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mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Shoshone National Forest (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ʃoʊˈʃoʊni/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">shoh-SHOH-nee</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> is the first <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federally</a> protected <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Forest">National Forest</a> in the United States and covers nearly 2,500,000 acres (10,000 km2) in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shoshone-3">[3]</a> Originally a part of the <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Timberland_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellowstone Timberland Reserve">Yellowstone Timberland Reserve</a>, the forest is managed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a> and was created by an act of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> and signed into law by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> in 1891. Shoshone National Forest is one of the first nationally protected land areas anywhere. <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> have lived in the region for at least 10,000 years, and when the region was first explored by European adventurers, forestlands were occupied by several different tribes. Never heavily settled or exploited, the forest has retained most of its wildness. Shoshone National Forest is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Yellowstone_Ecosystem" title="Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem">Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem</a>, a nearly unbroken expanse of federally protected lands encompassing an estimated 20,000,000 acres (81,000 km2). <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Shoshone National Forest</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 100%;"><div style="background-color: #A8BDEC;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_protected_area_categories" title="IUCN protected area categories">IUCN category</a> VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Francs_Peak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Francs_Peak.jpg/284px-Francs_Peak.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Francs_Peak.jpg/426px-Francs_Peak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Francs_Peak.jpg/568px-Francs_Peak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="403"></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Peak_(Wyoming)" title="Eagle Peak (Wyoming)">Eagle Peak</a> is the tallest peak in the Absaroka Range</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:284px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:284px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:284px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Wyoming_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing the location of Shoshone National Forest"><img alt="Map showing the location of Shoshone National Forest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/USA_Wyoming_relief_location_map.svg/284px-USA_Wyoming_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="284" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/USA_Wyoming_relief_location_map.svg/426px-USA_Wyoming_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/USA_Wyoming_relief_location_map.svg/568px-USA_Wyoming_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1248"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.743%;left:22.766%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Map showing the location of Shoshone National Forest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Shoshone National Forest</div>Show map of Wyoming</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:284px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:284px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:284px"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing the location of Shoshone National Forest"><img alt="Map showing the location of Shoshone National Forest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/284px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="284" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/426px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/568px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.7%;left:28.93%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Map showing the location of Shoshone National Forest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shoshone National Forest (the United States)</div>Show map of the United States</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="locality"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Park_County,_Wyoming" title="Park County, Wyoming">Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fremont_County,_Wyoming" title="Fremont County, Wyoming">Fremont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_Springs_County,_Wyoming" title="Hot Springs County, Wyoming">Hot Springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublette_County,_Wyoming" title="Sublette County, Wyoming">Sublette</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Teton_County,_Wyoming" title="Teton County, Wyoming">Teton</a> counties, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, US</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nearest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cody,_Wyoming" title="Cody, Wyoming">Cody, WY</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shoshone_National_Forest&params=44_27_48_N_109_36_55_W_region:US-WY&title=New+Wapiti+Ranger+Station_type:landmark_dim:104km">44°27′48″N 109°36′55″W / 44.46333°N 109.61528°W / 44.46333; -109.61528 (New Wapiti Ranger Station)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">2,469,248 acres (9,992.69 km2)<a href="#cite_note-acreage-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">March 3, 1891</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/shoshone/">Shoshone National Forest</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Absaroka_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Absaroka Mountains">Absaroka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beartooth_Mountains" title="Beartooth Mountains">Beartooth Mountains</a> are partly in the northern section of the forest. The <a href="/wiki/Wind_River_Range" title="Wind River Range">Wind River Range</a> is in the southern portion and contains <a href="/wiki/Gannett_Peak" title="Gannett Peak">Gannett Peak</a>, the tallest mountain in Wyoming.<a href="#cite_note-shoshone-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> forms part of the boundary to the west; south of Yellowstone, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas" title="Continental Divide of the Americas">Continental Divide</a> separates the forest from its neighbor <a href="/wiki/Bridger-Teton_National_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridger-Teton National Forest">Bridger-Teton National Forest</a> to the west. The eastern boundary includes privately owned property, lands managed by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wind_River_Indian_Reservation" title="Wind River Indian Reservation">Wind River Indian Reservation</a>, which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arapahoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Arapahoe">Arapahoe</a> Indians. <a href="/wiki/Custer_National_Forest" title="Custer National Forest">Custer National Forest</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> border is on the northern frontier. The <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a>, the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Covered_wagon" title="Covered wagon">covered wagon</a> route, passes just south of the forest, where broad and gentle <a href="/wiki/South_Pass_(Wyoming)" title="South Pass (Wyoming)">South Pass</a> allowed the migrants to bypass the rugged mountains to the north. Shoshone National Forest is home to all of the original plant and animal species that were present when explorers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Colter" title="John Colter">John Colter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bridger" title="Jim Bridger">Jim Bridger</a> first visited the region. The forest is home to nearly all animal species found in North America, such as <a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">Grizzly bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">gray wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a>, as well as the largest population of <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">bighorn sheep</a> in the contiguous U.S. The streams and waterways in the forest are considered to have some of the best game species fishing opportunities in the U.S. including <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_cutthroat_trout" title="Yellowstone cutthroat trout">Yellowstone cutthroat trout</a>. More than 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of hiking trails, 32 campgrounds and adjacent forests and parklands provide numerous recreational opportunities. There are four <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a> areas within the forest, protecting more than half of the <a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">managed land</a> area from development. From <a href="/wiki/Sagebrush" title="Sagebrush">sagebrush</a> plains through dense <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">fir</a> forest to craggy mountain peaks, Shoshone National Forest has a rich <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> rarely matched in any protected area. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Human_history">1 Human history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#National_forest_created">2 National forest created</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Forest_management">3 Forest management</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Natural_resources">4 Natural resources</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Flora">4.1 Flora</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Fauna">4.2 Fauna</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Wilderness">4.3 Wilderness</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Fire_ecology">4.4 Fire ecology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Geography_and_geology">5 Geography and geology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Glaciology">5.1 Glaciology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Climate">6 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Recreation">7 Recreation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Scenic_roads">7.1 Scenic roads</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Hazards">8 Hazards</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Popular_culture">9 Popular culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Works_cited">12 Works cited</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Books">12.1 Books</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Journals">12.2 Journals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Human_history">Human history</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Human history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoshoni_tipis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shoshoni_tipis.jpg/220px-Shoshoni_tipis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3717" data-file-height="2853"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shoshoni_tipis.jpg/220px-Shoshoni_tipis.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shoshoni_tipis.jpg/330px-Shoshoni_tipis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shoshoni_tipis.jpg/440px-Shoshoni_tipis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Shoshone encampment in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming, photographed by W. H. Jackson, 1870</figcaption></figure> Shoshone National Forest is named after the <a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone Indians</a>, who, along with other <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crow_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Tribe">Crow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cheyenne">Northern Cheyenne</a>, were the major tribes encountered by the first European explorers into the region. <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archeological</a> evidence suggests that the presence of people in the area extends back at least 10,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-history-4">[4]</a> The forest provided an abundance of game meat, wood products, and shelter during the winter months from the more exposed <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">high plains</a> to the east. Portions of the more mountainous regions were frequented by the Shoshone and Sioux for spiritual healing and <a href="/wiki/Vision_quest" title="Vision quest">vision quests</a>. By the early 1840s, <a href="/wiki/Washakie" title="Washakie">Washakie</a> had become the leader of the easternmost branch of the Shoshone Indians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebard199556-5">[5]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bridger_Treaty_Council_of_1868" title="Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868">Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868</a> Washakie negotiated with the U.S. Government for 44,000,000 acres (180,000 km2)) to be preserved as tribal lands. Subsequent amendments to the treaty reduced the actual acreage to approximately 2,000,000 acres (8,100 km2) and is known today as the <a href="/wiki/Wind_River_Indian_Reservation" title="Wind River Indian Reservation">Wind River Indian Reservation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapace200788-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohansenPritzker20071127-7">[7]</a> In 1957, <a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a> was rediscovered by a local resident on the north side of the North Fork Shoshone River, adjacent to U.S. Routes <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_14" title="U.S. Route 14">14</a>/<a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_16" title="U.S. Route 16">16</a>/<a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_20" title="U.S. Route 20">20</a>, 15 mi (24 km) east of Yellowstone National Park.<a href="#cite_note-mummy-8">[8]</a> Subsequent archeological excavations in the 1960s produced evidence that the cave had been occupied for over 9,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-husted-9">[9]</a> The oldest deposits in the cave yielded <a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic stone blades</a> and other artifacts created by paleoindians and the surrounding soils were <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dated</a> to 7,300 BC. The evidence indicates the cave was occupied from at least 7280 BC to 1580 AD.<a href="#cite_note-mummy-8">[8]</a> Besides projectile points, the cave also produced well preserved feathers, animal hides and other usually perishable materials. Additionally, the mummified remains of an individual buried inside a rock <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">cairn</a> were unearthed, which were dated to 800 AD.