6</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAX7" title="PAX7">PAX7</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAX8" title="PAX8">PAX8</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/PHOX2A" title="PHOX2A">PHOX2A</a>, <a href="/wiki/PHOX2B" title="PHOX2B">PHOX2B</a>; <a href="/wiki/PITX1" title="PITX1">PITX1</a>, <a href="/wiki/PITX2" title="PITX2">PITX2</a>, <a href="/wiki/PITX3" title="PITX3">PITX3</a>; <a href="/wiki/PROP1" title="PROP1">PROP1</a>; <a href="/wiki/PRRX1" title="PRRX1">PRRX1</a>, <a href="/wiki/PRRX2" title="PRRX2">PRRX2</a>; <a href="/wiki/RAX_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="RAX (gene)">RAX</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=RAX2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RAX2 (page does not exist)">RAX2</a>; <a href="/wiki/RHOXF1" title="RHOXF1">RHOXF1</a>, <a href="/wiki/RHOXF2" title="RHOXF2">RHOXF2</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=RHOXF2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RHOXF2B (page does not exist)">2B</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=SEBOX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SEBOX (page does not exist)">SEBOX</a>; <a href="/wiki/Short-stature_homeobox_gene" title="Short-stature homeobox gene">SHOX</a>, <a href="/wiki/SHOX2" title="SHOX2">SHOX2</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=TPRX1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TPRX1 (page does not exist)">TPRX1</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=UNCX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UNCX (page does not exist)">UNCX</a>; <a href="/wiki/VSX1" title="VSX1">VSX1</a>, <a href="/wiki/VSX2" title="VSX2">VSX2</a></li> <li>NKL-class: <a href="/w/index.php?title=BARHL1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BARHL1 (page does not exist)">BARHL1</a>, <a href="/wiki/BARHL2" title="BARHL2">BARHL2</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=BARX1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BARX1 (page does not exist)">BARX1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=BARX2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BARX2 (page does not exist)">BARX2</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_homeobox" title="Brain-specific homeobox">BSX</a>; <a href="/wiki/DBX1" title="DBX1">DBX1</a>, <a href="/wiki/DBX2" title="DBX2">DBX2</a>; <a href="/wiki/EMX1" title="EMX1">EMX1</a>, <a href="/wiki/EMX2" title="EMX2">EMX2</a>; <a href="/wiki/EN1_(gene)" title="EN1 (gene)">EN1</a>, <a href="/wiki/EN2_(gene)" title="EN2 (gene)">EN2</a>; <a href="/wiki/HHEX" title="HHEX">HHEX</a>; <a href="/wiki/HLX_(gene)" title="HLX (gene)">HLX1</a>; <a href="/wiki/LBX1" title="LBX1">LBX1</a>, <a href="/wiki/LBX2" title="LBX2">LBX2</a>; <a href="/wiki/MSX1" class="mw-redirect" title="MSX1">MSX1</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSX2_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="MSX2 (gene)">MSX2</a>; <a href="/wiki/Homeobox_protein_NANOG" title="Homeobox protein NANOG">NANOG</a>; <a href="/wiki/Notochord_homeobox_(NOTO)_gene" title="Notochord homeobox (NOTO) gene">NOTO</a>; <a href="/wiki/TLX1" title="TLX1">TLX1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TLX2" title="TLX2">TLX2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TLX3" title="TLX3">TLX3</a>; <a href="/wiki/TSHZ1" title="TSHZ1">TSHZ1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=TSHZ2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TSHZ2 (page does not exist)">TSHZ2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TSHZ3" title="TSHZ3">TSHZ3</a>; <a href="/wiki/VAX1" title="VAX1">VAX1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VAX2 (page does not exist)">VAX2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=VENTX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VENTX (page does not exist)">VENTX</a>; <ul><li>Nkx: <a href="/wiki/NK2_homeobox_1" title="NK2 homeobox 1">NKX2-1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=NKX2-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NKX2-4 (page does not exist)">NKX2-4</a>; <a href="/wiki/NKX2-2" title="NKX2-2">NKX2-2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=NKX2-8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NKX2-8 (page does not exist)">NKX2-8</a>; <a href="/wiki/NKX3-1" title="NKX3-1">NKX3-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/NKX3-2" title="NKX3-2">NKX3-2</a>; <a href="/wiki/NKX2-3" title="NKX2-3">NKX2-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/NKX2-5" class="mw-redirect" title="NKX2-5">NKX2-5</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=NKX2-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NKX2-6 (page does not exist)">NKX2-6</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMX1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMX1 (page does not exist)">HMX1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMX2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMX2 (page does not exist)">HMX2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMX3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMX3 (page does not exist)">HMX3</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NKX6-1" title="NKX6-1">NKX6-1</a>; <a href="/wiki/NKX6-2" title="NKX6-2">NKX6-2</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=NKX6-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NKX6-3 (page does not exist)">NKX6-3</a>;</li></ul></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grouped as Lmx 1/5, 2/9, 3/4, and 6/8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grouped as Six 1/2, 3/6, and 4/5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Questionable, per <sup id="cite_ref-pmc2211742_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmc2211742-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Pax_genes" title="Pax genes">Pax genes</a>. Grouped as Pax2/5/8, Pax3/7, and Pax4/6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nk4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nk5.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeobox&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">Body plan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeobox&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid7903398-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7903398_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1AHD">1AHD</a></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBilleterQianOttingMüller1993" class="citation journal cs1">Billeter M, Qian YQ, Otting G, Müller M, Gehring W, Wüthrich K (December 1993). "Determination of the nuclear magnetic resonance solution structure of an Antennapedia homeodomain-DNA complex". <i>Journal of Molecular Biology</i>. <b>234</b> (4): 1084–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmbi.1993.1661">10.1006/jmbi.1993.1661</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7903398">7903398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=Determination+of+the+nuclear+magnetic+resonance+solution+structure+of+an+Antennapedia+homeodomain-DNA+complex&rft.volume=234&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1084-93&rft.date=1993-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjmbi.1993.1661&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7903398&rft.aulast=Billeter&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Qian%2C+YQ&rft.au=Otting%2C+G&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+M&rft.au=Gehring%2C+W&rft.au=W%C3%BCthrich%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeobox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26464018-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26464018_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26464018_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26464018_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBürglinAffolter2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bürglin TR, Affolter M (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4901127">"Homeodomain proteins: an update"</a>. <i>Chromosoma</i>. <b>125</b> (3): 497–521. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00412-015-0543-8">10.1007/s00412-015-0543-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4901127">4901127</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26464018">26464018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chromosoma&rft.atitle=Homeodomain+proteins%3A+an+update&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=497-521&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4901127%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26464018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00412-015-0543-8&rft.aulast=B%C3%BCrglin&rft.aufirst=TR&rft.au=Affolter%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4901127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeobox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PUB00005390-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PUB00005390_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PUB00005390_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGehring1992" class="citation journal cs1">Gehring WJ (August 1992). "The homeobox in perspective". <i>Trends in Biochemical Sciences</i>. <b>17</b> (8): 277–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0968-0004%2892%2990434-B">10.1016/0968-0004(92)90434-B</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1357790">1357790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Biochemical+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+homeobox+in+perspective&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=277-80&rft.date=1992-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0968-0004%2892%2990434-B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1357790&rft.aulast=Gehring&rft.aufirst=WJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeobox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7903947-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7903947_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGehring1993" class="citation journal cs1">Gehring WJ (December 1993). "Exploring the homeobox". <i>Gene</i>. <b>135</b> (1–2): 215–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1119%2893%2990068-E">10.1016/0378-1119(93)90068-E</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7903947">7903947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gene&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+homeobox&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=215-21&rft.date=1993-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0378-1119%2893%2990068-E&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7903947&rft.aulast=Gehring&rft.aufirst=WJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeobox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221100103/https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genefamily/homeoboxes">"Homeoboxes"</a>. <i>Genetics Home Reference</i>. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genefamily/homeoboxes">the original</a> on 2019-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genetics+Home+Reference&rft.atitle=Homeoboxes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fghr.nlm.nih.gov%2Fprimer%2Fgenefamily%2Fhomeoboxes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeobox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Materials for the study of variation, treated with especial regard to discontinuity in the origin of species William Bateson 1861–1926. London : Macmillan 1894 xv, 598 p</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PUB00005540-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PUB00005540_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PUB00005540_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield_PN1987" class="citation journal cs1">Schofield PN (1987). "Patterns, puzzles and paradigms - The riddle of the homeobox". <i>Trends Neurosci</i>. <b>10</b>: 3–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0166-2236%2887%2990113-5">10.1016/0166-2236(87)90113-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53188259">53188259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Neurosci.&rft.atitle=Patterns%2C+puzzles+and+paradigms+-+The+riddle+of+the+homeobox&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=3-6&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0166-2236%2887%2990113-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53188259%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Schofield+PN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeobox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PUB00000591-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PUB00000591_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottTamkunHartzell1989" class="citation journal cs1">Scott MP, Tamkun JW, Hartzell GW (July 1989). 