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QDs</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: InAs QDs"> <meta name="keywords" content="InAs QDs"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="InAs QDs"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 28</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: InAs QDs</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28</span> X Ray Analysis of InAs-CrAs Eutectic Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mobil%20Kazimov">Mobil Kazimov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guseyn%20%C4%B0bragimov"> Guseyn İbragimov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> InAs-CrAs systems are synthesized by the vertical Bridgman–Stockbarger method. XRD analysis and microstructural study of InAs-CrAs composites show that CrAs metallic inclusions are uniformly distributed in the InAs matrices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XRD" title="XRD">XRD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eutectic%20alloy" title=" eutectic alloy"> eutectic alloy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEM" title=" SEM"> SEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EDX" title=" EDX"> EDX</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162058/x-ray-analysis-of-inas-cras-eutectic-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162058.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">27</span> Size Distribution Effect of InAs/InP Self–Organized Quantum Dots on Optical Properties </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelkader%20Nouri">Abdelkader Nouri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M%E2%80%99hamed%20Bouslama"> M’hamed Bouslama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faouzi%20Saidi"> Faouzi Saidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20Maaref"> Hassan Maaref</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michel%20Gendry"> Michel Gendry</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Self-organized InAs quantum dots (QDs) have been grown on 3,1% InP (110) lattice mismatched substrate by Solid Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy (SSMBE). Stranski-Krastanov mode growth has been used to create self-assembled 3D islands on InAs wetting layer (WL). The optical quality depending on the temperature and power is evaluated. In addition, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) images shows inhomogeneous island dots size distribution due to temperature coalescence. The quantum size effect was clearly observed through the spectra photoluminescence (PL) shape. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AFM" title="AFM">AFM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=InAs%20QDs" title=" InAs QDs"> InAs QDs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PL" title=" PL"> PL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SSMBE" title=" SSMBE"> SSMBE</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20670/size-distribution-effect-of-inasinp-self-organized-quantum-dots-on-optical-properties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20670.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">686</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26</span> Modeling and Simulation of InAs/GaAs and GaSb/GaAS Quantum Dot Solar Cells in SILVACO TCAD</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fethi%20Benyettou">Fethi Benyettou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelkader%20Aissat"> Abdelkader Aissat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Benammar"> M. A. Benammar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, we use Silvaco TCAD software for modeling and simulations of standard GaAs solar cell, InAs/GaAs and GaSb/GaAs p-i-n quantum dot solar cell. When comparing 20-layer InAs/GaAs, GaSb/GaAs quantum dots solar cells with standard GaAs solar cell, the conversion efficiency in simulation results increased from 16.48 % to 22.6% and 16.48% to 22.42% respectively. Also, the absorption range edge of photons with low energies extended from 900 nm to 1200 nm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SILVACO%20TCAD" title="SILVACO TCAD">SILVACO TCAD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20quantum%20dot" title=" the quantum dot"> the quantum dot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=materials%20engineering" title=" materials engineering"> materials engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20994/modeling-and-simulation-of-inasgaas-and-gasbgaas-quantum-dot-solar-cells-in-silvaco-tcad" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20994.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">503</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">25</span> Radiation Effects and Defects in InAs, InP Compounds and Their Solid Solutions InPxAs1-x</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Kekelidze">N. Kekelidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Kvirkvelia"> B. Kvirkvelia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Khutsishvili"> E. Khutsishvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Qamushadze"> T. Qamushadze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Kekelidze"> D. Kekelidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Kobaidze"> R. Kobaidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Chubinishvili"> Z. Chubinishvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Qobulashvili"> N. Qobulashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Kekelidze"> G. Kekelidze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> On the basis of InAs, InP and their InP<sub>x</sub>As<sub>1-x</sub> solid solutions, the technologies were developed and materials were created where the electron concentration and optical and thermoelectric properties do not change under the irradiation with <em>Ф </em>= 2∙10<sup>18 </sup>n/cm<sup>2</sup> fluences of fast neutrons high-energy electrons (50 MeV, <em>Ф </em>= 6·10<sup>17 </sup>e/cm<sup>2</sup>) and 3 MeV electrons with fluence <em>Ф </em>= 3∙10<sup>18 </sup>e/cm<sup>2</sup>. The problem of obtaining such material has been solved, in which under hard irradiation the mobility of the electrons does not decrease, but increases. This material is characterized by high thermal stability up to T = 700 °C. The complex process of defects formation has been analyzed and shown that, despite of hard irradiation, the essential properties of investigated materials are mainly determined by point type defects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=InAs" title="InAs">InAs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=InP" title=" InP"> InP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20solutions" title=" solid solutions"> solid solutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irradiation" title=" irradiation"> irradiation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102935/radiation-effects-and-defects-in-inas-inp-compounds-and-their-solid-solutions-inpxas1-x" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102935.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> High Frequency Nanomechanical Oscillators Based on Synthetic Nanowires</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Minjin%20Kim">Minjin Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jihwan%20Kim"> Jihwan Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bongsoo%20Kim"> Bongsoo Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junho%20Suh"> Junho Suh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We demonstrate nanomechanical resonators constructed with synthetic nanowires (NWs) and study their electro-mechanical properties at millikelvin temperatures. Nanomechanical resonators are fabricated using single-crystalline Au NWs and InAs NWs. The mechanical resonance signals are acquired by either magnetomotive or capacitive detection methods. The Au NWs are synthesized by chemical vapor transport method at 1100 °C, and they exhibit clean surface and single-crystallinity with little defects. Due to pristine surface quality, these Au NW mechanical resonators could provide an ideal model system for studying surface-related effects on the mechanical systems. The InAs NWs are synthesized by molecular beam epitaxy or metal organic chemical vapor deposition method. The InAs NWs show electronic conductance modulation resembling Coulomb blockade, which also manifests in the mechanical resonance signals in the form of damping and resonance frequency shift. Our result provides an evidence of strong electro-mechanical coupling in synthetic NW nanomechanical resonators. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Au%20nanowire" title="Au nanowire">Au nanowire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=InAs%20nanowire" title=" InAs nanowire"> InAs nanowire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanomechanical%20resonator" title=" nanomechanical resonator"> nanomechanical resonator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synthetic%20nanowires" title=" synthetic nanowires"> synthetic nanowires</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66256/high-frequency-nanomechanical-oscillators-based-on-synthetic-nanowires" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66256.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">210</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> Enhancement in the Absorption Efficiency of GaAs/InAs Nanowire Solar Cells through a Decrease in Light Reflection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latef%20M.%20Ali">Latef M. Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farah%20A.%20Abed"> Farah A. Abed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zheen%20L.%20Mohammed"> Zheen L. Mohammed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, the effect of the Barium fluoride (BaF2) layer on the absorption efficiency of GaAs/InAs nanowire solar cells was investigated using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. By inserting the BaF2 as antireflection with the dominant size of 10 nm to fill the space between the shells of wires on the Si (111) substrate. The absorption is significantly improved due to the strong reabsorption of light reflected at the shells and compared with the reference cells. The present simulation leads to a higher absorption efficiency (Qabs) and reaches a value of 97%, and the external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) above 92% are observed. The current density (Jsc) increases by 0.22 mA/cm2 and the open-circuit voltage (Voc) is enhanced by 0.11 mV. it explore the design and optimization of high-efficiency solar cells on low-reflective absorption efficiency of GaAs/InAs using simulation software tool. The changes in the core and shell diameters profoundly affects the generation and recombination process, thus affecting the conversion efficiency of solar cells. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanowire%20solar%20cells" title="nanowire solar cells">nanowire solar cells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absorption%20efficiency" title=" absorption efficiency"> absorption efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photovoltaic" title=" photovoltaic"> photovoltaic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=band%20structures" title=" band structures"> band structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FDTD%20simulation" title=" FDTD simulation"> FDTD simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182969/enhancement-in-the-absorption-efficiency-of-gaasinas-nanowire-solar-cells-through-a-decrease-in-light-reflection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182969.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">49</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> Effect of the Applied Bias on Miniband Structures in Dimer Fibonacci Inas/Ga1-Xinxas Superlattices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Aziz">Z. Aziz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Terkhi"> S. Terkhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Sefir"> Y. Sefir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Djelti"> R. Djelti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Bentata"> S. Bentata</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effect of a uniform electric field across multibarrier systems (InAs/InxGa1-xAs) is exhaustively explored by a computational model using exact airy function formalism and the transfer-matrix technique. In the case of biased DFHBSL structure a strong reduction in transmission properties was observed and the width of the miniband structure linearly decreases with the increase of the applied bias. This is due to the confinement of the states in the miniband structure, which becomes increasingly important (Wannier-Stark Effect). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dimer%20fibonacci%20height%20barrier%20superlattices" title="dimer fibonacci height barrier superlattices">dimer fibonacci height barrier superlattices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=singular%20extended%20state" title=" singular extended state"> singular extended state</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exact%20airy%20function" title=" exact airy function"> exact airy function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transfer%20matrix%20formalism" title=" transfer matrix formalism"> transfer matrix formalism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3930/effect-of-the-applied-bias-on-miniband-structures-in-dimer-fibonacci-inasga1-xinxas-superlattices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3930.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">305</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> InAs/GaSb Superlattice Photodiode Array ns-Response</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Utpal%20Das">Utpal Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sona%20Das"> Sona Das</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> InAs/GaSb type-II superlattice (T2SL) Mid-wave infrared (MWIR) focal plane arrays (FPAs) have recently seen rapid development. However, in small pixel size large format FPAs, the occurrence of high mesa sidewall surface leakage current is a major constraint necessitating proper surface passivation. A simple pixel isolation technique in InAs/GaSb T2SL detector arrays without the conventional mesa etching has been proposed to isolate the pixels by forming a more resistive higher band gap material from the SL, in the inter-pixel region. Here, a single step femtosecond (fs) laser anneal of the T2SL structure of the inter-pixel T2SL regions, have been used to increase the band gap between the pixels by QW-intermixing and hence increase isolation between the pixels. The p-i-n photodiode structure used here consists of a 506nm, (10 monolayer {ML}) InAs:Si (1x10¹⁸cm⁻³)/(10ML) GaSb SL as the bottom n-contact layer grown on an n-type GaSb substrate. The undoped absorber layer consists of 1.3µm, (10ML)InAs/(10ML)GaSb SL. The top p-contact layer is a 63nm, (10ML)InAs:Be(1x10¹⁸cm⁻³)/(10ML)GaSb T2SL. In order to improve the carrier transport, a 126nm of graded doped (10ML)InAs/(10ML)GaSb SL layer was added between the absorber and each contact layers. A 775nm 150fs-laser at a fluence of ~6mJ/cm² is used to expose the array where the pixel regions are masked by a Ti(200nm)-Au(300nm) cap. Here, in the inter-pixel regions, the p+ layer have been reactive ion etched (RIE) using CH₄+H₂ chemistry and removed before fs-laser exposure. The fs-laser anneal isolation improvement in 200-400μm pixels due to spatially selective quantum well intermixing for a blue shift of ~70meV in the inter-pixel regions is confirmed by FTIR measurements. Dark currents are measured between two adjacent pixels with the Ti(200nm)-Au(300nm) caps used as contacts. The T2SL quality in the active photodiode regions masked by the Ti-Au cap is hardly affected and retains the original quality of the detector. Although, fs-laser anneal of p+ only etched p-i-n T2SL diodes show a reduction in the reverse dark current, no significant improvement in the full RIE-etched mesa structures is noticeable. Hence for a 128x128 array fabrication of 8μm square pixels and 10µm pitch, SU8 polymer isolation after RIE pixel delineation has been used. X-n+ row contacts and Y-p+ column contacts have been used to measure the optical response of the individual pixels. The photo-response of these 8μm and other 200μm pixels under a 2ns optical pulse excitation from an Optical-Parametric-Oscillator (OPO), shows a peak responsivity of ~0.03A/W and 0.2mA/W, respectively, at λ~3.7μm. Temporal response of this detector array is seen to have a fast response ~10ns followed typical slow decay with ringing, attributed to impedance mismatch of the connecting co-axial cables. In conclusion, response times of a few ns have been measured in 8µm pixels of a 128x128 array. Although fs-laser anneal has been found to be useful in increasing the inter-pixel isolation in InAs/GaSb T2SL arrays by QW inter-mixing, it has not been found to be suitable for passivation of full RIE etched mesa structures with vertical walls on InAs/GaSb T2SL. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=band-gap%20blue-shift" title="band-gap blue-shift">band-gap blue-shift</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fs-laser-anneal" title=" fs-laser-anneal"> fs-laser-anneal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=InAs%2FGaSb%20T2SL" title=" InAs/GaSb T2SL"> InAs/GaSb T2SL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Inter-pixel%20isolation" title=" Inter-pixel isolation"> Inter-pixel isolation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ns-Response" title=" ns-Response"> ns-Response</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photodiode%20array" title=" photodiode array"> photodiode array</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99603/inasgasb-superlattice-photodiode-array-ns-response" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99603.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">152</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Enhancement in the Absorption Efficiency of Gaas/Inas Nanowire Solar Cells through a Decrease in Light Reflection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latef%20M.%20Ali">Latef M. Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farah%20A.%20Abed"> Farah A. Abed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, the effect of the Barium fluoride (BaF2) layer on the absorption efficiency of GaAs/InAs nanowire solar cells was investigated using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. By inserting the BaF2 as antireflection with the dominant size of 10 nm to fill the space between the shells of wires on the Si (111) substrate. The absorption is significantly improved due to the strong reabsorption of light reflected at the shells and compared with the reference cells. The present simulation leads to a higher absorption efficiency (Qabs) and reaches a value of 97%, and the external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) above 92% are observed. The current density (Jsc) increases by 0.22 mA/cm2 and the open-circuit voltage (Voc) is enhanced by 0.11 mV. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanowire%20solar%20cells" title="nanowire solar cells">nanowire solar cells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absorption%20efficiency" title=" absorption efficiency"> absorption efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photovoltaic" title=" photovoltaic"> photovoltaic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=band%20structures" title=" band structures"> band structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fdtd%20simulation" title=" fdtd simulation"> fdtd simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167993/enhancement-in-the-absorption-efficiency-of-gaasinas-nanowire-solar-cells-through-a-decrease-in-light-reflection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167993.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">72</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Effect of the Applied Bias on Mini-Band Structures in Dimer Fibonacci InAs/Ga1-XInXAs Superlattices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Aziz">Z. Aziz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Terkhi"> S. Terkhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Sefir"> Y. Sefir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Djelti"> R. Djelti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Bentata"> S. Bentata</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effect of a uniform electric field across multi-barrier systems (InAs/InxGa1-xAs) is exhaustively explored by a computational model using exact Airy function formalism and the transfer-matrix technique. In the case of biased DFHBSL structure a strong reduction in transmission properties was observed and the width of the mini-band structure linearly decreases with the increase of the applied bias. This is due to the confinement of the states in the mini-band structure, which becomes increasingly important (Wannier-Stark Effect). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dimer%20fibonacci%20height%20barrier%20superlattices" title="dimer fibonacci height barrier superlattices">dimer fibonacci height barrier superlattices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=singular%20extended%20state" title=" singular extended state"> singular extended state</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exact%20Airy%20function%20and%20transfer%20matrix%20formalism" title=" exact Airy function and transfer matrix formalism"> exact Airy function and transfer matrix formalism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioinformatics" title=" bioinformatics"> bioinformatics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2231/effect-of-the-applied-bias-on-mini-band-structures-in-dimer-fibonacci-inasga1-xinxas-superlattices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2231.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">288</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> Peculiarities of Absorption near the Edge of the Fundamental Band of Irradiated InAs-InP Solid Solutions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nodar%20Kekelidze">Nodar Kekelidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Kekelidze"> David Kekelidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elza%20Khutsishvili"> Elza Khutsishvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bela%20Kvirkvelia"> Bela Kvirkvelia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The semiconductor devices are irreplaceable elements for investigations in Space (artificial Earth satellite, interplanetary space craft, probes, rockets) and for investigation of elementary particles on accelerators, for atomic power stations, nuclear reactors, robots operating on heavily radiation contaminated territories (Chernobyl, Fukushima). Unfortunately, the most important parameters of semiconductors dramatically worsen under irradiation. So creation of radiation-resistant semiconductor materials for opto and microelectronic devices is actual problem, as well as investigation of complicated processes developed in irradiated solid states. Homogeneous single crystals of InP-InAs solid solutions were grown with zone melting method. There has been studied the dependence of the optical absorption coefficient vs photon energy near fundamental absorption edge. This dependence changes dramatically with irradiation. The experiments were performed on InP, InAs and InP-InAs solid solutions before and after irradiation with electrons and fast neutrons. The investigations of optical properties were carried out on infrared spectrophotometer in temperature range of 10K-300K and 1mkm-50mkm spectral area. Radiation fluencies of fast neutrons was equal to 2·1018neutron/cm2 and electrons with 3MeV, 50MeV up to fluxes of 6·1017electron/cm2. Under irradiation, there has been revealed the exponential type of the dependence of the optical absorption coefficient vs photon energy with energy deficiency. The indicated phenomenon takes place at high and low temperatures as well at impurity different concentration and practically in all cases of irradiation by various energy electrons and fast neutrons. We have developed the common mechanism of this phenomenon for unirradiated materials and implemented the quantitative calculations of distinctive parameter; this is in a satisfactory agreement with experimental data. For the irradiated crystals picture get complicated. In the work, the corresponding analysis is carried out. It has been shown, that in the case of InP, irradiated with electrons (Ф=1·1017el/cm2), the curve of optical absorption is shifted to lower energies. This is caused by appearance of the tails of density of states in forbidden band due to local fluctuations of ionized impurity (defect) concentration. Situation is more complicated in the case of InAs and for solid solutions with composition near to InAs when besides noticeable phenomenon there takes place Burstein effect caused by increase of electrons concentration as a result of irradiation. We have shown, that in certain conditions it is possible the prevalence of Burstein effect. This causes the opposite effect: the shift of the optical absorption edge to higher energies. So in given solid solutions there take place two different opposite directed processes. By selection of solid solutions composition and doping impurity we obtained such InP-InAs, solid solution in which under radiation mutual compensation of optical absorption curves displacement occurs. Obtained result let create on the base of InP-InAs, solid solution radiation-resistant optical materials. Conclusion: It was established the nature of optical absorption near fundamental edge in semiconductor materials and it was created radiation-resistant optical material. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=InAs-InP" title="InAs-InP">InAs-InP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrons%20concentration" title=" electrons concentration"> electrons concentration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irradiation" title=" irradiation"> irradiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20solutions" title=" solid solutions"> solid solutions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85504/peculiarities-of-absorption-near-the-edge-of-the-fundamental-band-of-irradiated-inas-inp-solid-solutions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85504.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">201</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Effect of Rapid Thermal Annealing on the Optical Properties of InAs Quantum Dots Grown on (100) and (311)B GaAs Substrates by Molecular Beam Epitaxy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amjad%20Almunyif">Amjad Almunyif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amra%20Alhassni"> Amra Alhassni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sultan%20Alhassan"> Sultan Alhassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Al%20Huwayz"> Maryam Al Huwayz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saud%20Alotaibi"> Saud Alotaibi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulaziz%20Almalki"> Abdulaziz Almalki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Henini"> Mohamed Henini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effect of rapid thermal annealing (RTA) on the optical properties of InAs quantum dots (QDs) grown at an As overpressure of 2x 10⁻⁶ Torr by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on (100) and (311)B GaAs substrates was investigated using photoluminescence (PL) technique. PL results showed that for the as-grown samples, the QDs grown on the high index plane (311)B have lower PL intensity and lower full width at half maximum (FWHM) than those grown on the conventional (100) plane. The latter demonstrates that the (311)B QDs have better size uniformity than (100) QDs. Compared with as-grown samples, a blue-shift was observed for all samples with increasing annealing temperature from 600°C to 700°C. For (100) samples, a narrowing of the FWHM was observed with increasing annealing temperature from 600°C to 700°C. However, in (311)B samples, the FWHM showed a different behaviour; it slightly increased when the samples were annealed at 600°C and then decreased when the annealing temperature increased to 700°C. As expected, the PL peak intensity for all samples increased when the laser excitation power increased. The PL peak energy temperature dependence showed a strong redshift when the temperature was increased from 10 K to 120 K. The PL peak energy exhibited an abnormal S-shape behaviour as a function of temperature for all samples. Most samples exhibited a significant enhancement in their activation energies when annealed at 600°C and 700°C, suggesting that annealing annihilated defects created during sample growth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RTA" title="RTA">RTA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=QDs" title=" QDs"> QDs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=InAs" title=" InAs"> InAs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MBE" title=" MBE"> MBE</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141819/effect-of-rapid-thermal-annealing-on-the-optical-properties-of-inas-quantum-dots-grown-on-100-and-311b-gaas-substrates-by-molecular-beam-epitaxy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141819.