<a href="#cite_note-husted-9">[9]</a> Considered one of the finest paleoindian archeological assemblages in the Rocky Mountain region, the site was placed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> list in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-nris-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_Ranger_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Wapiti_Ranger_Station.jpg/220px-Wapiti_Ranger_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="254"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Wapiti_Ranger_Station.jpg/220px-Wapiti_Ranger_Station.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Wapiti_Ranger_Station.jpg/330px-Wapiti_Ranger_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Wapiti_Ranger_Station.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wapiti Ranger Station</figcaption></figure> In the early 19th century, the forest was visited by <a href="/wiki/Mountain_man" title="Mountain man">mountain men</a> and explorers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Colter" title="John Colter">John Colter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bridger" title="Jim Bridger">Jim Bridger</a>. Colter is the first white man known to have visited both the Yellowstone region and the forest, which he did between 1807 and 1808.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtley200415%E2%80%9316-11">[11]</a> Having been an original member of the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a>, Colter requested permission from Meriwether Lewis to leave the expedition after it had finished crossing the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> during their return journey from the Pacific Ocean. Colter teamed up with two unaffiliated explorers the expedition had encountered, but soon thereafter decided to explore regions south of where his new partners wished to venture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtley200415%E2%80%9316-11">[11]</a> Traveling first into the northeastern region of what is today Yellowstone National Park, Colter then explored the <a href="/wiki/Absaroka_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Absaroka Mountains">Absaroka Mountains</a>, crossing over <a href="/wiki/Togwotee_Pass" title="Togwotee Pass">Togwotee Pass</a> and entering the valley known today as <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Hole" title="Jackson Hole">Jackson Hole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-daugherty1-12">[12]</a> Colter survived a <a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">grizzly bear</a> attack and a pursuit by a band of <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfeet</a> Indians who had taken his horse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtley200415%E2%80%9316-11">[11]</a> The explorer later provided William Clark, who had been his commander on the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with previously unknown information on the regions he had explored, which Clark published in 1814.<a href="#cite_note-burns-13">[13]</a> Travels by <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trappers</a> and adventurers, such as <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lisa" title="Manuel Lisa">Manuel Lisa</a> and Jim Bridger from 1807 to 1840, completed the exploration of the region. With the decline of the fur trade in the late 1840s and much of the prized <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beaver</a> long since made scarce by over-trapping, few explorers entered the forest over the next few decades.<a href="#cite_note-daugherty1-12">[12]</a> The first federally financed expedition which passed through portions of Shoshone National Forest was the <a href="/wiki/Raynolds_Expedition" title="Raynolds Expedition">Raynolds Expedition</a> of 1860, led by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers#Corps_of_Topographical_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">topographical engineer</a> Captain <a href="/wiki/William_F._Raynolds" title="William F. Raynolds">William F. Raynolds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-baldwin-14">[14]</a> The expedition included geologist and naturalist <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Vandeveer_Hayden" title="Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden">Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden</a> and was guided by mountain man Jim Bridger. Though the Raynolds Expedition was focused on exploration of the Yellowstone region, several efforts to enter what later became Yellowstone National Park were impeded by heavy snows across the mountain passes such as <a href="/wiki/Two_Ocean_Pass" title="Two Ocean Pass">Two Ocean Pass</a>. The expedition finally crossed the northern Wind River Range at a pass they named <a href="/wiki/Union_Pass" title="Union Pass">Union Pass</a> and entered Jackson Hole valley to the south of Yellowstone.<a href="#cite_note-baldwin-14">[14]</a> Hayden led another expedition through the region in 1871. Hayden was primarily interested in documenting the Yellowstone country west of the forest, but his expedition also established that the forest was a prime resource that merited protection. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolf_Mine_Shaft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wolf_Mine_Shaft.jpg/220px-Wolf_Mine_Shaft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="542"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 331px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wolf_Mine_Shaft.jpg/220px-Wolf_Mine_Shaft.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="331" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wolf_Mine_Shaft.jpg/330px-Wolf_Mine_Shaft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Wolf_Mine_Shaft.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wolf mine shaft at abandoned gold mine</figcaption></figure> Prior to the establishment of the Wind River Indian Reservation, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cavalry" title="United States Cavalry">U.S. Cavalry</a> constructed Fort Brown on the reservation lands, which was subsequently renamed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Washakie" title="Fort Washakie">Fort Washakie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy2007152%E2%80%93153-15">[15]</a> During the late 19th century, the fort was staffed by <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African-American</a> members of the U.S. Cavalry, better known as the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Soldiers">Buffalo Soldiers</a>, including the second African-American graduated from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hanks_Alexander" title="John Hanks Alexander">John Hanks Alexander</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReef20106%22john_hanks_alexander_fort_washakie.%22-16">[16]</a> Chief Washakie is buried at the fort, which is located immediately east of the forest boundary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy2007152%E2%80%93153-15">[15]</a> Rumor has it that <a href="/wiki/Sacajawea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacajawea">Sacajawea</a>, the Shoshone Indian who provided invaluable assistance to <a href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Clark_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Clark (explorer)">William Clark</a> during the Lewis and Clark Expedition, is also buried here, but it is now considered that this is unlikely and that her actual burial place was <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lisa_(North_Dakota)" title="Fort Lisa (North Dakota)">Fort Lisa</a> in North Dakota.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> During the last decade of the 19th century, minerals such as gold were mined with limited success. The last mine was abandoned in 1907, but <a href="/wiki/Placer_mining" title="Placer mining">panning</a> for gold is still allowed in many areas of the forest, and in most circumstances no permit is required.<a href="#cite_note-kirwin-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> After the end of the mining era, numerous camps were established by the <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> to help combat unemployment during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of the 1930s. The camps housed groups of unemployed men who were paid by the federal government to build roads, hiking trails, and campgrounds for future travelers to the Yellowstone region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtis198624%E2%80%9326-20">[20]</a> Visitation to national forests like Shoshone increased dramatically after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> with the advent of better roads and accessibility to the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2013138-21">[21]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="National_forest_created">National forest created</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: National forest created" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The <a href="/wiki/Forest_Reserve_Act_of_1891" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Reserve Act of 1891">Forest Reserve Act of 1891</a> authorized the president to set aside public domain land for forests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams20058-22">[22]</a> Prior to this law, most transfer of public land had been into private ownership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteen1976122-23">[23]</a> In 1891, creating the nation's first forest reserve, <a href="/wiki/President_Benjamin_Harrison" class="mw-redirect" title="President Benjamin Harrison">President Benjamin Harrison</a> set aside the <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Timberland_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellowstone Timberland Reserve">Yellowstone Timberland Reserve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams20058-22">[22]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Shoshone_National_Forest" title="Special:EditPage/Shoshone National Forest">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (January 2025) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In 1902, President Roosevelt first greatly expanded the reserve and then divided the reserve into four separate units, with Shoshone being the largest. Upon the creation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a> in 1905, the reserve was designated a <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Forest">National Forest</a>, but the current wording and title were formulated forty years later in 1945. A remnant of the earliest years of the forest management is the <a href="/wiki/Wapiti_Ranger_Station" title="Wapiti Ranger Station">Wapiti Ranger Station</a> which is located west of <a href="/wiki/Cody,_Wyoming" title="Cody, Wyoming">Cody, Wyoming</a>. The station was built in 1903 and is the oldest surviving ranger station in any national forest, and is now designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Forest_management">Forest management</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Forest management" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoshone_wy_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Shoshone_wy_map.jpg/300px-Shoshone_wy_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="244" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2036"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 244px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Shoshone_wy_map.jpg/300px-Shoshone_wy_map.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="244" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Shoshone_wy_map.jpg/450px-Shoshone_wy_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Shoshone_wy_map.jpg/600px-Shoshone_wy_map.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Shoshone National Forest highlighted in light green</figcaption></figure> Shoshone National Forest is managed by the U.S. Forest Service, an agency within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a>. The forest is separated into five districts and from 2008 and 2012 had an average staff of 165 employees and an annual operating budget of <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>17,500,000.<a href="#cite_note-taylor-25">[25]</a> The headquarters and a visitor center are in Cody, Wyoming and a smaller information center is in <a href="/wiki/Lander,_Wyoming" title="Lander, Wyoming">Lander, Wyoming</a>. There are local ranger district offices in Cody, <a href="/wiki/Dubois,_Wyoming" title="Dubois, Wyoming">Dubois</a> and Lander.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Shoshone National Forest practices <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation</a> of resources, which ensures a sustainable flow of some raw materials from the forest, such as lumber for construction purposes and <a href="/wiki/Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">wood pulp</a> for paper products.<a href="#cite_note-mission-27">[27]</a> The forest averages an annual harvest of 4.5 million board-feet of timber for the purposes of commercial log home construction and another 2.5 million board-feet of wood collection from dead and down trees that are used for firewood and poles.<a href="#cite_note-taylor2-28">[28]</a> Additionally, low-scale mineral extraction and <a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a> exploration and recovery are also conducted, though in Shoshone National Forest this has become less common due to a consensus to protect the natural surroundings. Only 8,570 acres (3,470 ha) of oil and gas leases were filed as of 2013.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> More common than logging and mining are the lease options that are offered to ranchers to allow them to graze cattle and sheep.<a href="#cite_note-taylor3-30">[30]</a> The U.S. Forest Service provides guidelines and enforces environmental regulations to ensure that resources are not <a href="/wiki/Overexploited" class="mw-redirect" title="Overexploited">overexploited</a> and that necessary commodities are available for future generations, though conservation groups have voiced concerns over the management practices of the leasing program and especially cattle <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> problems.<a href="#cite_note-ws-31">[31]</a> Leases for sheep grazing have declined considerably since the 1940s while cattle grazing has remained relatively constant.