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Part A</i>. <b>140</b> (13): 1366–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.31252">10.1002/ajmg.a.31252</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16688724">16688724</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32619323">32619323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Medical+Genetics.+Part+A&rft.atitle=Dlx+homeobox+gene+control+of+mammalian+limb+and+craniofacial+development&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1366-74&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32619323%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16688724&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajmg.a.31252&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Lufkin%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeobox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeobox&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodishBerkMatsudairaKaiser2003" class="citation book cs1">Lodish H, Berk A, Matsudaira P, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, et al. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/molecularcellbio00harv"><i>Molecular Cell Biology</i></a></span> (5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-4366-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-4366-8"><bdi>978-0-7167-4366-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Cell+Biology&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-4366-8&rft.aulast=Lodish&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=Berk%2C+Arnold&rft.au=Matsudaira%2C+Paul&rft.au=Kaiser%2C+Chris+A.&rft.au=Krieger%2C+Monty&rft.au=Scott%2C+Matthew+P.&rft.au=Zipursky%2C+Lawrence&rft.au=Darnell%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmolecularcellbio00harv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeobox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToozeBranden1999" class="citation book cs1">Tooze C, Branden J (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontopr00bran_500"><i>Introduction to protein structure</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). New York: Garland Pub. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontopr00bran_500/page/n173">159</a>–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2305-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2305-1"><bdi>978-0-8153-2305-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+protein+structure&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=159-66&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Garland+Pub.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-2305-1&rft.aulast=Tooze&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Branden%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontopr00bran_500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeobox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgishimaTanaka2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ogishima S, Tanaka H (January 2007). "Missing link in the evolution of Hox clusters". <i>Gene</i>. <b>387</b> (1–2): 21–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2006.08.011">10.1016/j.gene.2006.08.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17098381">17098381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gene&rft.atitle=Missing+link+in+the+evolution+of+Hox+clusters&rft.volume=387&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=21-30&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gene.2006.08.011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17098381&rft.aulast=Ogishima&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomeobox" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeobox&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.nhgri.nih.gov/homeodomain/">The Homeodomain Resource (National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homeodb.zoo.ox.ac.uk/">HomeoDB: a database of homeobox genes diversity. Zhong YF, Butts T, Holland PWH, since 2008. </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601150630/http://homeodb.zoo.ox.ac.uk/">Archived</a> 2021-06-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic_Linear_Motif_resource" title="Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource">Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource</a> motif class <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elm.eu.org/elms/elmPages/LIG_HOMEOBOX.html">LIG_HOMEOBOX</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Homeobox">Homeobox</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <div role="note" style="font-style: italic;">This article incorporates text from the public domain <a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a> and <a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR001356">IPR001356</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transcription_factors_and_intracellular_receptors" title="Template:Transcription factors and intracellular receptors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transcription_factors_and_intracellular_receptors" title="Template talk:Transcription factors and intracellular receptors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transcription_factors_and_intracellular_receptors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transcription factors and intracellular receptors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transcription_factors_and_intracellular_receptors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcription factors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intracellular_receptor" title="Intracellular receptor">intracellular receptors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="(1)_Basic_domains" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>(1) Basic domains</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.1) Basic</i> <a href="/wiki/Leucine_zipper" title="Leucine zipper">leucine zipper</a> (<a href="/wiki/BZIP_domain" title="BZIP domain">bZIP</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activating_transcription_factor" title="Activating transcription factor">Activating transcription factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis-antagonizing_transcription_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoptosis-antagonizing transcription factor">AATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF1" title="ATF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activating_transcription_factor_2" title="Activating transcription factor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF3" title="ATF3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF4" title="ATF4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF5" title="ATF5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF6" title="ATF6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF7" title="ATF7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AP-1_transcription_factor" title="AP-1 transcription factor">AP-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-Fos" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Fos">c-Fos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOSB" title="FOSB">FOSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOSL1" title="FOSL1">FOSL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOSL2" title="FOSL2">FOSL2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_dimerization_protein" title="Jun dimerization protein">JDP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-jun" class="mw-redirect" title="C-jun">c-Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JUNB" title="JUNB">JUNB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JunD" title="JunD">JunD</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>BACH</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BACH1" title="BACH1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACH2" title="BACH2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BATF_(gene)" title="BATF (gene)">BATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLZF1" title="BLZF1">BLZF1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ccaat-enhancer-binding_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Ccaat-enhancer-binding proteins">C/EBP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CEBPA" title="CEBPA">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEBPB" title="CEBPB">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEBPG" title="CEBPG">γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEBPD" title="CEBPD">δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEBPE" title="CEBPE">ε</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCAAT/enhancer_binding_protein_zeta" title="CCAAT/enhancer binding protein zeta">ζ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CREB" title="CREB">CREB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CREB1" title="CREB1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CREB3" title="CREB3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CREBL1" title="CREBL1">L1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMP_responsive_element_modulator" title="CAMP responsive element modulator">CREM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBP_(gene)" title="DBP (gene)">DBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_damage-inducible_transcript_3" title="DNA damage-inducible transcript 3">DDIT3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABPA" title="GABPA">GABPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gcn4" title="Gcn4">GCN4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HLF_(gene)" title="HLF (gene)">HLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAF_(gene)" title="MAF (gene)">MAF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MAFB_(gene)" title="MAFB (gene)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAFF_(gene)" title="MAFF (gene)">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAFG" title="MAFG">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAFK" title="MAFK">K</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>NFE</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NFE2" title="NFE2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFE2L1" title="NFE2L1">L1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFE2L2" title="NFE2L2">L2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFE2L3" title="NFE2L3">L3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFIL3" title="NFIL3">NFIL3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NRL_(gene)" title="NRL (gene)">NRL</a></li> <li><i>NRF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NRF1" title="NRF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFE2L2" title="NFE2L2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFE2L3" title="NFE2L3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XBP1" title="XBP1">XBP1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix</i> (<a href="/wiki/Basic_helix-loop-helix" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic helix-loop-helix">bHLH</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group A</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaete-scute_complex" title="Achaete-scute complex">AS-C</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASCL1" title="ASCL1">ASCL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCL2" title="ASCL2">ASCL2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATOH1" title="ATOH1">ATOH1</a></li> <li><i>HAND</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAND1" title="HAND1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAND2" title="HAND2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESP2" title="MESP2">MESP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myogenic_regulatory_factors" title="Myogenic regulatory factors">Myogenic regulatory