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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Toponymy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Human occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography and geology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography and geology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics and administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics_and_administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics and administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hundreds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hundreds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hundreds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hundreds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combined_County_Authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combined_County_Authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Combined County Authority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combined_County_Authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities,_towns_and_villages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities,_towns_and_villages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cities, towns and villages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities,_towns_and_villages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_and_medieval_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_and_medieval_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ancient and medieval history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_and_medieval_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Later history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Symbols subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Coat of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Flag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Place_names_and_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Place_names_and_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Place names and customs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Place_names_and_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Economy and industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Devon_Metro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devon_Metro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Devon Metro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devon_Metro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Devonians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Devonians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notable Devonians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Devonians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Devon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="ديفون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديفون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Дэваншыр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэваншыр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дэван – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дэван" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Девън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Девън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_(hrabstv%C3%AD)" title="Devon (hrabství) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Devon (hrabství)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyfnaint" title="Dyfnaint – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dyfnaint" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_(county)" title="Devon (county) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Devon (county)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_(England)" title="Devon (England) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Devon (England)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devoni_krahvkond" title="Devoni krahvkond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Devoni krahvkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BD_(%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Ντέβον (κομητεία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντέβον (κομητεία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devono" title="Devono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Devono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="دوون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_(comt%C3%A9)" title="Devon (comté) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Devon (comté)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BD" title="𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌱𐍉𐌽 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌱𐍉𐌽" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EB%B2%88%EC%A3%BC" title="데번주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데번주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="डेवन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डेवन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_(grofovija)" title="Devon (grofovija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Devon (grofovija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Девон (графад) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Девон (графад)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%95%D7%96)" title="דבון (מחוז) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דבון (מחוז)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewnens" title="Dewnens – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Dewnens" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonia" title="Devonia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Devonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devona" title="Devona – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Devona" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_(England)" title="Devon (England) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Devon (England)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonas_(grafyst%C4%97)" title="Devonas (grafystė) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Devonas (grafystė)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_(megye)" title="Devon (megye) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Devon (megye)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BA" title="ഡെവൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡെവൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="डेव्हॉन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डेव्हॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%DA%A4%D9%88%D9%86" title="ديڤون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديڤون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3" title="デヴォン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デヴォン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="ڈیون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈیون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Девон (графство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Девон (графство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon,_Gauteng" title="Devon, Gauteng – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Devon, Gauteng" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_(Angli)" title="Devon (Angli) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Devon (Angli)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_(Anglicko)" title="Devon (Anglicko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Devon (Anglicko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_(grofija)" title="Devon (grofija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Devon (grofija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Девон (грофовија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Девон (грофовија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_(grevskap)" title="Devon (grevskap) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Devon (grevskap)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="เดวอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เดวอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Девон (шаҳристон) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Девон (шаҳристон)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Девон (графство) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Девон (графство)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="ڈیون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈیون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9wonshir" title="Déwonshir – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Déwonshir" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Devon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87%E9%83%A1" title="德文郡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德文郡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F" title="דעוון – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דעוון" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%9B%B2%E9%83%A1" title="德雲郡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德雲郡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87%E9%83%A1" title="德文郡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德文郡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23156#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Devon&params=50_42_N_3_48_W_region:GB-DEV_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°42′N</span> <span class="longitude">3°48′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.700°N 3.800°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.700; -3.800</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">County of England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Devonshire" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Devon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Devon (disambiguation)">Devon (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devonshire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Devonshire (disambiguation)">Devonshire (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Non-metropolitan and ceremonial county in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Devon</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">Non-metropolitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">ceremonial county</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:104px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Combe_Martin_Panorama_(7338286364).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Combe_Martin_Panorama_%287338286364%29.jpg/250px-Combe_Martin_Panorama_%287338286364%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Combe_Martin_Panorama_%287338286364%29.jpg/500px-Combe_Martin_Panorama_%287338286364%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3288" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:59px;max-width:59px"><div style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relax-e-vous_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1656557.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Relax-e-vous_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1656557.jpg/60px-Relax-e-vous_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1656557.jpg" decoding="async" width="57" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Relax-e-vous_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1656557.jpg/120px-Relax-e-vous_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1656557.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="1795" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dartmoor_ponies_by_the_B3212_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4546147.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dartmoor_ponies_by_the_B3212_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4546147.jpg/250px-Dartmoor_ponies_by_the_B3212_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4546147.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dartmoor_ponies_by_the_B3212_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4546147.jpg/330px-Dartmoor_ponies_by_the_B3212_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4546147.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dartmoor_ponies_by_the_B3212_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4546147.jpg/500px-Dartmoor_ponies_by_the_B3212_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4546147.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4831" data-file-height="3605" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><b>Clockwise from top</b>: the Devon coast at <a href="/wiki/Combe_Martin" title="Combe Martin">Combe Martin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_ponies" class="mw-redirect" title="Dartmoor ponies">ponies</a> on <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Smeaton%27s_Tower" title="Smeaton's Tower">Smeaton's Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Hoe" title="Plymouth Hoe">Plymouth Hoe</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Devon_UK_locator_map_2010.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Devon within England"><img alt="Devon within England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Devon_UK_locator_map_2010.svg/250px-Devon_UK_locator_map_2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Devon_UK_locator_map_2010.svg/500px-Devon_UK_locator_map_2010.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="1345" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Devon within England</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Devon&params=50_42_N_3_48_W_region:GB-DEV_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°42′N</span> <span class="longitude">3°48′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.700°N 3.800°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.700; -3.800</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent country</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Ancient</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Time in the United Kingdom">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">UK Parliament</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Devon">List of MPs</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Police</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devon_and_Cornwall_Police" title="Devon and Cornwall Police">Devon and Cornwall Police</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff; font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Devon" title="Lord Lieutenant of Devon">Lord Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Fursdon" title="David Fursdon">David Fursdon</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Devon" title="High Sheriff of Devon">High Sheriff</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Richard Youngman<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2022–23)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">6,707 km<sup>2</sup> (2,590 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties of England">4th of 48</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population<span class="nowrap"> </span><div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,232,660</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties of England">11th of 48</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Density</th><td class="infobox-data">184/km<sup>2</sup> (480/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>94.9% <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>0.4% Irish<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff; font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">Non-metropolitan county</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">County council</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devon_County_Council" title="Devon County Council">Devon County Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Political_make-up_of_local_councils_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom">Control</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Admin HQ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">6,564 km<sup>2</sup> (2,534 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_two-tier_counties_of_England" title="List of two-tier counties of England">1st of 21</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population<span class="nowrap"> </span><div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">826,319</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_two-tier_counties_of_England" title="List of two-tier counties of England">11th of 21</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Density</th><td class="infobox-data">126/km<sup>2</sup> (330/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB" title="ISO 3166-2:GB">ISO 3166-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data">GB-DEV</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GSS_coding_system" title="GSS coding system">GSS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">E10000008</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Territorial_Level" title="International Territorial Level">ITL</a></th><td class="infobox-data">UKK43</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://devon.gov.uk">devon<wbr />.gov<wbr />.uk</a></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff; font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authorities</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Councils</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Council" title="Plymouth City Council">Plymouth City Council</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Torbay_Council" title="Torbay Council">Torbay Council</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff; font-weight: bold;">Districts</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Devon_numbered_districts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Devon_numbered_districts.svg/200px-Devon_numbered_districts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Devon_numbered_districts.svg/300px-Devon_numbered_districts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Devon_numbered_districts.svg/400px-Devon_numbered_districts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="1187" /></a></span><br />Districts of Devon<br /><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#fefe77"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:#FEFE77;color:inherit;"> </span></span> Unitary <span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#fec1e9"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:#FEC1E9;color:inherit;"> </span></span> County council area </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/North_Devon" title="North Devon">North Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torridge_District" title="Torridge District">Torridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Devon" title="Mid Devon">Mid Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Devon" title="East Devon">East Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Devon" title="West Devon">West Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teignbridge" title="Teignbridge">Teignbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Hams" title="South Hams">South Hams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbay" title="Torbay">Torbay</a></li></ol> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Devon</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">DEV</span>-ən</i></a>; historically also known as <b>Devonshire</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">-⁠sheer</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">-⁠shər</i></a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_county" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonial county">ceremonial county</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West England</a>. It is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> to the east, the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> to the west. The city of <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> is the largest settlement, and the city of <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a> is the <a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">county town</a>. </p><p>The county has an area of 2,590 sq mi (6,700 km<sup>2</sup>) and a population of 1,194,166. The largest settlements after Plymouth (264,695) are the city of Exeter (130,709) and the <a href="/wiki/Seaside_resort" title="Seaside resort">seaside resorts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Torquay" title="Torquay">Torquay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paignton" title="Paignton">Paignton</a>, which have a combined population of 115,410.