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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_in_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_in_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Career in education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_in_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-De_civili_dominio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_civili_dominio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span><i>De civili dominio</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_civili_dominio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflicts_with_Church,_State_and_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_with_Church,_State_and_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.1</span> <span>Conflicts with Church, State and University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_with_Church,_State_and_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_incarcerandis_fedelibus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_incarcerandis_fedelibus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span><i>De incarcerandis fedelibus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_incarcerandis_fedelibus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_officio_regis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_officio_regis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span><i>De officio regis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_officio_regis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Wycliffe_synod" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Wycliffe_synod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Anti-Wycliffe synod</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Wycliffe_synod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_posthumous_declaration_of_heresy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_posthumous_declaration_of_heresy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Death and posthumous declaration of heresy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_posthumous_declaration_of_heresy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_English_Bibles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_English_Bibles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Middle English Bibles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_English_Bibles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctrines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Doctrines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Doctrines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Doctrines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Doctrines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attack_on_monasticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_on_monasticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Attack on monasticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attack_on_monasticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_the_papacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_the_papacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Views on the papacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_the_papacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_positions_in_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_positions_in_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Basic positions in philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_positions_in_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dominium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span><i>Dominium</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitude_toward_speculation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitude_toward_speculation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Attitude toward speculation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitude_toward_speculation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacraments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacraments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Sacraments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacraments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soteriology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soteriology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Soteriology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soteriology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scripture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scripture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Scripture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scripture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vernacular_Scripture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vernacular_Scripture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Vernacular Scripture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vernacular_Scripture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Wycliffe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81" title="جون ويكليف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون ويكليف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB" title="জন ওয়াইক্লিফ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জন ওয়াইক্লিফ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Джон Уиклиф – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Уиклиф" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Viklef" title="Jan Viklef – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jan Viklef" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif" title="John Wyclif – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Wyclif" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%86" title="Τζον Γουίκλιφ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζον Γουίκλιφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif" title="John Wyclif – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Wyclif" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif" title="John Wyclif – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Wyclif" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif" title="John Wyclif – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Wyclif" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81" title="جان ویکلیف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان ویکلیف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif" title="John Wyclif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Wyclif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EC%9C%84%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%AC%ED%94%84" title="존 위클리프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 위클리프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%86" title="Ջոն Վիքլիֆ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Վիքլիֆ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif" title="John Wyclif – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Wyclif" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A3" title="ג'ון ויקליף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון ויקליף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ უიკლიფი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონ უიკლიფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Wiclefus" title="Ioannes Wiclefus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Wiclefus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_Viklifs" title="Džons Viklifs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džons Viklifs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif" title="John Wyclif – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="John Wyclif" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliff" title="John Wycliff – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="John Wycliff" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif" title="John Wyclif – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="John Wyclif" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D" title="ജോൺ വിക്ലിഫ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോൺ വിക്ലിഫ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB" title="जॉन विक्लिफ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉन विक्लिफ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81" title="جون ويكليف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون ويكليف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဝစ်ကလစ်၊ ဂျွန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝစ်ကလစ်၊ ဂျွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif" title="John Wyclif – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Wyclif" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95" title="ジョン・ウィクリフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ウィクリフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif" title="John Wyclif – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="John Wyclif" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%81" title="جان وائی کلف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جان وائی کلف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliff" title="John Wycliff – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John Wycliff" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Уиклиф, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уиклиф, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioane_Uikilifi" title="Ioane Uikilifi – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Ioane Uikilifi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Viklef" title="Ján Viklef – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ján Viklef" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DA%B5%DB%8C%D9%81" title="جۆن ویکڵیف – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆن ویکڵیف" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Џон Виклиф – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џон Виклиф" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84" title="Джон Вікліф – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Вікліф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%81" title="جان وکلف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جان وکلف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="John Wycliffe" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%AB" title="约翰·威克里夫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约翰·威克里夫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%AB" title="威克里夫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="威克里夫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%AB" title="约翰·威克里夫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰·威克里夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q173893#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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searchaux" style="display:none">English theologian (c. 1331 – 1384)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"John Wickliffe" and "Wycliff" redirect here. For the ship, see <a href="/wiki/John_Wickliffe_(ship)" title="John Wickliffe (ship)">John Wickliffe (ship)</a>. For other uses and other people, see <a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Wycliffe (disambiguation)">Wycliffe</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a></div><div class="fn">John Wycliffe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wycliffe_by_Kirby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wycliffe_by_Kirby.jpg/220px-Wycliffe_by_Kirby.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wycliffe_by_Kirby.jpg/330px-Wycliffe_by_Kirby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wycliffe_by_Kirby.jpg/440px-Wycliffe_by_Kirby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by Thomas Kirkby, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1828</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1328</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Hipswell,_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipswell, Yorkshire">Hipswell, Yorkshire</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">31 December 1384<span style="display:none">(1384-12-31)</span> (aged 56)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Lutterworth,_Leicestershire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutterworth, Leicestershire">Lutterworth, Leicestershire</a>, England<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible" title="Wycliffe's Bible">Wycliffe's Bible</a> (attributed)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Wycliffe</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span></span>/</a></span></span>; also spelled <b>Wyclif</b>, <b>Wickliffe</b>, and other variants;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1328 – 31 December 1384)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an English <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholastic philosopher">scholastic philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> reformer, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priest">Catholic priest</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. Wycliffe is traditionally believed to have advocated or made a <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> translation of the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> Bible into <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, though more recent scholarship has minimalized the extent of his advocacy or involvement for lack of direct contemporary evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-kelly_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7–8">: 7–8 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Minnis_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minnis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He became an influential dissident within the Catholic priesthood during the 14th century and is often considered an important predecessor to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His theory of <i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(political_theory)" title="Dominion (political theory)">dominion</a></i> meant that men in mortal sin were not entitled to exercise authority in the church or state, nor to own property.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wycliffe insisted on the radical poverty of all clergy. </p><p>Wycliffe has been characterised as the "evening star" of <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholasticism</a> and as the <a href="/wiki/Eosphoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Eosphoros">morning star</a> or <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stella#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:stella">stella</a></i> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/matutina#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:matutina">matutina</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain of Wycliffe's later followers, derogatorily called <a href="/wiki/Lollards" class="mw-redirect" title="Lollards">Lollards</a> by their orthodox contemporaries in the 15th and 16th centuries, adopted a number of the beliefs attributed to Wycliffe such as <a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">theological virtues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a>, and the notion of <a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">caesaropapism</a>, with some questioning the <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneration of saints">veneration of saints</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacraments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Requiem_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Requiem mass">requiem masses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>, and the legitimacy or role of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Papacy</a>. Wycliffe's writings in Latin greatly influenced the philosophy and teaching of the Czech reformer <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1369–1415).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wycliffe was born in the village of <a href="/wiki/Hipswell" title="Hipswell">Hipswell</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_North_Yorkshire" title="Richmond, North Yorkshire">Richmond</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="North Riding of Yorkshire">North Riding of Yorkshire</a>, England, around the 1320s. He has conventionally been given a birth date of 1324 but Hudson and Kenny state only records "suggest he was born in the mid-1320s".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conti states that he was born "before 1331".<sup id="cite_ref-Conti_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conti-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wycliffe received his early education close to his home.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unknown when he first came to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, with which he was so closely connected until the end of his life, but he is known to have been at Oxford around 1345. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine">Thomas Bradwardine</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> and his book <i>On the Cause of God against the <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagians</a></i>, a bold recovery of the Pauline–Augustinian doctrine of grace, greatly shaped young Wycliffe's views,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, which reached England in the summer of 1348.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From his frequent references to it in later life it appears to have made a deep and abiding impression upon him. According to Robert Vaughn, the effect was to give Wycliffe "very gloomy views in regard to the condition and prospects of the human race".<sup id="cite_ref-Vaughn_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaughn-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1351, Wycliffe became a priest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahey20095_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahey20095-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wycliffe would have been at Oxford during the <a href="/wiki/St_Scholastica_Day_riot" title="St Scholastica Day riot">St Scholastica Day riot</a>, in which sixty-three students and a number of townspeople were killed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career_in_education">Career in education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career in education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1356, Wycliffe completed his bachelor of arts degree at <a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College</a> as a junior fellow.