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Natural_resources">Natural resources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Natural resources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_the_Rocky_Mountains" title="Ecology of the Rocky Mountains">Ecology of the Rocky Mountains</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Flora" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aspen_tree_grove_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Aspen_tree_grove_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg/220px-Aspen_tree_grove_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="886"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Aspen_tree_grove_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg/220px-Aspen_tree_grove_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Aspen_tree_grove_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg/330px-Aspen_tree_grove_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Aspen_tree_grove_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg/440px-Aspen_tree_grove_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A grove of quaking aspen and lodgepole pine in the spring</figcaption></figure> Shoshone National Forest is an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Yellowstone_Ecosystem" title="Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem">Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem</a>, which has 1,700 documented species of plants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuerthner199265-33">[33]</a> Since the elevation of the land in the forest ranges from 4,600 to 13,804 ft (1,402 to 4,207 m), which is more than 9,000 ft (2,700 m), the forest has a wide variety of ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-about-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnright1992137-35">[35]</a> Lower elevations often have <a href="/wiki/Sagebrush" title="Sagebrush">sagebrush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grass</a>-dominated <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> types, while forested areas are dominated by various combinations of tree and shrub species. These include <a href="/wiki/Lodgepole_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodgepole pine">lodgepole pine</a>, which along with <a href="/wiki/Juniperus_scopulorum" title="Juniperus scopulorum">Rocky Mountain juniper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">quaking aspen</a> are found at elevations up to 9,000 ft (2,700 m).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnright1992137-35">[35]</a> At higher elevations <a href="/wiki/Subalpine_fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Subalpine fir">subalpine fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engelmann_spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Engelmann spruce">Engelmann spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitebark_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitebark pine">whitebark pine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limber_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Limber pine">limber pine</a>, are common, each occurring up to <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">timberline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnright1992137-35">[35]</a> The region above timberline makes up 25 percent of the total acreage of the forest and of that 13 percent is listed as just either barren, rock or ice.<a href="#cite_note-vg-36">[36]</a> The types of plant species is highly dependent on the amount of water available, and trees are more commonly found on higher slopes due to the longer lasting snowfall which keeps the soil moister for a longer time into the summer months. Along lower elevation <a href="/wiki/Riparian" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian">riparian</a> corridors, <a href="/wiki/Populus_sect._Aegiros" class="mw-redirect" title="Populus sect. Aegiros">cottonwoods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willows</a> are typically dominant. Numerous plant species are <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic (ecology)">endemic</a> to the region including some that are rare. Among them, the <a href="/wiki/Draba" title="Draba">whitlow grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">fremont bladderpod</a>, shoshonea, and the <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">north fork Easter daisy</a> provide vivid white and yellow flowers during the spring and summer.<a href="#cite_note-plants-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Exotic_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Exotic species">Exotic species</a> of flora that are not native to the region include <a href="/wiki/Cirsium_arvense" title="Cirsium arvense">Canada thistle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carduus_nutans" title="Carduus nutans">Musk thistle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centaurea_maculosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaurea maculosa">Spotted knapweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_esula" title="Euphorbia esula">Leafy spurge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linaria_vulgaris" title="Linaria vulgaris">Yellow toadflax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-houston-38">[38]</a> These non-native plant species are considered noxious, impacting native plant communities and the species that thrive on them.<a href="#cite_note-houston-38">[38]</a> Native species such as the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_pine_beetle" title="Mountain pine beetle">mountain pine beetle</a> are having an enormous negative impact on some tree species.<a href="#cite_note-beetle-39">[39]</a> A survey of the forest performed in 2010 indicated that over 1,000,000 acres (400,000 ha) of timberland had been impacted by insects such as the mountain pine beetle, <a href="/wiki/Dendroctonus_rufipennis" title="Dendroctonus rufipennis">spruce bark beetle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dendroctonus_pseudotsugae" title="Dendroctonus pseudotsugae">Douglas fir beetle</a>, and that the insects had killed between 25 and 100 percent of the trees in the impacted areas.<a href="#cite_note-impact-40">[40]</a> The forest service is addressing the situation by performing controlled burns, selling dead trees as firewood, timber harvesting and spraying the highest value areas.<a href="#cite_note-beetle-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fauna" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grizzly_Bear_sow_and_cub_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Grizzly_Bear_sow_and_cub_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg/220px-Grizzly_Bear_sow_and_cub_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Grizzly_Bear_sow_and_cub_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg/220px-Grizzly_Bear_sow_and_cub_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Grizzly_Bear_sow_and_cub_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg/330px-Grizzly_Bear_sow_and_cub_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Grizzly_Bear_sow_and_cub_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg/440px-Grizzly_Bear_sow_and_cub_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Grizzly bear mother and cub</figcaption></figure> Since the migration of the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a> <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">gray wolf</a> into Shoshone National Forest after the successful <a href="/wiki/Wolf_reintroduction" title="Wolf reintroduction">wolf reintroduction</a> program in the Yellowstone region commenced in the mid-1990s, all of the known 70 <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> species that existed prior to white settlement still exist in the forest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnright1992137-35">[35]</a> Altogether, at least 335 species of wildlife call Shoshone National Forest their home, including the largest population of <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep</a> and one of the few locations <a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">Grizzly bears</a> can still be found in the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous U. S.</a><a href="#cite_note-vg-36">[36]</a> At least 700 grizzly bears are believed to exist in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, which includes Shoshone National Forest, with approximately 125 grizzlies in the forest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnright1992137-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-grizzly-41">[41]</a> The grizzly is listed as a <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened species</a> by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a>, and the forest is one of their last strongholds. For what are considered to be "nuisance bears", non-lethal traps are set to capture them so that they can be relocated to remote areas, away from civilization.<a href="#cite_note-moody-42">[42]</a> In the case of the grizzly, each captured bear is tranquilized and then <a href="/wiki/Ear_tag" title="Ear tag">ear tagged</a> with an identifying number. Each number is registered, and if the bear continues to return to areas where they pose a risk of imminent threat to human safety, they are exterminated.<a href="#cite_note-moody-42">[42]</a> The grizzly recovery efforts implemented by federal agencies have often resulted in major disagreements with local landowners and surrounding municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-grizzly-41">[41]</a> This situation occurs less frequently with the smaller and less aggressive <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black bear</a>. An active management program, in conjunction with other National Forests and National Parks within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, works cooperatively to maximize human safety and to ensure habitat protection for both species of endemic bears. Visitors are mandated to store their food in their vehicles or in steel containers found in campgrounds, and <a href="/wiki/Bear-resistant_food_storage_container" title="Bear-resistant food storage container">bear-proof</a> trash receptacles are located in the front-country zones throughout the forest. In the <a href="/wiki/Backcountry" title="Backcountry">backcountry</a>, food must be stored some distance from campsites, and other related precautions are enforced to help prevent bad encounters.<a href="#cite_note-vg-36">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bighorn_Sheep_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bighorn_Sheep_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg/220px-Bighorn_Sheep_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="298"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bighorn_Sheep_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg/220px-Bighorn_Sheep_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bighorn_Sheep_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg/330px-Bighorn_Sheep_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Bighorn_Sheep_in_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bighorn Sheep</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/North_American_cougar" title="North American cougar">Cougars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_wolf" title="Northwestern wolf">timber wolves</a> are large <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predators</a> that inhabit the forest. Since the 1990s wolf reintroduction program in Yellowstone National Park, wolves have migrated into the forest and established permanent packs.<a href="#cite_note-wolf1-43">[43]</a> Approximately a dozen wolf packs totaling 70 individual wolves were documented in the forest in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-wolf2-44">[44]</a> The wolf was delisted as endangered once their population levels had reached management objectives and limited hunting of wolves was permitted in the forest starting in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Cougars are generally nocturnal and rarely seen but hunting of this species is also allowed in highly regulated harvests.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Wolverines are rare and elusive so documentation is often only from their tracks.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">Canada lynx</a> was native to the forest, but no known populations may still exist due to the rarity of its primary food source, the <a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_hare" title="Snowshoe hare">Snowshoe hare</a>. Shoshone National Forest is considered critical habitat for lynx recovery since the species is listed as threatened under the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a> and the forest is in their historical range.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Other generally carnivorous mammals include <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">weasel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marten" title="Marten">marten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">ferret</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_badger" title="American badger">badger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-species2-50">[50]</a> Omnivorous mammals such as the <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_spotted_skunk" title="Western spotted skunk">skunk</a> and herbivore mammal species such as the <a href="/wiki/North_American_porcupine" title="North American porcupine">porcupine</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_pika" title="American pika">pika</a>, are common to the forest.<a href="#cite_note-species2-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-orabona-51">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/North_American_beaver" title="North American beaver">beaver</a> is considered a species of special interest to Shoshone National Forest since its dam building activities improve habitat for numerous other species such as the <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>, breeding waterfowl, various amphibians and other species dependent on a riparian environment.<a href="#cite_note-species1-52">[52]</a> Native herbivores such as the moose are found in small numbers near waterways, especially at lower elevations. Moose populations in northwestern Wyoming and other areas of North America have been on the decline since the end of the 20th century, possibly due to a parasite.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> There were an estimated 739 moose in the forest in 2006 which is almost 300 fewer than there were 20 years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-species1-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-population-54">[54]</a> Other ungulate species are much more common and there are over 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a> (also known as wapiti) and 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">mule deer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-population-54">[54]</a> Bighorn sheep and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">mountain goats</a> inhabit the rocky terrain and highest elevations. During the winter, one of the largest bighorn sheep herds in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental United States">lower 48 states</a> congregate in the region around <a href="/wiki/Dubois,_Wyoming" title="Dubois, Wyoming">Dubois, Wyoming</a>; however, their numbers since 1990 have been diminished due to disease transmitted from contact with domesticated sheep and goats.