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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logga in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Fler alternativ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personliga verktyg" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personliga verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Användarmeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv"><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=L%C3%A4skunnighet" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skapa konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=L%C3%A4skunnighet" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Historia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Den_tidiga_utvecklingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Den_tidiga_utvecklingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Den tidiga utvecklingen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Den_tidiga_utvecklingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utvecklingen_efter_att_de_lösa_typerna_vid_boktryckeri_införts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utvecklingen_efter_att_de_lösa_typerna_vid_boktryckeri_införts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Utvecklingen efter att de lösa typerna vid boktryckeri införts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utvecklingen_efter_att_de_lösa_typerna_vid_boktryckeri_införts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fysiologisk_betydelse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fysiologisk_betydelse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fysiologisk betydelse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fysiologisk_betydelse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Könsskillnader_i_läskunnighet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Könsskillnader_i_läskunnighet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Könsskillnader i läskunnighet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Könsskillnader_i_läskunnighet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analfabetism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analfabetism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Analfabetism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analfabetism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Läskunnighet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 114 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geletterdheid" title="Geletterdheid – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geletterdheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetisierung_(Lesef%C3%A4higkeit)" title="Alphabetisierung (Lesefähigkeit) – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Alphabetisierung (Lesefähigkeit)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="محو الأمية – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محو الأمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetizaci%C3%B3n" title="Alfabetización – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alfabetización" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সাক্ষৰতা – assamesiska" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সাক্ষৰতা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetizaci%C3%B3n" title="Alfabetización – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfabetización" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balikukalan" title="Balikukalan – bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Balikukalan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সাক্ষরতা – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাক্ষরতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat-j%C4%AB" title="Bat-jī – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bat-jī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D2%A1%D1%8B%D0%B9-%D1%8F%D2%99%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D2%AF" title="Уҡый-яҙа белеү – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Уҡый-яҙа белеү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Граматнасць – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Граматнасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Пісьменнасьць – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пісьменнасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0" title="साक्षरता दर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="साक्षरता दर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Грамотност – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Грамотност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismenost" title="Pismenost – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pismenost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deski%C3%B1_lenn_ha_skriva%C3%B1" title="Deskiñ lenn ha skrivañ – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Deskiñ lenn ha skrivañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetisme" title="Alfabetisme – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabetisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramotnost" title="Gramotnost – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gramotnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llythrennedd" title="Llythrennedd – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llythrennedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6sef%C3%A6rdighed" title="Læsefærdighed – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Læsefærdighed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="تسكويل – marockansk arabiska" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تسكويل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marockansk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetisierung_(Lesef%C3%A4higkeit)" title="Alphabetisierung (Lesefähigkeit) – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alphabetisierung (Lesefähigkeit)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjaoskus" title="Kirjaoskus – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kirjaoskus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αλφαβητισμός – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλφαβητισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Literacy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetizaci%C3%B3n" title="Alfabetización – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabetización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legoscio" title="Legoscio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Legoscio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetatze" title="Alfabetatze – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alfabetatze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="سواد – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سواد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy – Fiji-hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Literacy" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji-hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphab%C3%A9tisation" title="Alphabétisation – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphabétisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetizaci%C3%B3n" title="Alfabetización – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabetización" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE" title="નિરક્ષરતા – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નિરક્ષરતા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%B4" title="문해 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문해" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գրագիտություն – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="साक्षरता – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साक्षरता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismenost" title="Pismenost – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pismenost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literasia" title="Literasia – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Literasia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melek_aksara" title="Melek aksara – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Melek aksara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetisation" title="Alphabetisation – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alphabetisation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6si" title="Læsi – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Læsi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetizzazione" title="Alfabetizzazione – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabetizzazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אוריינות – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוריינות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ಸಾಕ್ಷರತೆ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾಕ್ಷರತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Къара таныу – karachay-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къара таныу" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karachay-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Сауаттылық – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сауаттылық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwezo_wa_kusoma_na_kuandika" title="Uwezo wa kusoma na kuandika – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uwezo wa kusoma na kuandika" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet%C3%AEzm" title="Alfabetîzm – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alfabetîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Сабаттуулук – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сабаттуулук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetismus" title="Alphabetismus – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alphabetismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakstprat%C4%ABba" title="Rakstpratība – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rakstpratība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1tingumas" title="Raštingumas – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raštingumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetiseringsgraod" title="Alfabetiseringsgraod – limburgiska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Alfabetiseringsgraod" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetisme" title="Alfabetisme – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfabetisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tcidu" title="tcidu – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tcidu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetizaziun" title="Alfabetizaziun – lombardiska" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Alfabetizaziun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dr%C3%A1stud%C3%A1s" title="Írástudás – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Írástudás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literasi" title="Literasi – maduresiska" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Literasi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="maduresiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="साक्षरता – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="साक्षरता" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Писменост – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Писменост" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahaizana_mamaky_sy_manoratra" title="Fahaizana mamaky sy manoratra – malagassiska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahaizana mamaky sy manoratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4" title="സാക്ഷരത – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാക്ഷരത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="साक्षरता – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साक्षरता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celik_huruf" title="Celik huruf – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Celik huruf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geletterdheid" title="Geletterdheid – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geletterdheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="साक्षरता – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="साक्षरता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="साक्षरता – newariska" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="साक्षरता" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97" title="識字 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="識字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Йоза