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year he produced a small treatise, <i>The Last Age of the Church</i>. In the light of the virulence of the plague, which had subsided seven years previously, Wycliffe's studies led him to the opinion that the close of the 14th century would mark the end of the world. While other writers viewed the plague as God's judgment on sinful people, Wycliffe saw it as an indictment of an unworthy clergy. The mortality rate among the clergy had been particularly high and those who replaced them were, in his opinion, uneducated or generally disreputable.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1361, he was <a href="/wiki/Master_(college)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master (college)">Master</a> of <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year he was presented by the college to the parish of <a href="/wiki/Fillingham" title="Fillingham">Fillingham</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>, which he visited rarely during long vacations from Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-Estep_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estep-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this he had to give up the headship of Balliol College, though he could continue to live at Oxford. He is said to have had rooms in the buildings of <a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_College,_Oxford" title="The Queen's College, Oxford">The Queen's College</a>. In 1362, he was granted a <a href="/wiki/Prebendary" title="Prebendary">prebend</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aust" title="Aust">Aust</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westbury_on_Trym,_Bristol" class="mw-redirect" title="Westbury on Trym, Bristol">Westbury-on-Trym</a>, which he held in addition to the post at Fillingham. </p><p>In 1365, his performance led <a href="/wiki/Simon_Islip" title="Simon Islip">Simon Islip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, to place him at the head of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury Hall">Canterbury Hall</a>, where twelve young men were preparing for the priesthood. In December 1365, Islip appointed Wycliffe as warden,<sup id="cite_ref-Budd_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but when Islip died in 1366, his successor, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Langham" title="Simon Langham">Simon Langham</a>, a man of monastic training, turned the leadership of the college over to a monk. In 1367, Wycliffe appealed to Rome. In 1371, Wycliffe's appeal was decided and the outcome was unfavourable to him. The incident was typical of the ongoing rivalry between monks or friars and secular clergy at Oxford at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Estep_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estep-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1368, he gave up his living at Fillingham and took over the rectory of <a href="/wiki/Ludgershall,_Buckinghamshire" title="Ludgershall, Buckinghamshire">Ludgershall, Buckinghamshire</a>, not far from Oxford, which enabled him to retain his connection with the university. Tradition has it that he began his translation of the Bible into English while sitting in a room above what is now the porch in Ludgershall Church.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1369, Wycliffe obtained a bachelor's degree in theology, and his doctorate in 1372.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1374, he received the crown living of <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Lutterworth" title="St Mary's Church, Lutterworth">St Mary's Church, Lutterworth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Urquhart_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urquhart-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he retained until his death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg/310px-WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg/465px-WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg/620px-WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><i>Wyclif Giving '<a href="/wiki/Lollard" class="mw-redirect" title="Lollard">The Poor Priests</a>' His Translation of the Bible</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Yeames" title="William Frederick Yeames">William Frederick Yeames</a>, published before 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1374, Wycliffe's name appears on a commission, after a bishop, which the English Government sent to <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> to discuss with the representatives of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a> a number of points in dispute between the king and the pope.<sup id="cite_ref-Urquhart_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urquhart-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was no longer satisfied with his chair as the means of propagating his ideas, and soon after his return from Bruges he began to express them in tracts and longer works. In a book concerned with the government of God and the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>, he attacked the temporal rule of the clergy, the collection of <a href="/wiki/Annates" title="Annates">annates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgences</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">simony</a>. </p><p>According to Benedictine historian <a href="/wiki/Francis_Aidan_Gasquet" title="Francis Aidan Gasquet">Francis Aidan Gasquet</a>, at least some of Wycliffe's program should be seen as (naive) "attempts at social reconstruction" in the aftermath the continuing institutional chaos after the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> (1347-1349) <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="De_civili_dominio"><i>De civili dominio</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: De civili dominio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wycliffe entered the politics of the day with his great work <i>De civili dominio</i> ("On Civil Dominion"), which drew arguments from the works of <a href="/wiki/Richard_FitzRalph" title="Richard FitzRalph">Richard FitzRalph</a>'s.<sup id="cite_ref-burns_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burns-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This called for the royal divestment of all church property.<sup id="cite_ref-Lahey_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lahey-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Conflicts_with_Church,_State_and_University"><span id="Conflicts_with_Church.2C_State_and_University"></span>Conflicts with Church, State and University</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conflicts with Church, State and University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1377, Wycliffe's ideas on lordship and church wealth caused his first official condemnation by Pope Gregory XI, who censured 19 articles. Wycliffe argued that the Church had fallen into sin and that it ought therefore to give up all its property, and that the clergy must live in poverty. The tendency of the high offices of state to be held by clerics was resented by many of the nobles, such as the backroom power broker <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a>, who would have had his own reasons for opposing the wealth and power of the clergy, since it challenged the foundation of his power. </p><p>Wycliffe was summoned before <a href="/wiki/William_Courtenay" title="William Courtenay">William Courtenay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a>, on 19 February 1377. The exact charges are not known, as the matter did not get as far as a definite examination. Lechler suggests that Wycliffe was targeted by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a>'s opponents among the nobles and church hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Lechler_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lechler-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaunt, the <a href="/wiki/Earl_Marshal" title="Earl Marshal">Earl Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_1st_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy</a>, and a number of other supporters accompanied Wycliffe. A crowd gathered at the church, and at the entrance, party animosities began to show, especially in an angry exchange between the bishop and Wycliffe's protectors over whether Wycliffe should sit.<sup id="cite_ref-Urquhart_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urquhart-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gaunt declared that he would humble the pride of the English clergy and their partisans, hinting at the intent to secularise the possessions of the Church. The assembly broke up and Gaunt and his partisans departed with their <a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Protégé">protégé</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the English clergy were irritated by this encounter, and attacks upon Wycliffe began. </p><p>Wycliffe's second and third books dealing with civil government carry a sharp <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemic</a>. </p><p>On 22 May 1377, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI" title="Pope Gregory XI">Pope Gregory XI</a> sent five copies of a <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">bull</a> against Wycliffe, dispatching one to the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, and the others to the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">King Edward III</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Chancellor</a>, and the university. Among the enclosures were 18 theses of his, which were denounced as erroneous and dangerous to Church and State: all were drawn from <i>De Civili dominio</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-larson_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larson-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch8">: ch8 </span></sup> </p><p>Stephen Lahey suggests that Gregory's action against Wycliffe was an attempt to put pressure on King Edward to make peace with France.<sup id="cite_ref-Lahey_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lahey-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward III died on 21 June 1377, and the bull against Wycliffe did not reach England before December. Wycliffe was asked to give the king's council his opinion on whether it was lawful to withhold traditional payments to Rome, and he responded that it was.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiefer_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiefer-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Back at Oxford, the <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Chancellor">Vice-Chancellor</a> confined Wycliffe for some time in Black Hall,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but his friends soon obtained his release. </p><p>In March 1378, Wycliffe was summoned to appear at <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Palace" title="Lambeth Palace">Lambeth Palace</a> to defend himself. However, Sir Lewis Clifford entered the chapel and in the name of the queen mother (<a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Kent" title="Joan of Kent">Joan of Kent</a>), forbade the bishops to proceed to a definite sentence concerning Wycliffe's conduct or opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaughn_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaughn-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wycliffe wrote a letter expressing and defending his less "obnoxious doctrines".<sup id="cite_ref-tnt_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tnt-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xlii">: xlii </span></sup> The bishops, who were divided, satisfied themselves with forbidding him to speak further on the controversy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="De_incarcerandis_fedelibus"><i>De incarcerandis fedelibus</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: De incarcerandis fedelibus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wycliffe then wrote his <i>De incarcerandis fedelibus</i>, with 33 conclusions in Latin and English. In this writing he laid open the entire case, in such a way that it was understood by the laity. In it he demanded that it should be legal for the excommunicated to appeal to the king and his council against the excommunication: the state should be able to override the church. Some ordinary citizens, some of the nobility, and his former protector, John of Gaunt, rallied to him. Before any further steps could be taken in Rome, Gregory XI died in 1378. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="De_officio_regis"><i>De officio regis</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: De officio regis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The attacks on Pope Gregory XI grew ever more extreme. Wycliffe's stand concerning the ideal of poverty became continually firmer, as well as his position with regard to the temporal rule of the clergy. Closely related to this attitude was his book <i>De officio regis</i>, the content of which was foreshadowed in his 33 conclusions. This book, like those that preceded and followed, was concerned with the reform of the Church, in which the temporal arm was to have an influential part. </p><p>From 1380 onwards, Wycliffe devoted himself to writings that argued his rejection of <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>, and strongly criticised the <a href="/wiki/Friars" class="mw-redirect" title="Friars">friars</a> who supported it.<sup id="cite_ref-hudson_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hudson-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 281">: 281 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Wycliffe_synod">Anti-Wycliffe synod</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anti-Wycliffe synod"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the summer of 1381, Wycliffe formulated his doctrine of the Lord's Supper in twelve short sentences, and made it a duty to advocate it everywhere. Then the English hierarchy launched proceedings against him. The chancellor of the University of Oxford had some of the declarations pronounced heretical. When this was announced to Wycliffe, he declared that no one could change his convictions. He then appealed – not to the pope or the ecclesiastical authorities of the land, but to the king. He published his great confession upon the subject, and a second writing in English intended for the common people.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As long as Wycliffe limited his attacks to abuses and the wealth of the Church, he could rely on the support of part of the clergy and aristocracy, but once he dismissed the traditional doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>, his theses could not be defended any more.<sup id="cite_ref-Conti_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conti-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view cost him the support of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a> and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiefer_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiefer-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the midst of this came the <a href="/wiki/English_peasants%27_revolt_of_1381" class="mw-redirect" title="English peasants' revolt of 1381">Peasants' Revolt of 1381</a>. The revolt was sparked in part by Wycliffe's preaching, carried throughout the realm by "poor priests" or "poor preachers" appointed by Wycliffe, and mostly laymen. A contemporary record claims local sympathetic knights would force local people to hear the preaching, sometimes acting as armed guards in the parish church to prevent disputation.<sup id="cite_ref-waugh_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waugh-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preachers didn't limit their criticism of the accumulation of wealth and property to that of the monasteries, but included secular properties belonging to the nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Wycliffe disapproved of the revolt, some of his disciples justified the killing of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Sudbury" title="Simon Sudbury">Simon Sudbury</a>, Archbishop of Canterbury. </p><p>In 1382, Wycliffe's old enemy <a href="/wiki/William_Courtenay" title="William Courtenay">William Courtenay</a>, now Archbishop of Canterbury, called an ecclesiastical assembly of notables at London. During the consultations on 21 May <a href="/wiki/1382_Dover_Straits_earthquake" title="1382 Dover Straits earthquake">an earthquake</a> occurred. The participants were terrified and wished to break up the assembly, but Courtenay declared the earthquake a favourable sign, which meant the purification of the earth from erroneous doctrine, and the result of the "<a href="/wiki/Earthquake_Synod" title="Earthquake Synod">Earthquake Synod</a>" was assured.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the 24 propositions attributed to Wycliffe without mentioning his name, ten were declared heretical and fourteen erroneous. The former had reference to the transformation in the sacrament, the latter to matters of church order and institutions. It was forbidden from that time to hold these opinions or to advance them in sermons or in academic discussions. All persons disregarding this order were to be subject to prosecution. To accomplish this, the help of the State was necessary, but the Commons rejected the bill. The king, however, had a decree issued which permitted the arrest of those in error. </p><p>The citadel of the reformatory movement was Oxford, where Wycliffe's most active helpers were. The ban applied to them and they were summoned to recant. Nicholas of Hereford went to Rome to appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 November 1382, Wycliffe was summoned before a synod at Oxford. He still commanded the favour of the court and of Parliament, to which he addressed a memorial. In 1383 he was summonsed to Rome, but he suffered a debilitating stroke and was excused from travel. He was neither excommunicated then, nor deprived of his living. </p><p>Wycliffe aimed to do away with the existing hierarchy and replace it with the "poor priests" who lived in poverty, were bound by no vows, had received no formal <a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecration</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (October 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:John_Wycliffe#Dubious" title="Talk:John Wycliffe">discuss</a></i>]</sup> and preached the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> to the people. Itinerant preachers spread the teachings of Wycliffe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The bull of Gregory XI impressed upon them the name of <a href="/wiki/Lollards" class="mw-redirect" title="Lollards">Lollards</a>, intended as an opprobrious epithet, but it became, to them, a name of honour. Even in Wycliffe's time the "Lollards" had reached wide circles in England and preached "God's law, without which no one could be justified."