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> An estimated 5,000 bighorn sheep are found throughout the forest and a small but stable population of 200 mountain goats reside in the northernmost portions of the forest.<a href="#cite_note-population-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">Bison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorn</a> antelope are two other ungulates that live on the forest and have sustainable populations.<a href="#cite_note-species2-50">[50]</a> An estimated 300 species of birds are found in the forest at least part of the year. <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">Bald eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swainson%27s_hawk" title="Swainson's hawk">Swainson's hawk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prairie_falcon" title="Prairie falcon">prairie falcon</a> are birds of prey that are relatively common.<a href="#cite_note-species2-50">[50]</a> Waterfowl such as <a href="/wiki/Western_grebe" title="Western grebe">Western grebe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_pintail" title="Northern pintail">Northern pintail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_blue_heron" title="Great blue heron">Great blue heron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barrow%27s_goldeneye" title="Barrow's goldeneye">Barrow's goldeneye</a> have stable populations and rare sightings of <a href="/wiki/Trumpeter_swan" title="Trumpeter swan">Trumpeter swans</a> are reported.<a href="#cite_note-species2-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_pheasant" title="Common pheasant">pheasant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruffed_grouse" title="Ruffed grouse">ruffed grouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">wild turkey</a> are widely distributed across the open sage lands. <a href="/wiki/Harlequin_duck" title="Harlequin duck">Harlequin duck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_goshawk" title="Northern goshawk">northern goshawk</a> are generally rare but management plans were implemented to protect various habitats these two species frequent to try and increase their population numbers.<a href="#cite_note-species1-52">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellowstone_Cutthroat_Trout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Yellowstone_Cutthroat_Trout.jpg/220px-Yellowstone_Cutthroat_Trout.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="436"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 108px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Yellowstone_Cutthroat_Trout.jpg/220px-Yellowstone_Cutthroat_Trout.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="108" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Yellowstone_Cutthroat_Trout.jpg/330px-Yellowstone_Cutthroat_Trout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Yellowstone_Cutthroat_Trout.jpg/440px-Yellowstone_Cutthroat_Trout.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Yellowstone cutthroat trout</figcaption></figure> Fish found in Shoshone National Forest include at least six species and subspecies of trout including <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">rainbow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brook_trout" title="Brook trout">brook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown_trout" title="Brown trout">brown trout</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_cutthroat_trout" title="Yellowstone cutthroat trout">Yellowstone cutthroat trout</a> is widespread throughout the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, but in the forest is mostly limited to the <a href="/wiki/Shoshone_River" title="Shoshone River">Shoshone River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fishguide-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-gresswell-57">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Coregonus" title="Coregonus">mountain whitefish</a> is also found in the Shoshone River, while the <a href="/wiki/Burbot" title="Burbot">burbot</a> is found in two streams in the southern regions of the forest.<a href="#cite_note-fishguide-56">[56]</a> There are more than a dozen species of <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> in the forest including the venomous <a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake" title="Rattlesnake">prairie rattlesnake</a> which can be found at lower elevations.<a href="#cite_note-orabona-51">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Painted_turtle" title="Painted turtle">western painted</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Box_turtle" title="Box turtle">ornate box turtle</a> are turtle species known to exist and about eight species of lizards such as the <a href="/wiki/Greater_short-horned_lizard" title="Greater short-horned lizard">greater short-horned lizard</a> have been documented.<a href="#cite_note-orabona-51">[51]</a> Amphibians such as the <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">Columbia spotted frog</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Toad" title="Toad">boreal toad</a> are considered species of concern because of their high susceptibility to disease, habitat loss and human introduced toxins.<a href="#cite_note-species1-52">[52]</a> Boreal toads are found at elevations of between 7,380 and 11,800 ft (2,250 and 3,600 m) and the Columbia spotted frog can live at elevations as high as 9,480 ft (2,890 m) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-species1-52">[52]</a> Exotic species of fauna such as the <a href="/wiki/Zebra_mussel" title="Zebra mussel">zebra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quagga_mussel" title="Quagga mussel">quagga mussels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_mud_snail" title="New Zealand mud snail">New Zealand mud snail</a> are invasive species that can greatly impact fish species. Though the mussel species are not known to be in Wyoming, several surrounding regions have reported them. The New Zealand mud snail has been found in the Shoshone River east of the forest. Forest managers have established a preventative program to try to keep these species from entering forest waterways.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wilderness">Wilderness</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wilderness" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Popo_Agie_Wilderness_Wind_River_Range.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Popo_Agie_Wilderness_Wind_River_Range.jpg/220px-Popo_Agie_Wilderness_Wind_River_Range.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="301"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Popo_Agie_Wilderness_Wind_River_Range.jpg/220px-Popo_Agie_Wilderness_Wind_River_Range.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Popo_Agie_Wilderness_Wind_River_Range.jpg/330px-Popo_Agie_Wilderness_Wind_River_Range.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Popo_Agie_Wilderness_Wind_River_Range.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Popo_Agie_Wilderness" title="Popo Agie Wilderness">Popo Agie Wilderness</a></figcaption></figure> The forest contains four areas of pristine <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a> that have remained largely untouched by human activities such as mining, logging, and road and building construction. The four regions include the <a href="/wiki/North_Absaroka_Wilderness" title="North Absaroka Wilderness">North Absaroka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washakie_Wilderness" title="Washakie Wilderness">Washakie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fitzpatrick_Wilderness" title="Fitzpatrick Wilderness">Fitzpatrick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popo_Agie_Wilderness" title="Popo Agie Wilderness">Popo Agie Wildernesses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-about-34">[34]</a> Additionally, a small portion of the <a href="/wiki/Absaroka-Beartooth_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness">Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness</a> extends into the extreme northwestern part of the forest, along the Montana border. In Shoshone National Forest, 1,400,000 acres (570,000 ha), constituting 56 percent of the forest is designated wilderness.<a href="#cite_note-vg-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-wilderness-59">[59]</a> The wilderness designation provides a much higher level of land protection and prohibits any alterations by man to the resource.<a href="#cite_note-nwps-60">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Act" title="Wilderness Act">Wilderness Act of 1964</a> enhanced the protection status of remote and/or undeveloped land already contained within federally administered protected areas. Passage of the act ensured that no human improvements would take place aside from those already existing. The protected status in wilderness designated zones prohibits road and building construction, oil and mineral exploration or <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">extraction</a>, and logging, and also prohibits the use of motorized equipment, including even bicycles. The only manner in which people can enter wilderness areas is either on foot or <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">horseback</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> are permitted in the wilderness, just as they are throughout the forest, provided those engaging in such activities have the proper licenses and permits.<a href="#cite_note-wilderness2-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_ecology">Fire ecology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fire ecology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildfire#Ecology" title="Wildfire">Wildfire § Ecology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forest_fire_in_Shoshone_National_Forest_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Forest_fire_in_Shoshone_National_Forest_2001.jpg/220px-Forest_fire_in_Shoshone_National_Forest_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Forest_fire_in_Shoshone_National_Forest_2001.jpg/220px-Forest_fire_in_Shoshone_National_Forest_2001.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Forest_fire_in_Shoshone_National_Forest_2001.jpg/330px-Forest_fire_in_Shoshone_National_Forest_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Forest_fire_in_Shoshone_National_Forest_2001.jpg/440px-Forest_fire_in_Shoshone_National_Forest_2001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dinwoody spot fire in 2001</figcaption></figure> Fire Management officials in Shoshone National Forest recognize that <a href="/wiki/Forest_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fire">forest fires</a> are a natural part of the ecosystem; however, this was not always the case. 20th century fire fighting efforts, especially in the first half of that century, emphasized quickly extinguishing all fires, as fire was seen as completely detrimental to a forest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAplet2006-62">[62]</a> In 1935, fire management officials established the 10 am rule for all fires on federal lands, which recommended aggressive attack on fires and to have them controlled by 10 am, the day after they are first detected.<a href="#cite_note-10am-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmi200567-64">[64]</a> This was intended to prevent fires from remaining active into the afternoon when the rising temperatures and more turbulent air caused fires to expand and become more erratic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmi2005131-65">[65]</a> However, this policy led to an increase in fuels because fires were often extinguished before they had a chance to burn out dead and dying old growth. It was in a stand of old growth fir trees in Shoshone National Forest that the <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_fire_of_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwater fire of 1937">Blackwater fire of 1937</a> killed 15 fighters during a firestorm 35 mi (56 km) west of Cody, Wyoming. The fire was one of the deadliest in terms of forest firefighter deaths in U.S. history.<a href="#cite_note-deaths-66">[66]</a> Between the years 1970 and 2012, Shoshone National Forest averaged 25 fires annually, of which half were due to natural ignition from lightning, which accounted for 90 percent of the total acreage burned. The remaining acreage that burned was due to campfires that got out of control or from other causes.<a href="#cite_note-fmp1-67">[67]</a> In Shoshone National Forest, the highest fire incidence is generally in the months of August and September.<a href="#cite_note-fmp1-67">[67]</a> An average of 2,334 acres (945 ha) burns annually, with the worst year in the past century being 1988, when 194,430 acres (78,680 ha) burned from fires that had spread from the conflagration that engulfed Yellowstone National Park and the surrounding region.<a href="#cite_note-fmp1-67">[67]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_fires_of_1988" title="Yellowstone fires of 1988">Yellowstone region fires of 1988</a>, an effort to identify areas of similar fire potential was implemented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAplet2006-62">[62]</a> Fire managers at Shoshone National Forest work with a number of outside agencies to incorporate fire restrictions, fuels management, and a <a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">controlled burn</a> plans to reduce the chances of a catastrophic fire.<a href="#cite_note-fire-68">[68]</a> The dead and dying trees which have been killed by various species of bark beetle may have a great impact on future forest fires.<a href="#cite_note-impact-40">[40]</a> Fire managers have stated the worst time for increased fire activity is 1–2 years after the trees are killed and then again after the trees have fallen many years later.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Geography_and_geology">Geography and geology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography and geology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gannett_Peak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gannett_Peak.jpg/220px-Gannett_Peak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="318"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 191px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gannett_Peak.jpg/220px-Gannett_Peak.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="191" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gannett_Peak.jpg/330px-Gannett_Peak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Gannett_Peak.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gannett_Peak" title="Gannett Peak">Gannett Peak</a> is the highest mountain in Wyoming and the forest.</figcaption></figure> Shoshone National Forest borders <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bridger-Teton_National_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridger-Teton National Forest">Bridger-Teton National Forest</a> to the west. The <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas" title="Continental Divide of the Americas">Continental Divide</a> demarks the boundary between Shoshone and Bridger-Teton National Forests. Along the <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> border, Shoshone National Forest borders <a href="/wiki/Custer_National_Forest" title="Custer National Forest">Custer National Forest</a> to the north.