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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composite_manholes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composite_manholes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Composite manholes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composite_manholes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazards_caused_by_stray_voltage_in_manholes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards_caused_by_stray_voltage_in_manholes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hazards caused by stray voltage in manholes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazards_caused_by_stray_voltage_in_manholes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sewer_manhole_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sewer_manhole_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sewer manhole location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sewer_manhole_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82_(%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B2)" title="مطبق (تجهيز) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطبق (تجهيز)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="འཛུལ་སྒོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཛུལ་སྒོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claveguera" title="Claveguera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Claveguera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vpust" title="Vpust – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vpust" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrollschacht" title="Kontrollschacht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kontrollschacht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozo_de_visita" title="Pozo de visita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pozo de visita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84" title="منهول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منهول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regard_(architecture)" title="Regard (architecture) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Regard (architecture)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A8%ED%99%80" title="맨홀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맨홀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombino" title="Tombino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tombino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94" title="כוות כניסה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כוות כניסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangat" title="Mangat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mangat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="マンホール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マンホール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannhull" title="Mannhull – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mannhull" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogat" title="Dogat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dogat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%A7o_de_visita" title="Poço de visita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Poço de visita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA" title="Канализационный люк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канализационный люк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhole" title="Manhole – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Manhole" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatubrunn" title="Gatubrunn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gatubrunn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Оглядовий колодязь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оглядовий колодязь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="گٹر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گٹر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0to%C5%82o" title="Gàtoło – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Gàtoło" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Opening to a confined space</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Manhole_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Manhole (disambiguation)">Manhole (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ManholePMG_gobeirne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/ManholePMG_gobeirne.jpg/220px-ManholePMG_gobeirne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/ManholePMG_gobeirne.jpg/330px-ManholePMG_gobeirne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/ManholePMG_gobeirne.jpg/440px-ManholePMG_gobeirne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Postmaster-General%27s_Department" title="Postmaster-General's Department">PMG</a> manholes in a city street, <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth, Western Australia">Perth, Western Australia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Working_underground.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Working_underground.jpg/220px-Working_underground.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Working_underground.jpg/330px-Working_underground.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Working_underground.jpg/440px-Working_underground.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_manhole" title="Sanitary manhole">Manhole</a> being used to access sewer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber-Optic_Manhole_Installation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fiber-Optic_Manhole_Installation.jpg/220px-Fiber-Optic_Manhole_Installation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fiber-Optic_Manhole_Installation.jpg/330px-Fiber-Optic_Manhole_Installation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fiber-Optic_Manhole_Installation.jpg/440px-Fiber-Optic_Manhole_Installation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>Installation of a fiber-optic manhole in Brooklyn, New York</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uncovered_manhole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Uncovered_manhole.jpg/220px-Uncovered_manhole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Uncovered_manhole.jpg/330px-Uncovered_manhole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Uncovered_manhole.jpg/440px-Uncovered_manhole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>An uncovered manhole in Beirut, Lebanon</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>manhole</b> (<b>utility hole</b>, <b>maintenance hole</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>sewer hole</b>) is an opening to a <a href="/wiki/Confined_space" title="Confined space">confined space</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Shaft_(civil_engineering)" title="Shaft (civil engineering)">shaft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utility_vault" title="Utility vault">utility vault</a>, or large <a href="/wiki/Container" title="Container">vessel</a>. Manholes, typically protected by a <a href="/wiki/Manhole_cover" title="Manhole cover">manhole cover</a>, are often used as an access point for an underground <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">public utility</a>, allowing inspection, maintenance, and system upgrades. The majority of underground services have manholes, including <a href="/wiki/Water_industry" title="Water industry">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sewers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">storm drains</a>, <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">district heating</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a>. </p><p>Manholes are generally found in urban areas,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in streets and occasionally under <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">sidewalks</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a> and undeveloped areas, services such as telephone and electricity are usually carried on <a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">utility poles</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Electricity_pylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity pylon">pylons</a> rather than underground. </p><p>In Australia, <i>manhole</i> also commonly refers to an <a href="/wiki/Access_hatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Access hatch">access hatch</a> used to get access from a room or hallway into the ceiling cavity of a building.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These manholes are typically around 450 mm × 450 mm (18 in × 18 in) square. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhole&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manhole_covers_in_sidewalk_(42839905802).