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, not all anti-clerical people were Lollards, not all Lollards were Wycliffites, and not all productions attributed to Wycliffites were anti-Catholic, despite later conflation.<sup id="cite_ref-waugh_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waugh-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_posthumous_declaration_of_heresy">Death and posthumous declaration of heresy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death and posthumous declaration of heresy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_John_Wycliffe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portrait_of_John_Wycliffe.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_John_Wycliffe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portrait_of_John_Wycliffe.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_John_Wycliffe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portrait_of_John_Wycliffe.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_John_Wycliffe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2789" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of John Wycliffe by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Picart" title="Bernard Picart">Bernard Picart</a>, showing the burning of his works (1714)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the years before his death in 1384 he increasingly argued for Scriptures as the authoritative centre of Christianity, that the claims of the papacy were unhistorical, that monasticism was irredeemably corrupt, and that the moral unworthiness of priests <a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">invalidated their office and sacraments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wycliffe returned to <a href="/wiki/Lutterworth" title="Lutterworth">Lutterworth</a>. From there he sent out tracts against the monks and Pope <a href="/wiki/Urban_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban VI">Urban VI</a>. Urban VI, contrary to Wycliffe's hopes, had not turned out to be a reforming pope. The literary achievements of Wycliffe's last days, such as the <i>Trialogus</i>, stand at the peak of the knowledge of his day. His last work, the <i>Opus evangelicum</i>, the last part of which he named in characteristic fashion "Of Antichrist", remained uncompleted. While he was saying Mass in the parish church on <a href="/wiki/Holy_Innocents%27_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Innocents' Day">Holy Innocents' Day</a>, 28 December 1384, he suffered a stroke, and died a few days later.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The anti-Lollard statute of 1401 <a href="/wiki/De_heretico_comburendo" title="De heretico comburendo">De heretico comburendo</a> classed heresy as a form of sedition or treason, and ordered that <a href="/wiki/Lollard" class="mw-redirect" title="Lollard">Lollard</a> books, frequently associated with Wycliffe, be handed over and burnt; someone who refused and would not abjure could be burnt. The "Constitutions of Oxford" of 1408 established rules in Oxford University, and specifically named John Wycliffe as it <a href="/wiki/Lollard" class="mw-redirect" title="Lollard">Lollard</a> writings as heretical; it decreed that new translation efforts of Scripture into English should be first authorized by a Bishop.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wycliffe_bones_Foxe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wycliffe_bones_Foxe.jpg/220px-Wycliffe_bones_Foxe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wycliffe_bones_Foxe.jpg/330px-Wycliffe_bones_Foxe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Wycliffe_bones_Foxe.jpg/440px-Wycliffe_bones_Foxe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>Burning Wycliffe's bones, from <i><a href="/wiki/Foxe%27s_Book_of_Martyrs" title="Foxe's Book of Martyrs">Foxe's Book of Martyrs</a></i> (1563)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a> declared Wycliffe a heretic on 4 May 1415, and banned his writings. The Council decreed that Wycliffe's works should be <a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">burned</a> and his bodily remains removed from consecrated church ground, following the customary logic that heretics had put themselves outside the church. This order, confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Pope Martin V</a>, was eventually carried out in 1428.<sup id="cite_ref-Conti_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conti-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wycliffe's corpse, or a neighbour's,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: page 121, middle of column">: page 121, middle of column </span></sup> was exhumed; unusually, on the orders of the bishop the remains were burned and the ashes drowned in the <a href="/wiki/River_Swift" title="River Swift">River Swift</a>, which flows through Lutterworth.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>None of Wycliffe's contemporaries left a complete picture of his person, his life, and his activities. Paintings representing Wycliffe are from a later period. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Testimony_of_William_Thorpe" title="The Testimony of William Thorpe">The Testimony of William Thorpe</a></i> (1407) (possibly apocryphal), Wycliffe appears wasted and physically weak. Thorpe says Wycliffe was of unblemished walk<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in life, and regarded affectionately by people of rank, who often consorted with him, took down his sayings, and clung to him. "I indeed clove to none closer than to him, the wisest and most blessed of all men whom I have ever found." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_wycliffe_scriptro_majoris_britanniae_1548.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/John_wycliffe_scriptro_majoris_britanniae_1548.jpg/220px-John_wycliffe_scriptro_majoris_britanniae_1548.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/John_wycliffe_scriptro_majoris_britanniae_1548.jpg/330px-John_wycliffe_scriptro_majoris_britanniae_1548.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/John_wycliffe_scriptro_majoris_britanniae_1548.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>John Wycliffe portrayed in <a href="/wiki/John_Bale" title="John Bale">Bale</a>'s <i>Scriptor Majoris Britanniæ</i> (1548)</figcaption></figure> <p>Wycliffe is said to have written about two hundred works in Latin and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>. There are few experts in 14th-century scholastic Latin, and many of Wycliffe's Latin works have not been translated into English, which has limited their study by historians.<sup id="cite_ref-thakkar_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thakkar-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His theological and political works include numerous books and tracts: </p> <ul><li><i>The Last Age of the Church</i> (1356) <i>attrib.</i></li> <li><i>De Logica</i> ("On Logic") 1360</li> <li><i>De Universalibus</i> ("On Universals") 1368</li> <li><i>De Dominio Divino</i> (1373)</li> <li><i>De Mandatis Divinis</i> (1375)</li> <li><i>De Statu Innocencie</i> (1376)</li> <li><i>De Civili Dominio</i> (1377)</li> <li><i>De Officio Regis</i></li> <li><i>Responsio</i> (1377)</li> <li><i>De veritate sacrae scripturae</i> ("On the Truthfulness of Holy Scripture") 1378</li> <li><i>On the Pastoral Office</i> 1378</li> <li><i>De apostasia</i> ("On Apostasy") 1379</li> <li><i>De Eucharistia</i> ("On the Eucharist") 1379</li> <li><i>Objections to Friars</i> (1380)</li> <li><i>Trialogus</i> - four books (c 1381-83)</li></ul> <p>Most historians hold that few to none of the Middle English works (tracts) ascribed to Wycliffe can be confidently attributed to him, in contrast to the Latin works,<sup id="cite_ref-Minnis_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minnis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kelly_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> with the possible exception of six: <i>On the Pastoral Office</i>, <i>On the Pope</i>, <i>On the Church and Her Members</i>, <i>Of Confession</i>, <i>Of Pseudo-Friars</i>, and <i>Of Dominion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large number of sermons ascribed to him, about 250 in Middle English and 170 in Latin, survive.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_English_Bibles">Middle English Bibles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Middle English Bibles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible" title="Wycliffe's Bible">Wycliffe's Bible</a></div> <p>According to tradition Wycliffe is said to have completed a translation direct from the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> into <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> – a version now known as <a href="/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible" title="Wycliffe's Bible">Wycliffe's Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-walker_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walker-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may have personally translated the Gospels of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> but it is possible he initially translated the entire <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> Early Version. It is assumed that his associates translated the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and revised the Late Version. Wycliffe's Bible appears to have been completed prior to 1384, with additional updated versions being done by Wycliffe's assistant <a href="/wiki/John_Purvey" title="John Purvey">John Purvey</a>, and others, in 1388 and 1395. More recently historians of the Wycliffite movement have suggested that Wycliffe had at most a minor role in the actual translations<sup id="cite_ref-dove_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dove-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or contributed <i>ad hoc</i> passages taken from his English theological writings, with some, building on the earlier theories of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Aidan_Gasquet" title="Francis Aidan Gasquet">Francis Aidan Gasquet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-gasquet_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gasquet-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> going as far as to suggest he had no role in the translations other than the translation projects perhaps being inspired, at least partially, by Wycliffe's biblicism at Oxford, but otherwise being orthodox Catholic translations later co-opted by his followers.<sup id="cite_ref-kelly_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In keeping with Wycliffe's belief that scripture was the only authoritative reliable guide to the truth about God, he is said to have become involved in efforts to translate the Bible into English. However, while Wycliffe is popularly credited, it is not possible exactly to define his part, if any, in the translations, which were based on the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dove_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dove-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kelly_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In common belief from only decades after the translations, it was his initiative, and the success of the project was due to his leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthew_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthew-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 93">: 93 </span></sup> For the initial Early Version (EV), the rendering of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> is attributed to his friend <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Hereford" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas of Hereford">Nicholas of Hereford</a>; the rendering of some of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> has been traditionally attributed to Wycliffe. The whole was revised perhaps by Wycliffe's younger contemporary <a href="/wiki/John_Purvey" title="John Purvey">John Purvey</a> in 1388, known as the Late Version (LV).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Linguistic analysis, however, suggests there were multiple translators for both EV and LV translations.<sup id="cite_ref-kelly_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There still exist over 200 manuscripts,<sup id="cite_ref-clossey_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clossey-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> complete or partial, mainly containing the translation in its LV form. From this, it is possible to infer that texts were widely diffused in the 15th century. For this reason, the Wycliffites in England were often designated by their opponents as "Bible men";<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> it has been noted, however, that the vocabulary in English Wycliffite sermons doesn't typically match that found in the EV or LV.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrines">Doctrines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Doctrines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Wycliffe_at_work.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/John_Wycliffe_at_work.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>John Wycliffe at work in his study</figcaption></figure> <p>Historian S. Harrison Thomson notes that Wycliff's theology was on a broader canvas than the continental reformation: however of the major Protestant notes, he certainly advocated "the supremacy of scripture over tradition", however it is difficult to find <a href="/wiki/Justification_by_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Justification by faith">justification by faith</a> alone or the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">priesthood of all believers</a> espoused in his works.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No reformer adopted his view that every verse in Scripture was in some way literally true. </p><p>Wycliffe had come to regard the scriptures as the only reliable guide to the truth about God, and maintained that all Christians should rely on the Bible rather than on the teachings of popes and clerics. He said that there was no scriptural justification for the papacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theologically, his preaching expressed a strong belief in predestination that enabled him to declare an "<a href="/wiki/Invisible_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Invisible church">invisible church of the elect</a>", made up of those predestined to be saved, rather than in the "visible" <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_Encyclopedia,_2009_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Encyclopedia,_2009-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To Wycliffe, the Church was the totality of those who are <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestined</a> to blessedness. No one who is eternally lost has part in it. There is one <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">universal Church</a>, and outside of it there is no <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a>. </p><p>His first tracts and greater works of ecclesiastical-political content defended the privileges of the State. By 1379 in his <i>De ecclesia</i> ("On the Church"), Wycliffe clearly claimed the supremacy of the king over the priesthood.<sup id="cite_ref-Conti_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conti-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also rejected the selling of <a href="/wiki/Indulgences" class="mw-redirect" title="Indulgences">indulgences</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attack_on_monasticism">Attack on monasticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Attack on monasticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The battle against what he saw as an imperialised papacy and its supporters, the "sects", as he called the <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastic</a> orders, takes up a large space not only in his later works, such as the <i>Trialogus</i>, <i>Dialogus</i>, <i>Opus evangelicum</i>, and in his sermons, but also in a series of sharp tracts and polemical productions in Latin and English (of which those issued in his later years have been collected as "Polemical Writings"). </p><p>In the 1380 <i>Objections to Friars</i>, he calls monks the pests of society, enemies of religion, and patrons and promoters of every crime.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He directed his strongest criticism against the <a href="/wiki/Friars" class="mw-redirect" title="Friars">friars</a>, whose preaching he considered neither scriptural nor sincere, but motivated by "temporal gain".