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They all are located along the south coast, which is the most populous part of the county; <a href="/wiki/Barnstaple" title="Barnstaple">Barnstaple</a> (31,275) and <a href="/wiki/Tiverton,_Devon" title="Tiverton, Devon">Tiverton</a> (22,291) are the largest towns in the north and centre respectively. For local government purposes Devon comprises a <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">non-metropolitan county</a>, with eight districts, and the <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">unitary authority</a> areas of <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Council" title="Plymouth City Council">Plymouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torbay_Council" title="Torbay Council">Torbay</a>. <a href="/wiki/Devon_County_Council" title="Devon County Council">Devon County Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torbay_Council" title="Torbay Council">Torbay Council</a> collaborate through a <a href="/wiki/Combined_county_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined county authority">combined county authority</a>. </p><p>Devon has a varied geography. It contains <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/Exmoor" title="Exmoor">Exmoor</a>, two upland moors which are the source of most of the county's rivers, including the <a href="/wiki/River_Taw" title="River Taw">Taw</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Dart" title="River Dart">Dart</a>, and <a href="/wiki/River_Exe" title="River Exe">Exe</a>. The longest river in the county is the <a href="/wiki/River_Tamar" title="River Tamar">Tamar</a>, which forms most of the border with Cornwall and rises in Devon's northwest hills. The southeast coast is part of the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Coast" title="Jurassic Coast">Jurassic Coast</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, and characterised by tall cliffs which reveal the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> geology of the region. The county gives its name to the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> geologic period, which includes the slates and sandstones of the north coast. Dartmoor and Exmoor have been designated <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">national parks</a>, and the county also contains, in whole or in part, five <a href="/wiki/National_Landscape" class="mw-redirect" title="National Landscape">national landscapes</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman</a> periods, the county was the home of the <a href="/wiki/Dumnonii" title="Dumnonii">Dumnonii</a> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain</a> resulted in the partial assimilation of Dumnonia into the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> in the eighth and ninth centuries, and the western boundary with Cornwall was set at the Tamar by king <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> in 936. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Devon" title="History of Devon">History of Devon</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Devon</i> derives from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Brythons" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythons">Brythons</a> who inhabited the southwestern peninsula of Britain at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Dumnonii" title="Dumnonii">Dumnonii</a>, thought to mean 'deep valley dwellers' from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> <span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<i lang="cel">dubnos</i></span> 'deep'. In the <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic languages</a>, Devon is known as <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Dyfnaint</i>, <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>: <i lang="br">Devnent</i> and <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>: <i lang="kw">Dewnens</i>, each meaning 'deep valleys'. (For an account of Celtic <i><a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a></i>, see the separate article.) Among the most common Devon placenames is <i>-combe</i> which derives from Brittonic <span title="Celtic languages collective text"><i lang="cel">cwm</i></span> meaning 'valley' usually prefixed by the name of the possessor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Camden" title="William Camden">William Camden</a>, in his 1607 edition of <i>Britannia</i>, described Devon as being one part of an older, wider country that once included <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>THAT region which, according to the Geographers, is the first of all Britaine, and, growing straiter still and narrower, shooteth out farthest into the West, [...] was in antient time inhabited by those Britans whom Solinus called Dumnonii, Ptolomee Damnonii [...] For their habitation all over this Countrey is somewhat low and in valleys, which manner of dwelling is called in the British tongue Dan-munith, in which sense also the Province next adjoyning in like respect is at this day named by the Britans Duffneit, that is to say, Low valleys. [...] But the Country of this nation is at this day divided into two parts, knowen by later names of Cornwall and Denshire, [...]</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>William Camden, <i>Britannia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The term <i>Devon</i> is normally used for everyday purposes (e.g., "Devon County Council"), but <i>Devonshire</i> has continued to be used in the names of the "<a href="/wiki/Devonshire_and_Dorset_Regiment" title="Devonshire and Dorset Regiment">Devonshire and Dorset Regiment</a>" (until 2007) and "<a href="/wiki/The_Devonshire_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="The Devonshire Association">The Devonshire Association</a>". One erroneous theory is that the <i>shire</i> suffix is due to a mistake in the making of the original letters patent for the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Devonshire#Earls_of_Devonshire" title="Duke of Devonshire">Duke of Devonshire</a>, resident in <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>. There are references to both <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Defnas</i></span> and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Defenasċīre</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> texts from before 1000 CE (the former is a name for the "people of Devon" and the latter would mean 'Shire of the Devonians'),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which translates to modern English as <i>Devonshire</i>. The term Devonshire may have originated around the 8th century, when it changed from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Dumnonia</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>) to <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Defenasċīr</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_occupation">Human occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Human occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drizzlecombe_stones_6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Drizzlecombe_stones_6.JPG/250px-Drizzlecombe_stones_6.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Drizzlecombe_stones_6.JPG/330px-Drizzlecombe_stones_6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Drizzlecombe_stones_6.JPG/500px-Drizzlecombe_stones_6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="4592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Menhir</a> at <a href="/wiki/Drizzlecombe" title="Drizzlecombe">Drizzlecombe</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kents_Cavern" title="Kents Cavern">Kents Cavern</a> in <a href="/wiki/Torquay" title="Torquay">Torquay</a> had produced human remains from 30 to 40,000 years ago. <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a> is thought to have been occupied by <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> peoples from about 6000 BC. The Romans held the area under military occupation for around 350 years. Later, the area began to experience Saxon incursions from the east around 600 AD, firstly as small bands of settlers along the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Lyme_Bay" title="Lyme Bay">Lyme Bay</a> and southern estuaries and later as more organised bands pushing in from the east. Devon became a frontier between <a href="/wiki/Britons_(Celtic_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (Celtic people)">Brittonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> Wessex, and it was largely absorbed into Wessex by the mid ninth century. </p><p>A genetic study carried out by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> discovered separate genetic groups in Cornwall and Devon. Not only were there differences on either side of the River Tamar—-with a division almost exactly following the modern county boundary,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also between Devon and the rest of Southern England. Devon's population also exhibited similarities with modern northern France, including <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>. This suggests the Anglo-Saxon migration into Devon was limited, rather than a mass movement of people.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The border with Cornwall was set by King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> on the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Tamar" title="River Tamar">River Tamar</a> in 936 AD. Danish raids also occurred sporadically along many coastal parts of Devon between around 800AD and just before the time of the Norman conquest, including the silver mint at <i>Hlidaforda</i> <a href="/wiki/Lydford" title="Lydford">Lydford</a> in 997 and Taintona (a settlement on the <a href="/wiki/River_Teign" title="River Teign">Teign</a> estuary) in 1001.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Devon was the home of a number of <a href="/wiki/Anticlericalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticlericalism">anticlerical</a> movements in the <a href="/wiki/Later_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Middle Ages">Later Middle Ages</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Brothelyngham" title="Order of Brothelyngham">Order of Brothelyngham</a>—a fake <a href="/wiki/Monastic_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic order">monastic order</a> of 1348 — regularly rode through Exeter, kidnapping both religious men and laymen, and extorting money from them as ransom.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Devon has also featured in most of the civil conflicts in England since the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck" title="Perkin Warbeck">Perkin Warbeck</a>'s rising in 1497, the <a href="/wiki/Prayer_Book_Rebellion" title="Prayer Book Rebellion">Prayer Book Rebellion</a> of 1549, and the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>. The arrival of <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a> to launch the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688 took place at <a href="/wiki/Brixham" title="Brixham">Brixham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Devon has produced <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, copper and other metals from ancient times. Devon's tin miners enjoyed a substantial degree of independence through <a href="/wiki/Stannary_Convocation_of_Devon" title="Stannary Convocation of Devon">Devon's Stannary Convocation</a>, which dates back to the 12th century. The last recorded sitting was in 1748.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_geology">Geography and geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography and geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hills_of_Devon" title="List of hills of Devon">List of hills of Devon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Heath.jpg/250px-Heath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Heath.jpg/330px-Heath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Heath.jpg/500px-Heath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heath_(habitat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heath (habitat)">Heathland</a> at <a href="/wiki/Woodbury_Common,_Devon" title="Woodbury Common, Devon">Woodbury Common</a> in south east Devon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devon_Cliffs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Devon_Cliffs.jpg/220px-Devon_Cliffs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Devon_Cliffs.jpg/330px-Devon_Cliffs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Devon_Cliffs.jpg/440px-Devon_Cliffs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Cliffs in Devon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilfracombe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ilfracombe.jpg/250px-Ilfracombe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ilfracombe.jpg/330px-Ilfracombe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ilfracombe.jpg/500px-Ilfracombe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ilfracombe" title="Ilfracombe">Ilfracombe</a>, on the coast of <a href="/wiki/North_Devon" title="North Devon">North Devon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Devon straddles <a href="/wiki/South_West_Peninsula" title="South West Peninsula">a peninsula</a> and so, uniquely among English counties, has two separate coastlines: on the Bristol Channel and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a> in the north, and on the English Channel in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South West Coast Path runs along the entire length of both, around 65% of which is named as <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritage Coast">Heritage Coast</a>. Before the changes to English counties in 1974, Devon was the <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England#List_of_counties" title="Historic counties of England">third largest county</a> by area and the largest of the counties not divided into county-like divisions (only Yorkshire and Lincolnshire were larger and both were sub-divided into ridings or parts, respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1974 the county is ranked fourth by area (due to the creation of Cumbria) <a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties of England">amongst ceremonial counties</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_two-tier_counties_of_England" title="List of two-tier counties of England">third largest non-metropolitan county</a>. The island of <a href="/wiki/Lundy" title="Lundy">Lundy</a> and the reef of <a href="/wiki/Eddystone_Rocks" title="Eddystone Rocks">Eddystone</a> are also in Devon. The county has more mileage of road than any other county in England. </p><p>Inland, the Dartmoor <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">National park</a> lies wholly in Devon, and the Exmoor National Park lies in both Devon and Somerset. Apart from these areas of high moorland the county has attractive rolling rural scenery and villages with <a href="/wiki/Thatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Thatch">thatched</a> <a href="/wiki/Cob_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cob (building)">cob</a> cottages. All these features make Devon a popular <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">holiday</a> destination. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Devon" title="South Devon">South Devon</a> the landscape consists of rolling hills dotted with small towns, such as <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Dartmouth, England">Dartmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivybridge" title="Ivybridge">Ivybridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingsbridge" title="Kingsbridge">Kingsbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salcombe" title="Salcombe">Salcombe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Totnes" title="Totnes">Totnes</a>. The towns of <a href="/wiki/Torquay" title="Torquay">Torquay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paignton" title="Paignton">Paignton</a> are the principal seaside resorts on the south coast. East Devon has the first seaside resort to be developed in the county, <a href="/wiki/Exmouth,_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Exmouth, Devon">Exmouth</a> and the more upmarket Georgian town of <a href="/wiki/Sidmouth" title="Sidmouth">Sidmouth</a>, headquarters of the East Devon District Council. Exmouth marks the western end of the Jurassic Coast <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. Another notable feature is the <a href="/wiki/Exeter_to_Plymouth_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Exeter to Plymouth Line">coastal railway line</a> between Newton Abbot and the Exe Estuary: the red sandstone cliffs and sea views are very dramatic and in the resorts railway line and beaches are very near. </p><p>North Devon is very rural with few major towns except <a href="/wiki/Barnstaple" title="Barnstaple">Barnstaple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Torrington" title="Great Torrington">Great Torrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bideford" title="Bideford">Bideford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilfracombe" title="Ilfracombe">Ilfracombe</a>. Devon's Exmoor coast has the highest cliffs in southern Britain, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Hangman_cliffs" title="Hangman cliffs">Great Hangman</a>, a 318 m (1,043 ft) "hog's-back" hill with a 250 m (820 ft) cliff-face, located near Combe Martin Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its sister cliff is the 218 m (715 ft) Little Hangman, which marks the western edge of coastal Exmoor. One of the features of the North Devon coast is that <a href="/wiki/Bideford_Bay" title="Bideford Bay">Bideford Bay</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hartland_Point" title="Hartland Point">Hartland Point</a> peninsula are both west-facing, Atlantic facing coastlines; so that a combination of an off-shore (east) wind and an Atlantic swell produce excellent surfing conditions. The beaches of Bideford Bay (<a href="/wiki/Woolacombe" title="Woolacombe">Woolacombe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saunton" title="Saunton">Saunton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westward_Ho!" title="Westward Ho!">Westward Ho!</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croyde" title="Croyde">Croyde</a>), along with parts of North Cornwall and South Wales, are the main centres of surfing in Britain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Dartmoor_National_Park" title="Geology of Dartmoor National Park">Geology of Dartmoor National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Exmoor_National_Park" title="Geology of Exmoor National Park">Geology of Exmoor National Park</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geologic_map_Wales_%26_SW_England_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Geologic_map_Wales_%26_SW_England_EN.svg/220px-Geologic_map_Wales_%26_SW_England_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Geologic_map_Wales_%26_SW_England_EN.svg/330px-Geologic_map_Wales_%26_SW_England_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Geologic_map_Wales_%26_SW_England_EN.svg/440px-Geologic_map_Wales_%26_SW_England_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1940" /></a><figcaption>Geological map of Wales & Southwest England</figcaption></figure> <p>A geological dividing line cuts across Devon roughly along the line of the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_to_Exeter_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol to Exeter line">Bristol to Exeter line</a> and the <a href="/wiki/M5_motorway" title="M5 motorway">M5 motorway</a> east of Tiverton and Exeter. It is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Tees%E2%80%93Exe_line" title="Tees–Exe line">Tees–Exe line</a> broadly dividing Britain into a southeastern lowland zone typified by gently dipping <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> and a northwestern upland zone typified by <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a> and folded sedimentary and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rocks</a>. </p><p>The principal geological components of Devon are i) the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a> of north Devon and south west Devon (and extending into Cornwall); ii) the <a href="/wiki/Culm_Measures" title="Culm Measures">Culm Measures</a> (north western Devon also extending into north Cornwall); and iii) the granite <a href="/wiki/Intrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusion">intrusion</a> of Dartmoor in central Devon, part of the <a href="/wiki/Cornubian_batholith" title="Cornubian batholith">Cornubian batholith</a> forming the 'spine' of the southwestern peninsula. There are <a href="/wiki/Clastic_rock" title="Clastic rock">blocks</a> of Silurian and Ordovician rocks within Devonian strata on the south Devon coast but otherwise no pre-Devonian rocks on the Devon mainland. The metamorphic rocks of Eddystone are of presumed Precambrian age.