<a href="#cite_note-fmp1-67">[67]</a> Private property, property belonging to the state of Wyoming and lands administered by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a> form the eastern boundaries. Lastly, the Wind River Indian Reservation also borders on the east, and bisects a smaller southern section which includes the Popo Agie Wilderness and the Washakie Ranger District.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The altitude in the forest ranges from 4,600 feet (1,400 m) near Cody, Wyoming, to 13,804 ft (4,207 m) at the top of <a href="/wiki/Gannett_Peak" title="Gannett Peak">Gannett Peak</a>, an elevation gain of over 9,200 ft (2,800 m).<a href="#cite_note-fmp1-67">[67]</a> Of the three major <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain ranges</a> found in the forest, they are <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geologically</a> distinct from each other. All of the mountains are a part of the Rocky Mountains. In the northern and central portions of the forest lie the <a href="/wiki/Absaroka_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Absaroka Mountains">Absaroka Mountains</a> which were named after the <a href="/wiki/Crow_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow tribe">Crow</a> Indian tribe.<a href="#cite_note-absaroka-71">[71]</a> The majority of the Absaroka Mountains are contained within the forest, with the highest peak being <a href="/wiki/Francs_Peak" title="Francs Peak">Francs Peak</a> at 13,158 ft (4,011 m).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntweilerBieniewski1984-72">[72]</a> The peaks of the Absaroka are <a href="/wiki/Basaltic" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic">basaltic</a> in origin, having been the result of volcanic activity estimated to have occurred 50 million years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntweilerBieniewski1984-72">[72]</a> The rocks are composed of mostly <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccias</a> deposited for millions of years during volcanic events and are atop more ancient <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> that are considered to have economically viable mineral wealth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntweilerBieniewski1984-72">[72]</a> Gold was mined from the slopes of Francs Peak between the years 1890 and 1915, and the small <a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">ghost town</a> of Kirwin remains as a legacy of that period.<a href="#cite_note-kirwin-18">[18]</a> Major tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_River" title="Bighorn River">Bighorn River</a>, such as the Shoshone and <a href="/wiki/Greybull_River" title="Greybull River">Greybull Rivers</a>, originate in the Absaroka Mountains. Important <a href="/wiki/Mountain_pass" title="Mountain pass">passes</a> through the Absarokas include <a href="/wiki/Sylvan_Pass_(Wyoming)" title="Sylvan Pass (Wyoming)">Sylvan Pass</a>, which leads to the eastern entrance of Yellowstone National Park; and <a href="/wiki/Togwotee_Pass" title="Togwotee Pass">Togwotee Pass</a>, which provides access to Jackson Hole and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Teton_National_Park" title="Grand Teton National Park">Grand Teton National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson1981429-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkison19961-74">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beartooth_Lake_in_Shoshoe_National_Forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Beartooth_Lake_in_Shoshoe_National_Forest.jpg/220px-Beartooth_Lake_in_Shoshoe_National_Forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="302"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Beartooth_Lake_in_Shoshoe_National_Forest.jpg/220px-Beartooth_Lake_in_Shoshoe_National_Forest.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Beartooth_Lake_in_Shoshoe_National_Forest.jpg/330px-Beartooth_Lake_in_Shoshoe_National_Forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Beartooth_Lake_in_Shoshoe_National_Forest.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Beartooth Lake</figcaption></figure> In the far north of Shoshone National Forest a small portion of the Beartooth Mountains are located north of the <a href="/wiki/Clarks_Fork_of_the_Yellowstone_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River">Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River</a>. The Beartooths are composed of <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granitic</a> rocks that are amongst the oldest found on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_KranendonkSmithiesBennett2007780%E2%80%93781-75">[75]</a> Although often considered a part of the Absaroka Mountains, the Beartooths are distinct in appearance and geologic history.<a href="#cite_note-absaroka-71">[71]</a> Uplifted approximately 70 million years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Laramide_orogeny" title="Laramide orogeny">Laramide orogeny</a>, the Beartooths consist of vast windswept plateaus and rugged peaks with sheer cliff faces. The <a href="/wiki/Beartooth_Highway" title="Beartooth Highway">Beartooth Highway</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Highway_212_(Wyoming)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Highway 212 (Wyoming)">U.S. Highway 212</a>) crosses 10,974-foot (3,340 m) Beartooth Pass, and from there descends to the northeast entrance to Yellowstone National Park. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cirque_of_the_Towers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cirque_of_the_Towers.jpg/220px-Cirque_of_the_Towers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="930"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cirque_of_the_Towers.jpg/220px-Cirque_of_the_Towers.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cirque_of_the_Towers.jpg/330px-Cirque_of_the_Towers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cirque_of_the_Towers.jpg/440px-Cirque_of_the_Towers.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cirque of the Towers</figcaption></figure> The Wind River Range is in the southern portion of the forest and is composed primarily of Precambrian granitic rock.<a href="#cite_note-winds-76">[76]</a> Gannett Peak, the tallest mountain in Wyoming, is in the northern part of the range. Altogether eight peaks exceed 13,500 ft (4,100 m) and 119 rise at least 12,000 ft (3,700 m) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey2013432-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fremont_Peak_(Wyoming)" title="Fremont Peak (Wyoming)">Fremont Peak</a>, the second highest peak in the range, was originally believed to be the tallest mountain in the Rocky Mountains due to its prominence when viewed from the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a> by early pioneers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper200876%E2%80%9382-78">[78]</a> The Wind River Range is popular with mountain climbers because of its solid rock and variety of routes.<a href="#cite_note-windriver-79">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cirque_of_the_Towers" title="Cirque of the Towers">Cirque of the Towers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Popo_Agie_Wilderness" title="Popo Agie Wilderness">Popo Agie Wilderness</a> is one of the more popular climbing and hiking destinations, and an estimated 200 different climbing routes are located within the peaks that surround the <a href="/wiki/Cirque_(landform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirque (landform)">cirque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper200876%E2%80%9382-78">[78]</a> There are over 500 lakes in the forest, and 1,000 mi (1,600 km) of streams and rivers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowDow2001507-80">[80]</a> The Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River is federally designated as a <a href="/wiki/National_Wild_and_Scenic_Rivers_System" title="National Wild and Scenic Rivers System">Wild and Scenic River</a> for 22 mi (35 km) through the forest, with cliffs towering up to 2,000 ft (610 m) as the river winds through a gorge. The forest is on the eastern slopes of the Continental Divide, and the rivers flow into the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean basin</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glaciology">Glaciology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Glaciology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to the U.S. Forest Service, Shoshone National Forest has the greatest number of glaciers of any National Forest in the Rocky Mountains. The forest recreation guide lists 16 named and 140 unnamed glaciers within the forest, all in the Wind River Range. Forty-four of these glaciers are in the Fitzpatrick Wilderness, centered around the highest mountain peaks.<a href="#cite_note-vg-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> However, the state water board for Wyoming lists only 63 glaciers for the entire Wind River Range, which includes glaciers in adjacent Bridger-Teton National Forest.<a href="#cite_note-state-82">[82]</a> Researchers claim that for most of the period that glaciers have been known to exist in the forest, that they have been in a state of general retreat, with glacial mass losses of as much as 25 percent between the years 1985 and 2009.<a href="#cite_note-rice-83">[83]</a> Reversing the growth of mid-latitude glaciers that occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a> (1350–1850), there has been a <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">worldwide reduction of mountain glacial ice</a> since, with some regions losing as much as 50 percent of their peak ice cover. This can be correlated by examining <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photographic</a> evidence of glaciers taken over time even with an absence of other means of documentation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallFagre2003131-84">[84]</a> The behavior of the glaciers of Shoshone National Forest is consistent with this pattern. In one study of <a href="/wiki/Dinwoody_Glacier" title="Dinwoody Glacier">Dinwoody</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gannett_Glacier" title="Gannett Glacier">Gannett Glaciers</a>, during the period from 1958 to 1983, the thickness of these glaciers was reduced 77 and 61 ft (23 and 19 m), respectively.<a href="#cite_note-retreat-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gannet_Peak_with_Gannett_Glacier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gannet_Peak_with_Gannett_Glacier.jpg/220px-Gannet_Peak_with_Gannett_Glacier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="301"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gannet_Peak_with_Gannett_Glacier.jpg/220px-Gannet_Peak_with_Gannett_Glacier.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gannet_Peak_with_Gannett_Glacier.jpg/330px-Gannet_Peak_with_Gannett_Glacier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gannet_Peak_with_Gannett_Glacier.jpg/440px-Gannet_Peak_with_Gannett_Glacier.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Gannett Glacier on the slopes of Gannett Peak</figcaption></figure> Gannett Glacier, on the northeast slope of Gannett Peak, is the largest single glacier in the U.S. Rocky Mountains. It has reportedly lost over 50 percent of its volume since 1920 with 25 percent of that occurring between the years 1980 and 1999.<a href="#cite_note-urbigkit-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Fremont_Glacier" title="Upper Fremont Glacier">Upper Fremont Glacier</a> has been studied more than any other glacier in the Wind River Range. Scientists have obtained <a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">ice cores</a> from the Upper Fremont Glacier and found that there have been measurable changes in the atmosphere over the past several hundred years.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The Upper Fremont Glacier and the <a href="/wiki/Quelccaya_Ice_Cap" title="Quelccaya Ice Cap">Quelccaya Ice Cap</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> of South America both show nearly identical atmospheric records, which indicate a global linkage of atmospheric conditions over time.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The small glaciers in the forest are less able to resist melting than the great ice sheets of <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. Once a glacier begins retreating, it may fall into disequilibrium and be unable to find <a href="/wiki/Glacier_mass_balance" title="Glacier mass balance">mass balance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Accumulation_zone" title="Accumulation zone">accumulation</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">melting</a> rate) at any size. Without a favorable <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, it will continue to retreat until it disappears.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Loss of glacial ice already reduces the summer glacial runoff that supplies water to streams and lakes and provides a cold-water source vital to certain fish and plant species. This, in turn, may have a significant impact on the forest ecosystem over time.<a href="#cite_note-state-82">[82]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Wyoming is an arid state, averaging 12.68 inches (32.2 cm) of precipitation annually.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> However, Shoshone National Forest is located in and near some of the largest mountain ranges in the state, and consequently receives anywhere between 15 and 70 in (380 and 1,780 mm) annually.<a href="#cite_note-fmp1-67">[67]</a> Higher elevations in the forest not only get more precipitation than lower elevations, but also have lower overall temperatures, with summertime highs around 60 °F (16 °C) and lows near 35 °F (2 °C) while lower elevations may be 20 °F (−7 °C) or warmer on average.<a href="#cite_note-fmp1-67">[67]</a> Humidity levels throughout the forest are low, especially at higher altitudes. In the middle of the forest at the Wapiti Ranger Station, which is 30 mi (48 km) west of the forest headquarters in Cody, Wyoming, January high and low temperatures are 35.8 and 13.2 °F (2.1 and −10.4 °C), while the July highs and lows are 81.4 and 49.1 °F (27.4 and 9.5 °C). The annual precipitation at Wapiti is 10.37 in (263 mm).<a href="#cite_note-nws-91">[91]</a> Most of the precipitation falls in the winter and early spring, while summer is punctuated with widely scattered thunderstorms.<a href="#cite_note-fmp1-67">[67]</a> The autumn is usually cool and dry. Due to the altitude and dryness of the atmosphere, vigorous radiative cooling occurs throughout the year, and exceptional daily temperature variances are not uncommon.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Consequently, the nights range from very cool in the summer to <a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">extremely cold</a> in the winter; therefore, visitors should always remember to bring along at least a jacket, even during the summer.