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">175</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> Waveguiding in an InAs Quantum Dots Nanomaterial for Scintillation Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katherine%20Dropiewski">Katherine Dropiewski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Yakimov"> Michael Yakimov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vadim%20Tokranov"> Vadim Tokranov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Allan%20Minns"> Allan Minns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pavel%20Murat"> Pavel Murat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Serge%20Oktyabrsky"> Serge Oktyabrsky</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> InAs Quantum Dots (QDs) in a GaAs matrix is a well-documented luminescent material with high light yield, as well as thermal and ionizing radiation tolerance due to quantum confinement. These benefits can be leveraged for high-efficiency, room temperature scintillation detectors. The proposed scintillator is composed of InAs QDs acting as luminescence centers in a GaAs stopping medium, which also acts as a waveguide. This system has appealing potential properties, including high light yield (~240,000 photons/MeV) and fast capture of photoelectrons (2-5ps), orders of magnitude better than currently used inorganic scintillators, such as LYSO or BaF2. The high refractive index of the GaAs matrix (n=3.4) ensures light emitted by the QDs is waveguided, which can be collected by an integrated photodiode (PD). Scintillation structures were grown using Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) and consist of thick GaAs waveguiding layers with embedded sheets of modulation p-type doped InAs QDs. An AlAs sacrificial layer is grown between the waveguide and the GaAs substrate for epitaxial lift-off to separate the scintillator film and transfer it to a low-index substrate for waveguiding measurements. One consideration when using a low-density material like GaAs (~5.32 g/cm³) as a stopping medium is the matrix thickness in the dimension of radiation collection. Therefore, luminescence properties of very thick (4-20 microns) waveguides with up to 100 QD layers were studied. The optimization of the medium included QD shape, density, doping, and AlGaAs barriers at the waveguide surfaces to prevent non-radiative recombination. To characterize the efficiency of QD luminescence, low temperature photoluminescence (PL) (77-450 K) was measured and fitted using a kinetic model. The PL intensity degrades by only 40% at RT, with an activation energy for electron escape from QDs to the barrier of ~60 meV. Attenuation within the waveguide (WG) is a limiting factor for the lateral size of a scintillation detector, so PL spectroscopy in the waveguiding configuration was studied. Spectra were measured while the laser (630 nm) excitation point was scanned away from the collecting fiber coupled to the edge of the WG. The QD ground state PL peak at 1.04 eV (1190 nm) was inhomogeneously broadened with FWHM of 28 meV (33 nm) and showed a distinct red-shift due to self-absorption in the QDs. Attenuation stabilized after traveling over 1 mm through the WG, at about 3 cm⁻¹. Finally, a scintillator sample was used to test detection and evaluate timing characteristics using 5.5 MeV alpha particles. With a 2D waveguide and a small area of integrated PD, the collected charge averaged 8.4 x10⁴ electrons, corresponding to a collection efficiency of about 7%. The scintillation response had 80 ps noise-limited time resolution and a QD decay time of 0.6 ns. The data confirms unique properties of this scintillation detector which can be potentially much faster than any currently used inorganic scintillator. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GaAs" title="GaAs">GaAs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=InAs" title=" InAs"> InAs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecular%20beam%20epitaxy" title=" molecular beam epitaxy"> molecular beam epitaxy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20dots" title=" quantum dots"> quantum dots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=III-V%20semiconductor" title=" III-V semiconductor"> III-V semiconductor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94371/waveguiding-in-an-inas-quantum-dots-nanomaterial-for-scintillation-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94371.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Temperature Dependence of the Optoelectronic Properties of InAs(Sb)-Based LED Heterostructures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antonina%20Semakova">Antonina Semakova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karim%20Mynbaev"> Karim Mynbaev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nikolai%20Bazhenov"> Nikolai Bazhenov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anton%20Chernyaev"> Anton Chernyaev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergei%20Kizhaev"> Sergei Kizhaev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nikolai%20Stoyanov"> Nikolai Stoyanov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> At present, heterostructures are used for fabrication of almost all types of optoelectronic devices. Our research focuses on the optoelectronic properties of InAs(Sb) solid solutions that are widely used in fabrication of light emitting diodes (LEDs) operating in middle wavelength infrared range (MWIR). This spectral range (2-6 μm) is relevant for laser diode spectroscopy of gases and molecules, for systems for the detection of explosive substances, medical applications, and for environmental monitoring. The fabrication of MWIR LEDs that operate efficiently at room temperature is mainly hindered by the predominance of non-radiative Auger recombination of charge carriers over the process of radiative recombination, which makes practical application of LEDs difficult. However, non-radiative recombination can be partly suppressed in quantum-well structures. In this regard, studies of such structures are quite topical. In this work, electroluminescence (EL) of LED heterostructures based on InAs(Sb) epitaxial films with the molar fraction of InSb ranging from 0 to 0.09 and multi quantum-well (MQW) structures was studied in the temperature range 4.2-300 K. The growth of the heterostructures was performed by metal-organic chemical vapour deposition on InAs substrates. On top of the active layer, a wide-bandgap InAsSb(Ga,P) barrier was formed. At low temperatures (4.2-100 K) stimulated emission was observed. As the temperature increased, the emission became spontaneous. The transition from stimulated emission to spontaneous one occurred at different temperatures for structures with different InSb contents in the active region. The temperature-dependent carrier lifetime, limited by radiative recombination and the most probable Auger processes (for the materials under consideration, CHHS and CHCC), were calculated within the framework of the Kane model. The effect of various recombination processes on the carrier lifetime was studied, and the dominant role of Auger processes was established. For MQW structures quantization energies for electrons, light and heavy holes were calculated. A characteristic feature of the experimental EL spectra of these structures was the presence of peaks with energy different from that of calculated optical transitions between the first quantization levels for electrons and heavy holes. The obtained results showed strong effect of the specific electronic structure of InAsSb on the energy and intensity of optical transitions in nanostructures based on this material. For the structure with MQWs in the active layer, a very weak temperature dependence of EL peak was observed at high temperatures (>150 K), which makes it attractive for fabricating temperature-resistant gas sensors operating in the middle-infrared range. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Electroluminescence" title="Electroluminescence">Electroluminescence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=InAsSb" title=" InAsSb"> InAsSb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=light%20emitting%20diode" title=" light emitting diode"> light emitting diode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20wells" title=" quantum wells"> quantum wells</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122314/temperature-dependence-of-the-optoelectronic-properties-of-inassb-based-led-heterostructures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122314.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">212</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Investigation of the Effects of Gamma Radiation on the Electrically Active Defects in InAs/InGaAs Quantum Dots Laser Structures Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy on GaAs Substrates Using Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Al%20Huwayz">M. Al Huwayz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Salhi"> A. Salhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Alhassan"> S. Alhassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Alotaibi"> S. Alotaibi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Almalki"> A. Almalki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.Almunyif"> M.Almunyif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Alhassni"> A. Alhassni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Henini"> M. Henini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, there has been much research carried out to investigate quantum dots (QDs) lasers with the aim to increase the gain of quantum well lasers. However, one of the difficulties with these structures is that electrically active defects can lead to serious issues in the performance of these devices. It is therefore essential to fully understand the types of defects introduced during the growth and/or the fabrication process. In this study, the effects of Gamma radiation on the electrically active defects in p-i-n InAs/InGaAsQDs laser structures grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) technique on GaAs substrates were investigated. Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS), current-voltage (I-V), and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements were performed to explore these effects on the electrical properties of these QDs lasers. I-V measurements showed that as-grown sample had better electrical properties than the irradiated sample. However, DLTS and Laplace DLTS measurements at different reverse biases revealed that the defects in the-region of the p-i-n structures were decreased in the irradiated sample. In both samples, a trap with an activation energy of ~ 0.21 eV was assigned to the well-known defect M1 in GaAs layers <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20dots%20laser%20structures" title="quantum dots laser structures">quantum dots laser structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gamma%20radiation" title=" gamma radiation"> gamma radiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DLTS" title=" DLTS"> DLTS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=defects" title=" defects"> defects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nAs%2FIngaAs" title=" nAs/IngaAs"> nAs/IngaAs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141942/investigation-of-the-effects-of-gamma-radiation-on-the-electrically-active-defects-in-inasingaas-quantum-dots-laser-structures-grown-by-molecular-beam-epitaxy-on-gaas-substrates-using-deep-level-transient-spectroscopy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141942.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">187</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Understanding the Fundamental Driver of Semiconductor Radiation Tolerance with Experiment and Theory</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julie%20V.