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest rocks which can be dated are those of the Devonian period which are approximately 395–359 million years old. Sandstones and shales were deposited in North and South Devon beneath tropical seas. In shallower waters, limestone beds were laid down in the area now near Torquay and Plymouth.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This geological period was named after Devon by <a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a> in the 1840s and is the only British county whose name is used worldwide as the basis for a geological time period.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Devon's second major rock system<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the Culm Measures, a geological formation of the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period that occurs principally in Devon and Cornwall. The measures are so called either from the occasional presence of a soft, sooty coal, which is known in Devon as <i>culm</i>, or from the contortions commonly found in the beds.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This formation stretches from Bideford to <a href="/wiki/Bude" title="Bude">Bude</a> in Cornwall, and contributes to a gentler, greener, more rounded landscape. It is also found on the western, north and eastern borders of Dartmoor. </p><p>The sedimentary rocks in more eastern parts of the county include <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> sandstones (giving rise to east Devon's well known fertile red soils); <a href="/wiki/Bunter_(geology)" title="Bunter (geology)">Bunter pebble beds</a> around Budleigh Salterton and Woodbury Common and <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> rocks in the easternmost parts of Devon. Smaller outcrops of younger rocks also exist, such as Cretaceous <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> cliffs at Beer Head and gravels on Haldon, plus <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Ball_clay" title="Ball clay">ball clay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> deposits in the Bovey Basin, formed around 50 million years ago under tropical forest conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor#Climate" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor § Climate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_south-west_England" title="Climate of south-west England">climate of south-west England</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Devon" title="Special:EditPage/Devon">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Devon generally has a cool oceanic climate, heavily influenced by the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current" title="North Atlantic Current">North Atlantic Drift</a>. In winter, snow is relatively uncommon away from high land, although there are few exceptions. The county has mild summers with occasional warm spells and cool rainy periods. Winters are generally cool and the county often experiences some of the mildest winters in the world for its high latitude, with average daily maximum temperatures in January at 8 °C (46 °F). Rainfall varies significantly across the county, ranging from over 2,000 mm (79 in) on parts of Dartmoor, to around 750 mm (30 in) in the <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> along the coast in southeastern Devon and around Exeter. Sunshine amounts also vary widely: the moors are generally cloudy, but the SE coast from Salcombe to Exmouth is one of the sunniest parts of the UK (a generally cloudy region). With westerly or south-westerly winds and high pressure the area around Torbay and Teignmouth will often be warm, with long sunny spells due to shelter by high ground (<a href="/wiki/Foehn_wind" title="Foehn wind">Foehn wind</a>). </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Devon </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(46) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(46) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10<br />(50) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(55) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16<br />(61) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19<br />(66) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21<br />(70) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21<br />(70) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19<br />(66) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15<br />(59) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(54) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9<br />(48) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(41) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6<br />(43) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(46) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11<br />(52) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(55) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(55) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(54) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9<br />(48) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7<br />(45) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(41) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8<br />(46) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:810px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Devon_fields_stitch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fields in south Devon after a snowfall"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Devon_fields_stitch.jpg/800px-Devon_fields_stitch.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Devon_fields_stitch.jpg/1200px-Devon_fields_stitch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Devon_fields_stitch.jpg/1600px-Devon_fields_stitch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9000" data-file-height="1307" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Devon_fields_stitch.jpg" title="File:Devon fields stitch.jpg"> </a></div>Fields in south Devon after a snowfall</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pnies5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pnies5.jpg/250px-Pnies5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pnies5.jpg/330px-Pnies5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pnies5.jpg/500px-Pnies5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Ponies grazing on Exmoor near <a href="/wiki/Brendon" title="Brendon">Brendon</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Devon" title="North Devon">North Devon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The variety of habitats means that there is a wide range of wildlife (see <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_wildlife" class="mw-redirect" title="Dartmoor wildlife">Dartmoor wildlife</a>, for example). A popular challenge among <a href="/wiki/Bird-watching" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird-watching">birders</a> is to find over 100 species in the county in a day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The county's wildlife is protected by several wildlife charities such as the <a href="/wiki/Devon_Wildlife_Trust" title="Devon Wildlife Trust">Devon Wildlife Trust</a>, which looks after 40 nature reserves. The Devon Bird Watching and Preservation Society (founded in 1928 and known since 2005 as "Devon Birds") is a county bird society dedicated to the study and conservation of wild birds.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/RSPB" class="mw-redirect" title="RSPB">RSPB</a> has reserves in the county, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_England" title="Natural England">Natural England</a> is responsible for over 200 Devon <a href="/wiki/Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" class="mw-redirect" title="Sites of Special Scientific Interest">Sites of Special Scientific Interest</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_nature_reserves_in_England" title="National nature reserves in England">National Nature Reserves</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Slapton_Ley" title="Slapton Ley">Slapton Ley</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Devon_Bat_Group" title="Devon Bat Group">Devon Bat Group</a> was founded in 1984 to help conserve bats. Wildlife found in this area extend to a plethora of different kinds of insects, butterflies and moths; an interesting butterfly to take look at is the <a href="/wiki/Carterocephalus_palaemon" title="Carterocephalus palaemon">chequered skipper</a>. </p><p>Devon is a national hotspot for several species that are uncommon in Britain, including the <a href="/wiki/Cirl_bunting" title="Cirl bunting">cirl bunting</a>; <a href="/wiki/Greater_horseshoe_bat" title="Greater horseshoe bat">greater horseshoe bat</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bechstein%27s_bat" title="Bechstein's bat">Bechstein's bat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jersey_tiger_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey tiger moth">Jersey tiger moth</a>. It is also the only place in mainland Britain where the sand crocus (<i><a href="/wiki/Romulea_columnae" title="Romulea columnae">Romulea columnae</a></i>) can be found – at Dawlish Warren, and is home to all six British native land reptile species, partly as a result of some reintroductions. Another recent reintroduction is the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_beaver" title="Eurasian beaver">Eurasian beaver</a>, primarily on the river Otter. Other rare species recorded in Devon include seahorses and the sea daffodil.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The botany of the county is very diverse and includes some rare species not found elsewhere in the British Isles other than Cornwall. Devon is divided into two <a href="/wiki/Watsonian_vice-counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Watsonian vice-counties">Watsonian vice-counties</a>: north and south, the boundary being an irregular line approximately across the higher part of Dartmoor and then along the canal eastwards. Botanical reports begin in the 17th century and there is a <i>Flora Devoniensis</i> by Jones and Kingston in 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A general account appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/Victoria_County_History#Dormant_counties" title="Victoria County History">The Victoria History of the County of Devon</a></i> (1906), and a <i>Flora of Devon</i> was published in 1939 by <a href="/wiki/William_Keble_Martin" title="William Keble Martin">Keble Martin</a> and Fraser.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <i>Atlas of the Devon Flora</i> by Ivimey-Cook appeared in 1984, and <i>A New Flora of Devon</i>, based on field work undertaken between 2005 and 2014, was published in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rising temperatures have led to Devon becoming the first place in modern Britain to cultivate olives commercially.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2024, plans were announced to plant over 100,000 trees in northern Devon to support <a href="/wiki/Celtic_rainforest" title="Celtic rainforest">Celtic rainforests</a>, which are cherished yet at risk ecosystems in the UK. The project aims to create 50 hectares of new rainforest across three sites, planting trees near existing rainforest areas along the coast and inland. Among the tree species to be planted is the rare <a href="/wiki/Karpatiosorbus_devoniensis" title="Karpatiosorbus devoniensis">Devon whitebeam</a>, known for its unique reproduction method and once-popular fruit. Led by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a> and with the assistance of volunteers and community groups, the initiative will focus on locations in <a href="/wiki/Exmoor" title="Exmoor">Exmoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woolacombe" title="Woolacombe">Woolacombe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartland,_Devon" title="Hartland, Devon">Hartland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arlington_Court" title="Arlington Court">Arlington Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_administration">Politics and administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Politics and administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2021_Devon_County_Council_election" title="2021 Devon County Council election">2021 Devon County Council election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_2010" title="Local Government Act 2010">Local Government Act 2010</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_tower,_County_Hall,_Exeter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Clock_tower%2C_County_Hall%2C_Exeter.jpg/220px-Clock_tower%2C_County_Hall%2C_Exeter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Clock_tower%2C_County_Hall%2C_Exeter.jpg/330px-Clock_tower%2C_County_Hall%2C_Exeter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Clock_tower%2C_County_Hall%2C_Exeter.jpg/440px-Clock_tower%2C_County_Hall%2C_Exeter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>County Hall, Exeter. Headquarters for Devon County Council.</figcaption></figure> <p>The administrative centre and capital of Devon is the city of Exeter. The largest city in Devon, Plymouth, and the conurbation of <a href="/wiki/Torbay" title="Torbay">Torbay</a> (which includes the largest town in Devon and capital of Torbay, Torquay, as well as Paignton and Brixham) have been <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">unitary authorities</a> since 1998, separate from the remainder of Devon which is administered by <a href="/wiki/Devon_County_Council" title="Devon County Council">Devon County Council</a> for the purposes of local government. </p><p>Devon County Council is controlled by the Conservatives, and the political representation of its 60 councillors are: 38 <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a>, 10 <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>, six <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green</a> and one South Devon Alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024 general election</a>, Devon returned six Liberal Democrats, four Conservatives and three Labour MPs to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hundreds">Hundreds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hundreds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically Devon was divided into 32 <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred (county subdivision)">hundreds</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Axminster_Hundred" title="Axminster Hundred">Axminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bampton_Hundred" title="Bampton Hundred">Bampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Torrington_Hundred" title="Black Torrington Hundred">Black Torrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braunton_Hundred" title="Braunton Hundred">Braunton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cliston_Hundred" title="Cliston Hundred">Cliston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coleridge_Hundred" title="Coleridge Hundred">Coleridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colyton_Hundred" title="Colyton Hundred">Colyton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crediton_Hundred" title="Crediton Hundred">Crediton</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Budleigh_Hundred" title="East Budleigh Hundred">East Budleigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ermington_Hundred" title="Ermington Hundred">Ermington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exminster_Hundred" title="Exminster Hundred">Exminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fremington_Hundred" title="Fremington Hundred">Fremington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halberton_Hundred" title="Halberton Hundred">Halberton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartland_Hundred" title="Hartland Hundred">Hartland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hayridge_Hundred" title="Hayridge Hundred">Hayridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haytor_Hundred" title="Haytor Hundred">Haytor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemyock_Hundred" title="Hemyock Hundred">Hemyock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lifton_Hundred" title="Lifton Hundred">Lifton</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Tawton_and_Winkleigh_Hundred" title="North Tawton and Winkleigh Hundred">North Tawton and Winkleigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottery_Hundred" title="Ottery Hundred">Ottery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plympton_Hundred" title="Plympton Hundred">Plympton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roborough_Hundred" title="Roborough Hundred">Roborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shebbear_Hundred" title="Shebbear Hundred">Shebbear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirwell_Hundred" title="Shirwell Hundred">Shirwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Molton_Hundred" title="South Molton Hundred">South Molton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanborough_Hundred" title="Stanborough Hundred">Stanborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tavistock_Hundred" title="Tavistock Hundred">Tavistock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teignbridge_Hundred" title="Teignbridge Hundred">Teignbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiverton_Hundred" title="Tiverton Hundred">Tiverton</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Budleigh_Hundred" title="West Budleigh Hundred">West Budleigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witheridge_Hundred" title="Witheridge Hundred">Witheridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wonford_Hundred" title="Wonford Hundred">Wonford</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combined_County_Authority">Combined County Authority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Combined County Authority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Devon_and_Torbay_Combined_County_Authority" title="Devon and Torbay Combined County Authority">Devon and Torbay Combined County Authority</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Devon_County_Council" title="Devon County Council">Devon County Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torbay_Council" title="Torbay Council">Torbay Council</a> are constituent members of the Devon and Torbay Combined County Authority, which has devolved powers over transport, housing, skills, and support for business.