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Records indicate that the highest temperature ever recorded in the forest was 100 °F (38 °C) in 1978, while the coldest was −49 °F (−45 °C) in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Recreation">Recreation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Recreation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Shoshone National Forest receives an average of over half a million visitors a year.<a href="#cite_note-visits-95">[95]</a> Two visitor centers provide orientation, books, maps, and interpretive displays. One visitor center is at the Wapiti Wayside on the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill_Cody_Scenic_Byway" title="Buffalo Bill Cody Scenic Byway">Buffalo Bill Cody Scenic Byway</a>, west of Cody, Wyoming and adjacent to the historic Wapiti Ranger Station while the other visitor center is to the south in Lander, Wyoming.<a href="#cite_note-vg-36">[36]</a> There are 30 vehicle access <a href="/wiki/Campground" class="mw-redirect" title="Campground">campgrounds</a> in the forest, with up to 54 individual sites per campground. Approximately half of these campgrounds provide running water and restroom facilities and also provide for handicapped accessibility.<a href="#cite_note-vg-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-camp-96">[96]</a> Referred to as "front country" campgrounds, they also permit <a href="/wiki/Recreational_vehicle" title="Recreational vehicle">recreational vehicle</a> access in most cases. All of the campgrounds are on a first come, first served basis although four campgrounds have sites that can be reserved in advance by contacting the National Reservation Service.<a href="#cite_note-vg-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-camp-96">[96]</a> Due to the presence of grizzly bears, a few of the campgrounds require what is referred to as "hard-sided" camping only, and tent camping is not permitted.<a href="#cite_note-vg-36">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horseback_riding_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Horseback_riding_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg/220px-Horseback_riding_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="329"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Horseback_riding_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg/220px-Horseback_riding_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Horseback_riding_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg/330px-Horseback_riding_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Horseback_riding_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg/440px-Horseback_riding_Shoshone_National_Forest.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Horseback riding in Greybull Ranger District</figcaption></figure> For some visitors the greater solitude of the backcountry requires using <a href="/wiki/Trail" title="Trail">hiking trails</a> to <a href="/wiki/Backpacking_(wilderness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Backpacking (wilderness)">backpacking</a> or horseback riding into more remote destinations such as <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_Natural_Bridge" title="Blackwater Natural Bridge">Blackwater Natural Bridge</a> which can be accessed from Blackwater Natural Bridge trailhead. There are dozens of trails which total over 1,600 mi (2,600 km) located throughout the forest.<a href="#cite_note-vg-36">[36]</a> Many of the trailheads can be accessed at campgrounds, with shorter day hikes available as well.<a href="#cite_note-dayhike-97">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_Trail" title="Continental Divide Trail">Continental Divide Trail</a> has a 20-mile (32 km) section which passes through the forest and crosses the Continental Divide at Sheridan Pass.<a href="#cite_note-cdt-98">[98]</a> There is also the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_National_Historic_Trail" title="Nez Perce National Historic Trail">Nez Perce National Historic Trail</a> and the Beartooth Loop National Recreation Trail, both of which are in the northern regions of the forest.<a href="#cite_note-nezperce-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Some remote areas can also be accessed by horseback. Trailheads usually provide enough room for horse and pack animal trailers plus personal vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-vg-36">[36]</a> Along forest access roads, <a href="/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle" title="All-terrain vehicle">all-terrain vehicles</a> (ATV) are allowed, but since wilderness areas do not permit access by way of motorized transport, those who wish to visit such areas usually do so either by hiking in or on horseback.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pingora_Peak_and_Lonesome_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pingora_Peak_and_Lonesome_Lake.jpg/220px-Pingora_Peak_and_Lonesome_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1277"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pingora_Peak_and_Lonesome_Lake.jpg/220px-Pingora_Peak_and_Lonesome_Lake.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pingora_Peak_and_Lonesome_Lake.jpg/330px-Pingora_Peak_and_Lonesome_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pingora_Peak_and_Lonesome_Lake.jpg/440px-Pingora_Peak_and_Lonesome_Lake.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pingora_Peak" title="Pingora Peak">Pingora Peak</a> rises above Lonesome Lake in the Popo Agie Wilderness. Pingora is one of many peaks located in the <a href="/wiki/Cirque_of_the_Towers" title="Cirque of the Towers">Cirque of the Towers</a>.</figcaption></figure> Hunting and fishing are popular recreational activities permitted throughout the forest. Many of the streams and rivers are considered to be "Blue Ribbon Trout Streams".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERetallic2012141%E2%80%93172-103">[103]</a> Though many streams and lakes have excellent opportunities to catch various species of trout, the north and south forks of the Shoshone River, the Greybull River and the Clark's Fork of the Yellowstone, the only federally designated <a href="/wiki/Wild_and_Scenic_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild and Scenic River">Wild and Scenic River</a> in Wyoming, are a few of the better locations to reign in a trophy level Rainbow or Yellowstone cutthroat trout.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERetallic2012141%E2%80%93172-103">[103]</a> 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of streams and a hundred lakes that can be legally fished from provide plenty of elbow room during even the most crowded of fishing seasons. Hunting and fishing licenses are sponsored by the state of Wyoming and are available through the Wyoming Game and Fish Department.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The southern section of the forest in the Wind River Range is the primary destination for <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountain climbers</a>. Nine of the highest 10 peaks in Wyoming are here, and the mountains are primarily of granitic rock with countless cliffs and sheer rock walls.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The Cirque of the Towers is particularly popular as it has numerous peaks within a relatively short distance of each other. Two particular climbs on the peaks in the cirque are considered amongst the finest climbing adventures available in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoperSteck1979171%E2%80%93183-106">[106]</a> The Absaroka Range also attracts climbers but not of a technical nature since the rocks are not considered solid enough for good anchoring points.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> For the tallest peaks in the Wind River Range, the entire summiting effort will take even experienced climbers many days due to the inaccessibility of the region and complexity of the climbing effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunger2008151-108">[108]</a> Winter activities include <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing" title="Cross-country skiing">cross-country skiing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snowmobiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowmobiling">snowmobiling</a>, with 48 mi (77 km) of groomed trails for cross-country skiing and over 300 mi (480 km) for use by snowmobilers.<a href="#cite_note-snow-109">[109]</a> The region around Togwotee Pass allows snowmobilers easy access from paved roads and has snow depths of between 6 and 10 ft (1.8 and 3.0 m) annually at elevations of 8,000 to 10,000 ft (2,400 to 3,000 m), which equates to a long season for winter activities.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scenic_roads">Scenic roads</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scenic roads" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunlight_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sunlight_bridge.jpg/220px-Sunlight_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1487" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 178px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sunlight_bridge.jpg/220px-Sunlight_bridge.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="178" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sunlight_bridge.jpg/330px-Sunlight_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sunlight_bridge.jpg/440px-Sunlight_bridge.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sunlight Bridge on the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph_Scenic_Byway" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Joseph Scenic Byway">Chief Joseph Scenic Byway</a></figcaption></figure> Shoshone National Forest forms the eastern boundary of Yellowstone National Park and the northeastern and eastern entrances to the park are both accessed by way of designated scenic roadways. A federally designated <a href="/wiki/National_Scenic_Byways" class="mw-redirect" title="National Scenic Byways">National Scenic Byways</a> <a href="/wiki/All-American_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="All-American Road">All-American Road</a>, the Beartooth Highway (U.S. Highway 212), weaves through the forest and serves as the northeastern entranceway to Yellowstone National Park.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-beartooth-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph_Scenic_Byway" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Joseph Scenic Byway">Chief Joseph Scenic Byway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_296" title="Wyoming Highway 296">Wyoming Highway 296</a>) connects Cody, Wyoming with the Beartooth Highway and follows the old trail in which <a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph" title="Chief Joseph">Chief Joseph</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce tribe">Nez Perce tribe</a> attempted to flee the U.S. Cavalry in 1877.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> South of there, Buffalo Bill Cody Scenic Byway (US 14/16/20) heads west from Cody, Wyoming, passes through the forest and crosses Sylvan Pass as it enters Yellowstone.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Lastly, the <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Centennial_Scenic_Byway" title="Wyoming Centennial Scenic Byway">Wyoming Centennial Scenic Byway</a> (US 26/287) heads northwest from Dubois, Wyoming, over Togwotee Pass and enters Jackson Hole and Grand Teton National Park.<a href="#cite_note-windriver-79">[79]</a> Though the Beartooth Highway is the only one of these four roads that is a National Scenic Byway, all four of them have been designated Wyoming State Scenic Byways by the state of Wyoming.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Hazards">Hazards</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hazards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hazards_of_outdoor_recreation" title="Hazards of outdoor recreation">Hazards of outdoor recreation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering#Hazards" title="Mountaineering">Mountaineering § Hazards</a></div> Encountering <a href="/wiki/Bear_danger" title="Bear danger">bears</a> is a concern in the Wind River Range.<a href="#cite_note-WR-20170424-116">[116]</a> There are other concerns as well, including <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">bugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classifications_of_snow" title="Classifications of snow">adverse snow conditions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_National_Park#Elevation" title="Rocky Mountain National Park">nighttime cold temperatures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PD-20050727-117">[117]</a> Importantly, there have been notable incidents, including <a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">accidental deaths</a>, due to <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering#Falls_from_rocks" title="Mountaineering">falls from steep cliffs</a> (a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/misstep" class="extiw" title="wikt:misstep">misstep</a> could be fatal in this <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Decimal_System" title="Yosemite Decimal System">class 4/5 terrain</a>) and due to <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering#Falling_rocks" title="Mountaineering">falling rocks</a>, over the years, including 1993,<a href="#cite_note-AAC-1993-118">[118]</a> 2007 (involving an experienced <a href="/wiki/National_Outdoor_Leadership_School" title="National Outdoor Leadership School">NOLS leader</a>),<a href="#cite_note-CLMB-20070814-119">[119]</a> 2015<a href="#cite_note-TRIB-20151209-120">[120]</a> and 2018.<a href="#cite_note-WYO-20180814-121">[121]</a> Other incidents include a seriously injured backpacker being airlifted near <a href="/wiki/Pinedale,_Wyoming" title="Pinedale, Wyoming">SquareTop Mountain</a><a href="#cite_note-MP-2009-122">[122]</a> in 2005,<a href="#cite_note-PD-20050722-123">[123]</a> and a fatal hiker incident (from an apparent <a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">accidental fall</a>) in 2006 that involved state <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WD-20060901-124">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a> does not offer updated aggregated records on the official number of fatalities in the Wind River Range. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> Shoshone National Forest is the setting of the 2016 <a href="/wiki/First_person_(video_games)" class="mw-redirect" title="First person (video games)">first-person</a> <a href="/wiki/Adventure_game" title="Adventure game">adventure</a> video game, <a href="/wiki/Firewatch_(video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firewatch (video game)">Firewatch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_forests_of_the_United_States" title="List of national forests of the United States">List of national forests of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_Hack_Historical_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Tie Hack Historical Monument">Tie Hack Historical Monument</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-acreage-1"><a href="#cite_ref-acreage_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/land/staff/lar/LAR2021/LARTable28.pdf">"Land Areas of the National Forest System"</a> (PDF). U.S. Department of Agriculture. January 1, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230614022920/https://www.fs.usda.gov/land/staff/lar/LAR2021/LARTable28.