хаар – tjetjenska" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йоза хаар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tjetjenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeskonst" title="Leeskonst – nordfrisiska" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Leeskonst" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesekyndighet" title="Lesekyndighet – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lesekyndighet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesekunne" title="Lesekunne – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lesekunne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetisme" title="Alfabetisme – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alfabetisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savodlilik" title="Savodlilik – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Savodlilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਾਖਰਤਾ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਖਰਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%91%DA%BE%D9%86_%D9%84%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%86" title="پڑھن لکھن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پڑھن لکھن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="سواد – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سواد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98" title="អក្ខរកម្ម – kambodjanska" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អក្ខរកម្ម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="kambodjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetisassion" title="Alfabetisassion – piemontesiska" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alfabetisassion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leesverm%C3%B6gen" title="Leesvermögen – lågtyska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Leesvermögen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lågtyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetyzm" title="Alfabetyzm – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfabetyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Alfabetização – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabetização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savat" title="Savat – krimtatariska" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Savat" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimtatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetizare" title="Alfabetizare – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfabetizare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Ґрамотность – rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґрамотность" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Грамотность – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грамотность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="साक्षरता – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="साक्षरता" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkrim-leximi" title="Shkrim-leximi – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkrim-leximi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabbetizzazioni" title="Alfabbetizzazioni – sicilianska" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alfabbetizzazioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Literacy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramotnos%C5%A5" title="Gramotnosť – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gramotnosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismenost" title="Pismenost – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pismenost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="خوێندەواری – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خوێندەواری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Писменост – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Писменост" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismenost" title="Pismenost – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pismenost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukutaito" title="Lukutaito – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lukutaito" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literasi" title="Literasi – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Literasi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="எழுத்தறிவு – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எழுத்தறிவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A4" title="అక్షరాస్యత – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అక్షరాస్యత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="การรู้หนังสือ – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การรู้หนังสือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Савод – tadzjikiska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Савод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzjikiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okuryazarl%C4%B1k" title="Okuryazarlık – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Okuryazarlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Грамотність – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Грамотність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="خواندگی – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خواندگی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BA%BFt_ch%E1%BB%AF" title="Biết chữ – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biết chữ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inadman" title="Inadman – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Inadman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%86%E5%AD%97" title="识字 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="识字" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98" title="ליטעראט – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ליטעראט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97" title="識字 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="識字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1tingoms" title="Raštingoms – samogitiska" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Raštingoms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97" title="識字 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="識字" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celik_huruf" title="Celik