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The authority consists of 12 members: six constituent members with full voting rights, four non-constituent members who do not have voting powers unless extended to them by the constituent members, and two associate members who cannot vote. Devon County Council and Torbay Council each choose half of the constituent members. Two of the non-constituent members are selected collectively by the district councils of Devon to represent their interests, and one is reserved for the <a href="/wiki/Devon_and_Cornwall_Police_and_Crime_Commissioner" title="Devon and Cornwall Police and Crime Commissioner">Devon and Cornwall Police and Crime Commissioner</a>. The remaining non-constituent member and the two associate members are elected by the constituent members of the authority.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cities,_towns_and_villages"><span id="Cities.2C_towns_and_villages"></span>Cities, towns and villages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cities, towns and villages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Devon" title="List of places in Devon">List of places in Devon</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Devon_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns and cities in Devon by population">List of towns and cities in Devon by population</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devon.brixham.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Devon.brixham.750pix.jpg/220px-Devon.brixham.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Devon.brixham.750pix.jpg/330px-Devon.brixham.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Devon.brixham.750pix.jpg/440px-Devon.brixham.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>The inner harbour, <a href="/wiki/Brixham" title="Brixham">Brixham</a>, south Devon, at low tide</figcaption></figure> <p>The main settlements in Devon are the cities of Plymouth, a historic port now administratively independent, Exeter, the <a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">county town</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torbay" title="Torbay">Torbay</a>, the county's tourist centre. Devon's coast is lined with tourist resorts, many of which grew rapidly with the arrival of the railways in the 19th century. Examples include Dawlish, <a href="/wiki/Exmouth,_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Exmouth, Devon">Exmouth</a> and Sidmouth on the south coast, and <a href="/wiki/Ilfracombe" title="Ilfracombe">Ilfracombe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lynmouth" title="Lynmouth">Lynmouth</a> on the north. The Torbay conurbation of Torquay, Paignton and Brixham on the south coast is now administratively independent of the county. Rural <a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">market towns</a> in the county include Barnstaple, Bideford, <a href="/wiki/Honiton" title="Honiton">Honiton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newton_Abbot" title="Newton Abbot">Newton Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okehampton" title="Okehampton">Okehampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tavistock,_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavistock, Devon">Tavistock</a>, Totnes and <a href="/wiki/Tiverton,_Devon" title="Tiverton, Devon">Tiverton</a>. </p><p>The boundary with Cornwall has not always been on the River Tamar as at present: until the late 19th century a few parishes in the Torpoint area were in Devon and five parishes now in north-east Cornwall were in Devon until 1974 (however, for ecclesiastical purposes these were nevertheless in the <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Cornwall" title="Archdeacon of Cornwall">Archdeaconry of Cornwall</a> and in 1876 became part of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Truro" title="Diocese of Truro">Diocese of Truro</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_and_medieval_history">Ancient and medieval history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ancient and medieval history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region of Devon was the dominion of the pre-Roman Dumnonii <a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Celtic tribes">Celtic tribe</a>, known as the "Deep Valley Dwellers". The region to the west of Exeter was less Romanised than the rest of Roman Britain since it was considered a remote part of the province. After the formal Roman withdrawal from Britain in AD 410, one of the leading Dumnonii families attempted to create a dynasty and rule over Devon as the new Kings of Dumnonii.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic paganism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman practices</a> were the first known religions in Devon, although in the mid-fourth century AD, Christianity was introduced to Devon.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman period</a> the church in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> was characterised by some differences in practice from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Christianity</a> of the continent of Europe and is known as <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however it was always in communion with the wider <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Cornish_saints" title="List of Cornish saints">Cornish saints</a> are commemorated also in Devon in legends, churches and place-names. <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> came to Devon when it was over a long period incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">kingdom of Wessex</a> and the jurisdiction of the bishop of Wessex. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petroc" title="Saint Petroc">Saint Petroc</a> is said to have passed through Devon, where ancient dedications to him are even more numerous than in Cornwall: a probable seventeen (plus <a href="/wiki/Timberscombe" title="Timberscombe">Timberscombe</a> just over the border in Somerset), compared to Cornwall's five. The position of churches bearing his name, including one within the old Roman walls of Exeter, are nearly always near the coast, as in those days travelling was done mainly by sea. The Devonian villages of <a href="/wiki/Petrockstowe" title="Petrockstowe">Petrockstowe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newton_St_Petroc" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton St Petroc">Newton St Petroc</a> are also named after Saint Petroc and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Devon" title="Flag of Devon">flag of Devon</a> is dedicated to him. </p><p>The history of Christianity in the South West of England remains to some degree obscure. Parts of the historic county of Devon formed part of the diocese of Wessex, while nothing is known of the church organisation of the Celtic areas. About 703 Devon and Cornwall were included in the separate diocese of Sherborne and in 900 this was again divided into two, the Devon bishop having from 905 his seat at Tawton (now <a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Tawton" title="Bishop's Tawton">Bishop's Tawton</a>) and from 912 at <a href="/wiki/Crediton" title="Crediton">Crediton</a>, birthplace of St Boniface. <a href="/wiki/Lyfing,_Abbot_of_Tavistock" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyfing, Abbot of Tavistock">Lyfing</a> became <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Crediton" title="Bishop of Crediton">Bishop of Crediton</a> in 1027 and shortly afterwards became <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Cornwall" title="Bishop of Cornwall">Bishop of Cornwall</a>. </p><p>The two dioceses of Crediton and Cornwall, covering Devon and Cornwall, were united under <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a> by Lyfing's successor <a href="/wiki/Leofric,_Bishop_of_Exeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leofric, Bishop of Exeter">Bishop Leofric</a>, hitherto Bishop of Crediton, who became first Bishop of Exeter under Edward the Confessor, which was established as his cathedral city in 1050. At first, the abbey church of St Mary and St Peter, founded by Athelstan in 932 and rebuilt in 1019, served as the cathedral. </p><p>Devon came under the political influence of several different nobles during the Middle Ages, especially the Courtenays <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Devon" title="Earl of Devon">Earl of Devon</a>. During the Wars of the Roses, important magnates included the Earl of Devon, <a href="/wiki/William_Bonville,_1st_Baron_Bonville" title="William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville">William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon">Humphrey Stafford, earl of Devon</a> whose wider influence stretched from Cornwall to Wiltshire. After 1485, one of the county's influential figures included Henry VII's courtier <a href="/wiki/Robert_Willoughby,_1st_Baron_Willoughby_de_Broke" title="Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke">Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1549, the <a href="/wiki/Prayer_Book_Rebellion" title="Prayer Book Rebellion">Prayer Book Rebellion</a> caused the deaths of thousands of people from Devon and Cornwall. During the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, churches in Devon officially became affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. From the late sixteenth century onwards, zealous Protestantism – or 'puritanism' – became increasingly well-entrenched in some parts of Devon, while other districts of the county remained much more conservative. These divisions would become starkly apparent during the English Civil War of 1642–46, when the county split apart along religious and cultural lines.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> proved to be very popular with the working classes in Devon in the 19th century. Methodist chapels became important social centres, with male voice choirs and other church-affiliated groups playing a central role in the social lives of working class Devonians. Methodism still plays a large part in the religious life of Devon today, although the county has shared in the post-World War II decline in British religious feeling. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Exeter" title="Diocese of Exeter">Diocese of Exeter</a> remains the Anglican diocese including the whole of Devon. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Plymouth" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Plymouth">Roman Catholic Diocese of Plymouth</a> was established in the mid 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Coat of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Devon_County_Council.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Coat_of_Arms_of_Devon_County_Council.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Devon_County_Council.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Coat_of_Arms_of_Devon_County_Council.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Devon_County_Council.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Coat_of_Arms_of_Devon_County_Council.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Devon_County_Council.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>The coat of arms of Devon County Council</figcaption></figure> <p>There was no established <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> for the county until 1926: the arms of the City of Exeter were often used to represent Devon, for instance in the badge of the <a href="/wiki/Devonshire_Regiment" title="Devonshire Regiment">Devonshire Regiment</a>. During the forming of a county council by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1888" title="Local Government Act 1888">Local Government Act 1888</a> adoption of a common seal was required. The seal contained three shields depicting the arms of Exeter along with those of the first chairman and vice-chairman of the council (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis,_20th_Baron_Clinton" title="Charles Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis, 20th Baron Clinton">Lord Clinton</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Morley" title="Earl of Morley">Earl of Morley</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 October 1926, the county council received a grant of arms from the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a>. The main part of the shield displays a red crowned lion on a silver field, the arms of <a href="/wiki/Richard,_Earl_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, Earl of Cornwall">Richard Plantagenet, Earl of Cornwall</a>. The <i>chief</i> or upper portion of the shield depicts an ancient ship on wavers, for Devon's seafaring traditions. The Latin motto adopted was <i>Auxilio Divino</i> (by Divine aid), that of Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a>. The 1926 grant was of arms alone. On 6 March 1962 a further grant of crest and supporters was obtained. The crest is the head of a <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_Pony" class="mw-redirect" title="Dartmoor Pony">Dartmoor Pony</a> rising from a "Naval Crown". This distinctive form of crown is formed from the sails and sterns of ships, and is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. The supporters are a <a href="/wiki/North_Devon_cattle" title="North Devon cattle">Devon bull</a> and a sea lion.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Devon County Council adopted a "ship silhouette" logo after the 1974 reorganisation, adapted from the ship emblem on the coat of arms, but following the loss in 1998 of Plymouth and Torbay re-adopted the coat of arms. In April 2006 the council unveiled a new logo which was to be used in most everyday applications, though the coat of arms will continue to be used for "various civic purposes".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flag">Flag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Devon" title="Flag of Devon">Flag of Devon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Devon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Devon.svg/250px-Flag_of_Devon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Devon.svg/330px-Flag_of_Devon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Devon.svg/500px-Flag_of_Devon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The flag of the historic county of Devon</figcaption></figure> <p>Devon also has its own flag which has been dedicated to Saint Petroc, a local <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> with dedications throughout Devon and neighbouring counties. The flag was adopted in 2003 after a competition run by <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Devon" title="BBC Radio Devon">BBC Radio Devon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The winning design was created by website contributor Ryan Sealey, and won 49% of the votes cast. The colours of the flag are those popularly identified with Devon, for example, the colours of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> team, and the Green and White flag flown by the first <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Exmouth" title="Viscount Exmouth">Viscount Exmouth</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (now on view at the Teign Valley Museum), as well as one of the county's <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> teams, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Argyle_F.C." title="Plymouth Argyle F.C.">Plymouth Argyle</a>. On 17 October 2006, the flag was hoisted for the first time outside County Hall in Exeter to mark Local Democracy Week, receiving official recognition from the county council.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 <a href="/wiki/Devon_County_Council" title="Devon County Council">Devon County Council</a> with the support of both the Anglican and Catholic churches in Exeter and Plymouth, officially recognised Saint Boniface as the Patron Saint of Devon.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Place_names_and_customs">Place names and customs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Place names and customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westwardho.beach.arp.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Westwardho.beach.arp.750pix.jpg/220px-Westwardho.beach.arp.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Westwardho.beach.arp.750pix.jpg/330px-Westwardho.beach.arp.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Westwardho.beach.arp.750pix.jpg/440px-Westwardho.beach.arp.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>The beach at <a href="/wiki/Westward_Ho!" title="Westward Ho!">Westward Ho!</a>, North Devon, looking north towards the shared <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> of the rivers <a href="/wiki/River_Taw" title="River Taw">Taw</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Torridge" title="River Torridge">Torridge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Devon's toponyms include many with the endings "coombe/combe" and "tor". Both 'coombe' (valley or hollow, cf. Welsh <i>cwm</i>, Cornish <i>komm</i>) and 'tor' (Old Welsh <span title="Old Welsh-language text"><i lang="owl">twrr</i></span> and Scots Gaelic <i>tòrr</i> from Latin <i>turris</i>; 'tower' used for granite formations) are rare <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Welsh_origin" title="List of English words of Welsh origin">Celtic loanwords in English</a> and their frequency is greatest in Devon which shares a boundary with historically <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> speaking Cornwall. Ruined medieval settlements of <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_longhouse" title="Dartmoor longhouse">Dartmoor longhouses</a> indicate that dispersed rural settlement (OE <i>tun</i>, now often -ton) was very similar to that found in Cornish 'tre-' settlements, however these are generally described with the local placename <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">-(a)cott</i></span>, from the Old English for homestead, cf. <a href="/wiki/Cottage" title="Cottage">cottage</a>. Saxon endings in -worthy (from Anglo-Saxon <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">worthig</i></span>) indicate larger settlements. Several 'Bere's indicate Anglo-Saxon wood groves, as 'leighs' indicate clearings.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Devon has a variety of festivals and traditional practices, including the traditional orchard-visiting <a href="/wiki/Wassail" title="Wassail">Wassail</a> in <a href="/wiki/Whimple" title="Whimple">Whimple</a> every 17 January, and the carrying of flaming tar barrels in <a href="/wiki/Ottery_St._Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottery St. Mary">Ottery St. Mary</a>, where people who have lived in Ottery for long enough are called upon to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Night" title="Guy Fawkes Night">Bonfire Night</a> by running through the village (and the gathered crowds) with flaming barrels on their backs.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Berry_Pomeroy" title="Berry Pomeroy">Berry Pomeroy</a> still celebrates <a href="/wiki/Queene%27s_Day" title="Queene's Day">Queene's Day</a> for <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_industry">Economy and industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy and industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Devon" title="Economy of Devon">Economy of Devon</a></div> <p>Devon's total economic output in 2019 was over £26 billion, larger than either Manchester, or Edinburgh.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 report states that "health, retail and tourism account for 43.1% of employment. Agriculture, education, manufacturing, construction and real estate employment are also over-represented in Devon compared with nationally".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like neighbouring Cornwall to the west, historically Devon has been disadvantaged economically compared to other parts of <a href="/wiki/Southern_England" title="Southern England">Southern England</a>, owing to the decline of a number of core industries, notably fishing, mining, and farming, but it is now significantly more diverse. Agriculture has been an important industry in Devon since the 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_foot-and-mouth_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth crisis">2001 UK foot and mouth crisis</a> harmed the farming community severely.