factors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MyoD" title="MyoD">MyoD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myogenin" title="Myogenin">Myogenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYF5" title="MYF5">MYF5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYF6" title="MYF6">MYF6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeuroD" title="NeuroD">NeuroD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEUROD1" title="NEUROD1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEUROD2" title="NEUROD2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurogenins" title="Neurogenins">Neurogenins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEUROG1" class="mw-redirect" title="NEUROG1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEUROG2" class="mw-redirect" title="NEUROG2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEUROG3" class="mw-redirect" title="NEUROG3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>OLIG</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OLIG1" title="OLIG1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLIG2" title="OLIG2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Paraxis</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TCF15" title="TCF15">TCF15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scleraxis" title="Scleraxis">Scleraxis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>SLC</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LYL1" title="LYL1">LYL1</a></li> <li><i>TAL</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAL1" title="TAL1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAL2" title="TAL2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twist_transcription_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Twist transcription factor">Twist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group B</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIGLA" title="FIGLA">FIGLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myc" title="Myc">Myc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MYC" title="MYC">c-Myc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYCL" title="MYCL">l-Myc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Myc" title="N-Myc">n-Myc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MXD4" title="MXD4">MXD4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCF4" title="TCF4">TCF4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group C<br />bHLH-<a href="/wiki/PAS_domain" title="PAS domain">PAS</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor" title="Aryl hydrocarbon receptor">AhR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor_repressor" title="Aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor">AHRR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor_nuclear_translocator" title="Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator">ARNT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARNTL" class="mw-redirect" title="ARNTL">ARNTL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARNTL2" title="ARNTL2">ARNTL2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLOCK" title="CLOCK">CLOCK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia-inducible_factor" title="Hypoxia-inducible factor">HIF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIF1A" title="HIF1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPAS1" title="EPAS1">EPAS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIF3A" title="HIF3A">3A</a></li></ul></li> <li>NPAS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NPAS1" title="NPAS1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPAS2" title="NPAS2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPAS3" title="NPAS3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>PER</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PER1" class="mw-redirect" title="PER1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PER2" title="PER2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PER3" title="PER3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_(gene)" title="Period (gene)">Period</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>SIM</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SIM1" title="SIM1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM2" title="SIM2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group D</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>BHLH</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BHLHB2" title="BHLHB2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHLHB3" class="mw-redirect" title="BHLHB3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHLHA9" title="BHLHA9">9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pho4" title="Pho4">Pho4</a></li> <li><i>ID</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ID1" title="ID1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ID2" title="ID2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ID3_(gene)" title="ID3 (gene)">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ID4" title="ID4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group E</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>HES</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HES1" title="HES1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hes_family_bhlh_transcription_factor_2" title="Hes family bhlh transcription factor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HES3" title="HES3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HES4" title="HES4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HES5" title="HES5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HES6" title="HES6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HES7_gene" title="HES7 gene">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>HEY</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HEY1" title="HEY1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEY2" title="HEY2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEYL" title="HEYL">L</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group F<br />bHLH-COE</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EBF1" title="EBF1">EBF1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.3)</i> <a href="/wiki/Basic_helix-loop-helix_leucine_zipper_transcription_factors" title="Basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factors">bHLH-ZIP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TFAP4" title="TFAP4">AP-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAX_(gene)" title="MAX (gene)">MAX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MXD1" title="MXD1">MXD1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MXD3" title="MXD3">MXD3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphthalmia-associated_transcription_factor" title="Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor">MITF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MNT_(gene)" title="MNT (gene)">MNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLX_(gene)" title="MLX (gene)">MLX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate-responsive_element-binding_protein" title="Carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein">MLXIPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MXI1" title="MXI1">MXI1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myc" title="Myc">Myc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterol_regulatory_element-binding_protein" title="Sterol regulatory element-binding protein">SREBP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SREBF1" class="mw-redirect" title="SREBF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SREBF2" class="mw-redirect" title="SREBF2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USF1" title="USF1">USF1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.4) NF-1</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_factor_I" title="Nuclear factor I">NFI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NFIA" title="NFIA">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFIB_(gene)" title="NFIB (gene)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFIC_(gene)" title="NFIC (gene)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFIX" title="NFIX">X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMAD_(protein)" title="SMAD (protein)">SMAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R-SMAD" title="R-SMAD">R-SMAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_1" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_2" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_3" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_5" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_9" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9">9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-SMAD" title="I-SMAD">I-SMAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_6" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_7" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_4" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4">4</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.5) RF-X</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>RFX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RFX1" title="RFX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFX2" title="RFX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFX3" title="RFX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFX4" title="RFX4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFX5" title="RFX5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFX6" title="RFX6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFXANK" title="RFXANK">ANK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activating_protein_2" title="Activating protein 2">AP-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TFAP2A" title="TFAP2A">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFAP2B" title="TFAP2B">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFAP2C" title="TFAP2C">γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFAP2D" title="TFAP2D">δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFAP2E" title="TFAP2E">ε</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="(2)_Zinc_finger_DNA-binding_domains" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>(2)</i> <a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger" title="Zinc finger">Zinc finger</a> DNA-binding domains</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.1)</i> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor" title="Nuclear receptor">Nuclear receptor</a> <i>(Cys<sub>4</sub>)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 1</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_receptor" title="Thyroid hormone receptor">Thyroid hormone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_receptor_alpha" title="Thyroid hormone receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_receptor_beta" title="Thyroid hormone receptor beta">β</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_androstane_receptor" title="Constitutive androstane receptor">CAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnesoid_X_receptor" title="Farnesoid X receptor">FXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_X_receptor" title="Liver X receptor">LXR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liver_X_receptor_alpha" title="Liver X receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_X_receptor_beta" title="Liver X receptor beta">β</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor" title="Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor">PPAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor_alpha" title="Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor_delta" title="Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta">β/δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor_gamma" title="Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma">γ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnane_X_receptor" title="Pregnane X receptor">PXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid_receptor" title="Retinoic acid receptor">RAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid_receptor_alpha" title="Retinoic acid receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid_receptor_beta" title="Retinoic acid receptor beta">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid_receptor_gamma" title="Retinoic acid receptor gamma">γ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAR-related_orphan_receptor" title="RAR-related orphan receptor">ROR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RAR-related_orphan_receptor_alpha" title="RAR-related orphan receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAR-related_orphan_receptor_beta" title="RAR-related orphan receptor beta">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAR-related_orphan_receptor_gamma" title="RAR-related orphan receptor gamma">γ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rev-ErbA" class="mw-redirect" title="Rev-ErbA">Rev-ErbA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rev-ErbA_alpha" title="Rev-ErbA alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rev-ErbA_beta" title="Rev-ErbA beta">β</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitriol_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcitriol receptor">VDR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 