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 14, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Land+Areas+of+the+National+Forest+System&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.usda.gov%2Fland%2Fstaff%2Flar%2FLAR2021%2FLARTable28.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/shoshone">"Shoshone"</a>. Answers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170801/http://www.answers.com/topic/shoshone">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shoshone&rft.pub=Answers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Ftopic%2Fshoshone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shoshone-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shoshone_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shoshone_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/shoshone">"Welcome to Shoshone National Forest"</a>. U.S. Department of Agriculture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025114306/http://www.fs.usda.gov/shoshone">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Shoshone+National+Forest&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.usda.gov%2Fshoshone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-4"><a href="#cite_ref-history_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/main/shoshone/learning/history-culture">"History and Culture"</a>. U.S. Forest Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518080213/http://www.fs.usda.gov/main/shoshone/learning/history-culture">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+and+Culture&rft.pub=U.S.+Forest+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.usda.gov%2Fmain%2Fshoshone%2Flearning%2Fhistory-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebard199556-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHebard199556_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHebard1995">Hebard 1995</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapace200788-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapace200788_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCapace2007">Capace 2007</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohansenPritzker20071127-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohansenPritzker20071127_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohansenPritzker2007">Johansen & Pritzker 2007</a>, p. 1127. </li> <li id="cite_note-mummy-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mummy_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mummy_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615162344/http://wyoshpo.state.wy.us/NationalRegister/Site.aspx?ID=324">"Mummy Cave"</a>. Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wyoshpo.state.wy.us/NationalRegister/Site.aspx?ID=324">the original</a> on June 15, 2011. Retrieved September 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mummy+Cave&rft.pub=Wyoming+State+Historic+Preservation+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwyoshpo.state.wy.us%2FNationalRegister%2FSite.aspx%3FID%3D324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-husted-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-husted_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-husted_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHustedRobert_Edgar2002" class="citation web cs1">Husted, Wilfred M.; Robert Edgar (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/mwac/publications/pdf/spec4.pdf">"The Archeology of Mummy Cave, Wyoming: An Introduction to Shoshonean Prehistory"</a> (PDF). National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090902101958/http://www.nps.gov/history/mwac/publications/pdf/spec4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 2, 2009. Retrieved September 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Archeology+of+Mummy+Cave%2C+Wyoming%3A+An+Introduction+to+Shoshonean+Prehistory&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Husted&rft.aufirst=Wilfred+M.&rft.au=Robert+Edgar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fmwac%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2Fspec4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nris-10"><a href="#cite_ref-nris_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. July 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtley200415–16-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtley200415%E2%80%9316_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtley200415%E2%80%9316_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtley200415%E2%80%9316_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFUtley2004">Utley 2004</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-daugherty1-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-daugherty1_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-daugherty1_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaugherty" class="citation web cs1">Daugherty, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/grte2/hrs3.htm">"The Fur Trappers"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trib.com/outdoors/officials-rule-wind-river-range-climbing-deaths-accidental/article_eca43632-2f91-519f-bb81-0c59ed52e07e.html">the original</a> on July 26, 2021. 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WyoFile News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726124437/https://www.wyofile.com/deadly-underestimation/">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2021. 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Retrieved May 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mountain+Project&rft.atitle=Squaretop+Mountain+Rock+Climbing&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountainproject.com%2Farea%2F106521163%2Fsquaretop-mountain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PD-20050722-123"><a href="#cite_ref-PD-20050722_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2005" class="citation news cs1">Staff (July 22, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinedaleonline.com/news/2005/07/Injuredmanrescuedfro.htm">"Injured man rescued from Square Top Mtn - Tip-Top Search & Rescue helps 2 injured on the mountain"</a>. PineDaleOnline News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726131552/http://www.pinedaleonline.com/news/2005/07/Injuredmanrescuedfro.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2021. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1.wildernessdoc.com/Report.aspx?IN=13">the original</a> on January 27, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WildernessDoc.com&rft.atitle=Incident+Reports+-+September%2C+2006+-+Wind+River+Search&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1.wildernessdoc.com%2FReport.aspx%3FIN%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polygon.com/2014/9/8/6111015/firewatch-campo-santo">"Campo Santo's debut, Firewatch, is an exploration of isolation and choice"</a>. Polygon. September 8, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150305160827/http://www.polygon.com/2014/9/8/6111015/firewatch-campo-santo">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Campo+Santo%27s+debut%2C+Firewatch%2C+is+an+exploration+of+isolation+and+choice&rft.pub=Polygon&rft.date=2014-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2F2014%2F9%2F8%2F6111015%2Ffirewatch-campo-santo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firewatchgame.com/">"Firewatch"</a>. Campo Santo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160209071309/http://www.firewatchgame.com/">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Firewatch&rft.pub=Campo+Santo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firewatchgame.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Works cited" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Books" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdkison1996" class="citation book cs1">Adkison, Ron (June 1, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iSzkDm5UAssC&pg=PA1">Hiking Wyoming's Wind River Range</a>. Falcon Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56044-402-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56044-402-2"><bdi>978-1-56044-402-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiking+Wyoming%27s+Wind+River+Range&rft.pub=Falcon+Guides&rft.date=1996-06-01&rft.isbn=978-1-56044-402-2&rft.aulast=Adkison&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiSzkDm5UAssC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapace2007" class="citation book cs1">Capace, Nancy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PRsh2LRuoQMC&q=treaty+of+fort+bridger">Encyclopedia of Wyoming</a>. Somerset Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0403096138" title="Special:BookSources/978-0403096138"><bdi>978-0403096138</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Wyoming&rft.pub=Somerset+Publishers%2C+Inc&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0403096138&rft.aulast=Capace&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPRsh2LRuoQMC%26q%3Dtreaty%2Bof%2Bfort%2Bbridger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2008" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Ed (November 25, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yRggz0glL3gC&q=fremont%20peak%20tallest%20in%20rockies&pg=PT98">Soul of the Rockies: Portraits of America's Largest Mountain Range</a>. Falcon Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4941-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4941-6"><bdi>978-0-7627-4941-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soul+of+the+Rockies%3A+Portraits+of+America%27s+Largest+Mountain+Range&rft.pub=Falcon+Guides&rft.date=2008-11-25&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-4941-6&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyRggz0glL3gC%26q%3Dfremont%2520peak%2520tallest%2520in%2520rockies%26pg%3DPT98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowDow2001" class="citation book cs1">Dow, Fred; Dow, Suzanne (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3OnLh3hF4ZIC&pg=PA507">U.S. National Forest Campground Guide Rocky Mountain Region</a>. Authorhouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7596-3023-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7596-3023-9"><bdi>978-0-7596-3023-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+National+Forest+Campground+Guide+Rocky+Mountain+Region&rft.pub=Authorhouse&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7596-3023-9&rft.aulast=Dow&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Dow%2C+Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3OnLh3hF4ZIC%26pg%3DPA507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnright1992" class="citation book cs1">Enright, Kelly (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AKME9xeG5hsC&pg=PA137">America's Natural Places: Rocky Mountains and Great Plains</a>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35315-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35315-4"><bdi>978-0-313-35315-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Natural+Places%3A+Rocky+Mountains+and+Great+Plains&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35315-4&rft.aulast=Enright&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAKME9xeG5hsC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebard1995" class="citation book cs1">Hebard, Grace R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H72qQ3R5mq0C&q=chieftainship">Washakie, Chief of the Shoshones</a>. Bison Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803272781" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803272781"><bdi>978-0803272781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washakie%2C+Chief+of+the+Shoshones&rft.pub=Bison+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0803272781&rft.aulast=Hebard&rft.aufirst=Grace+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH72qQ3R5mq0C%26q%3Dchieftainship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunger2008" class="citation book cs1">Hunger, Bill (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hikingwyoming1100000hung">Hiking Wyoming: 110 of the State's Best Hiking Adventures</a>. Falcon Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-3420-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-3420-7"><bdi>978-0-7627-3420-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiking+Wyoming%3A+110+of+the+State%27s+Best+Hiking+Adventures&rft.pub=Falcon+Guides&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-3420-7&rft.aulast=Hunger&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhikingwyoming1100000hung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansenPritzker2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_E._Johansen" title="Bruce E. Johansen">Johansen, Bruce E.</a>; Pritzker, Barry M. (July 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yQTFEAAAQBAJ">Encyclopedia of American Indian History</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851098187" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851098187"><bdi>978-1851098187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Indian+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007-07-23&rft.isbn=978-1851098187&rft.aulast=Johansen&rft.aufirst=Bruce+E.&rft.au=Pritzker%2C+Barry+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyQTFEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelsey2013" class="citation book cs1">Kelsey, Joe (July 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FYEVAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA432">Climbing and Hiking in the Wind River Mountains</a>. Falcon Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-8078-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-8078-5"><bdi>978-0-7627-8078-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climbing+and+Hiking+in+the+Wind+River+Mountains&rft.pub=Falcon+Guides&rft.date=2013-07-16&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-8078-5&rft.aulast=Kelsey&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFYEVAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson1981" class="citation book cs1">Larson, T.A. (March 1, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sObNp2jHduEC">Wyoming: A Guide to Its History, Highways, and People</a>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6854-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6854-8"><bdi>978-0-8032-6854-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wyoming%3A+A+Guide+to+Its+History%2C+Highways%2C+and+People&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1981-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-6854-8&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=T.