<sup id="cite_ref-Estep_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estep-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While others were content to seek the reform of particular errors and abuses, Wycliffe sought nothing less than the extinction of the institution itself, as being repugnant to scripture and his theology of apostolic poverty,<sup id="cite_ref-Lahey_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lahey-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and inconsistent with the order and prosperity of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaughn_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaughn-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He advocated the dissolution of the monasteries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_the_papacy">Views on the papacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Views on the papacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rudolph Buddensieg finds two distinct aspects in Wycliffe's work. The first, from 1366 to 1378, reflects a political struggle with Rome, while 1378 to 1384 is more a religious struggle. In each Wycliffe has two approaches: he attacks both the Papacy and its institutions, and also Roman Catholic doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudolph_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudolph-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wycliffe's influence was never greater than at the moment when pope and <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Clement_VII" title="Antipope Clement VII">antipope</a> sent their ambassadors to England to gain recognition for themselves. In 1378, in the ambassadors' presence, he delivered an opinion before Parliament that showed, in an important ecclesiastical political question (the matter of the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">right of asylum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>), a position that was to the liking of the State. He argued that criminals who had taken sanctuary in churches might lawfully be dragged out of sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiefer_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiefer-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The books and tracts of Wycliffe's last six years include continual attacks upon the papacy and the entire hierarchy of his times. Each year they focus more and more, and at the last, the pope and the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a> seem to him practically equivalent concepts. Yet there are passages which are moderate in tone: <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Victor_Lechler" title="Gotthard Victor Lechler">G. V. Lechler</a> identifies three stages in Wycliffe's relations with the papacy. The first step, which carried him to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schism</a>, involves moderate recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_the_Roman_Pontiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Primacy of the Roman Pontiff">papal primacy</a>; the second, which carried him to 1381, is marked by an estrangement from the papacy; and the third shows him in sharp contest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_positions_in_philosophy">Basic positions in philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Basic positions in philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wycliffe was a prominent English theologian and scholastic philosopher of the second half of the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Conti_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conti-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He earned his great repute as a philosopher at an early date. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knighton" title="Henry Knighton">Henry Knighton</a> says that in philosophy he was second to none, and in scholastic discipline incomparable.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a period in his life when he devoted himself exclusively to scholastic philosophy. His first book, <i><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">De Logica</i></i> (1360), explores the fundamentals of Scholastic Theology. He believed that "one should study Logic in order to better understand the human mind because ...human thoughts, feelings and actions bear God's image and likeness".<sup id="cite_ref-Mattei_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattei-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He espoused <i>propositional realism</i>: that a true proposition maps onto a truth about being (i.e., about something real.)<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The centre of Wycliffe's philosophical system is formed by the doctrine of the prior existence in the thought of God of all things and events. While <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Platonic realism</a> would view "beauty' as a property that exists in an ideal form independently of any mind or thing, "for Wycliffe every <a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">universal</a>, as part of creation, derived its existence from God, the Creator".<sup id="cite_ref-Mattei_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattei-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wycliffe was a close follower of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>, and always upheld the primacy of the Creator over the created reality. </p><p>In some of his teachings, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">De annihilatione</i></i>, the influence of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> can be detected. He said that <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a>, Plato, Augustine, and <a href="/wiki/Grosseteste" class="mw-redirect" title="Grosseteste">Grosseteste</a> far outranked Aristotle. So far as his relations to the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">philosophers of the Middle Ages</a> are concerned, he held to <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">realism</a> as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">nominalism</a> advanced by <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a>. </p><p>A number of Wycliffe's ideas have been carried forward in the twentieth century by philosopher and Reformed theologian <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Til" title="Cornelius Van Til">Cornelius Van Til</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dominium"><i>Dominium</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dominium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dominion_(political_theory)" title="Dominion (political theory)">Dominion (political theory)</a></div> <p>A second key point of Wycliffe's is his emphasis on the notion of divine Lordship (<i><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">dominium</i></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">De dominio Divino</i></i> (c. 1373) examines the relationship between God and his creatures. The practical application of this for Wycliffe was seen in the rebellious attitude of individuals (particulars) towards rightful authority (universals). </p><p>"Beyond all doubt, intellectual and emotional error about universals is the cause of all sin that reigns in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">De civili dominio</i></i> ("On Civil Dominion", c. 1377) he discusses the appropriate circumstance under which an entity may be seen as possessing authority over lesser subjects. <i><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Dominium</i></i> is always conferred by God: injuries inflicted on someone personally by a king should be born by them submissively, a conventional idea, but injuries by a king against God should be patiently resisted even to death.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gravely sinful kings and popes forfeited their divine right to obedience. Versions of this were taken up by <a href="/wiki/Lollards" class="mw-redirect" title="Lollards">Lollards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitude_toward_speculation">Attitude toward speculation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Attitude toward speculation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wycliffe's fundamental principle of the preexistence in thought of all reality involves the most serious obstacle to freedom of the will; the philosopher could assist himself only by the formula that the <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> of man was something predetermined of God. He demanded strict dialectical training as the means of distinguishing the true from the false, and asserted that logic (or the <a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">syllogism</a>) furthered the knowledge of catholic verities; ignorance of logic was the reason why men misunderstood Scripture, since men overlooked the connection, the distinction between idea and appearance. </p><p>Wycliffe was not merely conscious of the distinction between theology and philosophy, but his sense of reality led him to pass by scholastic questions. He left aside philosophical discussions that seemed to have no significance for the religious consciousness and those that pertained purely to <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholasticism</a>: "We concern ourselves with the verities that are, and leave aside the errors which arise from speculation on matters which are not." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacraments">Sacraments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sacraments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Wycliffe rejected <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">sacrament of confession</a>, saying they were against scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wycliffe was attacked as being a <a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatist</a>, however the claim was a misconception, perhaps used to discredit his views on the Eucharist.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The consecrated Host we priests make and bless is not the body of the Lord but an effectual sign of it. It is not to be understood that the body of Christ comes down from heaven to the Host consecrated in every church. </p><dl><dd>— John Wycliffe<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soteriology">Soteriology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Soteriology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wycliffe was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_soteriology" title="Augustinian soteriology">Augustinian soteriology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllingsen2012241_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllingsen2012241-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which centered on a divine <a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">monergism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2013xxvii&#x200c;_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett2013xxvii&#x200c;-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and implied a <a href="/wiki/Double_predestination" class="mw-redirect" title="Double predestination">double predestination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1998103_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1998103-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that all events occur by absolute <a href="/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency" title="Necessity and sufficiency">necessity</a>, and that God is the author of even man's evil deeds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammons202060_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammons202060-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position led Wycliffe to become a strong proponent of double predestination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStacey2024_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStacey2024-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllingsen2012241&#x200c;_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllingsen2012241&#x200c;-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wycliffe appears to have had similar ideas of <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justification</a> as the later <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">reformers</a> would. According to Wycliffe faith was sufficient for salvation:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Trust wholly in Christ; rely altogether on his sufferings; beware of seeking to be justified in any other way than by his righteousness. Faith in our Lord Jesus Christ is sufficient for salvation. </p><dl><dd>— John Wycliffe<sup id="cite_ref-:0_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scripture">Scripture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Scripture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wycliffe expressed his theories in the book <i><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">De Veritate Sacrae Scripturae</i></i> (On the Truthfulness of Holy Scripture, c.1378). </p><p>Wycliffe's dictum <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">omnis veritas est ex scriptura, et ut necessarior est expressior</i> says that all truths necessary to faith are found expressly in the Bible, and the more necessary, the more expressly.<sup id="cite_ref-ghosh_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghosh-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67">: 67 </span></sup> This proposition was later <a href="/wiki/De_libero_arbitrio_diatribe_sive_collatio#Background" title="De libero arbitrio diatribe sive collatio">taken up by Martin Luther</a>. </p><p>The whole of scripture is one word of God (<i><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Tota scriptura sacra est unum dei verbum</i></i>): being a monologue by the same author meant that sentences from different books could be combined without much regard for context, supporting strained and mystical interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-ghosh_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghosh-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23, 28">: 23, 28 </span></sup> </p><p>The scriptures were literally true (<i><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">sensus . . . literalis est utrobique verus, cum non asseritur a recte intelligentibus</i></i>) unless obviously figurative, to the extent that when Jesus spoke in parables, he was reporting events that had actually occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-ghosh_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghosh-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34">: 34 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Psalm_22" title="Psalm 22">Psalm 22</a> v6 ("I am a worm and no man"),<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Dionysius">Pseudo-Dionysius</a> had memorably used to give 'worm' as a name of God,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became in Wycliffe's extreme literalism a statement that Jesus had been begotten without sexual contact (as was then believed of worms) and was formally God not a simply man.<sup id="cite_ref-ghosh_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghosh-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32">: 32 </span></sup> </p><p>The literal sense of scripture is that sense which the Holy Ghost first imparted so that the faithful soul might ascend to God (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">sensum literalem scripture sensum, quem spiritus sanctus primo indidit, ut animus fidelis ascendat in deum.</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-ghosh_75-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghosh-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> Wycliffe wrote of progressive stages of scriptural interpretation: the plain or literal reading of text and its interpretation being the most basic, leading to a mystical understanding of the sense of the author, leading finally to seeing the Book of Life which contains every truth. However, historians have suggested that this mystical view allowed Wycliffe to work backwards, back-fitting his reading of scripture to suit his theological views. Indeed, Wycliffe maintains that the Christian faith would persist even if all biblical codices were “burnt up or otherwise destroyed”.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vernacular_Scripture">Vernacular Scripture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vernacular Scripture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wycliffe is popularly connected with the view that scriptures should be translated into the vernacular and made available to laymen, and that this was a critical issue in the censures against him. </p><p>However, scholars have noted the availability of scriptures to laypeople in the vernacular was not a notable theme of Wycliffe's theological works. (It is mentioned in his <i>De XXXIII erroribus curitatum</i>, Chapter 26 against those who would stop secular men from "intermeddling with the Gospel".<sup id="cite_ref-tnt_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tnt-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup>) Nor were there any church-wide bans on vernacular scriptures in place that Wycliffe might be regarded as protesting against.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not part of Wycliffe's 1377 papal censure, nor the declaration of heresy by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a> (1415).<sup id="cite_ref-constance_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constance-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vernacular scriptures were not mentioned in the two key early Lollard documents, regarded as channelling his doctrine: the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Conclusions_of_the_Lollards" title="Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards">Twelve Conclusions</a> (c. 1396)<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiae_Regimen" title="Ecclesiae Regimen">Thirty Seven Conclusions</a> (c. 1396)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or Remonstrances). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wycliffecollege_toronto_chapel1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Wycliffecollege_toronto_chapel1.jpg/220px-Wycliffecollege_toronto_chapel1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Wycliffecollege_toronto_chapel1.jpg/330px-Wycliffecollege_toronto_chapel1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Wycliffecollege_toronto_chapel1.jpg/440px-Wycliffecollege_toronto_chapel1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>A stained glass window in <a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Wycliffe College">Wycliffe College</a> Chapel, Toronto</figcaption></figure> <p>Wycliffe was instrumental in the development of a translation of the Bible in English, thus making it accessible to English speakers with poor Latin, though whether he himself translated the Bible, in part or whole, or merely played a part in motivating its translation indirectly through his revival of Oxford biblical studies, is a matter of debate. </p><p>His theology also had a strong influence on <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Budd_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hus' <i>De Ecclesia</i> summarised Wycliffe's work of the same name, with additional material from Wycliffe's <i>De potentate papae</i>. See also <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus#Writings_of_Hus_and_Wycliffe" title="Jan Hus">Writings of Hus and Wycliffe</a>. </p><p>Several institutions are named after him: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_Global_Alliance" title="Wycliffe Global Alliance">Wycliffe Global Alliance</a>, an alliance of organisations with the common objective of translating the Bible for every language group that needs it.