2</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_ovalbumin_upstream_promoter-transcription_factor" title="Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor">COUP-TF</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/COUP-TFI" title="COUP-TFI">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COUP-TFII" title="COUP-TFII">II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-erbA-related_gene" title="V-erbA-related gene">Ear-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte_nuclear_factor_4" title="Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4">HNF4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte_nuclear_factor_4_alpha" title="Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte_nuclear_factor_4_gamma" title="Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 gamma">γ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell-specific_nuclear_receptor" title="Photoreceptor cell-specific nuclear receptor">PNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoid_X_receptor" title="Retinoid X receptor">RXR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retinoid_X_receptor_alpha" title="Retinoid X receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoid_X_receptor_beta" title="Retinoid X receptor beta">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoid_X_receptor_gamma" title="Retinoid X receptor gamma">γ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicular_receptor" title="Testicular receptor">Testicular receptor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testicular_receptor_2" title="Testicular receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicular_receptor_4" title="Testicular receptor 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLX" title="TLX">TLX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 3</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroid_hormone_receptor" title="Steroid hormone receptor">Steroid hormone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">Androgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor">Estrogen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor_alpha" title="Estrogen receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor_beta" title="Estrogen receptor beta">β</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor">Glucocorticoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor" title="Mineralocorticoid receptor">Mineralocorticoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor">Progesterone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor" title="Estrogen-related receptor">Estrogen related</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor_alpha" title="Estrogen-related receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor_beta" title="Estrogen-related receptor beta">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor_gamma" title="Estrogen-related receptor gamma">γ</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 4</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nur_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur (biology)">NUR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor_4A1" title="Nuclear receptor 4A1">NGFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor_4A3" title="Nuclear receptor 4A3">NOR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor_4A2" title="Nuclear receptor 4A2">NURR1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 5</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liver_receptor_homolog-1" title="Liver receptor homolog-1">LRH-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenic_factor_1" title="Steroidogenic factor 1">SF1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 6</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_nuclear_factor" title="Germ cell nuclear factor">GCNF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 0</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DAX1" title="DAX1">DAX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_heterodimer_partner" title="Small heterodimer partner">SHP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.2) Other Cys<sub>4</sub></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GATA_transcription_factor" title="GATA transcription factor">GATA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GATA1" title="GATA1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GATA2" title="GATA2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GATA3" title="GATA3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GATA4" title="GATA4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GATA5" title="GATA5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GATA6" title="GATA6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>MTA</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTA1" title="MTA1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTA2" title="MTA2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTA3" title="MTA3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricho-rhino-phalangeal_syndrome_Type_1" title="Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome Type 1">TRPS1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.3) Cys<sub>2</sub>His<sub>2</sub></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_transcription_factor" title="General transcription factor">General transcription factors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_A" title="Transcription factor II A">TFIIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_B" title="Transcription factor II B">TFIIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_D" title="Transcription factor II D">TFIID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_E" title="Transcription factor II E">TFIIE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GTF2E1" title="GTF2E1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF2E2" title="GTF2E2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_F" title="Transcription factor II F">TFIIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF2F1" title="GTF2F1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF2F2" title="GTF2F2">2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_H" title="Transcription factor II H">TFIIH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF2H1" title="GTF2H1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF2H2" title="GTF2H2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF2H4" title="GTF2H4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF2I" title="GTF2I">2I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF3A" title="GTF3A">3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF3C1" title="GTF3C1">3C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF3C2" title="GTF3C2">3C2</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATBF1" title="ATBF1">ATBF1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B-cell_CLL/lymphoma" title="B-cell CLL/lymphoma">BCL</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCL6" title="BCL6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCL11A" title="BCL11A">11A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCL11B" title="BCL11B">11B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTCF" title="CTCF">CTCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E4F1" title="E4F1">E4F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_growth_response_proteins" title="Early growth response proteins">EGR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EGR1" title="EGR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGR2" title="EGR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGR3" title="EGR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGR4" title="EGR4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERV3" title="ERV3">ERV3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GFI1" title="GFI1">GFI1</a></li> <li><i>GLI family</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GLI1" title="GLI1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLI2" title="GLI2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLI3" title="GLI3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RE1-silencing_transcription_factor" title="RE1-silencing transcription factor">REST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLIS1" title="GLIS1">S1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLIS2" title="GLIS2">S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YY1" title="YY1">YY1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>HIC</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIC1" title="HIC1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIC2" title="HIC2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>HIVEP</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIVEP1" title="HIVEP1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIVEP2" title="HIVEP2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIVEP3" title="HIVEP3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>IKZF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IKZF1" title="IKZF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKZF2" title="IKZF2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKZF3" title="IKZF3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ILF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ILF2" title="ILF2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILF3" title="ILF3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruppel-like_factors" title="Kruppel-like factors">Sp/KLF family</a> <ul><li><i>KLF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KLF1" title="KLF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF2" title="KLF2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF3" title="KLF3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF4" title="KLF4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF5" title="KLF5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF6" title="KLF6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF7" title="KLF7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF8" title="KLF8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF9" title="KLF9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF10" title="KLF10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF11" title="KLF11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF12" title="KLF12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF13" title="KLF13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF14" title="KLF14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF15" title="KLF15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF17" title="KLF17">17</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>SP</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sp1_transcription_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sp1 transcription factor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP2_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="SP2 (gene)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP4_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="SP4 (gene)">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sp7_transcription_factor" title="Sp7 transcription factor">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sp8_transcription_factor" title="Sp8 transcription factor">8</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTF1" title="MTF1">MTF1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYT1" title="MYT1">MYT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSR1" title="OSR1">OSR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRDM9" title="PRDM9">PRDM9</a></li> <li><i>SALL</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SALL1" title="SALL1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SALL2" title="SALL2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SALL3" title="SALL3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SALL4" title="SALL4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSHZ3" title="TSHZ3">TSHZ3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WT1" class="mw-redirect" title="WT1">WT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbtb7" title="Zbtb7">Zbtb7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB7A" title="ZBTB7A">7A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB7B" title="ZBTB7B">7B</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ZBTB</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB11" title="ZBTB11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger_and_BTB_domain-containing_protein_16" title="Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB17" title="ZBTB17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB20" title="ZBTB20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB21" title="ZBTB21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB32" title="ZBTB32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB33" title="ZBTB33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB40" title="ZBTB40">40</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>zinc