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then some parts of the agricultural industry have begun to diversify and recover, with a strong local food sector and many artisan producers. Nonetheless, in 2015 the dairy industry was still suffering from the low prices offered for wholesale milk by major dairies and especially large supermarket chains. </p><p>The pandemic negatively affected the economy during 2020 and early 2021; an August 2021 report states that "the immediate economic impacts of COVID-19 for the County as a whole [was] as severe as any in living memory".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torquay.devon.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Torquay.devon.750pix.jpg/250px-Torquay.devon.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Torquay.devon.750pix.jpg/330px-Torquay.devon.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Torquay.devon.750pix.jpg/500px-Torquay.devon.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Part of the seafront of <a href="/wiki/Torquay" title="Torquay">Torquay</a>, south Devon, at high tide</figcaption></figure> <p>in 2014 to 2016, the attractive lifestyle of the area was drawing in new industries which are not heavily dependent upon geographical location;<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dartmoor, for instance, has recently seen a significant rise in the percentage of its inhabitants involved in the digital and financial services sectors. The <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a>, the UK's national and international weather service, moved to Exeter in 2003. Plymouth hosts the head office and first ever store of <a href="/wiki/The_Range_(retailer)" title="The Range (retailer)">The Range</a>, the only major national retail chain headquartered in Devon. </p><p>Since the rise of seaside resorts with the arrival of the railways in the 19th century, Devon's economy has been heavily reliant on tourism. The county's economy followed the declining trend of British seaside resorts since the mid-20th century, but with some recent revival and regeneration of its resorts, particularly focused around camping; sports such as surfing, cycling, sailing and heritage. This revival has been aided by the designation of much of Devon's countryside and coastline as the Dartmoor and Exmoor national parks, and the Jurassic Coast and Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Sites. In 2019 the county's visitor spend was almost £2.5 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More successful visitor attractions are particularly concentrated on food and drink, including sea-view restaurants in North-West Devon (such as one example belonging to <a href="/wiki/Damien_Hurst" class="mw-redirect" title="Damien Hurst">Damien Hurst</a>), walking the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Coast_Path" title="South West Coast Path">South West Coast Path</a>, cycling on the <a href="/wiki/Devon_Coast_to_Coast_Cycle_Route" title="Devon Coast to Coast Cycle Route">Devon Coast to Coast Cycle Route</a> and other cycle routes such as the <a href="/wiki/Tarka_Trail" title="Tarka Trail">Tarka Trail</a> and the Stover Trail; watersports; surfing; indoor and outdoor folk music festivals across the county and sailing in the 5-mile (8.0 km) hill-surrounded inlet (<a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">ria</a>) at Salcombe. </p><p>Incomes vary significantly and the average is bolstered by a high proportion of affluent retired people. Incomes in much of the South Hams and in villages surrounding Exeter and Plymouth are close to, or above the national average, but there are also areas of severe deprivation, with earnings in some places among the lowest in the UK. </p><p>The table also shows the population change in the ten years to the 2011 census by subdivision. It also shows the proportion of residents in each district reliant upon lowest income and/or joblessness benefits, the national average proportion of which was 4.5% as at August 2012, the year for which latest datasets have been published. It can be seen that the most populous district of Devon is East Devon but only if excluding <a href="/wiki/Torbay" title="Torbay">Torbay</a> which has marginally more residents and Plymouth which has approximately double the number of residents of either of these. West Devon has the fewest residents, having 63,839 at the time of the census. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><i>Population from census to census. Claimants of <a href="/wiki/Jobseeker%27s_Allowance" title="Jobseeker's Allowance">Jobseeker's Allowance</a> (JSA) or Income Support (<a href="/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions" title="Department for Work and Pensions">DWP</a>)</i><sup id="cite_ref-ons_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ons-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Unit</th> <th>JSA or Inc. Supp. claimants (August 2012) % of 2011 population</th> <th>JSA and Income Support claimants (August 2001) % of 2001 population</th> <th>Population (April 2011)</th> <th>Population (April 2001) </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Devon</b></td> <td>2.7%</td> <td>6.6%</td> <td>746,399</td> <td>704,493 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="4"><i>Ranked by district</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Exeter</td> <td>3.5%</td> <td>7.5%</td> <td>117,773</td> <td>111,076 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Torridge</td> <td>3.3%</td> <td>7.7%</td> <td>63,839</td> <td>58,965 </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Devon</td> <td>2.8%</td> <td>7.8%</td> <td>93,667</td> <td>87,508 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Teignbridge</td> <td>2.6%</td> <td>6.7%</td> <td>124,220</td> <td>120,958 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mid Devon</td> <td>2.6%</td> <td>6.0%</td> <td>77,750</td> <td>69,774 </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Devon</td> <td>2.5%</td> <td>5.9%</td> <td>53,553</td> <td>48,843 </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Hams</td> <td>2.1%</td> <td>6.0%</td> <td>83,140</td> <td>81,849 </td></tr> <tr> <td>East Devon</td> <td>1.9%</td> <td>5.4%</td> <td>132,457</td> <td>125,520 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="4"><i>In historic Devon</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Torbay</td> <td>5.3%</td> <td>11.0%</td> <td>130,959</td> <td>129,706 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plymouth</td> <td>5.1%</td> <td>9.5%</td> <td>256,384</td> <td>240,720 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus">Bus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a network of bus services across Devon. Bus operators include: Stagecoach (much of Devon), AVMT Buses (East Devon/Jurassic Coast), County Bus (Teignbridge) and Plymouth Citybus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The key train operator for Devon is <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_(train_operating_company)" title="Great Western Railway (train operating company)">Great Western Railway</a>, which operates numerous regional, local and suburban services, as well as inter-city services north to <a href="/wiki/Paddington_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddington railway station">London Paddington</a> and south to <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_railway_station" title="Plymouth railway station">Plymouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penzance_railway_station" title="Penzance railway station">Penzance</a>. Other inter-city services are operated by <a href="/wiki/CrossCountry" title="CrossCountry">CrossCountry</a> north to <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Piccadilly railway station">Manchester Piccadilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station" title="Edinburgh Waverley railway station">Edinburgh Waverley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Central_railway_station" title="Glasgow Central railway station">Glasgow Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dundee_railway_station" title="Dundee railway station">Dundee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_railway_station" title="Aberdeen railway station">Aberdeen</a> and south to Plymouth and Penzance; and by <a href="/wiki/South_Western_Railway_(train_operating_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Western Railway (train operating company)">South Western Railway</a>, operating hourly services between <a href="/wiki/London_Waterloo_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Waterloo railway station">London Waterloo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exeter_St_Davids_railway_station" title="Exeter St Davids railway station">Exeter St Davids</a>, via the <a href="/wiki/West_of_England_Main_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="West of England Main Line">West of England Main Line</a>. All Devon services are diesel-hauled, since there are no electrified lines in the county. </p><p>Okehampton station in Devon was closed in 1972 to passenger traffic as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Beeching_cuts" title="Beeching cuts">Beeching cuts</a>, but regained regular passenger services run by GWR to Exeter in November 2021, funded by the UK Government's Restoring your Railway programme. </p><p>There are proposals to reopen the line from <a href="/wiki/Tavistock_railway_station" title="Tavistock railway station">Tavistock</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bere_Alston_railway_station" title="Bere Alston railway station">Bere Alston</a> for a through service to Plymouth.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possibility of reopening the line between Tavistock and Okehampton, to provide an alternative route between Exeter and Plymouth, has also been suggested following damage to the railway's <a href="/wiki/South_Devon_Railway_sea_wall" title="South Devon Railway sea wall">sea wall at Dawlish</a> in 2014, which caused widespread disruption to trains between Exeter and Penzance. However, a study by Network Rail determined that maintaining the existing railway line would offer the best value for money<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and work to strengthen the line at <a href="/wiki/Dawlish" title="Dawlish">Dawlish</a> began in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Devon_Metro">Devon Metro</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Devon Metro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Devon_Metro" title="Devon Metro">Devon Metro</a></div> <p>Devon County Council has proposed a 'Devon Metro' scheme to improve rail services in the county and offer a realistic alternative to car travel. This includes the opening of <a href="/wiki/Cranbrook_railway_station_(Devon)" title="Cranbrook railway station (Devon)">Cranbrook station</a> in December 2015, plus four new stations to be constructed (including <a href="/wiki/Edginswell_railway_station" title="Edginswell railway station">Edginswell</a>) as a priority.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several elements of the scheme have, or are in the process of being delivered including the building of <a href="/wiki/Marsh_Barton_railway_station" title="Marsh Barton railway station">Marsh Barton station</a> on the edge of Exeter<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was opened in July 2023,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a regular half hourly local rail service now extended from the <a href="/wiki/Avocet_Line" title="Avocet Line">Avocet Line</a> across Exeter to include the <a href="/wiki/Riviera_Line" title="Riviera Line">Riviera Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Exeter_Airport" title="Exeter Airport">Exeter Airport</a> is the only passenger airport in Devon and in 2019 was used by over one million people. Until 2020, <a href="/wiki/Flybe_(1979-2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flybe (1979-2020)">Flybe</a> had its headquarters at the airport. Destinations include various locations within the UK (<a href="/wiki/London_City_Airport" title="London City Airport">London City</a>, Manchester, <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, Edinburgh, etc.), as well as locations in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, Italy, Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a>, Portugal, Spain, France, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, Switzerland and Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Devon" title="List of schools in Devon">List of schools in Devon</a></div> <p>Devon has a mostly <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive education">comprehensive education</a> system. There are 37 state and 23 independent secondary schools. There are three tertiary (<a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">FE</a>) colleges and an <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural college">agricultural college</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bicton_College" title="Bicton College">Bicton College</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Budleigh_Salterton" title="Budleigh Salterton">Budleigh Salterton</a>). Torbay has eight state (with three grammar schools) and three independent secondary schools, and Plymouth has 17 state (with three grammar schools – two female and one male) and one independent school, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_College" title="Plymouth College">Plymouth College</a>. East Devon and Teignbridge have the largest school populations, with West Devon the smallest (with only two schools). Only one school in Exeter, Mid Devon, Torridge and North Devon have a <a href="/wiki/Sixth_form" title="Sixth form">sixth form</a> – the schools in other districts mostly have sixth forms, with all schools in West Devon and East Devon having a sixth form. </p><p>Three universities are located in Devon, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a> (split between the <a href="/wiki/Streatham_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Streatham Campus">Streatham Campus</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Luke%27s_Campus" title="St Luke's Campus">St Luke's Campus</a>, both in Exeter, and a campus in Cornwall); in Plymouth the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Plymouth" title="University of Plymouth">University of Plymouth</a> in Britain is present, along with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Mark_%26_St_John" class="mw-redirect" title="University of St Mark & St John">University of St Mark & St John</a> to the city's north. The universities of Exeter and Plymouth have together formed the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_College_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry" title="Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry">Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry</a> which has bases in Exeter and Plymouth. There is also <a href="/wiki/Schumacher_College" title="Schumacher College">Schumacher College</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Devon" title="Cuisine of Devon">Cuisine of Devon</a></div> <p>The county has given its name to a number of culinary specialities. The Devonshire <a href="/wiki/Cream_tea" title="Cream tea">cream tea</a>, involving <a href="/wiki/Scone_(bread)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scone (bread)">scones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jam">jam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clotted_cream" title="Clotted cream">clotted cream</a>, is thought to have originated in Devon (though claims have also been made for neighbouring counties); in other countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, it is known as a "Devonshire tea".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Pasty" title="Pasty">pasty</a> originated in Devon rather than Cornwall, with the first record of the pasty coming from Plymouth in 1509.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2008, Devon was awarded Fairtrade County status by the <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairtrade Foundation">Fairtrade Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Devon" title="Special:EditPage/Devon">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Devon%22">"Devon"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Devon%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Devon%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Devon%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Devon%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Devon%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Devon has been home to a number of customs, such as its own form of <a href="/wiki/Devon_wrestling" title="Devon wrestling">Devon wrestling</a>, similar in some ways to <a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a>. As recently as the 19th century, a crowd of over 17,000 at Devonport, near Plymouth, attended a match between the champions of Devon and Cornwall.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Devon sport was <a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">outhurling</a> which was played in some regions until the 20th century (e.g. 1922, at <a href="/wiki/Great_Torrington" title="Great Torrington">Great Torrington</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other ancient customs which survive include Dartmoor step dancing, and "<a href="/wiki/Crying_The_Neck" class="mw-redirect" title="Crying The Neck">Crying The Neck</a>". </p><p>Devon has three professional football teams, based in each of its most populous towns and cities. As of 2023, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Argyle_F.C." title="Plymouth Argyle F.C.">Plymouth Argyle F.C.</a> competes in the <a href="/wiki/EFL_Championship" title="EFL Championship">EFL Championship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exeter_City_F.C." title="Exeter City F.C.">Exeter City F.C.</a> in the <a href="/wiki/EFL_League_One" title="EFL League One">EFL League One</a>, whilst <a href="/wiki/Torquay_United_F.C." title="Torquay United F.C.">Torquay United F.C.</a> compete in the <a href="/wiki/National_League_(division)" title="National League (division)">National League</a>. Plymouth's highest Football League finish was fourth in the <a href="/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division" title="Football League Second Division">Second Division</a>, which was achieved twice, in 1932 and 1953. Torquay and Exeter have never progressed beyond the third tier of the league; Torquay finished second on <a href="/wiki/Goal_average" class="mw-redirect" title="Goal average">goal average</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division" title="Football League Third Division">Third Division (S)</a> behind Sir <a href="/wiki/Alf_Ramsey" title="Alf Ramsey">Alf Ramsey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C." title="Ipswich Town F.C.">Ipswich Town</a> in 1957. Exeter's highest position has been eighth in the Third Division (S). The county's biggest non-league clubs are <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Parkway_F.C." title="Plymouth Parkway F.C.">Plymouth Parkway F.C.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiverton_Town_F.C." title="Tiverton Town F.C.">Tiverton Town F.C.</a> which compete in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Football_League_Premier_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Football League Premier Division">Southern Football League Premier Division</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bideford_A.F.C." title="Bideford A.F.C.">Bideford A.F.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exmouth_Town_F.C." title="Exmouth Town F.C.">Exmouth Town F.C.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tavistock_A.F.C." title="Tavistock A.F.C.">Tavistock A.F.C.