huruf – centraldusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Celik huruf" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="centraldusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C9%94wlan-ny%C9%94xa" title="Nyɔwlan-nyɔxa – fonspråket" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Nyɔwlan-nyɔxa" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="fonspråket" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8236#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Fler alternativ" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Åtgärder </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4skunnighet"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4skunnighet&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4skunnighet&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4skunnighet&action=history"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allmänt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:L%C3%A4nkar_hit/L%C3%A4skunnighet" title="Lista över alla wikisidor som länkar hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sidor som länkar hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_relaterade_%C3%A4ndringar/L%C3%A4skunnighet" rel="nofollow" title="Visa senaste ändringarna av sidor som den här sidan länkar till [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterade ändringar</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Specialsidor" title="Lista över alla specialsidor [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Specialsidor</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4skunnighet&oldid=55981820" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Literacy_rate_world.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Literacy_rate_world.PNG/350px-Literacy_rate_world.PNG" decoding="async" width="350" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Literacy_rate_world.PNG/525px-Literacy_rate_world.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Literacy_rate_world.PNG/700px-Literacy_rate_world.PNG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Läs- och skrivkunnigheten i olika länder.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Läs- och skrivkunnighet</b> (eller <i>alfabetism</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), är någons förmåga att förstå och forma <a href="/wiki/Text_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Text (språk)">text</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det står i motsats till <b>analfabetism</b>, frånvaron av läs- och skrivkunnighet. Ibland talas endast om <b>läskunnighet</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vid jämförelser mellan länder brukar läs- och skrivkunnighet vara en parameter. I <a href="/wiki/Industriland" title="Industriland">industriländerna</a> kan nästan alla läsa och skriva. I de fall läs- och skrivkunnighet saknas beror det ofta på <a href="/wiki/Dyslexi" title="Dyslexi">dyslexi</a> eller hänger samman med att man som barn bott i <a href="/wiki/Utvecklingsland" title="Utvecklingsland">utvecklingsland</a> och inte fått gå i skolan. I utvecklingsländer där många barn inte fått gå i skola, brukar läs- och skrivkunnigheten vara lägre. </p><p>Analfabetismen har minskat kraftigt under <a href="/wiki/1900-talet" title="1900-talet">1900-talet</a> och halverats sedan <a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a>. Läs- och skrivkunnigheten ökar i alla världsdelar. </p><p>En internationell undersökning publicerad 2013 konstaterade att 13% av Sveriges befolkning, motsvarande 780 000 personer i åldern 16-65 år, saknar tillräckliga läs- och skrivkunskaper för att klara sig i samhället.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Läsförmågan bland skolbarn i Sverige har sjunkit sedan 1970-talet.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efter flyktingvågen 2015 ökade andelen lågutbildade i Sverige kraftigt. Exakt hur många av de lågutbildade som är analfabeter är okänt då det saknas tillförlitlig statistik.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg/200px-Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg/300px-Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg/400px-Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Faktura för en manlig slav och en byggnad i <a href="/wiki/Shuruppak" title="Shuruppak">Shuruppak</a>. En <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">sumerisk</a> stentavla, cirka 2600 f. Kr.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4skunnighet&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4skunnighet&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historia"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Den_tidiga_utvecklingen">Den tidiga utvecklingen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4skunnighet&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Den tidiga utvecklingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4skunnighet&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Den tidiga utvecklingen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Läs- och skrivkunnighet är ett begrepp som först användes i samband med <a href="/wiki/Talf%C3%B6rst%C3%A5else" class="mw-redirect" title="Talförståelse">talförståelse</a> och beräkningshjälpmedel så tidigt som 8 000 f. Kr. Skriftspråk utvecklades oberoende vid åtminstone fyra tillfällen i mänsklighetens historia; i <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien">Mesopotamien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten">Egypten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerika" title="Mesoamerika">Mexiko och Centralamerika</a> och i <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den tidigaste skriftliga kommunikationen var sumerisk och skedde i södra Mesopotamien 3 500-3 000 f. Kr. På den tiden uppstod behovet av läs- och skrivkunnighet för att kunna hantera de snabbt ökande informationsmängder som blev en följd av skriftens utveckling.<sup id="cite_ref-Easton_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Easton-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skrifttecknen utvecklades i detta område av världen för att hålla reda på jordbruksproduktion och affärstransaktioner.