finger</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZNF3" title="ZNF3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF7" title="ZNF7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNBP" title="CNBP">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF10" title="ZNF10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF19" title="ZNF19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF22" title="ZNF22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF24" title="ZNF24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF33B" title="ZNF33B">33B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF34" title="ZNF34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF35" title="ZNF35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF41" title="ZNF41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF43" title="ZNF43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF44" title="ZNF44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCL6" title="BCL6">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF74" title="ZNF74">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF143" title="ZNF143">143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF146" title="ZNF146">146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF148" title="ZNF148">148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger_protein_165" title="Zinc finger protein 165">165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF202" title="ZNF202">202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF217" title="ZNF217">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF219" title="ZNF219">219</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF238" title="ZNF238">238</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF239" title="ZNF239">239</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF259" title="ZNF259">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF267" title="ZNF267">267</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGR1" title="EGR1">268</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF281" title="ZNF281">281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF300" title="ZNF300">300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF318" title="ZNF318">318</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF330" title="ZNF330">330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF346" title="ZNF346">346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF350" title="ZNF350">350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF365" title="ZNF365">365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF366" title="ZNF366">366</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF384" title="ZNF384">384</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF423" title="ZNF423">423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF451" title="ZNF451">451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF452" title="ZNF452">452</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF471" title="ZNF471">471</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF593" title="ZNF593">593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF638" title="ZNF638">638</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF644" title="ZNF644">644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF649" title="ZNF649">649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF655" title="ZNF655">655</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF804A" class="mw-redirect" title="ZNF804A">804A</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.4) Cys<sub>6</sub></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIVEP1" title="HIVEP1">HIVEP1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.5) Alternating composition</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_regulator" title="Autoimmune regulator">AIRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIDO1" title="DIDO1">DIDO1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRLF1" title="GRLF1">GRLF1</a></li> <li><i>ING</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ING1" title="ING1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ING2" title="ING2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ING4" title="ING4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>JARID</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KDM5A" title="KDM5A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDM5B" class="mw-redirect" title="KDM5B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDM5C" title="KDM5C">1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDM5D" title="KDM5D">1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JARID2" title="JARID2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDM3B" title="KDM3B">JMJD1B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.6) WRKY</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WRKY_protein_domain" title="WRKY protein domain">WRKY</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="(3)_Helix-turn-helix_domains" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>(3)</i> <a href="/wiki/Helix-turn-helix" title="Helix-turn-helix">Helix-turn-helix</a> <i>domains</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.1)</i> <a href="/wiki/Homeodomain_fold" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeodomain fold">Homeodomain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Antennapedia" title="Antennapedia">Antennapedia</a></i></span><br /><span class="nobold"><i>ANTP class</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>protoHOX</i></span><br /><span class="nobold"><i>Hox-like</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ParaHox" title="ParaHox">ParaHox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gsx_(gene_family)" title="Gsx (gene family)">Gsx</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSX1" title="GSX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSX2" title="GSX2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xlox" class="mw-redirect" title="Xlox">Xlox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PDX1" title="PDX1">PDX1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cdx" title="Cdx">Cdx</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDX1" class="mw-redirect" title="CDX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDX2" class="mw-redirect" title="CDX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDX4_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="CDX4 (gene)">4</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>extended Hox: <a href="/wiki/Evx1" title="Evx1">Evx1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evx2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evx2 (page does not exist)">Evx2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEOX1" title="MEOX1">MEOX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEOX2" title="MEOX2">MEOX2</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homeobox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeobox_A1" title="Homeobox A1">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA2" title="HOXA2">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA3" title="HOXA3">A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA4" title="HOXA4">A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA5" title="HOXA5">A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA7" title="HOXA7">A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA9" title="HOXA9">A9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeobox_A10" title="Homeobox A10">A10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA11" title="HOXA11">A11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA13" title="HOXA13">A13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB1" title="HOXB1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB2" title="HOXB2">B2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB3" title="HOXB3">B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB4" title="HOXB4">B4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB5" title="HOXB5">B5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB6" title="HOXB6">B6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB7" title="HOXB7">B7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB8" title="HOXB8">B8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB9" title="HOXB9">B9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB13" title="HOXB13">B13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC4" title="HOXC4">C4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC5" title="HOXC5">C5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC6" title="HOXC6">C6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC8" title="HOXC8">C8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC9" title="HOXC9">C9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC10" title="HOXC10">C10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC11" title="HOXC11">C11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC12" title="HOXC12">C12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC13" title="HOXC13">C13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD1" title="HOXD1">D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD3" title="HOXD3">D3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD4" title="HOXD4">D4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD8" title="HOXD8">D8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD9" title="HOXD9">D9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD10" title="HOXD10">D10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD11" title="HOXD11">D11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD12" title="HOXD12">D12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD13" title="HOXD13">D13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GBX1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GBX1 (page does not exist)">GBX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBX2" title="GBX2">GBX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MNX1" title="MNX1">MNX1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>metaHOX</i></span><br /><span class="nobold"><i>NK-like</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BARHL1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BARHL1 (page does not exist)">BARHL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BARHL2" title="BARHL2">BARHL2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BARX1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BARX1 (page does not exist)">BARX1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BARX2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BARX2 (page does not exist)">BARX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_homeobox" title="Brain-specific homeobox">BSX</a></li> <li><i>DBX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DBX1" title="DBX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBX2" title="DBX2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLX_gene_family" title="DLX gene family">DLX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DLX1" title="DLX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLX2" title="DLX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLX3_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="DLX3 (gene)">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLX4" title="DLX4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLX5" title="DLX5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLX6" title="DLX6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EMX_homeogene" title="EMX homeogene">EMX</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMX1" title="EMX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMX2" title="EMX2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>EN</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EN1_(gene)" title="EN1 (gene)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN2_(gene)" title="EN2 (gene)">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HHEX" title="HHEX">HHEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HLX_(gene)" title="HLX (gene)">HLX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBX1" title="LBX1">LBX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBX2" title="LBX2">LBX2</a></li> <li><i>MSX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MSX1" class="mw-redirect" title="MSX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Msh_homeobox_2" title="Msh homeobox 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeobox_protein_NANOG" title="Homeobox