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_Hall,_Oxford" title="Wycliffe Hall, Oxford">Wycliffe Hall, Oxford</a>, one of the Church of England's designated Evangelical <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">theological colleges</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_College,_Toronto" title="Wycliffe College, Toronto">Wycliffe College, Toronto</a>, a graduate theological school federated with the University of Toronto.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_College,_Gloucestershire" title="Wycliffe College, Gloucestershire">Wycliffe College, Gloucestershire</a>, an English independent, private day and boarding school.</li></ul> <p>Wycliffe is <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">honoured</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Commemoration_(Anglicanism)" title="Commemoration (Anglicanism)">commemoration</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">Church of England</a> on 31 December,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican Church of Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wycliffe and its variants are popular <a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_(name)#People_with_the_given_nam" title="Wycliffe (name)">given names</a>, presumably starting in some Protestant communities – for example, Haitian rapper and musician <a href="/wiki/Wyclef_Jean" title="Wyclef Jean">Wyclef Jean</a>. </p><p>In the centre of Lutterworth, a <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">Grade II-listed</a> memorial obelisk to Wycliffe was erected in June 1897<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on a site behind which the Wycliffe Memorial Methodist Church was built a few years later for the town's Wesleyan Methodist congregation.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/48px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/64px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bankin" title="John Bankin">John Bankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiae_Regimen" title="Ecclesiae Regimen">Ecclesiae Regimen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Latin, Ioannes Wiclefus.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Wycliffe">"John Wycliffe | Biography, Legacy, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=John+Wycliffe+%26%23124%3B+Biography%2C+Legacy%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJohn-Wycliffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a recent biography see: Andrew Larsen, <i>John Wyclif c. 1331–1384</i>, in Ian Christopher Levy (ed.), <i>A Companion to John Wyclif. Late Medieval Theologian</i>, Leiden: Brill, 2006, pp. 1–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kelly-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kelly_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kelly_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kelly_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kelly_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kelly_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2016" class="citation cs2">Kelly, Henry Ansgar (2016), <i>The Middle English Bible: A Reassessment</i>, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+English+Bible%3A+A+Reassessment&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Henry+Ansgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson1985" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, Anne (1985). <i>Lollards and Their Books</i>. London: Hambledon Press. pp. 144–145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lollards+and+Their+Books&rft.place=London&rft.pages=144-145&rft.pub=Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minnis-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Minnis_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minnis_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinnis2009" class="citation book cs1">Minnis, Alastair (2009). <i>Translations of Authority in Medieval English Literature: Valuing the Vernacular</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translations+of+Authority+in+Medieval+English+Literature%3A+Valuing+the+Vernacular&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Minnis&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lacey Baldwin Smith, <i>This Realm of England: 1399 to 1688</i> (3rd ed. 1976), p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/27.html">"John Wyclif, Translator and Controversialist"</a>. <i>justus.anglican.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=justus.anglican.org&rft.atitle=John+Wyclif%2C+Translator+and+Controversialist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjustus.anglican.org%2Fresources%2Fbio%2F27.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emily Michael, "John Wyclif on body and mind", <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i> (2003) p. 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An epithet first accorded to the theologian by the 16th century historian and controversialist <a href="/wiki/John_Bale" title="John Bale">John Bale</a> in his <i>Illustrium maioris britanniae scriptorum</i> (Wesel, 1548). Margaret Aston, "John Wycliffe's Reformation Reputation", <i>Past & Present</i> (30, 1965) p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07584b.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Jan Hus"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+Jan+Hus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F07584b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conti-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conti_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conti_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conti_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conti_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conti_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConti" class="citation web cs1">Conti, Alessandro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wyclif/">"John Wyclif"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=John+Wyclif&rft.aulast=Conti&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fwyclif%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallmann1907" class="citation cs2">Dallmann, William (1907), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.ctsfw.edu/Text/ViewDetails/15845">"John Wiclif"</a>, <i>Concordia Theological Quarterly</i>, <b>XI</b>: 41</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Concordia+Theological+Quarterly&rft.atitle=John+Wiclif&rft.volume=XI&rft.pages=41&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Dallmann&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.ctsfw.edu%2FText%2FViewDetails%2F15845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun" class="citation web cs1">Calhoun, David B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cslewisinstitute.org/John_Wycliffe_page1">"The Morning Star of the Reformation"</a>. CS Lewis institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Morning+Star+of+the+Reformation&rft.pub=CS+Lewis+institute&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cslewisinstitute.org%2FJohn_Wycliffe_page1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murray_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1829" class="citation web cs1">Murray, Thomas (26 October 1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FsIEAAAAYAAJ&q=john+wycliffe">"The Life of John Wycliffe"</a>. John Boyd<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+John+Wycliffe&rft.pub=John+Boyd&rft.date=1829-10-26&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFsIEAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Djohn%2Bwycliffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaughn-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vaughn_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaughn_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaughn_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan1845" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, Robert (26 October 1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hxi_RhgjHU8C&q=john+wycliffe"><i>Tracts and Treatises of John de Wycliffe: With Selections and Translations from His Manuscripts and Latin Works</i></a>. Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0790561592" title="Special:BookSources/978-0790561592"><bdi>978-0790561592</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracts+and+Treatises+of+John+de+Wycliffe%3A+With+Selections+and+Translations+from+His+Manuscripts+and+Latin+Works&rft.pub=Society&rft.date=1845-10-26&rft.isbn=978-0790561592&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHxi_RhgjHU8C%26q%3Djohn%2Bwycliffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELahey20095-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahey20095_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLahey2009">Lahey 2009</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davison, Jon (1995). <i>Oxford – Images & Recollections</i>, p. 261. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86982499-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86982499-7">1-86982499-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.balliol.ox.ac.uk/History/masters.asp">"Archives & Manuscripts"</a>. Oxford: Balliol College<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archives+%26+Manuscripts&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Balliol+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.balliol.ox.ac.uk%2FHistory%2Fmasters.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estep-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Estep_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estep_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estep_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstep1986" class="citation book cs1">Estep, William Roscoe (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dUENoh0ey4QC&q=john+wycliffe&pg=PA59"><i>Renaissance and Reformation</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802800503" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802800503"><bdi>978-0802800503</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+and+Reformation&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0802800503&rft.aulast=Estep&rft.aufirst=William+Roscoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdUENoh0ey4QC%26q%3Djohn%2Bwycliffe%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Budd-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Budd_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budd_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuddensieg1884" class="citation web cs1">Buddensieg, Rudolf (26 October 1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/johnwiclifpatrio00budd">"John Wiclif, patriot & reformer; life and writings"</a>. London: T. Fisher Unwin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Wiclif%2C+patriot+%26+reformer%3B+life+and+writings&rft.pub=London%3A+T.+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1884-10-26&rft.aulast=Buddensieg&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnwiclifpatrio00budd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ludgershall.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/history-of-ludgershall-part-4.pdf">"John Wycliffe in Ludgershall"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Wycliffe+in+Ludgershall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fludgershall.files.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F09%2Fhistory-of-ludgershall-part-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-3/john-wycliffe-and-dawn-of-reformation.html">"John Wycliffe and the Dawn of the Reformation"</a>. <i>Christian History | Learn the History of Christianity & the Church</i>. July 1983<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+History+%26%23124%3B+Learn+the+History+of+Christianity+%26+the+Church&rft.atitle=John+Wycliffe+and+the+Dawn+of+the+Reformation&rft.date=1983-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fhistory%2Fissues%2Fissue-3%2Fjohn-wycliffe-and-dawn-of-reformation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urquhart-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urquhart_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urquhart_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urquhart_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15722a.htm">Urquhart, Francis. "John Wyclif." <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i></a> Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 28 July 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2012" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Larry (11 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XeHJooF4E4YC"><i>The Story of the Bible: The Fascinating History of Its Writing, Translation and Effect on Civilization</i></a>. Thomas Nelson. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59555-433-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59555-433-8"><bdi>978-1-59555-433-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Bible%3A+The+Fascinating+History+of+Its+Writing%2C+Translation+and+Effect+on+Civilization&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft.isbn=978-1-59555-433-8&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXeHJooF4E4YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasquet2014" class="citation book cs1">Gasquet, Francis Aidan (29 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/45815"><i>The Great Pestilence (A.D. 1348-9), Now Commonly Known as the Black Death</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Pestilence+%28A.D.+1348-9%29%2C+Now+Commonly+Known+as+the+Black+Death&rft.date=2014-05-29&rft.aulast=Gasquet&rft.aufirst=Francis+Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F45815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burns-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-burns_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1988" class="citation book cs1">Burns, J. H. (1988). <i>The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought c. 350–c. 1450</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 644–649. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139055390" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139055390"><bdi>978-1139055390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Medieval+Political+Thought+c.+350%E2%80%93c.+1450&rft.pages=644-649&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1139055390&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lahey-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lahey_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lahey_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lahey_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahey2008" class="citation book cs1">Lahey, Stephen Edmund (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B_jKb_rjQQIC&q=john+wycliffe"><i>John Wyclif</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199720286" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199720286"><bdi>978-0199720286</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Wyclif&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0199720286&rft.aulast=Lahey&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB_jKb_rjQQIC%26q%3Djohn%2Bwycliffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lechler-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lechler_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLechler1904" class="citation book cs1">Lechler, Gotthard Victor (26 October 1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHIJAQAAIAAJ&q=john+wycliffe"><i>John Wycliffe and His English Precursors</i></a>. Religious Tract Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780404162351" title="Special:BookSources/9780404162351"><bdi>9780404162351</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Wycliffe+and+His+English+Precursors&rft.pub=Religious+Tract+Society&rft.date=1904-10-26&rft.isbn=9780404162351&rft.aulast=Lechler&rft.aufirst=Gotthard+Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZHIJAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Djohn%2Bwycliffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An account of this dispute between the bishop and the protectors of Wycliffe is given in the <i>Chronicon Angliae</i>, the gist of which is quoted in <i>DNB</i>, lxiii. 206–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-larson-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-larson_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Larsen, Andrew E. (9 September 2011). "The School of Heretics: Academic Condemnation at the University of Oxford, 1277-1409". <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004206625_009">10.1163/9789004206625_009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+School+of+Heretics%3A+Academic+Condemnation+at+the+University+of+Oxford%2C+1277-1409&rft.date=2011-09-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004206625_009&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiefer-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kiefer_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiefer_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiefer_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/27.html">"John Wyclif, Translator and Controversialist"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Wyclif%2C+Translator+and+Controversialist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjustus.anglican.org%2Fresources%2Fbio%2F27.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhistory.org.uk/stgiles/tour/east/21.html">"21 St Giles, Oxford"</a>. <i>www.oxfordhistory.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oxfordhistory.org.uk&rft.atitle=21+St+Giles%2C+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhistory.org.uk%2Fstgiles%2Ftour%2Feast%2F21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tnt-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tnt_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tnt_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/vaughan-tracts-and-treatises-of-john-de-wycliffe"><i>Tracts and Treatises of John de Wycliffe</i></a>. The Wycliffe Society. 1845.