<sup id="cite_ref-S-B_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S-B-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tecknen blev upphovet till <a href="/wiki/Kilskrift" title="Kilskrift">kilskriften</a> i dess tidigaste form, sedan sumererna börjat skriva texten på lerplattor. Den första kilskriften innehöll siffror, men också <a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">ideogram</a> som avbildade de objekt som räknades.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De egyptiska <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyfer" title="Hieroglyfer">hieroglyferna</a> utvecklades 3300-3100 f. Kr. och blev det första skriftspråket som utvecklades <a href="/wiki/Fonetik" title="Fonetik">fonetiskt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utvecklingen_efter_att_de_lösa_typerna_vid_boktryckeri_införts"><span id="Utvecklingen_efter_att_de_l.C3.B6sa_typerna_vid_boktryckeri_inf.C3.B6rts"></span>Utvecklingen efter att de lösa typerna vid boktryckeri införts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4skunnighet&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Utvecklingen efter att de lösa typerna vid boktryckeri införts" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4skunnighet&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Utvecklingen efter att de lösa typerna vid boktryckeri införts"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sedan <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> under <a href="/wiki/1400-talet" title="1400-talet">1400-talet</a> uppfunnit de lösa typerna vid boktryckeri började den breda massan människor för första gången lära sig läsa. I <a href="/wiki/Sverige" title="Sverige">Sverige</a> (inklusive <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>) var läs- och skrivkunnigheten tidigt mycket hög. Redan i kyrkolagen från <a href="/wiki/1686" title="1686">1686</a>, när husförhörssystemet inrättades, ålades <a href="/wiki/Klockare" title="Klockare">klockaren</a> att lära alla barn i församlingen att läsa.<sup id="cite_ref-Forskning.se_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forskning.se-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Läsheten var därför allmän i Sverige redan på <a href="/wiki/1700-talet" title="1700-talet">1700-talet</a>, vilket är mycket tidigt sett ur ett internationellt perspektiv.<sup id="cite_ref-NE2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE2-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dock handlade det inte om att läsa som vi tänker oss idag. Det var mycket en fråga om utantilläsning. Många kunde läsa texter de redan hört men inte för dem nya och okända texter. Först i mitten av <a href="/wiki/1800-talet" title="1800-talet">1800-talet</a> började läskunnigheten på allvar bli allmänt spridd i västvärlden. I dag är läs- och skrivkunnighet en av <a href="/wiki/FN" class="mw-redirect" title="FN">FN</a>:s <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nskliga_r%C3%A4ttigheter" title="Mänskliga rättigheter">mänskliga rättigheter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SvD_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SvD-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Svenska skolbarn har länge varit bäst i världen på att läsa, men sedan 2001 har läskunnigheten bland barn i årskurs fyra minskat i förhållande till <a href="/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland">Ryssland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong">Hongkong</a> och <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kina</a> som alltså har fler läskunniga barn i samma ålder.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:World_illiteracy_1970-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/World_illiteracy_1970-2010.svg/300px-World_illiteracy_1970-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/World_illiteracy_1970-2010.svg/450px-World_illiteracy_1970-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/World_illiteracy_1970-2010.svg/600px-World_illiteracy_1970-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>Analfabetismen i världen halverades mellan 1970 och 2005.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fysiologisk_betydelse">Fysiologisk betydelse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4skunnighet&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Fysiologisk betydelse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4skunnighet&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Fysiologisk betydelse"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den ledande <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4rnforskning" class="mw-redirect" title="Hjärnforskning">hjärnforskaren</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ingvar" title="Martin Ingvar">Martin Ingvar</a> säger att läskunnighet innebär en rad fördelar, förutom just kommunikationen i <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4rnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hjärnan">hjärnan</a>. Läsandet utvecklar de delar av hjärnan som påverkar <a href="/wiki/Minne" title="Minne">minnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppm%C3%A4rksamhet" title="Uppmärksamhet">uppmärksamheten</a>, förmågan att tänka <a href="/wiki/Abstrakt" title="Abstrakt">abstrakt</a>, förståelse av information, <a href="/wiki/Beslutsfattande" title="Beslutsfattande">beslutsfattande</a> och kritiskt tänkande.<sup id="cite_ref-SvD_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SvD-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Pakistani_reading_paper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pakistani_reading_paper.jpg/250px-Pakistani_reading_paper.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pakistani_reading_paper.jpg/375px-Pakistani_reading_paper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pakistani_reading_paper.jpg/500px-Pakistani_reading_paper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>En <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">pakistanier</a> läser tidningen.