protein NANOG">NANOG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKX-homeodomain_factor" title="NKX-homeodomain factor">NKX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NK2_homeobox_1" title="NK2 homeobox 1">2-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKX2-2" title="NKX2-2">2-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKX2-3" title="NKX2-3">2-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeobox_protein_Nkx-2.5" title="Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5">2-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKX3-1" title="NKX3-1">3-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKX3-2" title="NKX3-2">3-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMX1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMX1 (page does not exist)">HMX1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMX2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMX2 (page does not exist)">HMX2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMX3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMX3 (page does not exist)">HMX3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKX6-1" title="NKX6-1">6-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKX6-2" title="NKX6-2">6-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLX1" title="TLX1">TLX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLX2" title="TLX2">TLX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLX3" title="TLX3">TLX3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX1" title="VAX1">VAX1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VAX2 (page does not exist)">VAX2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristaless_related_homeobox" title="Aristaless related homeobox">ARX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRX_(gene)" title="CRX (gene)">CRX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUTL1" title="CUTL1">CUTL1</a></li> <li><i>FHL</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FHL1" title="FHL1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FHL2" title="FHL2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FHL3" title="FHL3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HESX1" title="HESX1">HESX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOPX" title="HOPX">HOPX</a></li> <li><i>LMX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LMX1A" title="LMX1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LMX1B" title="LMX1B">1B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOBOX" title="NOBOX">NOBOX</a></li> <li>TALE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_homeobox_factor" title="Iroquois homeobox factor">IRX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRX1" title="IRX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRX2" title="IRX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRX3" title="IRX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRX4" title="IRX4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRX5" title="IRX5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRX6" title="IRX6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MKX" title="MKX">MKX</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>MEIS</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MEIS1" title="MEIS1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEIS2" title="MEIS2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>PBX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PBX1" title="PBX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PBX2" title="PBX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PBX3" title="PBX3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>PKNOX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PKNOX1" title="PKNOX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PKNOX2" title="PKNOX2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>SIX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SIX1" class="mw-redirect" title="SIX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX2" title="SIX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX3" title="SIX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX4" title="SIX4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX5" title="SIX5">5</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>PHF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PHF1" title="PHF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF3" title="PHF3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF6" title="PHF6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF8" title="PHF8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF10" title="PHF10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF16" title="PHF16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF17" class="mw-redirect" title="PHF17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF20" title="PHF20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF21A" title="PHF21A">21A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POU_domain" title="POU domain">POU domain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary-specific_positive_transcription_factor_1" title="Pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1">PIT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRN-3" title="BRN-3">BRN-3</a>: <a href="/wiki/POU4F1" title="POU4F1">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POU4F2" title="POU4F2">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POU4F3" title="POU4F3">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octamer_transcription_factor" title="Octamer transcription factor">Octamer transcription factor</a>: <a href="/wiki/POU2F1" title="POU2F1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oct-2" title="Oct-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oct-4" title="Oct-4">3/4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POU3F1" title="POU3F1">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POU3F2" title="POU3F2">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POU3F4" title="POU3F4">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATB2" title="SATB2">SATB2</a></li> <li><i>ZEB</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZEB1" title="ZEB1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZEB2" title="ZEB2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.2) Paired box</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pax_genes" title="Pax genes">PAX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PAX1" title="PAX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX2" title="PAX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX3" title="PAX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX4" title="PAX4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX5" title="PAX5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX6" title="PAX6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX7" title="PAX7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX8" title="PAX8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX9" title="PAX9">9</a></li></ul></li> <li>PRRX <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PRRX1" title="PRRX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRRX2" title="PRRX2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROP1" title="PROP1">PROP1</a></li> <li><i>PHOX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PHOX2A" title="PHOX2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHOX2B" title="PHOX2B">2B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_homeobox_protein_Rx" title="Retinal homeobox protein Rx">RAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-stature_homeobox_gene" title="Short-stature homeobox gene">SHOX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHOX2" title="SHOX2">SHOX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSX1" title="VSX1">VSX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSX2" title="VSX2">VSX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicoid_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicoid (gene)">Bicoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goosecoid_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Goosecoid protein">GSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BICD2" title="BICD2">BICD2</a></li> <li><i>OTX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OTX1" title="OTX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodenticle_homeobox_2" title="Orthodenticle homeobox 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>PITX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PITX1" title="PITX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PITX2" title="PITX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PITX3" title="PITX3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.3)</i> <a href="/wiki/FOX_proteins" title="FOX proteins">Fork head</a> / <a href="/wiki/Winged-helix_transcription_factors" title="Winged-helix transcription factors">winged helix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E2F" title="E2F">E2F</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E2F1" title="E2F1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E2F2" title="E2F2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E2F3" title="E2F3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E2F4" title="E2F4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E2F5" title="E2F5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOX_proteins" title="FOX proteins">FOX proteins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FOXA1" title="FOXA1">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXA2" title="FOXA2">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXA3" title="FOXA3">A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXB1" class="mw-redirect" title="FOXB1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXB2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXB2 (page does not exist)">B2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forkhead_box_C1" title="Forkhead box C1">C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXC2" title="FOXC2">C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXD1" class="mw-redirect" title="FOXD1">D1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXD2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXD2 (page does not exist)">D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXD3" title="FOXD3">D3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXD4" title="FOXD4">D4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXD4L1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXD4L1 (page does not exist)">D4L1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXD4L3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXD4L3 (page does not exist)">D4L3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXD4L4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXD4L4 (page does not exist)">D4L4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXD4L5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXD4L5 (page does not exist)">D4L5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXD4L6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXD4L6 (page does not exist)">D4L6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXE1" title="FOXE1">E1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXE3" title="FOXE3">E3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXF1" title="FOXF1">F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXF2" title="FOXF2">F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXG1" title="FOXG1">G1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXH1" title="FOXH1">H1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXI1" title="FOXI1">I1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXI2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXI2 (page does not exist)">I2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXI3" title="FOXI3">I3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXJ1" title="FOXJ1">J1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXJ2" title="FOXJ2">J2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXJ3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXJ3 (page does not exist)">J3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXK1" title="FOXK1">K1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXK2" title="FOXK2">K2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXL1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXL1 (page does not exist)">L1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forkhead_box_L2" class="mw-redirect" title="Forkhead box