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracts+and+Treatises+of+John+de+Wycliffe&rft.pub=The+Wycliffe+Society&rft.date=1845&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Ftitle%2Fvaughan-tracts-and-treatises-of-john-de-wycliffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hudson-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hudson_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hudson_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Hudson (academic)">Hudson, Anne</a> (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prematurereforma0000huds"><i>The premature Reformation: Wycliffite texts and Lollard history</i></a></span>. Oxford: Clarendon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822762-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822762-5"><bdi>978-0-19-822762-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+premature+Reformation%3A+Wycliffite+texts+and+Lollard+history&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822762-5&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprematurereforma0000huds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatsite.com/timeline-english-bible-history/john-wycliffe.html">"John Wycliffe"</a>. <i>www.greatsite.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.greatsite.com&rft.atitle=John+Wycliffe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greatsite.com%2Ftimeline-english-bible-history%2Fjohn-wycliffe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-waugh-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-waugh_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-waugh_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaugh1913" class="citation journal cs1">Waugh, W. T. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25518640">"The Lollard Knights"</a>. <i>The Scottish Historical Review</i>. <b>11</b> (41): 55–92. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-9241">0036-9241</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25518640">25518640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scottish+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Lollard+Knights&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=55-92&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25518640%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0036-9241&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=W.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25518640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJ0QoLj5PgM">"John Wycliffe – Michael Davies"</a>. 12 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/bJ0QoLj5PgM">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span> – via www.youtube.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Wycliffe+%E2%80%93+Michael+Davies&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DbJ0QoLj5PgM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Earthquake Synod." Cross, F. L. and E. A. Livingstone, eds. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church.</i> London: Oxford UP, 1974. p. 437.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bartleby.com/212/0212.html">"§12. Nicholas Hereford and John Purvey. II. Religious Movements in the Fourteenth Century. Vol. 2. The End of the Middle Ages. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: An Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes. 1907–21"</a>. <i>www.bartleby.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bartleby.com&rft.atitle=%C2%A712.+Nicholas+Hereford+and+John+Purvey.+II.+Religious+Movements+in+the+Fourteenth+Century.+Vol.+2.+The+End+of+the+Middle+Ages.+The+Cambridge+History+of+English+and+American+Literature%3A+An+Encyclopedia+in+Eighteen+Volumes.+1907%E2%80%9321&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F212%2F0212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927042320/https://www.webtruth.org/christian-history/john-wycliffe-1324-1384-morning-star-reformation/">"John Wycliffe (1324–1384)"</a>. <i>WebTruth.org</i>. 18 January 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webtruth.org/christian-history/john-wycliffe-1324-1384-morning-star-reformation/">the original</a> on 27 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebTruth.org&rft.atitle=John+Wycliffe+%281324%E2%80%931384%29&rft.date=2018-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webtruth.org%2Fchristian-history%2Fjohn-wycliffe-1324-1384-morning-star-reformation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring2006" class="citation cs2">Herring, George (2006), <i>Introduction To The History of Christianity</i>, New York: New York University Press, p. 230</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+To+The+History+of+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30066639">"John Wycliffe"</a>. <i>The Catholic Layman</i>. <b>5</b> (59): 121–123. 1856. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0791-5640">0791-5640</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30066639">30066639</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Layman&rft.atitle=John+Wycliffe&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=59&rft.pages=121-123&rft.date=1856&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30066639%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0791-5640&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30066639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This may have been to prevent the development of a saint or relic cult around Wycliff: some local Lollards believed a miraculous spring had sprung where his bones were buried. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2018" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Peter (2018). <i>Heretics and believers: a history of the English Reformation</i> (First published in paperback ed.). New Haven London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300234589" title="Special:BookSources/9780300234589"><bdi>9780300234589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heretics+and+believers%3A+a+history+of+the+English+Reformation&rft.place=New+Haven+London&rft.edition=First+published+in+paperback&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780300234589&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116">: 116 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thakkar-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thakkar_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThakkar2020" class="citation journal cs1">Thakkar, Mark (22 October 2020). "Duces caecorum: On Two Recent Translations of Wyclif". <i>Vivarium</i>. <b>58</b> (4): 357–383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685349-12341391">10.1163/15685349-12341391</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F20939">10023/20939</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vivarium&rft.atitle=Duces+caecorum%3A+On+Two+Recent+Translations+of+Wyclif&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=357-383&rft.date=2020-10-22&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F20939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685349-12341391&rft.aulast=Thakkar&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindberg1991" class="citation cs2">Lindberg, Conrad (1991), <i>English Wyclif Tracts 1-3</i>, Oslo: Novus Forlag, p. 11</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Wyclif+Tracts+1-3&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Novus+Forlag&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindberg2000" class="citation cs2">Lindberg, Conrad (2000), <i>English Wyclif Tracts 4-6</i>, Oslo: Novus Forlag, p. 7</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Wyclif+Tracts+4-6&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Novus+Forlag&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaverty2023" class="citation web cs1">Laverty, Rhys (2 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adfontesjournal.com/church-history/john-wycliffe-reformer-pt-3-wycliffe-and-the-poor-priests/">"John Wycliffe, Reformer Pt. 3: Wycliffe and the Poor Priests"</a>. <i>Ad Fontes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ad+Fontes&rft.atitle=John+Wycliffe%2C+Reformer+Pt.+3%3A+Wycliffe+and+the+Poor+Priests&rft.date=2023-05-02&rft.aulast=Laverty&rft.aufirst=Rhys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadfontesjournal.com%2Fchurch-history%2Fjohn-wycliffe-reformer-pt-3-wycliffe-and-the-poor-priests%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walker-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-walker_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1958" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Williston (1958). <i>A History of the Christian Church</i>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00087NRC8">B00087NRC8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00087NRC8%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Williston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dove-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dove_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dove_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See Mary Dove, <i>The First English Bible</i> (Cambridge, 2007), and Elizabeth Solopova (ed.), <i>The Wycliffite Bible</i> (Leiden, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gasquet-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gasquet_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasquet1894" class="citation journal cs1">Gasquet, Francis Aidan (1894). "The Pre-Reformation English Bible". <i>Dublin Review</i>. <b>115</b>: 122–152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dublin+Review&rft.atitle=The+Pre-Reformation+English+Bible&rft.volume=115&rft.pages=122-152&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Gasquet&rft.aufirst=Francis+Aidan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthew-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matthew_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew1895" class="citation journal cs1">Matthew, F. D. (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/547995">"The Authorship of the Wycliffite Bible"</a>. <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>10</b> (37): 91–99. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8266">0013-8266</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/547995">547995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Authorship+of+the+Wycliffite+Bible&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=91-99&rft.date=1895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F547995%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0013-8266&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=F.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F547995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clossey-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clossey_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClossey2024" class="citation book cs1">Clossey, Luke (2024). <i>Jesus and the Making of the Modern Mind, 1380-1520</i>. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2FOBP.0371">10.11647/OBP.0371</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80511-001-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80511-001-9"><bdi>978-1-80511-001-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+Mind%2C+1380-1520&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11647%2FOBP.0371&rft.isbn=978-1-80511-001-9&rft.aulast=Clossey&rft.aufirst=Luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormack2007" class="citation book cs1">McCormack, Frances (2007). <i>Chaucer and the Culture of Dissent: The Lollard Context and Subtext of the Parson's Tale</i>. Dublin: Four Courts Press. p. 161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chaucer+and+the+Culture+of+Dissent%3A+The+Lollard+Context+and+Subtext+of+the+Parson%27s+Tale&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=McCormack&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1967" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, S. Hunter (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reformers-in-profile/page/n5/mode/2up">"John Wyclif"</a>. <i>Reformers in Profile: [essays]</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reformers+in+Profile%3A+%5Bessays%5D.&rft.atitle=John+Wyclif&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=S.+Hunter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freformers-in-profile%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavendish-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/john-wycliffe-condemned-heretic">"John Wycliffe condemned as a heretic"</a>. <i>www.historytoday.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historytoday.com&rft.atitle=John+Wycliffe+condemned+as+a+heretic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fjohn-wycliffe-condemned-heretic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_Encyclopedia,_2009-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_Encyclopedia,_2009_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/650168/John-Wycliffe">"John Wycliffe"</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (online ed.), 16 October 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Wycliffe&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=online&rft.date=2009-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F650168%2FJohn-Wycliffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudolph-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rudolph_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWycliffe1883" class="citation web cs1">Wycliffe, John (26 October 1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ik0jPJfawIC&q=john+wycliffe">"John Wiclif's Polemical works in Latin"</a>. Wyclif society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Wiclif%27s+Polemical+works+in+Latin&rft.pub=Wyclif+society&rft.date=1883-10-26&rft.aulast=Wycliffe&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Ik0jPJfawIC%26q%3Djohn%2Bwycliffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeanesly1971" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Deanesly" title="Margaret Deanesly">Deanesly, Margaret</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/scottish-journal-of-theology/article/abs/history-of-the-medieval-church-5901500-by-margaret-deanesly-methuen-university-paperbacks-pp-284-18s-also-in-hardback-36s/EA8ADD4C6B3FB0501C17E84F3A582209">"A History of the Medieval Church 590–1500"</a>. <i>Scottish Journal of Theology</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 239 – via Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=A+History+of+the+Medieval+Church+590%E2%80%931500&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=239&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Deanesly&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fscottish-journal-of-theology%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fhistory-of-the-medieval-church-5901500-by-margaret-deanesly-methuen-university-paperbacks-pp-284-18s-also-in-hardback-36s%2FEA8ADD4C6B3FB0501C17E84F3A582209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mattei-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mattei_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mattei_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leben.us/john-wycliffe-morning-star-reformation/">"John Wycliffe: The Morning Star of the Reformation"</a>. 14 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Wycliffe%3A+The+Morning+Star+of+the+Reformation&rft.date=2016-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleben.us%2Fjohn-wycliffe-morning-star-reformation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahey" class="citation web cs1">Lahey, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalcommentary.utoronto.ca/?p=722">"Stanislav of Znojmo's Commentary on John Wyclif's Philosophy"</a>. <i>globalcommentary.utoronto.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalcommentary.utoronto.ca&rft.atitle=Stanislav+of+Znojmo%27s+Commentary+on+John+Wyclif%27s+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Lahey&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalcommentary.utoronto.ca%2F%3Fp%3D722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLahey2009">Lahey 2009</a>, Ch. 7: "Wyclif's writings on <i>dominium</i>, which make up the bulk of the first half of his <i>Summa Theologie</i>, contain the essence of his theological vision, uniting his metaphysics to his sociopolitical and ecclesiological thought."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wycliffe, John. <i>On Universals</i>, (trans. A. Kenny), Oxford: 1985, pp. 162–165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao1942" class="citation journal cs1">Rao, H. Krishna (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42754272">"John Wycliffe"</a>. <i>The Indian Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 372–379. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-5510">0019-5510</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42754272">42754272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=John+Wycliffe&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=372-379&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42754272%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0019-5510&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=H.+Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42754272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.learnreligions.com/john-wycliffe-biography-699998">"John Wycliffe Was an English Bible Translator and Early Reformer"</a>. <i>Learn Religions</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Learn+Religions&rft.atitle=John+Wycliffe+Was+an+English+Bible+Translator+and+Early+Reformer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.learnreligions.com%2Fjohn-wycliffe-biography-699998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods" class="citation web cs1">Woods, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/18184467">"Why was John Wyclif regarded as a heretic by the Roman Catholic Church?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Brisbane School of Theology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+was+John+Wyclif+regarded+as+a+heretic+by+the+Roman+Catholic+Church%3F&rft.pub=Brisbane+School+of+Theology&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F18184467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-3/from-archives-wycliffe-causes-controversy-over-eucharist.html">"From the Archives: Wycliffe Causes Controversy over Eucharist"</a>. July 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+the+Archives%3A+Wycliffe+Causes+Controversy+over+Eucharist&rft.date=1983-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fhistory%2Fissues%2Fissue-3%2Ffrom-archives-wycliffe-causes-controversy-over-eucharist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllingsen2012241-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllingsen2012241_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllingsen2012">Ellingsen 2012</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett2013xxvii&#x200c;-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2013xxvii&#x200c;_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett2013">Barrett 2013</a>, p. xxvii, ‌. "[D]ivine monergism is the view of Augustine and the Augustinians."