</a> which are in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Football_League_Division_One_South_and_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Football League Division One South and West">Southern Football League Division One South and West</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby Union">Rugby Union</a> is popular in Devon with over forty clubs under the banner of the <a href="/wiki/Devon_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Devon Rugby Football Union">Devon Rugby Football Union</a>, many with various teams at senior, youth and junior levels. One club – <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Chiefs" title="Exeter Chiefs">Exeter Chiefs</a> – play in the <a href="/wiki/English_Premiership_(rugby_union)" class="mw-redirect" title="English Premiership (rugby union)">Aviva Premiership</a>, winning the title in 2017 for the first time in their history after beating <a href="/wiki/Wasps_RFC" title="Wasps RFC">Wasps RFC</a> in the final 23–20. <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Albion_R.F.C." title="Plymouth Albion R.F.C.">Plymouth Albion</a> who are, as of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, in the <a href="/wiki/National_League_1" title="National League 1">National League 1</a> (The third tier of English Professional Rugby Union). </p><p>There are five <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> teams in Devon: <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_R.L.F.C" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth R.L.F.C">Plymouth Titans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Centurions" title="Exeter Centurions">Exeter Centurions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torquay" title="Torquay">Devon Sharks</a> from Torquay, North Devon Raiders from Barnstaple, and <a href="/wiki/East_Devon_Eagles" title="East Devon Eagles">East Devon Eagles</a> from <a href="/wiki/Exmouth" title="Exmouth">Exmouth</a>. They all play in the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference" title="Rugby League Conference">Rugby League Conference</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Patriots" title="Plymouth City Patriots">Plymouth City Patriots</a> represent Devon in the <a href="/wiki/British_Basketball_League" title="British Basketball League">British Basketball League</a>. Formed in 2021, they replaced the former professional club, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Raiders" title="Plymouth Raiders">Plymouth Raiders</a>, after the latter team were withdrawn from competition due to venue issues.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">Motorcycle speedway</a> is also supported in the county, with both the <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Falcons" title="Exeter Falcons">Exeter Falcons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Gladiators" title="Plymouth Gladiators">Plymouth Gladiators</a> succeeding in the National Leagues in recent years. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter_Hockey_Club" title="University of Exeter Hockey Club">University of Exeter Hockey Club</a> enter teams in both the <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_England_Hockey_League" title="Men's England Hockey League">Men's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_England_Hockey_League" title="Women's England Hockey League">Women's England Hockey Leagues</a>. </p><p>Horse Racing is also popular in the county, with two <a href="/wiki/National_Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="National Hunt">National Hunt</a> racecourses (Exeter and Newton Abbot), and numerous <a href="/wiki/Point_to_point_(steeplechase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Point to point (steeplechase)">point to point</a> courses. There are also many successful professional racehorse trainers based in Devon. </p><p>The county is represented in <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> by <a href="/wiki/Devon_County_Cricket_Club" title="Devon County Cricket Club">Devon County Cricket Club</a>, who play at a <a href="/wiki/Minor_counties_of_English_and_Welsh_cricket" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor counties of English and Welsh cricket">Minor counties</a> level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Devonians">Notable Devonians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notable Devonians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Notable_people_from_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Notable people from Devon">Notable people from Devon</a></div> <p>Devon is known for its <a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">mariners</a>, such as Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Humphrey Gilbert</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Grenville_(Elizabethan_sailor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Grenville (Elizabethan sailor)">Richard Grenville</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a>, and Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Chichester" title="Francis Chichester">Francis Chichester</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a>, described as the most notorious pirate of the late 17th century, was probably born in the village of <a href="/wiki/Newton_Ferrers" title="Newton Ferrers">Newton Ferrers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Oxenham" title="John Oxenham">John Oxenham</a> (1536–1580) was a lieutenant of Drake but considered a pirate by the Spanish. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morton_(colonist)" title="Thomas Morton (colonist)">Thomas Morton</a> (1576–1647) was an avid Elizabethan outdoorsman probably born in Devon who became an attorney for The Council For New England, and built the New England fur-trading-plantation called Ma-Re Mount or Merrymount around a West Country-style Maypole, much to the displeasure of Pilgrim and Puritan colonists. Morton wrote a 1637 book <i>New English Canaan</i> about his experiences, partly in verse, and may have thereby become America's first poet to write in English.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another famous mariner and Devonian was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a>, the leader of the unfortunate <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova Expedition</a> to reach the geographical South Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poet <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a>, the crime writers <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Fletcher_Robinson" title="Bertram Fletcher Robinson">Bertram Fletcher Robinson</a>, the Irish writer <a href="/wiki/William_Trevor" title="William Trevor">William Trevor</a>, and the poet <a href="/wiki/Ted_Hughes" title="Ted Hughes">Ted Hughes</a> lived in Devon. The painter and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Joshua_Reynolds" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Joshua Reynolds">Sir Joshua Reynolds</a>, was born in Devon. <a href="/wiki/Chris_Dawson_(businessman)" title="Chris Dawson (businessman)">Chris Dawson</a>, the billionaire owner of retailer The Range was born in Devon, where his business retains its head office in <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>. </p><p>The actor <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Goode" title="Matthew Goode">Matthew Goode</a> was raised in Devon, and <a href="/wiki/Bradley_James" title="Bradley James">Bradley James</a>, also an actor, was born there. The singer <a href="/wiki/Joss_Stone" title="Joss Stone">Joss Stone</a> was brought up in Devon and frontman <a href="/wiki/Chris_Martin" title="Chris Martin">Chris Martin</a> from the British rock group <a href="/wiki/Coldplay" title="Coldplay">Coldplay</a> was born there. <a href="/wiki/Matt_Bellamy" title="Matt Bellamy">Matt Bellamy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Howard" title="Dominic Howard">Dominic Howard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Wolstenholme" title="Chris Wolstenholme">Chris Wolstenholme</a> from the English group <a href="/wiki/Muse_(band)" title="Muse (band)">Muse</a> all grew up in Devon and formed the band there. Dave Hill of rock band <a href="/wiki/Slade" title="Slade">Slade</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Flete_House" title="Flete House">Flete House</a> which is in the South Hams district of Devon. Singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Ben_Howard" title="Ben Howard">Ben Howard</a> grew up in Totnes, a small town in Devon. Another famous Devonian is the model and actress <a href="/wiki/Rosie_Huntington-Whiteley" title="Rosie Huntington-Whiteley">Rosie Huntington-Whiteley</a>, who was born in <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> and raised in <a href="/wiki/Tavistock" title="Tavistock">Tavistock</a>. The singer and songwriter <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Newman" title="Rebecca Newman">Rebecca Newman</a> was born and raised in Exmouth.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Deakins" title="Roger Deakins">Roger Deakins</a>, called "the pre-eminent <a href="/wiki/Cinematographer" title="Cinematographer">cinematographer</a> of our time", was born and lives in Devon.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Francis" title="Trevor Francis">Trevor Francis</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C." title="Nottingham Forest F.C.">Nottingham Forest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C." title="Birmingham City F.C.">Birmingham City</a> professional footballer, and the first English footballer to cost £1 million, was born and brought up in Plymouth.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swimmer <a href="/wiki/Sharron_Davies" title="Sharron Davies">Sharron Davies</a><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and diver <a href="/wiki/Tom_Daley" title="Tom Daley">Tom Daley</a> were born in Plymouth. The Olympic runner <a href="/wiki/Jo_Pavey" title="Jo Pavey">Jo Pavey</a> was born in Honiton. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a> the satirist, writer and comedian was born in Torquay, Devon. <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Tigers" title="Leicester Tigers">Leicester Tigers</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_and_Irish_Lions" class="mw-redirect" title="British and Irish Lions">British and Irish Lions</a> Rugby player <a href="/wiki/Julian_White" title="Julian White">Julian White</a> was born and raised in Devon and now farms a herd of pedigree South Devon beef cattle. The dog breeder <a href="/wiki/John_%22Jack%22_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="John "Jack" Russell">John "Jack" Russell</a> was also from Devon. <a href="/wiki/Jane_McGrath" title="Jane McGrath">Jane McGrath</a>, who married Australian cricketer <a href="/wiki/Glenn_McGrath" title="Glenn McGrath">Glenn McGrath</a> was born in Paignton, her long battle with and subsequent death from breast cancer inspired the formation of the <a href="/wiki/McGrath_Foundation" title="McGrath Foundation">McGrath Foundation</a>, which is one of Australia's leading charities. </p><p>Devon has also been represented in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> by notable <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) such as <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Astor,_Viscountess_Astor" title="Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor">Nancy Astor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwyneth_Dunwoody" title="Gwyneth Dunwoody">Gwyneth Dunwoody</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">David Owen</a> and the Prime Ministers <a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord John Russell">Lord John Russell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Agatha_Christie.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Agatha Christie, best selling crime novelist"><img alt="Agatha Christie, best selling crime novelist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Agatha_Christie.png/170px-Agatha_Christie.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Agatha_Christie.png/255px-Agatha_Christie.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Agatha_Christie.png/340px-Agatha_Christie.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a>, best selling crime novelist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chris_Martin_%2B_Guitar,_2011_(1,_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chris Martin, lead singer of Coldplay"><img alt="Chris Martin, lead singer of Coldplay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Chris_Martin_%2B_Guitar%2C_2011_%281%2C_cropped%29.jpg/250px-Chris_Martin_%2B_Guitar%2C_2011_%281%2C_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Chris_Martin_%2B_Guitar%2C_2011_%281%2C_cropped%29.jpg/330px-Chris_Martin_%2B_Guitar%2C_2011_%281%2C_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="2388" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Martin" title="Chris Martin">Chris Martin</a>, lead singer of <a href="/wiki/Coldplay" title="Coldplay">Coldplay</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Deakins_Feb-2011_02_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roger Deakins, cinematographer"><img alt="Roger Deakins, cinematographer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Roger_Deakins_Feb-2011_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Roger_Deakins_Feb-2011_02_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Roger_Deakins_Feb-2011_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Roger_Deakins_Feb-2011_02_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Roger_Deakins_Feb-2011_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Roger_Deakins_Feb-2011_02_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Deakins" title="Roger Deakins">Roger Deakins</a>, cinematographer</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Devon" title="Category:Rivers of Devon">Category:Rivers of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_linhay" title="Circular linhay">Circular linhay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custos_Rotulorum_of_Devon" title="Custos Rotulorum of Devon">Custos Rotulorum of Devon</a> – Keepers of the Rolls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Sinfonia" title="Devon Sinfonia">Devon Sinfonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall" title="Duchy of Cornwall">Duchy of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Devon" title="Healthcare in Devon">Healthcare in Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Devon" title="High Sheriff of Devon">List of High Sheriffs of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hills_of_Devon" title="List of hills of Devon">List of hills of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Devon" title="Lord Lieutenant of Devon">List of Lord Lieutenants of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Devon" title="List of monastic houses in Devon">List of monastic houses in Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Devon (UK Parliament constituency)">List of MPs for Devon constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Devon" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Devon">List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Devon_Coast" title="North Devon Coast">North Devon Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamar_Valley_AONB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamar Valley AONB">Tamar Valley AONB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country English</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data is collected by local authority areas (Devon, Plymouth, Torbay respectively). Total population of Devon is 1,133,742 (746,399 + 256,384 + 130,959). Total population of White British persons is 1,071,015 (708,590 + 238,263 + 124,162). Percentage of White British persons is 94.467%.<sup id="cite_ref-ons_gov_uk_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ons_gov_uk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data is collected by local authority areas (Devon, Plymouth, Torbay respectively). Total population of Devon is 1,133,742 (746,399 + 256,384 + 130,959). Percentage of ethnically Irish persons is 0.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-ons_gov_uk_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ons_gov_uk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/lord-lieutenant-for-devon-david-fursdon">"Lord-Lieutenant for Devon: David Fursdon – Press releases"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i>. 26 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308200245/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/lord-lieutenant-for-devon-david-fursdon">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Lord-Lieutenant+for+Devon%3A+David+Fursdon+%E2%80%93+Press+releases&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Flord-lieutenant-for-devon-david-fursdon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c87d3g3kd71o">"New High Sheriff of Devon sworn in"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412123929/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c87d3g3kd71o">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Office for National Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170511103138/https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2F2011censuskeystatisticsforlocalauthoritiesinenglandandwales%2Fr21ewrttableks201ewladv1_tcm77-290595.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Macmillan. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-69283-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-69283-7"><bdi>0-333-69283-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Isles%3A+A+History&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-333-69283-7&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisleshistory00davi%2Fpage%2Fn240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217145104/http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2015-03-19-who-do-you-think-you-really-are-genetic-map-british-isles">"Who do you think you really are? A genetic map of the British Isles – University of Oxford"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2015-03-19-who-do-you-think-you-really-are-genetic-map-british-isles">the original</a> on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+do+you+think+you+really+are%3F+A+genetic+map+of+the+British+Isles+%E2%80%93+University+of+Oxford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fnews%2F2015-03-19-who-do-you-think-you-really-are-genetic-map-british-isles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321213121/http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/News/Media-office/Press-releases/2015/WTP058941.htm">"Who do you think you really are? The first fine-scale genetic map of the British Isles"</a>. wellcome.ac.uk. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+do+you+think+you+really+are%3F+The+first+fine-scale+genetic+map+of+the+British+Isles&rft.pub=wellcome.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellcome.ac.uk%2FNews%2FMedia-office%2FPress-releases%2F2015%2FWTP058941.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFjobs2015" class="citation journal cs1">jobs (18 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/uk-mapped-out-by-genetic-ancestry-1.17136">"UK mapped out by genetic ancestry : Nature News & Comment"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2015.17136">10.1038/nature.2015.17136</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88369661">88369661</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110165750/http://www.nature.com/news/uk-mapped-out-by-genetic-ancestry-1.17136">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=UK+mapped+out+by+genetic+ancestry+%3A+Nature+News+%26+Comment&rft.date=2015-03-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2015.17136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A88369661%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=jobs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-mapped-out-by-genetic-ancestry-1.17136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063037/http://www.lydford.co.uk/stockholm-museum.htm">"Lydford Silver Pennies In The Stockholm Coin Museum"</a>. <i>Lydford.