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsObNp2jHduEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy2007" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, Michael (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X60kQYBZEwgC">Wyoming Off the Beaten Path: A Guide to Unique Places</a>. GPP Travel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0762744312" title="Special:BookSources/978-0762744312"><bdi>978-0762744312</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wyoming+Off+the+Beaten+Path%3A+A+Guide+to+Unique+Places&rft.pub=GPP+Travel&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0762744312&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX60kQYBZEwgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2013" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Char (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QD0LTYaBjKEC">Atlas of US and Canadian Environmental History</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-75524-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-75524-8"><bdi>978-1-136-75524-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+US+and+Canadian+Environmental+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-75524-8&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Char&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQD0LTYaBjKEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmi2005" class="citation book cs1">Omi, Phillip N. (May 23, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ts_oE23Wu8C&q=Institutionalization%20of%20Fire%20Exclusion&pg=PA67">"Institutionalization of Fire Exclusion"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forestfiresrefer0000omip/page/67">Forest Fires: A Reference Handbook</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-438-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-438-7"><bdi>978-1-85109-438-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Institutionalization+of+Fire+Exclusion&rft.btitle=Forest+Fires%3A+A+Reference+Handbook&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005-05-23&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-438-7&rft.aulast=Omi&rft.aufirst=Phillip+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Ts_oE23Wu8C%26q%3DInstitutionalization%2520of%2520Fire%2520Exclusion%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtis1986" class="citation book cs1">Otis, Alison T. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f0qHwwF4V5wC">The Forest Service and the Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933–42</a>. U.S. Forest Service. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-236-20500-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-236-20500-1"><bdi>978-1-236-20500-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forest+Service+and+the+Civilian+Conservation+Corps%2C+1933%E2%80%9342&rft.pub=U.S.+Forest+Service&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-1-236-20500-1&rft.aulast=Otis&rft.aufirst=Alison+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df0qHwwF4V5wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReef2010" class="citation book cs1">Reef, Catherine (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanamericans0000reef">African Americans in the Military</a>. Facts on File, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7839-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7839-4"><bdi>978-0-8160-7839-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Americans+in+the+Military&rft.pub=Facts+on+File%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7839-4&rft.aulast=Reef&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanamericans0000reef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRetallic2012" class="citation book cs1">Retallic, Ken (February 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2Hq-Kns-tYC">Flyfisher's Guide to Wyoming: Including Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks</a>. Wilderness Adventures Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932098-10-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932098-10-5"><bdi>978-1-932098-10-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flyfisher%27s+Guide+to+Wyoming%3A+Including+Grand+Teton+and+Yellowstone+National+Parks&rft.pub=Wilderness+Adventures+Press&rft.date=2012-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-932098-10-5&rft.aulast=Retallic&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY2Hq-Kns-tYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoperSteck1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Roper" title="Steve Roper">Roper, Steve</a>; <a href="/wiki/Allen_Steck" title="Allen Steck">Steck, Allen</a> (1979). <a href="/wiki/Fifty_Classic_Climbs_of_North_America" title="Fifty Classic Climbs of North America">Fifty Classic Climbs of North America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club_Books" title="Sierra Club Books">Sierra Club Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87156-292-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87156-292-8"><bdi>0-87156-292-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+Classic+Climbs+of+North+America&rft.pub=Sierra+Club+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-87156-292-8&rft.aulast=Roper&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Steck%2C+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteen1976" class="citation book cs1">Steen, Harold K. (1976). The U.S. Forest Service: A History (1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-95523-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-95523-6"><bdi>0-295-95523-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Forest+Service%3A+A+History&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-295-95523-6&rft.aulast=Steen&rft.aufirst=Harold+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUtley2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Utley" title="Robert M. Utley">Utley, Robert M.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afterlewisclarkm0000utle">After Lewis and Clark: Mountain Men and the Paths to the Pacific</a>. Bison Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9564-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9564-3"><bdi>978-0-8032-9564-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Lewis+and+Clark%3A+Mountain+Men+and+the+Paths+to+the+Pacific&rft.pub=Bison+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-9564-3&rft.aulast=Utley&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafterlewisclarkm0000utle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_KranendonkSmithiesBennett2007" class="citation book cs1">Van Kranendonk, Martin J.; Smithies, R. Hugh; Bennett, Vickie, eds. (October 26, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIRpMW6gLm4C&pg=PA780">Earth's Oldest Rocks</a>. Elsevier Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055247-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055247-7"><bdi>978-0-08-055247-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth%27s+Oldest+Rocks&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2007-10-26&rft.isbn=978-0-08-055247-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIRpMW6gLm4C%26pg%3DPA780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuerthner1992" class="citation book cs1">Wuerthner, George (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWt3GUrR-tcC&pg=PA64">"Flora"</a>. Yellowstone: A Visitor's Companion (1 ed.). Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3078-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3078-5"><bdi>978-0-8117-3078-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Flora&rft.btitle=Yellowstone%3A+A+Visitor%27s+Companion&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3078-5&rft.aulast=Wuerthner&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVWt3GUrR-tcC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Journals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntweilerBieniewski1984" class="citation journal cs1">Antweiler, John C.; Bieniewski, Carl L. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HcfOaXOMRbcC&q=francs+peak+tallest+in+absaroka&pg=PA1173">"Northern part of the Washakie Wilderness and Nearby Roadless Areas, Wyoming"</a>. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. 2 (1300). U.S. Geological Survey: 1272–1275. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303094810/https://books.google.com/books?id=HcfOaXOMRbcC&q=francs+peak+tallest+in+absaroka&pg=PA1173#v=onepage&q=francs%20peak%20tallest%20in%20absaroka&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2024. Retrieved October 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey+Professional+Paper&rft.atitle=Northern+part+of+the+Washakie+Wilderness+and+Nearby+Roadless+Areas%2C+Wyoming&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1300&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1272-%3C%2Fspan%3E1275&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Antweiler&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.au=Bieniewski%2C+Carl+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHcfOaXOMRbcC%26q%3Dfrancs%2Bpeak%2Btallest%2Bin%2Babsaroka%26pg%3DPA1173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAplet2006" class="citation journal cs1">Aplet, Gregory H. (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228130826/http://www.wilderness.net/library/documents/IJWApr06_Aplet.pdf">"Evolution of Wilderness Fire Policy"</a> (PDF). International Journal of Wilderness. 12 (1): 9–13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilderness.net/library/documents/IJWApr06_Aplet.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 28, 2008. Retrieved December 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Wilderness&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Wilderness+Fire+Policy&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2006-04&rft.aulast=Aplet&rft.aufirst=Gregory+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilderness.net%2Flibrary%2Fdocuments%2FIJWApr06_Aplet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallFagre2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, Myrna; Fagre, Daniel (February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1641%2F0006-3568%282003%29053%5B0131%3AMCIGCI%5D2.0.CO%3B2">"Modeled Climate-Induced glacier change in Glacier National Park, 1850–2100"</a>. BioScience. 53 (2): 131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1641%2F0006-3568%282003%29053%5B0131%3AMCIGCI%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0131:MCIGCI]2.0.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=Modeled+Climate-Induced+glacier+change+in+Glacier+National+Park%2C+1850%E2%80%932100&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131&rft.date=2003-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1641%2F0006-3568%282003%29053%5B0131%3AMCIGCI%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Myrna&rft.au=Fagre%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1641%252F0006-3568%25282003%2529053%255B0131%253AMCIGCI%255D2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation report cs1">Williams, Gerald W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/2015/06/The_USDA_Forest_Service_TheFirstCentury.pdf">The USDA Forest Service—The First Century</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+USDA+Forest+Service%E2%80%94The+First+Century&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Gerald+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.usda.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedia%2F2015%2F06%2FThe_USDA_Forest_Service_TheFirstCentury.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoshone+National+Forest" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> 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data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/19px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/29px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/38px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mountains" title="Portal:Mountains">Mountains</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&oldid=1278598159">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&oldid=1278598159</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshone_National_Forest&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 3 March 2025, at 12:08 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="غابة شوشون الوطنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غابة شوشون الوطنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosc_Nacional_Shoshone" title="Bosc Nacional Shoshone – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bosc Nacional Shoshone" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshone_National_Forest" title="Shoshone National Forest – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Shoshone National Forest" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshone_National_Forest" title="Shoshone National Forest – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shoshone National Forest" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshone_metsakaitseala" title="Shoshone metsakaitseala – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Shoshone metsakaitseala" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosque_Nacional_Shoshone" title="Bosque Nacional Shoshone – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bosque Nacional Shoshone" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جنگل ملی شوشونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگل ملی شوشونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%AAt_nationale_de_Shoshone" title="Forêt nationale de Shoshone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Forêt nationale de Shoshone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%87%BC%EC%87%BC%EB%8B%88_%EA%B5%AD%EC%9C%A0%EB%A6%BC" title="쇼쇼니 국유림 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쇼쇼니 국유림" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresta_nazionale_di_Shoshone" title="Foresta nazionale di Shoshone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Foresta nazionale di Shoshone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshone_National_Forest" title="Shoshone National Forest – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Shoshone National Forest" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshone_National_Forest" title="Shoshone National Forest – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Shoshone National Forest" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floresta_Nacional_de_Shoshone" title="Floresta Nacional de Shoshone – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Floresta Nacional de Shoshone" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81)" title="Шошони (национальный лес) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шошони (национальный лес)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BB%ABng_qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_Shoshone" title="Rừng quốc gia Shoshone – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rừng quốc gia Shoshone" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%96%E8%82%96%E5%B0%BC%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97" title="肖肖尼国家森林 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肖肖尼国家森林" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img 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