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Könsskillnader_i_läskunnighet"><span id="K.C3.B6nsskillnader_i_l.C3.A4skunnighet"></span>Könsskillnader i läskunnighet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4skunnighet&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Könsskillnader i läskunnighet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4skunnighet&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Könsskillnader i läskunnighet"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Enligt den tredje punkten i <a href="/wiki/Millenniem%C3%A5len" title="Millenniemålen">millenniemålen</a>, som antagits av <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6renta_nationerna" title="Förenta nationerna">Förenta nationernas</a> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6renta_nationernas_medlemsstater" title="Förenta nationernas medlemsstater">samtliga 193 medlemsstater</a>, ska antalet läskunniga kvinnor vara lika stort som antalet läskunniga män vid 2015. Enligt en undersökning som gjorts är det inte så än. Till exempel i <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> fanns 2006 0,95 läskunniga kvinnor per läskunnig man. I <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> däremot var antalet läskunniga unga kvinnor per läskunnig ung man 0,44.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analfabetism">Analfabetism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4skunnighet&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Analfabetism" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4skunnighet&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Analfabetism"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Även i ett <a href="/wiki/Industriland" title="Industriland">industriland</a> som <a href="/wiki/Sverige" title="Sverige">Sverige</a> kan det finnas funktionella analfabeter, personer som trots <a href="/wiki/Undervisning" title="Undervisning">skolundervisning</a> har en mycket begränsad förmåga att läsa och skriva. Analfabeter som flyttar till industriländer får ofta problem att orientera sig i en mycket textbaserad verklighet. </p><p>Det finns olika definitioner på analfabetism. Det har argumenterats att förmågan att använda internet skall inkluderas.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Att inte kunna förstå vetenskapliga texter och värdera dem kallas ibland <b>vetenskaplig analfabetism</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religionsutövning påverkar analfabetismen; religioner som är textbaserade försöker som regel få sina anhängare att lära sig förstå texter. Anhängare till sådana religioner har som regel bättre läskunnighet än andra eller åtminstone bättre förutsättningar för läskunnighet. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bom%C3%A4rke" title="Bomärke">Bomärke</a> användes som signatur i många samhällen med låg läskunnighet. Användandet av sådana märken är idag i praktiken utdöd i <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stv%C3%A4rlden" title="Västvärlden">västvärlden</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4skunnighet&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4skunnighet&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funktionell_analfabetism" title="Funktionell analfabetism">Funktionell analfabetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funktionell_litteracitet" title="Funktionell litteracitet">Funktionell litteracitet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informationskompetens" title="Informationskompetens">Informationskompetens</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4skunnighet&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4skunnighet&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/alfabetism">”alfabetism - Uppslagsverk”</a>. <i><span>www.ne.se</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/alfabetism">https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/alfabetism</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 24 mars 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=alfabetism+-+Uppslagsverk&rft.atitle=www.ne.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fuppslagsverk%2Fencyklopedi%2Fl%25C3%25A5ng%2Falfabetism&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:L%C3%A4skunnighet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/alfabetisering">”alfabetisering - Uppslagsverk”</a>. <i><span>www.ne.se</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/alfabetisering">https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/alfabetisering</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 27 september 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=alfabetisering+-+Uppslagsverk&rft.atitle=www.ne.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fuppslagsverk%2Fencyklopedi%2Fl%25C3%25A5ng%2Falfabetisering&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:L%C3%A4skunnighet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NE-3"><a href="#cite_ref-NE_3-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/ordbok/svensk/l%C3%A4skunnighet">”Läskunnighet”</a>. <i><span>Nationalencyklopedin</span></i>. Bokförlaget Bra böcker AB, Höganäs<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/ordbok/svensk/l%C3%A4skunnighet">http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/ordbok/svensk/l%C3%A4skunnighet</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 24 april 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=L%C3%A4skunnighet&rft.atitle=Nationalencyklopedin&rft.pub=Bokf%C3%B6rlaget+Bra+b%C3%B6cker+AB%2C+H%C3%B6gan%C3%A4s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fuppslagsverk%2Fordbok%2Fsvensk%2Fl%25C3%25A4skunnighet&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:L%C3%A4skunnighet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/ordbok/svensk/l%C3%A4skunnighet">”läskunnighet - Uppslagsverk”</a>. <i><span>www.ne.se</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/ordbok/svensk/l%C3%A4skunnighet">https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/ordbok/svensk/l%C3%A4skunnighet</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 27 september 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=l%C3%A4skunnighet+-+Uppslagsverk&rft.atitle=www.ne.