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lydford.co.uk/stockholm-museum.htm">the original</a> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lydford.co.uk&rft.atitle=Lydford+Silver+Pennies+In+The+Stockholm+Coin+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lydford.co.uk%2Fstockholm-museum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeale2016" class="citation book cs1">Heale, M. (2016). <i>The Abbots and Priors of Late Medieval and Reformation England</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19870-253-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19870-253-5"><bdi>978-0-19870-253-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abbots+and+Priors+of+Late+Medieval+and+Reformation+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19870-253-5&rft.aulast=Heale&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAckroyd2014" class="citation book cs1">Ackroyd, Peter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kbVzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA465"><i>Rebellion: The History of England from James I to the Glorious Revolution</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 465. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-5599-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-5599-1"><bdi>978-1-4668-5599-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebellion%3A+The+History+of+England+from+James+I+to+the+Glorious+Revolution&rft.pages=465&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4668-5599-1&rft.aulast=Ackroyd&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkbVzAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511181455/http://users.senet.com.au/~dewnans/Devon_Stannary_History.html">"Devon's Mining History and Stannary parliament"</a>. users.senet.com.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.senet.com.au/~dewnans/Devon_Stannary_History.html">the original</a> on 11 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Devon%27s+Mining+History+and+Stannary+parliament&rft.pub=users.senet.com.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.senet.com.au%2F~dewnans%2FDevon_Stannary_History.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dewey, Henry (1948) <i>British Regional Geology: South West England</i>, 2nd ed. London: H.M.S.O.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Whitaker's Almanack</i>, 1972; p. 631</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724224326/http://www.exmoor-nationalpark.gov.uk/index/learning_about/moor_facts.htm">"NATIONAL PARK FACTS"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exmoor-nationalpark.gov.uk/index/learning_about/moor_facts.htm">the original</a> on 24 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NATIONAL+PARK+FACTS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exmoor-nationalpark.gov.uk%2Findex%2Flearning_about%2Fmoor_facts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmonds, E. A., et al. (1975) <i>South-West England</i>; based on previous editions by H. Dewey (<a href="/wiki/British_Geological_Survey" title="British Geological Survey">British Geological Survey</a> UK Regional Geology Guide series no. 17, 4th ed.) London: HMSO <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-880713-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-11-880713-7">0-11-880713-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHesketh2006" class="citation book cs1">Hesketh, Robert (2006). <i>Devon's Geology: An Introduction</i>. Bossiney Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899-383-89-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-899-383-89-4"><bdi>978-1-899-383-89-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devon%27s+Geology%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Bossiney+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-899-383-89-4&rft.aulast=Hesketh&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamingRoche,_David" class="citation web cs1">Laming, Deryck; Roche, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110021248/http://www.devon.gov.uk/geo-devonianslatessandstonesandvolcanics.pdf">"Devon Geology Guide – Devonian Slates, Sandstones and Volcanics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Devon+Geology+Guide+%E2%80%93+Devonian+Slates%2C+Sandstones+and+Volcanics&rft.aulast=Laming&rft.aufirst=Deryck&rft.au=Roche%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.devon.gov.uk%2Fgeo-devonianslatessandstonesandvolcanics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212321/http://www.devon.gov.uk/index/environmentplanning/natural_environment/geology/geology-guide.htm">"Devon's Rocks – A Geological Guide"</a>. Devon County Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.devon.gov.uk/index/environmentplanning/natural_environment/geology/geology-guide.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Devon%27s+Rocks+%E2%80%93+A+Geological+Guide&rft.pub=Devon+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.devon.gov.uk%2Findex%2Fenvironmentplanning%2Fnatural_environment%2Fgeology%2Fgeology-guide.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdmondsMcKeown,_M._C.Williams,_M.1975" class="citation book cs1">Edmonds, E. A.; McKeown, M. C.; Williams, M. (1975). "Carboniferous Rocks". <i>South-West England</i>. British Geology. Dewey, H. (4th ed.). London: HMSO/British Geological Survey. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-880713-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-11-880713-7"><bdi>0-11-880713-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carboniferous+Rocks&rft.btitle=South-West+England&rft.place=London&rft.series=British+Geology&rft.pages=34&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=HMSO%2FBritish+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-11-880713-7&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft.au=McKeown%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Williams%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221213314/http://www.devonbirds.org/about/the_society/introduction">"The Society – Introduction"</a>. <i>Devon Birds</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.devonbirds.org/about/the_society/introduction">the original</a> on 21 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Devon+Birds&rft.atitle=The+Society+%E2%80%93+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.devonbirds.org%2Fabout%2Fthe_society%2Fintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteList.aspx?countyCode=11">"Designated sites view (Devon)"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ottery+Tar+Barrels&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdevon%2Fdiscovering%2Flegends%2Fottery_tar_barrels.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/datasets/nominalregionalgrossvalueaddedbalancedperheadandincomecomponents">"Regional gross value added (balanced) per head and income components – Office for National Statistics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605110645/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/datasets/nominalregionalgrossvalueaddedbalancedperheadandincomecomponents">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+gross+value+added+%28balanced%29+per+head+and+income+components+%E2%80%93+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Feconomy%2Fgrossvalueaddedgva%2Fdatasets%2Fnominalregionalgrossvalueaddedbalancedperheadandincomecomponents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.devon.gov.uk/strategic-plan/the-best-place/investing-in-devons-economic-recovery/#:~:text=The%20economy%20of%20Devon%20is,in%20Devon%20compared%20with%20nationally">"Strategic Plan 2021-2025"</a>. <i>Devon County Council</i>. 15 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131174030/https://www.devon.gov.uk/strategic-plan/the-best-place/investing-in-devons-economic-recovery/#:~:text=The%20economy%20of%20Devon%20is,in%20Devon%20compared%20with%20nationally">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Football origins. 20 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230509110420/https://football-origins.com/13-celtic-art-ball-games-of-the-ancient-celts/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Out+Hurling&rft.pub=Football+origins&rft.date=2013-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffootball-origins.com%2F13-celtic-art-ball-games-of-the-ancient-celts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/plymouth-news/plymouth-raiders-replaced-bbl-new-5763248">"Plymouth Raiders replaced in BBL by new basketball team Plymouth Patriots"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth Herald">Plymouth Herald</a></i>. 9 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128154030/https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/plymouth-news/plymouth-raiders-replaced-bbl-new-5763248">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plymouth+Herald&rft.atitle=Plymouth+Raiders+replaced+in+BBL+by+new+basketball+team+Plymouth+Patriots&rft.date=2021-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouthherald.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fplymouth-news%2Fplymouth-raiders-replaced-bbl-new-5763248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarley2010" class="citation book cs1">Marley, David F. (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/piratesamericasv00marl"><i>Pirates of the Americas</i></a></span>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/piratesamericasv00marl/page/n609">589</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-201-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-201-2"><bdi>978-1-59884-201-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pirates+of+the+Americas&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=589&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-201-2&rft.aulast=Marley&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpiratesamericasv00marl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New English Canaan or New Canaan. Containing an abstract of New England, composed in three bookes. The first booke setting forth the originall of the natives, their manners and customes, together with their tractable nature and love towards the English. The second booke setting forth the naturall indowments of the country, and what staple commodities it yealdeth. The third booke setting forth, what people are planted there, their prosperity, what remarkable accidents have happened since the first planting of it, together with their tenents and practise of their church</i>. Written by Thomas Morton of Cliffords Inne gent, upon tenne yeares knowledge and experiment of the country. Amsterdam: Jacob Stam</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. G. R. King, 'Scott, Robert Falcon (1868–1912)', <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2011 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35994">accessed 21 June 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exeterexpressandecho.co.uk/8216-Rising-star-8217-returns-Exmouth-support/story-17157815-detail/story.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Rising star' returns to Exmouth to support RNLI"</a>. 23 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Rising+star%27+returns+to+Exmouth+to+support+RNLI&rft.date=2012-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exeterexpressandecho.co.uk%2F8216-Rising-star-8217-returns-Exmouth-support%2Fstory-17157815-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2015/film/features/cinematographer-roger-deakins-takes-visceral-approach-to-his-craft-1201593464/">"Cinematographer Roger Deakins Takes Visceral Approach To His Craft"</a>. <i>Variety</i>. 4 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211164026/http://variety.com/2015/film/features/cinematographer-roger-deakins-takes-visceral-approach-to-his-craft-1201593464/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Cinematographer+Roger+Deakins+Takes+Visceral+Approach+To+His+Craft&rft.date=2017-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2015%2Ffilm%2Ffeatures%2Fcinematographer-roger-deakins-takes-visceral-approach-to-his-craft-1201593464%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2009" class="citation news cs1">Briggs, Simon (9 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/nottingham-forest/4560618/The-day-Trevor-Francis-broke-footballs-1m-mark.html">"The day Trevor Francis broke football's £1m mark"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150306063323/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/nottingham-forest/4560618/The-day-Trevor-Francis-broke-footballs-1m-mark.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+day+Trevor+Francis+broke+football%27s+%C2%A31m+mark&rft.date=2009-02-09&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2Fteams%2Fnottingham-forest%2F4560618%2FThe-day-Trevor-Francis-broke-footballs-1m-mark.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070330201315/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/newsreleases?newsid=128760">"New centre to honour Plymouth Olympian Sharron Davies"</a>. Plymouth City Council. 14 March 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/newsreleases?newsid=128760">the original</a> on 30 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+centre+to+honour+Plymouth+Olympian+Sharron+Davies&rft.date=2007-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.gov.uk%2Fnewsreleases%3Fnewsid%3D128760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOliver1846–1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Oliver_(historian)" title="George Oliver (historian)">Oliver, George</a> (1846–1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_6U_AQAAMAAJ"><i>Monasticon Dioecesis Exoniensis: being a collection of records and instruments illustrating the ancient conventual, collegiate, and eleemosynary foundations, in the Counties of Cornwall and Devon, with historical notices, and a supplement, comprising a list of the dedications of churches in the Diocese, an amended edition of the taxation of Pope Nicholas, and an abstract of the Chantry Rolls (with supplement and index)</i></a>. Exeter: P. A. Hannaford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monasticon+Dioecesis+Exoniensis%3A+being+a+collection+of+records+and+instruments+illustrating+the+ancient+conventual%2C+collegiate%2C+and+eleemosynary+foundations%2C+in+the+Counties+of+Cornwall+and+Devon%2C+with+historical+notices%2C+and+a+supplement%2C+comprising+a+list+of+the+dedications+of+churches+in+the+Diocese%2C+an+amended+edition+of+the+taxation+of+Pope+Nicholas%2C+and+an+abstract+of+the+Chantry+Rolls+%28with+supplement+and+index%29&rft.place=Exeter&rft.pub=P.+A.+Hannaford&rft.date=1846%2F1889&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_6U_AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPevsner1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner, Nikolaus</a> (1952). <i>North Devon</i>. Buildings of England. London: Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Devon&rft.place=London&rft.series=Buildings+of+England&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Pevsner&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPevsner1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner, Nikolaus</a> (1952). <i>South Devon</i>. Buildings of England. London: Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Devon&rft.place=London&rft.series=Buildings+of+England&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Pevsner&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStabb1908–1916" class="citation book cs1">Stabb, John (1908–1916). <i>Some Old Devon Churches: Their Rood Screens, Pulpits, Fonts, Etc</i>. London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Old+Devon+Churches%3A+Their+Rood+Screens%2C+Pulpits%2C+Fonts%2C+Etc.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Simpkin%2C+Marshall%2C+Hamilton%2C+Kent+%26+Co.&rft.date=1908%2F1916&rft.aulast=Stabb&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101067698538&seq=1">Vol. I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101067698546&seq=1">Vol. II</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433065874566&seq=1">Vol. III</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStansfield-Cudworth2009" class="citation book cs1">Stansfield-Cudworth, R. E. (2009). <i>Political Elites in South-West England, 1450–1500: Politics, Governance, and the Wars of the Roses</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston</a>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-77344-714-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-77344-714-1"><bdi>978-0-77344-714-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Elites+in+South-West+England%2C+1450%E2%80%931500%3A+Politics%2C+Governance%2C+and+the+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-77344-714-1&rft.aulast=Stansfield-Cudworth&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStansfield-Cudworth2013" class="citation journal cs1">Stansfield-Cudworth, R.E. (2013). "The Duchy of Cornwall and the Wars of the Roses: Patronage, Politics, and Power, 1453–1502". <i>Cornish Studies</i>. 2nd Series. <b>21</b>: <span class="nowrap">104–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fcorn.21.1.104_1">10.1386/corn.21.1.104_1</a> (inactive 21 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cornish+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Duchy+of+Cornwall+and+the+Wars+of+the+Roses%3A+Patronage%2C+Politics%2C+and+Power%2C+1453%E2%80%931502&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1386%2Fcorn.21.1.104_1&rft.aulast=Stansfield-Cudworth&rft.aufirst=R.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Devon" class="extiw" title="commons:Devon"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Devon</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Devon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Devon">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Devon#Q23156" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Devon">Devon</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (9th ed.) article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Devonshire" class="extiw" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Devonshire">Devonshire</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.devon.gov.uk">Devon County Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/">BBC Devon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815141014/http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/">Archived</a> 15 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/genuki/DEV/">Genuki Devon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030401173044/http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/genuki/DEV/">Archived</a> 1 April 2003 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Historical, geographical and genealogical information</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.devonassoc.org.uk">The Devonshire Association</a>, a Devon-centric equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/British_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association">British Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924042248/http://viewfinder.english-heritage.org.uk/search/results.aspx?index=0&mainQuery=&searchType=all&form=basic&theme=&county=DEVON&district=&placeName=">Images of Devon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="English Heritage Archive">English Heritage Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neighbouring_counties27" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighbouring_counties27" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b>Neighbouring counties</b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Devon</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></i></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geology_of_England54" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geology_of_England" title="Template:Geology of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geology_of_England" title="Template talk:Geology of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geology_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geology of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geology_of_England54" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_England" title="Geology of England">Geology of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Bedfordshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geology of Bedfordshire (page does not exist)">Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Berkshire" title="Geology of Berkshire">Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Buckinghamshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geology