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1998103-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1998103_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames1998">James 1998</a>, p. 103. "If one asks, whether double predestination is a logical implication or development of Augustine's doctrine, the answer must be in the affirmative."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESammons202060-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammons202060_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSammons2020">Sammons 2020</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStacey2024-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStacey2024_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStacey2024">Stacey 2024</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllingsen2012241&#x200c;-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllingsen2012241&#x200c;_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllingsen2012">Ellingsen 2012</a>, p. 241, ‌. "[Wycliffe] affirmation of prevenient grace took an Augustinian character with Wycliffe's understanding of predestination as an election either to salvation or to reprobation, which is otherwise known as "double predestination".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghosh-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ghosh_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghosh_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghosh_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghosh_75-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghosh_75-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2001" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Kantik (4 October 2001). <i>The Wycliffite Heresy: Authority and the Interpretation of Texts</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511483288">10.1017/CBO9780511483288</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521807203" title="Special:BookSources/9780521807203"><bdi>9780521807203</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wycliffite+Heresy%3A+Authority+and+the+Interpretation+of+Texts&rft.date=2001-10-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511483288&rft.isbn=9780521807203&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Kantik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This verse is also used in the quasi-<a href="/wiki/Joachimite" class="mw-redirect" title="Joachimite">Joachimite</a> Middle English tract <i>The Last Age of the Church</i>, attributed to the young Wycliffe, which gives the year 1400 as start of the age of the anti-Christ, interpreting the verse using versions of a Talmudic legend and mentioning a supposed prophecy of Merlin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWycliffe2023" class="citation book cs1">Wycliffe, John (10 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/70258"><i>The last age of the church</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+age+of+the+church&rft.date=2023-03-10&rft.aulast=Wycliffe&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F70258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorriganHarrington2023" class="citation web cs1">Corrigan, Kevin; Harrington, L. Michael (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pseudo-dionysius-areopagite/#CharWrit">"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Pseudo-Dionysius+the+Areopagite&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Corrigan&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Harrington%2C+L.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fpseudo-dionysius-areopagite%2F%23CharWrit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraebel2020" class="citation book cs1">Kraebel, Andrew (2020). "Eclectic Hermeneutics: Biblical Commentary in Wyclif's Oxford". <i>Biblical Commentary and Translation in Later Medieval England: Experiments in Interpretation</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108761437.003">10.1017/9781108761437.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-76143-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-76143-7"><bdi>978-1-108-76143-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eclectic+Hermeneutics%3A+Biblical+Commentary+in+Wyclif%27s+Oxford&rft.btitle=Biblical+Commentary+and+Translation+in+Later+Medieval+England%3A+Experiments+in+Interpretation&rft.pages=54-90&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108761437.003&rft.isbn=978-1-108-76143-7&rft.aulast=Kraebel&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrançois2018" class="citation journal cs1">François, Wim (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/567000">"Vernacular Bible Reading in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe: The "Catholic" Position Revisited"</a>. <i>The Catholic Historical Review</i>. <b>104</b> (1): 23–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcat.2018.0001">10.1353/cat.2018.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163790511">163790511</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Vernacular+Bible+Reading+in+Late+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Europe%3A+The+%22Catholic%22+Position+Revisited&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-56&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcat.2018.0001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163790511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=Wim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flirias.kuleuven.be%2Fretrieve%2F567000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-constance-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constance_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatnall1970" class="citation journal cs1">Tatnall, Edith C. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/councils-and-assemblies/condemnation-of-john-wyclif-at-the-council-of-constance/8C7D1C3420BFE791D5AC6D8FE36ED300">"The condemnation of John Wyclif at the Council of Constance"</a>. <i>Councils and Assemblies</i>. Studies in Church History. Cambridge University Press: 209–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511665820.013">10.1017/CBO9780511665820.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521080385" title="Special:BookSources/9780521080385"><bdi>9780521080385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Councils+and+Assemblies&rft.atitle=The+condemnation+of+John+Wyclif+at+the+Council+of+Constance&rft.pages=209-218&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511665820.013&rft.isbn=9780521080385&rft.aulast=Tatnall&rft.aufirst=Edith+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Fcouncils-and-assemblies%2Fcondemnation-of-john-wyclif-at-the-council-of-constance%2F8C7D1C3420BFE791D5AC6D8FE36ED300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chaucer.fas.harvard.edu/pages/twelve-conclusions-lollards">"The Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards"</a>. <i>chaucer.fas.harvard.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chaucer.fas.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=The+Twelve+Conclusions+of+the+Lollards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchaucer.fas.harvard.edu%2Fpages%2Ftwelve-conclusions-lollards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lollardsociety.org/pdfs/Compston_37_conclusions.pdf">"The Thirty Seven Conclusions of the Lollards"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>English Theological Review</i>. <b>XXVI</b>: 738–749. 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Thirty+Seven+Conclusions+of+the+Lollards&rft.volume=XXVI&rft.pages=738-749&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flollardsociety.org%2Fpdfs%2FCompston_37_conclusions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. <i>The Church of England</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104172841/http://prayerbook.ca/the-prayer-book-online/57-the-calendar-ix">"57. The Calendar, ix"</a>, <i>The Prayer Book online</i>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">CA</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prayerbook.ca/the-prayer-book-online/57-the-calendar-ix">the original</a> on 4 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=57.+The+Calendar%2C+ix&rft.btitle=The+Prayer+Book+online&rft.place=CA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprayerbook.ca%2Fthe-prayer-book-online%2F57-the-calendar-ix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1209165" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1209165?section=official-list-entry">"Wycliffe Memorial, Bitteswell Road, Lutterworth, Leicestershire (Grade II) (1209165)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Wycliffe+Memorial%2C+Bitteswell+Road%2C+Lutterworth%2C+Leicestershire+%28Grade+II%29+%281209165%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1209165%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mywesleyanmethodists.org.uk/content/chapels/leicestershire/lutterworth_bitteswell_road_wycliffe_memorial_wesleyan_methodist_chapel_leicestershire">"Lutterworth, Bitteswell Road, Wycliffe Memorial Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, Leicestershire"</a>. <i>My Wesleyan Methodists website</i>. Methodist Heritage and the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a>. 24 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529091353/https://www.mywesleyanmethodists.org.uk/content/chapels/leicestershire/lutterworth_bitteswell_road_wycliffe_memorial_wesleyan_methodist_chapel_leicestershire">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Wesleyan+Methodists+website&rft.atitle=Lutterworth%2C+Bitteswell+Road%2C+Wycliffe+Memorial+Wesleyan+Methodist+Chapel%2C+Leicestershire&rft.date=2018-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mywesleyanmethodists.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fchapels%2Fleicestershire%2Flutterworth_bitteswell_road_wycliffe_memorial_wesleyan_methodist_chapel_leicestershire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2013" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Matthew (2013). <i>Salvation by Grace: The Case for Effectual Calling and Regeneration</i>. Phillipsburg: P & R Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salvation+by+Grace%3A+The+Case+for+Effectual+Calling+and+Regeneration&rft.place=Phillipsburg&rft.pub=P+%26+R+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Edgar, Robert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilizationspas0000unse/mode/2up"><i>Civilizations Past & Present</i></a>. Vol. 1: <i>To 1650</i> (12th ed.). Pearson Education. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilizationspas0000unse/page/434/mode/2up">434–435</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0205573752" title="Special:BookSources/978-0205573752"><bdi>978-0205573752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilizations+Past+%26+Present&rft.pages=434-435&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0205573752&rft.aulast=Edgar&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilizationspas0000unse%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllingsen2012" class="citation book cs1">Ellingsen, Mark (2012). <i>Reclaiming Our Roots, Volume I: An Inclusive Introduction to Church History: The Late First Century to the Eve of the Reformation</i>. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reclaiming+Our+Roots%2C+Volume+I%3A+An+Inclusive+Introduction+to+Church+History%3A+The+Late+First+Century+to+the+Eve+of+the+Reformation&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Ellingsen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudsonKenny2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hudson_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Hudson (academic)">Hudson, Anne</a>; Kenny, Anthony (2004). "Wyclif, John (d. 1384)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30122">10.1093/ref:odnb/30122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wyclif%2C+John+%28d.+1384%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30122&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Kenny%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1998" class="citation book cs1">James, Frank A. (1998). <i>Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination: The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer</i>. Oxford: Clarendon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+Martyr+Vermigli+and+Predestination%3A+The+Augustinian+Inheritance+of+an+Italian+Reformer&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Frank+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahey2009" class="citation book cs1">Lahey, Stephen (2009). <i>John Wyclif</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518331-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518331-3"><bdi>978-0-19-518331-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Wyclif&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518331-3&rft.aulast=Lahey&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStacey2024" class="citation book cs1">Stacey, John (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Wycliffe">"John Wycliffe"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Wycliffe&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Stacey&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJohn-Wycliffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSammons2020" class="citation book cs1">Sammons, Peter (2020). <i>Reprobation: from Augustine to the Synod of Dort: The Historical Development of the Reformed Doctrine of Reprobation</i>. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reprobation%3A+from+Augustine+to+the+Synod+of+Dort%3A+The+Historical+Development+of+the+Reformed+Doctrine+of+Reprobation&rft.place=Gottingen&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Sammons&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boreczky, Elemér. <i>John Wyclif's Discourse on Dominion in Community</i> (Leiden, Brill, 2007) (Studies in the History of Christian Traditions 139).</li> <li>Fountain, David. <i>John Wycliffe – The Dawn Of The Reformation</i> (Mayflower Christian Publications, 1984) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0907821021" title="Special:BookSources/978-0907821021">978-0907821021</a>.</li> <li>Hudson, Anne, and Anthony Kenny. "Wyclif, John (d. 1384)", <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004; online ed., September 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30122,">accessed 13 October 2014</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30122">10.1093/ref:odnb/30122</a>; a short biography</li> <li>Ghosh, Kantik. <i>The Wycliffite Heresy. Authority and the Interpretation of Texts</i> (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001) (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature, 45) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-80720-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-80720-4">0-521-80720-4</a>).</li> <li>Lahey, Stephen E. <i>John Wyclif</i> (Oxford University Press, 2009) (Great Medieval Thinkers).</li> <li>Lahey, Stephen E. "John Wyclif." in <i>Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy</i> (Springer Netherlands, 2011) pp. 653–58.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hugo_Lampe" title="Geoffrey Hugo Lampe">G. W. H. Lampe, ed.</a> <i>The Cambridge History of the Bible. The West from the Fathers to the Reformation</i>, [Vol 2]</li> <li>Leff, Gordon. <i>John Wyclif: The Path the Dissent</i> (Oxford University Press, 1966)</li> <li>Levy, Ian C., ed. <i>A Companion to John Wyclif, Late Medieval Theologian</i>. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition 4). Leiden: Brill, 2006. (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-15007-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-15007-2">90-04-15007-2</a>.)</li> <li>McFarlane, K. B. <i>The origins of religious dissent in England</i> (New York, Collier Books, 1966) (Originally published under the title "John Wycliffe and the beginnings of English nonconformity", 1952).</li> <li>Michael, Emily (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mtw160-198.ippl.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_the_history_of_ideas/v064/64.3michael.pdf">"John Wyclif on body and mind"</a>. <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>. 64#3 pp. 343–60.</li> <li>Robson, John Adam. <i>Wyclif and the Oxford Schools: The Relation of the "Summa de Ente" to Scholastic Debates at Oxford in the Later Fourteenth Century</i> (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1961).</li> <li>Thakkar, Mark. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44398256/Duces_caecorum_On_Two_Recent_Translations_of_Wyclif">Duces caecorum: On Two Recent Translations of Wyclif</a></i> (Vivarium, 2020)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" class="extiw" title="commons:John Wycliffe"><span style="font-style:italic; 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In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wyclif%27s+Political+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Lahey&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fwyclif-political%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b011vh4k/In_Our_Time_John_Wyclif_and_the_Lollards/">BBC radio 4 discussion</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(BBC_Radio_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)">In Our Time</a></i>. "John Wyclif and the Lollards". (45 mins)</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Foxe" title="John Foxe">John Foxe</a>, "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Martyrs_(Foxe)/Chapter_VII" class="extiw" title="s:The Book of Martyrs (Foxe)/Chapter VII">An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe</a>," <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Martyrs_(Foxe)" class="extiw" title="s:The Book of Martyrs (Foxe)"><i>The Book of Martyrs</i></a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Wiclif,_John" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Wiclif, John">Wiclif, John</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wiclif%2C+John&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wycliffe,_John" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wycliffe, John">Wycliffe, John</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wycliffe%2C+John&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/John_Wyclif" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/John Wyclif">John Wyclif</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Wyclif&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Wycliffe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Wycliffe%2C%20John%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Wycliffe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wycliffe%2C%20John%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Wycliffe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wycliffe%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Wycliffe%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Wycliffe%2C%20John%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Wycliffe%22%29%20OR%20%28%221320s-1384%22%20AND%20Wycliffe%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about John Wycliffe</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/2091">Works by John Wycliffe</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wycliffe.org/">Wycliffe Bible Translators</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Proto-Protestantism" title="Template:Proto-Protestantism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Proto-Protestantism" title="Template talk:Proto-Protestantism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Proto-Protestantism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Proto-Protestantism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Proto-Protestantism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">400–1100 AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jovinian" title="Jovinian">Jovinian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_of_Turin" title="Claudius of Turin">Claudius of Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottschalk_of_Orbais" title="Gottschalk of Orbais">Gottschalk of Orbais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratramnus" title="Ratramnus">Ratramnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Sects and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pataria" title="Pataria">Pataria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengarians" title="Berengarians">Berengarians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Wycliffe giving his bible to his Lollard followers"><img alt="John Wycliffe giving his bible to his Lollard followers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg/150px-WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg/225px-WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg/300px-WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1100–1400 AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanchelm" title="Tanchelm">Tanchelm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Bruys" title="Peter of Bruys">Peter of Bruys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lausanne" title="Henry of Lausanne">Henry of Lausanne</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_of_Brescia" title="Arnold of Brescia">Arnold of Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mil%C3%AD%C4%8D_of_Krom%C4%9B%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BE" title="Milíč of Kroměříž">Milíč of Kroměříž</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_of_Janov" title="Matthias of Janov">Matthias of Janov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius of Padua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Sects and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strigolniki" title="Strigolniki">Strigolniki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petrobrusians" title="Petrobrusians">Petrobrusians</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1400–1500 AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="People" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%BDi%C5%BEka" title="Jan Žižka">Jan Žižka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_of_Pelh%C5%99imov" title="Mikuláš of Pelhřimov">Mikuláš of Pelhřimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD" title="Petr Chelčický">Petr Chelčický</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_von_Goch" title="Johannes von Goch">Johannes von Goch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ruchrat_von_Wesel" title="Johann Ruchrat von Wesel">Johann Ruchrat von Wesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessel_Gansfort" title="Wessel Gansfort">Wessel Gansfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lef%C3%A8vre_d%27%C3%89taples" title="Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples">Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Valla" title="Lorenzo Valla">Lorenzo Valla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_of_Prague" title="Luke of Prague">Luke of Prague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Sects and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taborites" title="Taborites">Taborites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utraquism" title="Utraquism">Utraquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Czech Brethren</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piagnoni" title="Piagnoni">Piagnoni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldcastle_Revolt" title="Oldcastle Revolt">Oldcastle Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compacts_of_Basel" title="Compacts of Basel">Compacts of Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_peace_of_Kutn%C3%A1_Hora" title="Religious peace of Kutná Hora">Peace of Kutná Hora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rindol_massacre" title="Mérindol massacre">Mérindol massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard%E2%80%93Waldensian_wars" title="Savoyard–Waldensian wars">Savoyard–Waldensian wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Easter" title="Piedmontese Easter">Piedmontese Easter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Wycliffe Bible">Wycliffe Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Bible" title="Hussite Bible">Hussite Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jistebnice_hymn_book" title="Jistebnice hymn book">Jistebnice hymn book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiae_Regimen" title="Ecclesiae Regimen">Ecclesiae Regimen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Conclusions_of_the_Lollards" title="Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards">Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Cross_(Girolamo_Savonarola)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumph of the Cross (Girolamo Savonarola)">Triumph of the Cross (Girolamo Savonarola)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Catharism_and_Protestantism" title="Comparison of Catharism and Protestantism">Comparison of Catharism and Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate their inclusion to be controversial or disputed.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Masters_of_Balliol_College,_Oxford" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #7F1734 5px solid; border-top: #7F1734 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Masters_of_Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Template:Masters of Balliol College, Oxford"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Masters_of_Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Template talk:Masters of Balliol College, Oxford"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Masters_of_Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Masters of Balliol College, Oxford"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Masters_of_Balliol_College,_Oxford" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Masters_of_Balliol_College,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Masters of Balliol College, Oxford">Masters of Balliol College, Oxford</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_de_Fodringeye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter de Fodringeye (page does not exist)">Walter de Fodringeye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_de_Warkenby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh de Warkenby (page does not exist)">Hugh de Warkenby</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_de_Cornubia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen de Cornubia (page does not exist)">Stephen de Cornubia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_de_Chickwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard de Chickwell (page does not exist)">Richard de Chickwell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Waldeby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Waldeby (page does not exist)">Thomas de Waldeby</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_de_Seton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry de Seton (page does not exist)">Henry de Seton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_de_Luceby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas de Luceby (page does not exist)">Nicholas de Luceby</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Poclynton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Poclynton (page does not exist)">John Poclynton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Corbrygge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Corbrygge (page does not exist)">Hugh Corbrygge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_de_Derby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert de Derby (page does not exist)">Robert de Derby</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hugate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hugate (page does not exist)">John Hugate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Tyrwhit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Tyrwhit (page does not exist)">Thomas Tyrwhit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamond_Haskman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamond Haskman (page does not exist)">Hamond Haskman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lambert_(master)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Lambert (master) (page does not exist)">William Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Chace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Chace (page does not exist)">Thomas Chace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burley" title="Robert Burley">Robert Burley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stapilton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Stapilton (page does not exist)">Richard Stapilton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Brandon_(master)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Brandon (master) (page does not exist)">William Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Twaytes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Twaytes (page does not exist)">Robert Twaytes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lambton_(master)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Lambton (master) (page does not exist)">William Lambton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Segden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Segden (page does not exist)">John Segden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Abdy_(master)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Abdy (master) (page does not exist)">Robert Abdy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bell_(master)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Bell (master) (page does not exist)">William Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barningham" title="Richard Barningham">Richard Barningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cisson" title="Thomas Cisson">Thomas Cisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stubbys" title="Richard Stubbys">Richard Stubbys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_White_(master)" title="William White (master)">William White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cotes" title="George Cotes">George Coote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wright_(master)" title="William Wright (master)">William Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brooks_(bishop)" title="James Brooks (bishop)">James Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wright_(master)" title="William Wright (master)">William Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Babington" title="Francis Babington">Francis Babington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Garnet" title="Antony Garnet">Antony Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooper_(master)" title="Robert Hooper (master)">Robert Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Piers" title="John Piers">John Piers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Squier" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Squier">Adam Squier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Lilly_(academic_administrator)" title="Edmund Lilly (academic administrator)">Edmund Lilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Abbots" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Abbots">Robert Abbots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parkhurst_(master)" title="John Parkhurst (master)">John Parkhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Laurence" title="Thomas Laurence">Thomas Laurence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bradshaw_(master)" title="George Bradshaw (master)">George Bradshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Savage" title="Henry Savage">Henry Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Good" title="Thomas Good">Thomas Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Venn_(academic)" title="John Venn (academic)">John Venn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Mander" title="Roger Mander">Roger Mander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baron_(master)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Baron (master)">John Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hunt_(Balliol_College)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Hunt (Balliol College)">Joseph Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Leigh" title="Theophilus Leigh">Theophilus Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davey_(master)" title="John Davey (master)">John Davey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parsons_(bishop)" title="John Parsons (bishop)">John Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Jenkyns" title="Richard Jenkyns">Richard Jenkyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Robert Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Jowett" title="Benjamin Jowett">Benjamin Jowett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Caird" title="Edward Caird">Edward Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Strachan-Davidson" title="James Strachan-Davidson">James Strachan-Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lionel_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Lionel Smith">Arthur Lionel Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dunlop_Lindsay" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Dunlop Lindsay">Alexander Dunlop Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lindsay_Keir" class="mw-redirect" title="David Lindsay Keir">David Lindsay Keir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)" title="Christopher Hill (historian)">Christopher Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Sir Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Baruch Blumberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Renshaw_Lucas" class="mw-redirect" title="Colin Renshaw Lucas">Colin Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Graham_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Graham (academic)">Andrew Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Drummond_Bone" class="mw-redirect" title="James Drummond Bone">Drummond Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Ghosh" title="Helen Ghosh">Helen Ghosh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173893#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173893#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173893#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000116650647">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/98313983">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316416658">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1858991/">FAST</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/36629/">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118632299">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79060439">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11999404c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11999404c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00649787">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wycliffe, John"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV115950">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35622455">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701964&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX873208">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069401799">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90106461">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000338261&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201902939">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mpq8tt327t0tj">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810562954205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/20684">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269932705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515059006706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14711337">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02817168?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500330566">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/61246235">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1018237">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118632299.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118632299">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028089685">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6w97wjk">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&oldid=1259015361">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&oldid=1259015361</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1320s_births" title="Category:1320s births">1320s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1384_deaths" title="Category:1384 deaths">1384 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:14th-century_Christian_biblical_scholars" 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