%20Logan">Julie V. Logan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Preston%20T.%20Webster"> Preston T. Webster</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kevin%20B.%20Woller"> Kevin B. Woller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christian%20P.%20Morath"> Christian P. Morath</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20P.%20Short"> Michael P. Short</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Semiconductors, as the base of critical electronic systems, are exposed to damaging radiation while operating in space, nuclear reactors, and particle accelerator environments. What innate property allows some semiconductors to sustain little damage while others accumulate defects rapidly with dose is, at present, poorly understood. This limits the extent to which radiation tolerance can be implemented as a design criterion. To address this problem of determining the driver of semiconductor radiation tolerance, the first step is to generate a dataset of the relative radiation tolerance of a large range of semiconductors (exposed to the same radiation damage and characterized in the same way). To accomplish this, Rutherford backscatter channeling experiments are used to compare the displaced lattice atom buildup in InAs, InP, GaP, GaN, ZnO, MgO, and Si as a function of step-wise alpha particle dose. With this experimental information on radiation-induced incorporation of interstitial defects in hand, hybrid density functional theory electron densities (and their derived quantities) are calculated, and their gradient and Laplacian are evaluated to obtain key fundamental information about the interactions in each material. It is shown that simple, undifferentiated values (which are typically used to describe bond strength) are insufficient to predict radiation tolerance. Instead, the curvature of the electron density at bond critical points provides a measure of radiation tolerance consistent with the experimental results obtained. This curvature and associated forces surrounding bond critical points disfavors localization of displaced lattice atoms at these points, favoring their diffusion toward perfect lattice positions. With this criterion to predict radiation tolerance, simple density functional theory simulations can be conducted on potential new materials to gain insight into how they may operate in demanding high radiation environments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=density%20functional%20theory" title="density functional theory">density functional theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GaN" title=" GaN"> GaN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GaP" title=" GaP"> GaP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=InAs" title=" InAs"> InAs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=InP" title=" InP"> InP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MgO" title=" MgO"> MgO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20tolerance" title=" radiation tolerance"> radiation tolerance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rutherford%20backscatter%20channeling" title=" rutherford backscatter channeling"> rutherford backscatter channeling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144557/understanding-the-fundamental-driver-of-semiconductor-radiation-tolerance-with-experiment-and-theory" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144557.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">174</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> COSMO-RS Prediction for Choline Chloride/Urea Based Deep Eutectic Solvent: Chemical Structure and Application as Agent for Natural Gas Dehydration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tayeb%20Aissaoui">Tayeb Aissaoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Inas%20M.%20AlNashef"> Inas M. AlNashef</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, green solvents named deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been found to possess significant properties and to be applicable in several technologies. Choline chloride (ChCl) mixed with urea at a ratio of 1:2 and 80 °C was the first discovered DES. In this article, chemical structure and combination mechanism of ChCl: urea based DES were investigated. Moreover, the implementation of this DES in water removal from natural gas was reported. Dehydration of natural gas by ChCl:urea shows significant absorption efficiency compared to triethylene glycol. All above operations were retrieved from COSMOthermX software. This article confirms the potential application of DESs in gas industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COSMO-RS" title="COSMO-RS">COSMO-RS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20eutectic%20solvents" title=" deep eutectic solvents"> deep eutectic solvents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dehydration" title=" dehydration"> dehydration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20gas" title=" natural gas"> natural gas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structure" title=" structure"> structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20salt" title=" organic salt"> organic salt</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54007/cosmo-rs-prediction-for-choline-chlorideurea-based-deep-eutectic-solvent-chemical-structure-and-application-as-agent-for-natural-gas-dehydration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54007.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">292</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> The Utilization of Recycled Construction and Demolition Waste Aggregate in Asphaltic Concrete</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Inas%20Kamel">Inas Kamel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noor%20Z.%20Habib"> Noor Z. Habib</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Utilizing construction and demolition wastes in hotmix asphalt (HMA) pavement construction can reduce the adverse environmental effect of its inadequate disposal and reduce the pressure of extracting and processing mineral aggregates (MA). This study aims to examine the viability of replacing MA by recycled construction and demolition waste aggregates (RCDWA) in the wearing course of asphaltic concrete (AC) pavements without compromising its loadbearing capacity. The Marshall Method was used to evaluate the performance of AC wearing course specimens by replacing MA by 10%, 20% and 30% RCDWA. Grade 60/70 bitumen was used in the range 3.0-5.5%, with 05% increments, to generate the optimum bitumen content (OBC). From the volumetric analysis and test property curves, the mixture containing 20% RCDWA was chosen as the preferred mix at 5.1% OBC. It possessed a 10% increase in Marshall Stability compared to the reference specimen, containing 100% MA, and a 6% increase in Marshall flow. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aggregate" title="aggregate">aggregate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asphaltic%20concrete" title=" asphaltic concrete"> asphaltic concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marshall%20method" title=" Marshall method"> Marshall method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimum%20bitumen%20content" title=" optimum bitumen content"> optimum bitumen content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycled%20construction%20and%20demolition%20waste" title=" recycled construction and demolition waste"> recycled construction and demolition waste</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129727/the-utilization-of-recycled-construction-and-demolition-waste-aggregate-in-asphaltic-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129727.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">156</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Reliability of Slender Reinforced Concrete Columns: Part 1</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Metwally%20Abdel%20Aziz%20Ahmed">Metwally Abdel Aziz Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Shaban%20Abdel%20Hay%20Gabr"> Ahmed Shaban Abdel Hay Gabr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Inas%20Mohamed%20Saleh"> Inas Mohamed Saleh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main objective of structural design is to ensure safety and functional performance requirements of a structural system for its target reliability levels. In this study, the reliability index for the reinforcement concrete slender columns with rectangular cross section is studied. The variable parameters studied include the loads, the concrete compressive strength, the steel yield strength, the dimensions of concrete cross-section, the reinforcement ratio, and the location of steel placement. Risk analysis program was used to perform the analytical study. The effect of load eccentricity on the reliability index of reinforced concrete slender column was studied and presented. The results of this study indicate that the good quality control improve the performance of slender reinforced columns through increasing the reliability index β. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reliability" title="reliability">reliability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20concrete" title=" reinforced concrete"> reinforced concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety" title=" safety"> safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slender%20column" title=" slender column"> slender column</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53342/reliability-of-slender-reinforced-concrete-columns-part-1" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53342.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">453</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Structuring and Visualizing Healthcare Claims Data Using Systems Architecture Methodology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Inas%20S.