of Buckinghamshire (page does not exist)">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Cambridgeshire" title="Geology of Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Cheshire" title="Geology of Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Cornwall" title="Geology of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_County_Durham" title="Geology of County Durham">County Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cumbria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geology of Cumbria (page does not exist)">Cumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbyshire#Geology" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Devon">Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Dorset" title="Geology of Dorset">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_East_Sussex" title="Geology of East Sussex">East Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Essex" title="Geology of Essex">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Gloucestershire" title="Geology of Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Greater_Manchester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geology of Greater Manchester (page does not exist)">Greater Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Hampshire" title="Geology of Hampshire">Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Herefordshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geology of Herefordshire (page does not exist)">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Hertfordshire" title="Geology of Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Isle_of_Wight" title="Geology of the Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Kent" title="Geology of Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Lancashire" title="Geology of Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Leicestershire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geology of Leicestershire (page does not exist)">Leicestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Lincolnshire" title="Geology of Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Merseyside" title="Geology of Merseyside">Merseyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Norfolk" title="Geology of Norfolk">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Northamptonshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geology of Northamptonshire (page does not exist)">Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Northumberland" title="Geology of Northumberland">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Nottinghamshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geology of Nottinghamshire (page does not exist)">Nottinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Oxfordshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geology of Oxfordshire (page does not exist)">Oxfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Rutland" title="Geology of Rutland">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Shropshire" title="Geology of Shropshire">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Somerset" title="Geology of Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Staffordshire" title="Geology of Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Suffolk" title="Geology of Suffolk">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Surrey" title="Geology of Surrey">Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Geology of Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_West_Sussex" title="Geology of West Sussex">West Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Warwickshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geology of Warwickshire (page does not exist)">Warwickshire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_West_Midlands_(County)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geology of West Midlands (County) (page does not exist)">West Midlands (County)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Wiltshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geology of Wiltshire (page does not exist)">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Worcestershire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geology of Worcestershire (page does not exist)">Worcestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Yorkshire" title="Geology of Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_South_West_England142" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SW_England" title="Template:SW England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SW_England" title="Template talk:SW England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SW_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SW England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_South_West_England142" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Devon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Devon" title="East Devon">East Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Devon" title="Mid Devon">Mid Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Devon" title="North Devon">North Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Hams" title="South Hams">South Hams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teignbridge" title="Teignbridge">Teignbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torridge_District" title="Torridge District">Torridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Devon" title="West Devon">West Devon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold_District" title="Cotswold District">Cotswold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Dean_District" title="Forest of Dean District">Forest of Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroud_District" title="Stroud District">Stroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Tewkesbury" title="Borough of Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authorities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset_Council" title="Bath and North East Somerset Council">Bath and North East Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole_Council" title="Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council">Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_City_Council" title="Bristol City Council">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Council" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Isles_of_Scilly" title="Council of the Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_(district)" title="Dorset (district)">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Somerset_Council" title="North Somerset Council">North Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Council" title="Plymouth City Council">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Council" title="Somerset Council">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire_Council" title="South Gloucestershire Council">South Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Swindon" title="Borough of Swindon">Borough of Swindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbay_Council" title="Torbay Council">Torbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Council" title="Wiltshire Council">Wiltshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1974–1996_←_Ceremonial_counties_of_England_→_current162" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:England_counties" title="Template:England counties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:England_counties" title="Template talk:England counties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:England_counties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:England counties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1974–1996_←_Ceremonial_counties_of_England_→_current162" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><small><a href="/wiki/Template:England_counties/1974" title="Template:England counties/1974">1974–1996</a></small> ←   <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial counties of England</a>   → <small>current</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_Devon305" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Devon" title="Template:Devon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Devon" title="Template talk:Devon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Devon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Devon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_Devon305" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span> of <span class="fn org region"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Devon</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Portal:Devon" title="Portal:Devon">Devon Portal</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unitary authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbay" title="Torbay">Torbay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boroughs or districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Devon" title="East Devon">East Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Devon" title="Mid Devon">Mid Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Devon" title="North Devon">North Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Hams" title="South Hams">South Hams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teignbridge" title="Teignbridge">Teignbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torridge_District" title="Torridge District">Torridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Devon" title="West Devon">West Devon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashburton,_Devon" title="Ashburton, Devon">Ashburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axminster" title="Axminster">Axminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bampton,_Devon" title="Bampton, Devon">Bampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnstaple" title="Barnstaple">Barnstaple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bideford" title="Bideford">Bideford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovey_Tracey" title="Bovey Tracey">Bovey Tracey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brixham" title="Brixham">Brixham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckfastleigh" title="Buckfastleigh">Buckfastleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budleigh_Salterton" title="Budleigh Salterton">Budleigh Salterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagford" title="Chagford">Chagford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudleigh" title="Chudleigh">Chudleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulmleigh" title="Chulmleigh">Chulmleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colyton,_Devon" title="Colyton, Devon">Colyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crediton" title="Crediton">Crediton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullompton" title="Cullompton">Cullompton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Devon" title="Dartmouth, Devon">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawlish" title="Dawlish">Dawlish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exmouth" title="Exmouth">Exmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Torrington" title="Great Torrington">Great Torrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatherleigh" title="Hatherleigh">Hatherleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holsworthy" title="Holsworthy">Holsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honiton" title="Honiton">Honiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilfracombe" title="Ilfracombe">Ilfracombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivybridge" title="Ivybridge">Ivybridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsbridge" title="Kingsbridge">Kingsbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsteignton" title="Kingsteignton">Kingsteignton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynton" title="Lynton">Lynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moretonhampstead" title="Moretonhampstead">Moretonhampstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Abbot" title="Newton Abbot">Newton Abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tawton" title="North Tawton">North Tawton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northam,_Devon" title="Northam, Devon">Northam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okehampton" title="Okehampton">Okehampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottery_St_Mary" title="Ottery St Mary">Ottery St Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paignton" title="Paignton">Paignton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plympton" title="Plympton">Plympton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymstock" title="Plymstock">Plymstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salcombe" title="Salcombe">Salcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaton,_Devon" title="Seaton, Devon">Seaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidmouth" title="Sidmouth">Sidmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Molton" title="South Molton">South Molton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavistock" title="Tavistock">Tavistock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teignmouth" title="Teignmouth">Teignmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiverton,_Devon" title="Tiverton, Devon">Tiverton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsham,_Devon" title="Topsham, Devon">Topsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torquay" title="Torquay">Torquay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totnes" title="Totnes">Totnes</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Devon" title="List of civil parishes in Devon">List of civil parishes in Devon</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Ashburn" title="River Ashburn">Ashburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Avon,_Devon" title="River Avon, Devon">Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Axe_(Lyme_Bay)" title="River Axe (Lyme Bay)">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Barle" title="River Barle">Barle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Bovey" title="River Bovey">Bovey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Bray" title="River Bray">Bray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Burn,_Devon" title="River Burn, Devon">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Clyst" title="River Clyst">Clyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Creedy" title="River Creedy">Creedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Culm" title="River Culm">Culm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dart" title="River Dart">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Dart_River" title="East Dart River">East Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Dart_River" title="West Dart River">West Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Erme" title="River Erme">Erme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Exe" title="River Exe">Exe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Heddon" title="River Heddon">Heddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lemon" title="River Lemon">Lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lew" title="River Lew">Lew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lumburn" title="River Lumburn">Lumburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lyd,_Devon" title="River Lyd, Devon">Lyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Lyn_River" title="East Lyn River">East Lyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lyn_River" title="West Lyn River">West Lyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Meavy" title="River Meavy">Meavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Mole,_Devon" title="River Mole, Devon">Mole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Okement" title="River Okement">Okement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Okement_River" title="East Okement River">East Okement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Okement_River" title="West Okement River">West Okement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Otter,_Devon" title="River Otter, Devon">Otter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Plym" title="River Plym">Plym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Sid" title="River Sid">Sid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Swincombe" title="River Swincombe">Swincombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tamar" title="River Tamar">Tamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tavy" title="River Tavy">Tavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Taw" title="River Taw">Taw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Teign" title="River Teign">Teign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Thrushel" title="River Thrushel">Thrushel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Torridge" title="River Torridge">Torridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Walkham" title="River Walkham">Walkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wallabrooke" title="River Wallabrooke">Wallabrooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Webburn_River" title="East Webburn River">East Webburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Webburn_River" title="West Webburn River">West Webburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wolf" title="River Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Yealm" title="River Yealm">Yealm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Devon" title="Flag of Devon">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_County_Council" title="Devon County Council">Devon County Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Devon">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Devon" title="Economy of Devon">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Devon" title="List of places in Devon">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Devon_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns and cities in Devon by population">Towns by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Devon" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Devon">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Devon" title="Category:Country houses in Devon">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Devon" title="Grade I listed buildings in Devon">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Devon" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Devon">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Devon" title="Scheduled monuments in Devon">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bridges_in_Devon" title="Category:Bridges in Devon">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Devon" title="History of Devon">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Devon" title="List of schools in Devon">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Devon" title="List of museums in Devon">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Devon" title="Lord Lieutenant of Devon">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Devon" title="High Sheriff of Devon">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Devon" title="List of people from Devon">Notable people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exmoor" title="Exmoor">Exmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Devon_AONB" class="mw-redirect" title="South Devon AONB">South Devon AONB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamar_Valley_AONB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamar Valley AONB">Tamar Valley AONB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Coast" title="Jurassic Coast">Jurassic Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Coast_Path" title="South West Coast Path">South West Coast Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Moors_Way" title="Two Moors Way">Two Moors Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Devon%27s_Biosphere_Reserve" title="North Devon's Biosphere Reserve">North Devon's Biosphere Reserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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