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fuppslagsverk%2Fordbok%2Fsvensk%2Fl%25C3%25A4skunnighet&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:L%C3%A4skunnighet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/utbildning-och-forskning/befolkningens-utbildning/den-internationella-undersokningen-av-vuxnas-fardigheter/">”Den internationella undersökningen av vuxnas färdigheter”</a>. SCB. 8 oktober 2013<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/utbildning-och-forskning/befolkningens-utbildning/den-internationella-undersokningen-av-vuxnas-fardigheter/">https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/utbildning-och-forskning/befolkningens-utbildning/den-internationella-undersokningen-av-vuxnas-fardigheter/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 22 december 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Den+internationella+unders%C3%B6kningen+av+vuxnas+f%C3%A4rdigheter&rft.atitle=&rft.date=8+oktober+2013&rft.pub=SCB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scb.se%2Fhitta-statistik%2Fstatistik-efter-amne%2Futbildning-och-forskning%2Fbefolkningens-utbildning%2Fden-internationella-undersokningen-av-vuxnas-fardigheter%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:L%C3%A4skunnighet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221221124444/https://www.tv4.se/klipp/va/13810210/analfabetism-det-osynliga-funktionshindret-ett-globalt-problem">”Analfabetism – det osynliga funktionshindret”</a>. TV4. 20 december 2022. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tv4.se/klipp/va/13810210/analfabetism-det-osynliga-funktionshindret-ett-globalt-problem">originalet</a> den 21 december 2022<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221221124444/https://www.tv4.se/klipp/va/13810210/analfabetism-det-osynliga-funktionshindret-ett-globalt-problem">https://web.archive.org/web/20221221124444/https://www.tv4.se/klipp/va/13810210/analfabetism-det-osynliga-funktionshindret-ett-globalt-problem</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 22 december 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Analfabetism+%E2%80%93+det+osynliga+funktionshindret&rft.atitle=&rft.date=20+december+2022&rft.pub=TV4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20221221124444%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.tv4.se%2Fklipp%2Fva%2F13810210%2Fanalfabetism-det-osynliga-funktionshindret-ett-globalt-problem&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:L%C3%A4skunnighet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uu.se/nyheter/artikel/?id=15596&typ=artikel">”Läsningen minskar bland unga”</a>. Uppsala Universitet. 21 oktober 2020<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.uu.se/nyheter/artikel/?id=15596&typ=artikel">https://www.uu.se/nyheter/artikel/?id=15596&typ=artikel</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 22 december 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=L%C3%A4sningen+minskar+bland+unga&rft.atitle=&rft.date=21+oktober+2020&rft.pub=Uppsala+Universitet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uu.se%2Fnyheter%2Fartikel%2F%3Fid%3D15596%26typ%3Dartikel&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:L%C3%A4skunnighet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/stockholm/lagutbildade-okat-med-60-procent">”Rekordmånga lågutbildade i Stockholm”</a>. SVT. 3 september 2019<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/stockholm/lagutbildade-okat-med-60-procent">https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/stockholm/lagutbildade-okat-med-60-procent</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 22 december 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Rekordm%C3%A5nga+l%C3%A5gutbildade+i+Stockholm&rft.atitle=&rft.date=3+september+2019&rft.pub=SVT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svt.se%2Fnyheter%2Flokalt%2Fstockholm%2Flagutbildade-okat-med-60-procent&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:L%C3%A4skunnighet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyheteridag.se/fler-lagutbildade-i-sverige-men-antalet-analfabeter-ar-okant/">”Fler lågutbildade i Sverige – men antalet analfabeter är okänt”</a>. Nyheter Idag. 4 september 2019<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://nyheteridag.se/fler-lagutbildade-i-sverige-men-antalet-analfabeter-ar-okant/">https://nyheteridag.se/fler-lagutbildade-i-sverige-men-antalet-analfabeter-ar-okant/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 22 december 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Fler+l%C3%A5gutbildade+i+Sverige+%E2%80%93+men+antalet+analfabeter+%C3%A4r+ok%C3%A4nt&rft.atitle=&rft.date=4+september+2019&rft.pub=Nyheter+Idag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyheteridag.se%2Ffler-lagutbildade-i-sverige-men-antalet-analfabeter-ar-okant%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:L%C3%A4skunnighet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="ISBN_978-91-566-3161-0"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lo.se/home/lo/res.nsf/vRes/lo_fakta_1366027478784_kunskapsklyftor_raserar_svenska_modellen_pdf/$File/Kunskapsklyftor_raserar_svenska_modellen.pdf">”Kunskapsklyftor raserar svenska modellen”</a> (PDF). Landsorganisationen LO. 2016. sid. 13<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.lo.se/home/lo/res.nsf/vRes/lo_fakta_1366027478784_kunskapsklyftor_raserar_svenska_modellen_pdf/$File/Kunskapsklyftor_raserar_svenska_modellen.pdf">https://www.lo.se/home/lo/res.nsf/vRes/lo_fakta_1366027478784_kunskapsklyftor_raserar_svenska_modellen_pdf/$File/Kunskapsklyftor_raserar_svenska_modellen.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 22 december 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Kunskapsklyftor+raserar+svenska+modellen&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2016&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B13&rft.pub=Landsorganisationen+LO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lo.se%2Fhome%2Flo%2Fres.nsf%2FvRes%2Flo_fakta_1366027478784_kunskapsklyftor_raserar_svenska_modellen_pdf%2F%24File%2FKunskapsklyftor_raserar_svenska_modellen.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:L%C3%A4skunnighet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-11">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_11-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_11-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFChrisomalis,_Stephen2009">Chrisomalis, Stephen (2009) (på engelska). <i><span>The Origins and Coevolution of Literacy and Numeracy</span></i>. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. sid. 59-74</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Coevolution+of+Literacy+and+Numeracy&rft.aulast=Chrisomalis%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Chrisomalis%2C+Stephen&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B59-74&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press%2C+Cambridge&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:L%C3%A4skunnighet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Easton-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Easton_12-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFEaston,_P.">Easton, P. (på engelska). <i><span>History and spread of literacy</span></i>. UNESCO Press, Paris. sid. 46-56</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+spread+of+literacy&rft.aulast=Easton%2C+P.&rft.au=Easton%2C+P.&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B46-56&rft.pub=UNESCO+Press%2C+Paris&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:L%C3%A4skunnighet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S-B-13"><a href="#cite_ref-S-B_13-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFSchmandt-Besserat,_D.1978">Schmandt-Besserat, D. (1978). ”The earliest precursor of writing” (på engelska). <i>Scientific American</i> 238 (6): sid. 38-47.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+earliest+precursor+of+writing&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.aulast=Schmandt-Besserat%2C+D.&rft.au=Schmandt-Besserat%2C+D.&rft.date=1978&rft.volume=238&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B38-47&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:L%C3%A4skunnighet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forskning.se-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Forskning.se_14-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080519233749/http://www.forskning.se/temaninteraktivt/teman/lasning/tiofragorsvar/tiofragorochsvar/hurharlasandetutvecklatsoverseklen.5.303f5325112d7337692800015520.html">”Hur har läsandet utvecklats över seklen?”</a>. <i><span>forskning.se</span></i>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forskning.se/temaninteraktivt/teman/lasning/tiofragorsvar/tiofragorochsvar/hurharlasandetutvecklatsoverseklen.5.303f5325112d7337692800015520.html">originalet</a> den 19 maj 2008<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080519233749/http://www.forskning.se/temaninteraktivt/teman/lasning/tiofragorsvar/tiofragorochsvar/hurharlasandetutvecklatsoverseklen.5.303f5325112d7337692800015520.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20080519233749/http://www.forskning.se/temaninteraktivt/teman/lasning/tiofragorsvar/tiofragorochsvar/hurharlasandetutvecklatsoverseklen.5.303f5325112d7337692800015520.html</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Hur+har+l%C3%A4sandet+utvecklats+%C3%B6ver+seklen%3F&rft.atitle=forskning.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080519233749%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.forskning.se%2Ftemaninteraktivt%2Fteman%2Flasning%2Ftiofragorsvar%2Ftiofragorochsvar%2Fhurharlasandetutvecklatsoverseklen.5.303f5325112d7337692800015520.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:L%C3%A4skunnighet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NE2-15"><a href="#cite_ref-NE2_15-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFUlf_Teleman">Ulf Teleman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/svenska">”Svenska”</a>. <i><span>Nationalencyklopedin</span></i>. Bokförlaget Bra böcker AB, Höganäs<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/svenska">http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/svenska</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 24 april 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Svenska&rft.atitle=Nationalencyklopedin&rft.aulast=Ulf+Teleman&rft.au=Ulf+Teleman&rft.pub=Bokf%C3%B6rlaget+Bra+b%C3%B6cker+AB%2C+H%C3%B6gan%C3%A4s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fuppslagsverk%2Fencyklopedi%2Fl%25C3%25A5ng%2Fsvenska&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:L%C3%A4skunnighet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SvD-16">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-SvD_16-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SvD_16-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svd.se/kulturnoje/nyheter/artikel_119431.svd">SvD:</a> "Att lära sig läsa förändrar hjärnan", publicerat 11 januari 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20120524211108/http://www.sr.se/cgi-bin/ekot/artikel.asp?Artikel=1745084">sr:</a> "Fjärdeklassares läskunnighet försämrad", 28 november 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=643">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140513010835/http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=643">Arkiverad</a> 13 maj 2014 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>. "Women to men parity index, as ratio of literacy rates, 15-24 years old"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070102033204/http://www1.oecd.org/publications/e-book/8100051e.pdf">”Literacy in the Information Age”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.oecd.org/publications/e-book/8100051e.pdf">originalet</a> den 2 januari 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070102033204/http://www1.oecd.org/publications/e-book/8100051e.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20070102033204/http://www1.oecd.org/publications/e-book/8100051e.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 24 augusti 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Literacy+in+the+Information+Age&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070102033204%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww1.oecd.org%2Fpublications%2Fe-book%2F8100051e.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:L%C3%A4skunnighet"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.fokus.se/2010/03/hotet-fran-flumlarorna/">https://www.fokus.se/2010/03/hotet-fran-flumlarorna/</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A4skunnighet&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa 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