%20Khayal">Inas S. Khayal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weiping%20Zhou"> Weiping Zhou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonathan%20Skinner"> Jonathan Skinner</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Healthcare delivery systems around the world are in crisis. The need to improve health outcomes while decreasing healthcare costs have led to an imminent call to action to transform the healthcare delivery system. While Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering have primarily focused on biological level data and biomedical technology, there is clear evidence of the importance of the delivery of care on patient outcomes. Classic singular decomposition approaches from reductionist science are not capable of explaining complex systems. Approaches and methods from systems science and systems engineering are utilized to structure healthcare delivery system data. Specifically, systems architecture is used to develop a multi-scale and multi-dimensional characterization of the healthcare delivery system, defined here as the Healthcare Delivery System Knowledge Base. This paper is the first to contribute a new method of structuring and visualizing a multi-dimensional and multi-scale healthcare delivery system using systems architecture in order to better understand healthcare delivery. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20informatics" title="health informatics">health informatics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=systems%20thinking" title=" systems thinking"> systems thinking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=systems%20architecture" title=" systems architecture"> systems architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=healthcare%20delivery%20system" title=" healthcare delivery system"> healthcare delivery system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20analytics" title=" data analytics"> data analytics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69032/structuring-and-visualizing-healthcare-claims-data-using-systems-architecture-methodology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69032.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">348</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Association of Airborne Emissions with Pulmonary Dysfunction, XRCC1 Gene Polymorphism, and Some Inflammatory Markers in Aluminum Workers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gehan%20Moubarz">Gehan Moubarz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atef%20M.%20F.%20Mohammed"> Atef M. F. Mohammed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Inas%20A.%20Saleh"> Inas A. Saleh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heba%20Mahdy-Abdallah"> Heba Mahdy-Abdallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amal%20Saad-Hussein"> Amal Saad-Hussein</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study estimates the association between respiratory outcomes among employees of a secondary aluminum plant and airborne pollutants. Additionally, it looks into the relationship between pulmonary dysfunction in workers and XRCC1 gene polymorphisms. 110 exposed workers and 58 non-exposed workers participated in the study. Measurements have been conducted on SO₂, NO₂, and particulate particles. Pulmonary function was tested. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), C-reactive protein (CRP), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), interleukin 6 (IL6), GM-CSF, X-Ray Repair Cross Complementing 1 (XRCC1) protein, and genotyping of XRCC1 gene polymorphisms were examined. Results: The annual average concentrations of (PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, TSP, SO₂, and NO₂) were lower than the permissible limit. The areas around ovens, evaporators, and cold rolling mills exhibited the highest amounts. The majority of employees in these departments had impaired lung function. With longer exposure times, the exposed group's FEV1% and FVC% considerably reduced. The exposed workers had considerably higher XRCC1 levels. The evaluated inflammatory biomarkers showed no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Aluminum workers are at risk of developing respiratory disorders. The level of serum XRCC1 may act as a biomarker that might be very useful for detecting susceptible workers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aluminum%20industry" title="aluminum industry">aluminum industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particulate%20matter" title=" particulate matter"> particulate matter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SO%E2%82%82" title=" SO₂"> SO₂</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NO%E2%82%82" title=" NO₂"> NO₂</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lung%20function" title=" lung function"> lung function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XRCC1%20gene%20polymorphism" title=" XRCC1 gene polymorphism"> XRCC1 gene polymorphism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XRCC1%20protein" title=" XRCC1 protein"> XRCC1 protein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inflammatory%20biomarkers" title=" inflammatory biomarkers"> inflammatory biomarkers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193901/association-of-airborne-emissions-with-pulmonary-dysfunction-xrcc1-gene-polymorphism-and-some-inflammatory-markers-in-aluminum-workers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193901.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">10</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Breakthrough Highly-Effective Extraction of Perfluoroctanoic Acid Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sana%20Eid">Sana Eid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20S.%20Darwish"> Ahmad S. Darwish</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarek%20Lemaoui"> Tarek Lemaoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maguy%20Abi%20Jaoude"> Maguy Abi Jaoude</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fawzi%20Banat"> Fawzi Banat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shadi%20W.%20Hasan"> Shadi W. Hasan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Inas%20M.%20AlNashef"> Inas M. AlNashef</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Addressing the growing challenge of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) pollution in water bodies, this study introduces natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) as a pioneering solution for the efficient extraction of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), one of the most persistent and concerning PFAS pollutants. Among the tested NADESs, trioctylphosphine oxide: lauric acid (TOPO:LauA) in a 1:1 molar ratio was distinguished as the most effective, achieving an extraction efficiency of approximately 99.52% at a solvent-to-feed (S:F) ratio of 1:2, room temperature, and neutral pH. This efficiency is achieved within a notably short mixing time of only one min, which is significantly less than the time required by conventional methods, underscoring the potential of TOPO:LauA for rapid and effective PFAS remediation. TOPO:LauA maintained consistent performance across various operational parameters, including a range of initial PFOA concentrations (0.1 ppm to 1000 ppm), temperatures (15 °C to 100 °C), pH values (3 to 9), and S:F ratios (2:3 to 1:7), demonstrating its versatility and robustness. Furthermore, its effectiveness was consistently high over seven consecutive extraction cycles, highlighting TOPO:LauA as a sustainable, environmentally friendly alternative to hazardous organic solvents, with promising applications for reliable, repeatable use in combating persistent water pollutants such as PFOA. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20eutectic%20solvents" title="deep eutectic solvents">deep eutectic solvents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20deep%20eutectic%20solvents" title=" natural deep eutectic solvents"> natural deep eutectic solvents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perfluorooctanoic%20acid" title=" perfluorooctanoic acid"> perfluorooctanoic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20remediation" title=" water remediation"> water remediation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177812/breakthrough-highly-effective-extraction-of-perfluoroctanoic-acid-using-natural-deep-eutectic-solvents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177812.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">61</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Infrared Photodetectors Based on Nanowire Arrays: Towards Far Infrared Region</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Karimi">Mohammad Karimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Magnus%20Heurlin"> Magnus Heurlin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lars%20Samuelson"> Lars Samuelson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Magnus%20Borgstrom"> Magnus Borgstrom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hakan%20Pettersson"> Hakan Pettersson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nanowire semiconductors are promising candidates for optoelectronic applications such as solar cells, photodetectors and lasers due to their quasi-1D geometry and large surface to volume ratio. The functional wavelength range of NW-based detectors is typically limited to the visible/near-infrared region. In this work, we present electrical and optical properties of IR photodetectors based on large square millimeter ensembles (>1million) of vertically processed semiconductor heterostructure nanowires (NWs) grown on InP substrates which operate in longer wavelengths. InP NWs comprising single or multiple (20) InAs/InAsP QDics axially embedded in an n-i-n geometry, have been grown on InP substrates using metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). The NWs are contacted in vertical direction by atomic layer deposition (ALD) deposition of 50 nm SiO2 as an insulating layer followed by sputtering of indium tin oxide (ITO) and evaporation of Ti and Au as top contact layer. In order to extend the sensitivity range to the mid-wavelength and long-wavelength regions, the intersubband transition within conduction band of InAsP QDisc is suggested. We present first experimental indications of intersubband photocurrent in NW geometry and discuss important design parameters for realization of intersubband detectors. Key advantages with the proposed design include large degree of freedom in choice of materials compositions, possible enhanced optical resonance effects due to periodically ordered NW arrays and the compatibility with silicon substrates. We believe that the proposed detector design offers the route towards monolithic integration of compact and sensitive III-V NW long wavelength detectors with Si technology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intersubband%20photodetector" title="intersubband photodetector">intersubband photodetector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrared" title=" infrared"> infrared</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanowire" title=" nanowire"> nanowire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20disc" title=" quantum disc"> quantum disc</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69512/infrared-photodetectors-based-on-nanowire-arrays-towards-far-infrared-region" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69512.