L2">L2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXM1" title="FOXM1">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXN1" title="FOXN1">N1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXN2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXN2 (page does not exist)">N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXN3" title="FOXN3">N3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXN4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXN4 (page does not exist)">N4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXO1" class="mw-redirect" title="FOXO1">O1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXO3" title="FOXO3">O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXO4" title="FOXO4">O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXO6" title="FOXO6">O6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXP1" title="FOXP1">P1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXP2" title="FOXP2">P2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXP3" title="FOXP3">P3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXP4" title="FOXP4">P4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXQ1" title="FOXQ1">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXR1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXR1 (page does not exist)">R1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXR2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXR2 (page does not exist)">R2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXS1" title="FOXS1">S1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.4)</i> <a href="/wiki/Heat_shock_factor" title="Heat shock factor">Heat shock factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Heat_shock_factor" title="Heat shock factor">HSF</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HSF1" class="mw-redirect" title="HSF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSF2" title="HSF2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSF4" title="HSF4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.5) Tryptophan clusters</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ELF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ELF2" title="ELF2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELF4" title="ELF4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELF5" title="ELF5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EHF_(gene)" title="EHF (gene)">EGF</a></li> <li><i>ELK</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ELK1" title="ELK1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELK3" title="ELK3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELK4" title="ELK4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERF_(gene)" title="ERF (gene)">ERF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETS_transcription_factor_family" title="ETS transcription factor family">ETS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ETS1" title="ETS1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETS2" title="ETS2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERG_(gene)" title="ERG (gene)">ERG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPIB" title="SPIB">SPIB</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ETV</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ETV1" title="ETV1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETV4" title="ETV4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERM_transcription_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="ERM transcription factor">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETV6" title="ETV6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLI1" title="FLI1">FLI1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_regulatory_factors" title="Interferon regulatory factors">Interferon regulatory factors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRF1" title="IRF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF2" title="IRF2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF3" title="IRF3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF4" title="IRF4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF5" title="IRF5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF6" title="IRF6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF7" title="IRF7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF8" title="IRF8">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYB_(gene)" title="MYB (gene)">MYB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYBL2" title="MYBL2">MYBL2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.6) TEA domain</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>transcriptional enhancer factor</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TEAD1" title="TEAD1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEAD2" title="TEAD2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEAD3" title="TEAD3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEAD4" title="TEAD4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="(4)_β-Scaffold_factors_with_minor_groove_contacts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(4) <i>β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.1)</i> <a href="/wiki/Rel_homology_domain" title="Rel homology domain">Rel homology region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NFKB1" title="NFKB1">NFKB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFKB2" title="NFKB2">NFKB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REL" title="REL">REL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELA" title="RELA">RELA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELB" title="RELB">RELB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFAT" title="NFAT">NFAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NFATC1" title="NFATC1">C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFATC2" title="NFATC2">C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFATC3" title="NFATC3">C3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFATC4" title="NFATC4">C4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFAT5" title="NFAT5">5</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.2)</i> <a href="/wiki/STAT_protein" title="STAT protein">STAT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STAT_protein" title="STAT protein">STAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STAT1" title="STAT1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAT2" title="STAT2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAT3" title="STAT3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAT4" title="STAT4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAT5" title="STAT5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAT6" title="STAT6">6</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.3) p53-like</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P53_p63_p73_family" title="P53 p63 p73 family">p53 p63 p73 family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P53" title="P53">p53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TP63" title="TP63">TP63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P73" title="P73">p73</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-box" title="T-box">TBX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TBX1" title="TBX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBX2" title="TBX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBX3" title="TBX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBX5_(gene)" title="TBX5 (gene)">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBX19" title="TBX19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBX21" title="TBX21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBX22" title="TBX22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBR1" title="TBR1">TBR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eomesodermin" title="Eomesodermin">TBR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachyury" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachyury">TFT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelin_regulatory_factor" title="Myelin regulatory factor">MYRF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.4)</i> <a href="/wiki/MADS-box" title="MADS-box">MADS box</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mef2" title="Mef2">Mef2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myocyte-specific_enhancer_factor_2A" title="Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEF2B" title="MEF2B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEF2C" title="MEF2C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEF2D" title="MEF2D">D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serum_response_factor" title="Serum response factor">SRF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.6)</i> <a href="/wiki/TATA-binding_protein" title="TATA-binding protein">TATA-binding proteins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TATA-binding_protein" title="TATA-binding protein">TBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBPL1" title="TBPL1">TBPL1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.7)</i> <a href="/wiki/High-mobility_group" title="High-mobility group">High-mobility group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBX_(gene)" title="BBX (gene)">BBX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMG-box" title="HMG-box">HMGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMGB1" title="HMGB1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGB2" title="HMGB2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGB3" title="HMGB3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGB4" title="HMGB4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGN" title="HMGN">HMGN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMGN1" title="HMGN1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGN2" title="HMGN2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGN3" title="HMGN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGN4" title="HMGN4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>HNF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HNF1A" title="HNF1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HNF1B" title="HNF1B">1B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX_gene_family" title="SOX gene family">SOX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SOX1" title="SOX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX2" title="SOX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX3" title="SOX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX4" title="SOX4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX5" title="SOX5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX6" title="SOX6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX8" title="SOX8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX9" title="SOX9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX10" title="SOX10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX11" title="SOX11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX12" title="SOX12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX13" title="SOX13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX14" title="SOX14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX15" title="SOX15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX18" title="SOX18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX21" title="SOX21">21</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testis_determining_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Testis determining factor">SRY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_specific_recognition_protein_1" title="Structure specific recognition protein 1">SSRP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCF/LEF_family" title="TCF/LEF family">TCF/LEF</a> <ul><li><i>TCF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TCF7" title="TCF7">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCF3" title="TCF3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCF7L2" title="TCF7L2">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphoid_enhancer-binding_factor_1" title="Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1">LEF1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>TOX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TOX" title="TOX">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOX2" title="TOX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOX3" title="TOX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOX4" title="TOX4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.9) Grainyhead</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TFCP2" title="TFCP2">TFCP2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.10) Cold-shock domain</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSDA_(gene)" title="CSDA (gene)">CSDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_box_binding_protein_1" title="Y box binding protein 1">YBX1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.11) Runt</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Core_binding_factor" title="Core binding factor">CBF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBFA2T2" title="CBFA2T2">CBFA2T2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBFA2T3" title="CBFA2T3">CBFA2T3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RUNX1" title="RUNX1">RUNX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RUNX2" title="RUNX2">RUNX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RUNX3" title="RUNX3">RUNX3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RUNX1T1" title="RUNX1T1">RUNX1T1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="(0)_Other_transcription_factors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i> (0) Other transcription factors</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(0.2) HMGI(Y)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMGA" title="HMGA">HMGA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMGA1" title="HMGA1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGA2" title="HMGA2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBP1" title="HBP1">HBP1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(0.3)</i> <a href="/wiki/Pocket_protein_family" title="Pocket protein family">Pocket domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retinoblastoma_protein" title="Retinoblastoma protein">Rb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoblastoma-like_protein_1" title="Retinoblastoma-like protein 1">RBL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoblastoma-like_protein_2" title="Retinoblastoma-like protein 2">RBL2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(0.5)</i> <a href="/wiki/Apetala_2" title="Apetala 2">AP-2</a><i>/</i><a href="/wiki/Ethylene-responsive_element_binding_protein" title="Ethylene-responsive element binding protein">EREBP</a><i>-related factors</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apetala_2" title="Apetala 2">Apetala 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene-responsive_element_binding_protein" title="Ethylene-responsive element binding protein">EREBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B3_domain" title="B3 domain">B3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(0.6) Miscellaneous</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ARID</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARID1A" title="ARID1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARID1B" title="ARID1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARID2" title="ARID2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARID3A" title="ARID3A">3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARID3B" title="ARID3B">3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARID4A" title="ARID4A">4A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catabolite_activator_protein" title="Catabolite activator protein">CAP</a></li> <li><i>IFI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IFI16" title="IFI16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFI35" title="IFI35">35</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLL_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="MLL (gene)">MLL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MLL2" class="mw-redirect" title="MLL2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLL3" class="mw-redirect" title="MLL3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLLT1" title="MLLT1">T1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MNDA" title="MNDA">MNDA</a></li> <li><i>NFY</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NFYA" title="NFYA">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFYB" title="NFYB">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFYC" title="NFYC">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rho_factor" title="Rho factor">Rho</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sigma_factor" title="Sigma factor">Sigma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div><i>see also <a href="/wiki/Template:Transcription_factor_and_coregulator_deficiencies" title="Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies">transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_development_of_phenotype" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genarch" title="Template:Genarch"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genarch" title="Template talk:Genarch"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genarch" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genarch"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_development_of_phenotype" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">development</a> of <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genotype%E2%80%93phenotype_distinction" title="Genotype–phenotype distinction">Genotype–phenotype distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaction_norm" title="Reaction norm">Reaction norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene%E2%80%93environment_interaction" title="Gene–environment interaction">Gene–environment interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene%E2%80%93environment_correlation" title="Gene–environment correlation">Gene–environment correlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operon" title="Operon">Operon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritability" title="Heritability">Heritability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_genetics" title="Quantitative genetics">Quantitative genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterochrony" title="Heterochrony">Heterochrony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoteny" title="Neoteny">Neoteny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotopy" title="Heterotopy">Heterotopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetic_architecture" title="Genetic architecture">Genetic architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canalisation_(genetics)" title="Canalisation (genetics)">Canalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_assimilation" title="Genetic assimilation">Genetic assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">Dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistasis" title="Epistasis">Epistasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_landscape" title="Fitness landscape">Fitness landscape</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_landscape" title="Evolutionary landscape">evolutionary landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiotropy" title="Pleiotropy">Pleiotropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_plasticity" title="Phenotypic plasticity">Plasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygenic_inheritance" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygenic inheritance">Polygenic inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_segregation" title="Transgressive segregation">Transgressive segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_space_(evolution)" title="Sequence space (evolution)">Sequence space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-genetic influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_effect" title="Maternal effect">Maternal effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomic_imprinting" title="Genomic imprinting">Genomic imprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_inheritance_theory" title="Dual inheritance theory">Dual inheritance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphenism" title="Polyphenism">Polyphenism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developmental architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">Morphogenesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">Eyespot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_formation" title="Pattern formation">Pattern formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">Segmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(biology)" title="Metamerism (biology)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modularity_(biology)" title="Modularity (biology)">Modularity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evolution of genetic systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolvability" title="Evolvability">Evolvability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robustness_(evolution)" title="Robustness (evolution)">Robustness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_network_(evolution)" title="Neutral network (evolution)">Neutral networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Evolution of sexual reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_tinkering" title="Evolutionary tinkering">Tinkering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Control of development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression" title="Regulation of gene expression">Regulation of gene expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_regulatory_network" title="Gene regulatory network">Gene regulatory network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo-devo_gene_toolkit" title="Evo-devo gene toolkit">Evo-devo gene toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homeobox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_signaling_pathway" title="Hedgehog signaling pathway">Hedgehog signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notch_signaling_pathway" title="Notch signaling pathway">Notch signaling pathway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeotic_gene" title="Homeotic gene">Homeotic gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hox_gene" title="Hox gene">Hox gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_genes" title="Pax genes">Pax genes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PAX6" title="PAX6">eyeless gene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLX_gene_family" title="DLX gene family">Distal-less</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrailed_(gene)" title="Engrailed (gene)">Engrailed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cis-regulatory_element" title="Cis-regulatory element">cis-regulatory element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">Ligand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphogen" title="Morphogen">Morphogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Cell surface receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcription factor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influential figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._H._Waddington" title="C. H. Waddington">C. H. Waddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lewontin" title="Richard Lewontin">Richard Lewontin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> + <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lac_operon" title="Lac operon">Lac operon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McGinnis" title="William McGinnis">William McGinnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Levine_(biologist)" title="Michael Levine (biologist)">Mike Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_B._Carroll" title="Sean B. Carroll">Sean B. Carroll</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Endless_Forms_Most_Beautiful_(book)" title="Endless Forms Most Beautiful (book)">Endless Forms Most Beautiful</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphogenetic_field" title="Morphogenetic field">Morphogenetic field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index of evolutionary biology articles</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homeobox&oldid=1241557931">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homeobox&oldid=1241557931</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genes" title="Category:Genes">Genes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Developmental_genetics" title="Category:Developmental genetics">Developmental genetics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protein_domains" title="Category:Protein domains">Protein domains</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transcription_factors" title="Category:Transcription factors">Transcription factors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Homeobox_genes" title="Category:Homeobox genes">Homeobox genes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Category:Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 August 2024, at 21:28<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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