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">386</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Juxtaposition of the Past and the Present: A Pragmatic Stylistic Analysis of the Short Story “Too Much Happiness” by Alice Munro</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Inas%20Hussein">Inas Hussein</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Alice Munro is a Canadian short-story writer who has been regarded as one of the greatest writers of fiction. Owing to her great contribution to fiction, she was the first Canadian woman and the only short-story writer ever to be rewarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2013. Her literary works include collections of short stories and one book published as a novel. Her stories concentrate on the human condition and the human relationships as seen through the lens of daily life. The setting in most of her stories is her native Canada- small towns much similar to the one where she grew up. Her writing style is not only realistic but is also characterized by autobiographical, historical and regional features. The aim of this research is to analyze one of the key stylistic devices often adopted by Munro in her fictions: the juxtaposition of the past and the present, with reference to the title story in Munro's short story collection <em>Too Much Happiness</em>. The story under exploration is a brief biography of the Russian Mathematician and novelist Sophia Kovalevsky (1850 – 1891), the first woman to be appointed as a professor of Mathematics at a European University in Stockholm. Thus, the story has a historical protagonist and is set on the European continent. Munro dramatizes the severe historical and cultural constraints that hindered the career of the protagonist. A pragmatic stylistic framework is being adopted and the qualitative analysis is supported by textual reference. The stylistic analysis reveals that the juxtaposition of the past and the present is one of the distinctive features that characterize the author; in a typical Munrovian manner, the protagonist often moves between the units of time: the past, the present and, sometimes, the future. Munro's style is simple and direct but cleverly constructed and densely complicated by the presence of deeper layers and stories within the story. Findings of the research reveal that the story under investigation merits reading and analyzing. It is recommended that this story and other stories by Munro are analyzed to further explore the features of her art and style. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alice%20Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Too%20Much%20Happiness" title=" Too Much Happiness"> Too Much Happiness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=style" title=" style"> style</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stylistic%20analysis" title=" stylistic analysis"> stylistic analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124809/juxtaposition-of-the-past-and-the-present-a-pragmatic-stylistic-analysis-of-the-short-story-too-much-happiness-by-alice-munro" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124809.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Enamel Structure Defect, the Rare Dental Anomaly: Isolated or Syndromic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nehal%20F.%20Hassib">Nehal F. Hassib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rasha%20M.%20El%20Hossini"> Rasha M. El Hossini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Inas%20M.%20Sayed"> Inas M. Sayed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maha%20R.%20Abouzeid"> Maha R. Abouzeid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nermeen%20A.%20Bayoumi"> Nermeen A. Bayoumi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aida%20M.%20Mosaad"> Aida M. Mosaad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lamia%20K.%20Gadallah"> Lamia K. Gadallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moataz%20Bellah%20A.%20T.%20%20Abdelbari"> Moataz Bellah A. T. Abdelbari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heba%20A.%20El-Sayed"> Heba A. El-Sayed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hasnaa%20Elbendary"> Hasnaa Elbendary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghada%20Abdel-Salam"> Ghada Abdel-Salam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maha%20Zaki"> Maha Zaki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mostafa%20I.%20Mostafa"> Mostafa I. Mostafa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20S.%20Abdel-Hamid"> Mohamed S. Abdel-Hamid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Enamel, the outermost layer of the tooth crown, is the hardest dental tissue and serves as a protective barrier. Amelogenesis, the process of enamel formation, is regulated by multiple genes to ensure normal, defect-free enamel. Defective enamel manifests as hypoplasia or as amelogenesis imperfecta (AI), which may occur in isolation or as part of a syndrome. This study presents 29 patients from 18 unrelated families (16 females and 13 males) who exhibited distinctive enamel abnormalities. We conducted thorough clinical examinations and requested laboratory and radiological investigations. Blood samples were collected for molecular analysis, utilizing a targeted panel for known AI variants and whole exome sequencing for unknown variants. Eleven variants linked to enamel anomalies were identified: four genes associated with isolated AI (WDR72, ACP4, SLC24A4, and FAM83H) and seven associated with syndromic forms, including enamel renal syndrome (FAM20A), tricho-dento-osseous syndrome (DLX3), Jalili syndrome (CNNM4), and others linked to neurological and mitochondrial disorders, skeletal dysplasia, and peroxisome disorders. Abnormal oral and dental phenotypes in individuals may indicate serious inherited disorders. Enamel defects have significant implications for aesthetics, function, and patients' psychological well-being. Dental examination, alongside clinical and molecular investigations, is crucial for the accurate diagnosis and prediction of inherited conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amelogenesis%20imperfecta" title="amelogenesis imperfecta">amelogenesis imperfecta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enamel%20defect" title=" enamel defect"> enamel defect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Enamel%20renal%20syndrome" title=" Enamel renal syndrome"> Enamel renal syndrome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DLX3" title=" DLX3"> DLX3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jalili%20syndrome" title=" Jalili syndrome"> Jalili syndrome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WDR72" title=" WDR72"> WDR72</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FAM83H" title=" FAM83H"> FAM83H</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=whole%20exome%20sequencing" title=" whole exome sequencing"> whole exome sequencing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191884/enamel-structure-defect-the-rare-dental-anomaly-isolated-or-syndromic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191884.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">24</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Analyzing Political Cartoons in Arabic-Language Media after Trump's Jerusalem Move: A Multimodal Discourse Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Inas%20Hussein">Inas Hussein</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Communication in the modern world is increasingly becoming multimodal due to globalization and the digital space we live in which have remarkably affected how people communicate. Accordingly, Multimodal Discourse Analysis (MDA) is an emerging paradigm in discourse studies with the underlying assumption that other semiotic resources such as images, colours, scientific symbolism, gestures, actions, music and sound, etc. combine with language in order to  communicate meaning. One of the effective multimodal media that combines both verbal and non-verbal elements to create meaning is political cartoons. Furthermore, since political and social issues are mirrored in political cartoons, these are regarded as potential objects of discourse analysis since they not only reflect the thoughts of the public but they also have the power to influence them. The aim of this paper is to analyze some selected cartoons on the recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital by the American President, Donald Trump, adopting a multimodal approach. More specifically, the present research examines how the various semiotic tools and resources utilized by the cartoonists function in projecting the intended meaning. Ten political cartoons, among a surge of editorial cartoons highlighted by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) - an international Jewish non-governmental organization based in the United States - as publications in different Arabic-language newspapers in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, Iran and UK, were purposively selected for semiotic analysis. These editorial cartoons, all published during 6<sup>th</sup>–18<sup>th</sup> December 2017, invariably suggest one theme: Jewish and Israeli domination of the United States. The data were analyzed using the framework of Visual Social Semiotics. In accordance with this methodological framework, the selected visual compositions were analyzed in terms of three aspects of meaning: representational, interactive and compositional. In analyzing the selected cartoons, an interpretative approach is being adopted. This approach prioritizes depth to breadth and enables insightful analyses of the chosen cartoons. The findings of the study reveal that semiotic resources are key elements of political cartoons due to the inherent political communication they convey. It is proved that adequate interpretation of the three aspects of meaning is a prerequisite for understanding the intended meaning of political cartoons. It is recommended that further research should be conducted to provide more insightful analyses of political cartoons from a multimodal perspective. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Multimodal%20Discourse%20Analysis%20%28MDA%29" title="Multimodal Discourse Analysis (MDA)">Multimodal Discourse Analysis (MDA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multimodal%20text" title=" multimodal text"> multimodal text</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20cartoons" title=" political cartoons"> political cartoons</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20modality" title=" visual modality"> visual modality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99614/analyzing-political-cartoons-in-arabic-language-media-after-trumps-jerusalem-move-a-multimodal-discourse-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99614.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">240</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Enhanced Furfural Extraction from Aqueous Media Using Neoteric Hydrophobic Solvents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20S.%20Darwish">Ahmad S. Darwish</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarek%20Lemaoui"> Tarek Lemaoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanifa%20Taher"> Hanifa Taher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Inas%20M.%20AlNashef"> Inas M. AlNashef</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fawzi%20Banat"> Fawzi Banat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research reports a systematic top-down approach for designing neoteric hydrophobic solvents –particularly, deep eutectic solvents (DES) and ionic liquids (IL)– as furfural extractants from aqueous media for the application of sustainable biomass conversion. The first stage of the framework entailed screening 32 neoteric solvents to determine their efficacy against toluene as the application’s conventional benchmark for comparison. The selection criteria for the best solvents encompassed not only their efficiency in extracting furfural but also low viscosity and minimal toxicity levels. Additionally, for the DESs, their natural origins, availability, and biodegradability were also taken into account. From the screening pool, two neoteric solvents were selected: thymol:decanoic acid 1:1 (Thy:DecA) and trihexyltetradecyl phosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide [P₁₄,₆,₆,₆][NTf₂]. These solvents outperformed the toluene benchmark, achieving efficiencies of 94.1% and 97.1% respectively, compared to toluene’s 81.2%, while also possessing the desired properties. These solvents were then characterized thoroughly in terms of their physical properties, thermal properties, critical properties, and cross-contamination solubilities. The selected neoteric solvents were then extensively tested under various operating conditions, and an exceptional stable performance was exhibited, maintaining high efficiency across a broad range of temperatures (15–100 °C), pH levels (1–13), and furfural concentrations (0.1–2.0 wt%) with a remarkable equilibrium time of only 2 minutes, and most notably, demonstrated high efficiencies even at low solvent-to-feed ratios. The durability of the neoteric solvents was also validated to be stable over multiple extraction-regeneration cycles, with limited leachability to the aqueous phase (≈0.1%). Moreover, the extraction performance of the solvents was then modeled through machine learning, specifically multiple non-linear regression (MNLR) and artificial neural networks (ANN). The models demonstrated high accuracy, indicated by their low absolute average relative deviations with values of 2.74% and 2.28% for Thy:DecA and [P₁₄,₆,₆,₆][NTf₂], respectively, using MNLR, and 0.10% for Thy:DecA and 0.41% for [P₁₄,₆,₆,₆][NTf₂] using ANN, highlighting the significantly enhanced predictive accuracy of the ANN. The neoteric solvents presented herein offer noteworthy advantages over traditional organic solvents, including their high efficiency in both extraction and regeneration processes, their stability and minimal leachability, making them particularly suitable for applications involving aqueous media. Moreover, these solvents are more environmentally friendly, incorporating renewable and sustainable components like thymol and decanoic acid. This exceptional efficacy of the newly developed neoteric solvents signifies a significant advancement, providing a green and sustainable alternative for furfural production from biowaste. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20biomass%20conversion" title="sustainable biomass conversion">sustainable biomass conversion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=furfural%20extraction" title=" furfural extraction"> furfural extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionic%20liquids" title=" ionic liquids"> ionic liquids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20eutectic%20solvents" title=" deep eutectic solvents"> deep eutectic solvents</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177893/enhanced-furfural-extraction-from-aqueous-media-using-neoteric-hydrophobic-solvents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177893.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">69</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Isolation and Transplantation of Hepatocytes in an Experimental Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Inas%20Raafat">Inas Raafat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azza%20El%20Bassiouny"> Azza El Bassiouny</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Waldemar%20L.%20Olszewsky"> Waldemar L. Olszewsky</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nagui%20E.%20Mikhail"> Nagui E. Mikhail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mona%20Nossier"> Mona Nossier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nora%20E.%20I.%20El-Bassiouni"> Nora E. I. El-Bassiouni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mona%20Zoheiry"> Mona Zoheiry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Houda%20Abou%20Taleb"> Houda Abou Taleb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noha%20Abd%20El-Aal"> Noha Abd El-Aal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Baioumy"> Ali Baioumy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shimaa%20Attia"> Shimaa Attia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Orthotopic liver transplantation is an established treatment for patients with severe acute and end-stage chronic liver disease. The shortage of donor organs continues to be the rate-limiting factor for liver transplantation throughout the world. Hepatocyte transplantation is a promising treatment for several liver diseases and can, also, be used as a "bridge" to liver transplantation in cases of liver failure. Aim of the work: This study was designed to develop a highly efficient protocol for isolation and transplantation of hepatocytes in experimental Lewis rat model to provide satisfactory guidelines for future application on humans.Materials and Methods: Hepatocytes were isolated from the liver by double perfusion technique and bone marrow cells were isolated by centrifugation of shafts of tibia and femur of donor Lewis rats. Recipient rats were subjected to sub-lethal dose of irradiation 2 days before transplantation. In a laparotomy operation the spleen was injected by freshly isolated hepatocytes and bone marrow cells were injected intravenously. The animals were sacrificed 45 day latter and splenic sections were prepared and stained with H & E, PAS AFP and Prox1. Results: The data obtained from this study showed that the double perfusion technique is successful in separation of hepatocytes regarding cell number and viability. Also the method used for bone marrow cells separation gave excellent results regarding cell number and viability. Intrasplenic engraftment of hepatocytes and live tissue formation within the splenic tissue were found in 70% of cases. Hematoxylin and eosin stained splenic sections from 7 rats showed sheets and clusters of cells among the splenic tissues. Periodic Acid Schiff stained splenic sections from 7 rats showed clusters of hepatocytes with intensely stained pink cytoplasmic granules denoting the presence of glycogen. Splenic sections from 7 rats stained with anti-α-fetoprotein antibody showed brownish cytoplasmic staining of the hepatocytes denoting positive expression of AFP. Splenic sections from 7 rats stained with anti-Prox1 showed brownish nuclear staining of the hepatocytes denoting positive expression of Prox1 gene on these cells. Also, positive expression of Prox1 gene was detected on lymphocytes aggregations in the spleens. Conclusions: Isolation of liver cells by double perfusion technique using collagenase buffer is a reliable method that has a very satisfactory yield regarding cell number and viability. The intrasplenic route of transplantation of the freshly isolated liver cells in an immunocompromised model was found to give good results regarding cell engraftment and tissue formation. Further studies are needed to assess function of engrafted hepatocytes by measuring prothrombin time, serum albumin and bilirubin levels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lewis%20rats" title="Lewis rats">Lewis rats</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hepatocytes" title=" hepatocytes"> hepatocytes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BMCs" title=" BMCs"> BMCs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transplantation" title=" transplantation"> transplantation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AFP" title=" AFP"> AFP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prox1" title=" Prox1"> Prox1</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13866/isolation-and-transplantation-of-hepatocytes-in-an-experimental-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13866.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">316</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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