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Manhole_covers_in_sidewalk_%2842839905802%29.jpg/220px-Manhole_covers_in_sidewalk_%2842839905802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Manhole_covers_in_sidewalk_%2842839905802%29.jpg/330px-Manhole_covers_in_sidewalk_%2842839905802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Manhole_covers_in_sidewalk_%2842839905802%29.jpg/440px-Manhole_covers_in_sidewalk_%2842839905802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manhole_cover" title="Manhole cover">Manhole covers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>Manhole closings are protected by a <a href="/wiki/Grating" title="Grating">grating</a> or <a href="/wiki/Manhole_cover" title="Manhole cover">manhole cover</a>, a flat plug designed to prevent accidental or unauthorized access to the manhole. These covers are traditionally made of metal,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but may be constructed from <a href="/wiki/Precast_concrete" title="Precast concrete">precast concrete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glass_reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass reinforced plastic">glass reinforced plastic</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite materials</a> (especially where cover theft is of concern). Because of legislation restricting acceptable manual handling weights, Europe has seen a move toward lighter-weight composite manhole cover materials, which also have the benefits of greater slip resistance and electrical insulating properties. </p><p>Manholes are usually outfitted with metal, <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a> steps installed in the inner side of the wall to allow easy descent into the utility space.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manholes are usually round, primarily because roundness is the best shape to resist the compression of the earth; covers are round because they are easier to manufacture than square or rectangular shapes, they are easier to move by rolling, and they can't fall into the opening.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in the United Kingdom they are nearly always square, or rectangular, in shape, at least at street level. Manholes can also be found in a triangular shape (e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, and surrounding villages).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composite_manholes">Composite manholes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhole&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composite manholes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Composite (<a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>) manholes are commonly used in applications where infiltration, exfiltration, or corrosion by <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Sewer_gas" title="Sewer gas">sewer gas</a>) are a concern, or where structures need to be factory integrated into a manhole before placement. In these manholes, the entire underground enclosure is constructed of some composite material, in addition to the cover. </p><p>Structures that can be integrated into composite manholes include: </p> <ul><li>Flow inverts<sup id="cite_ref-Manhole_inverts_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manhole_inverts-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flume" title="Flume">Flumes</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flow_measuring_flumes_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flow_measuring_flumes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Drop structures from higher elevation flows to lower elevation discharge pipes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">Weirs</a><sup id="cite_ref-Manhole_weirs_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manhole_weirs-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Storm water screening structures<sup id="cite_ref-Storm_water_structures_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storm_water_structures-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> grinders<sup id="cite_ref-Sewage_grinders_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sewage_grinders-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Energy absorbing structures to dissipate undesirable flow stream turbulence or velocity<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_absorbing_structures_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_absorbing_structures-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazards_caused_by_stray_voltage_in_manholes">Hazards caused by stray voltage in manholes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhole&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hazards caused by stray voltage in manholes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In urban areas, <a href="/wiki/Stray_voltage" title="Stray voltage">stray voltage</a> issues have become a significant concern for utilities. On January 16, 2004, Jodie S. Lane was <a href="/wiki/Electrocution" title="Electrocution">electrocuted</a> after stepping on a metal manhole cover, while walking her two dogs in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sewer_manhole_location">Sewer manhole location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhole&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sewer manhole location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The location of a sewer manhole must be carefully considered to ensure that the drainage system is effective and easy to <a href="/wiki/Maintenance" title="Maintenance">maintain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to design standards, the distance between two manholes is typically between 7 and 20 meters, depending on the specific characteristics of the project.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cities, the distance is 20 meters per manhole,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in industrial or commercial settings it is 10-15 meters per manhole.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distance between manholes in homes or restaurants is typically 7-10 meters.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhole&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_Manhole_and_Cover_Mid-City_New_Orleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A round manhole in New Orleans, and its cover"><img alt="A round manhole in New Orleans, and its cover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Open_Manhole_and_Cover_Mid-City_New_Orleans.jpg/120px-Open_Manhole_and_Cover_Mid-City_New_Orleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Open_Manhole_and_Cover_Mid-City_New_Orleans.jpg/180px-Open_Manhole_and_Cover_Mid-City_New_Orleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Open_Manhole_and_Cover_Mid-City_New_Orleans.jpg/240px-Open_Manhole_and_Cover_Mid-City_New_Orleans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3484" data-file-height="1960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A round manhole in New Orleans, and its cover</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bueirocemig.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Manhole cover in Belo Horizonte, Brazil"><img alt="Manhole cover in Belo Horizonte, Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bueirocemig.JPG/120px-Bueirocemig.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bueirocemig.JPG/180px-Bueirocemig.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bueirocemig.JPG/240px-Bueirocemig.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Manhole cover in <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridgeshire_Manhole.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manhole cover in Sawston, Cambridgeshire"><img alt="Manhole cover in Sawston, Cambridgeshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cambridgeshire_Manhole.jpg/120px-Cambridgeshire_Manhole.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cambridgeshire_Manhole.jpg/180px-Cambridgeshire_Manhole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cambridgeshire_Manhole.jpg/240px-Cambridgeshire_Manhole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Manhole cover in <a href="/wiki/Sawston" title="Sawston">Sawston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manhole.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Installation of a sewer manhole. Upon completion, typically only the top ring and cover (not pictured) would be visible."><img alt="Installation of a sewer manhole. Upon completion, typically only the top ring and cover (not pictured) would be visible." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Manhole.jpg/69px-Manhole.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Manhole.jpg/104px-Manhole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Manhole.jpg/138px-Manhole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="1138" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Installation of a <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sewer</a> manhole. Upon completion, typically only the top ring and <a href="/wiki/Manhole_cover" title="Manhole cover">cover</a> (not pictured) would be visible.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:-_Manhole_cover_in_Germany_-.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manhole cover of precast concrete in Germany"><img alt="Manhole cover of precast concrete in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/-_Manhole_cover_in_Germany_-.jpg/120px--_Manhole_cover_in_Germany_-.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/-_Manhole_cover_in_Germany_-.jpg/180px--_Manhole_cover_in_Germany_-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/-_Manhole_cover_in_Germany_-.jpg/240px--_Manhole_cover_in_Germany_-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Manhole cover of precast concrete in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manhole_without_manhole_cover_in_Villebon-sur-Yvette_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Storm drain manhole without cover in France"><img alt="Storm drain manhole without cover in France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Manhole_without_manhole_cover_in_Villebon-sur-Yvette_4.jpg/120px-Manhole_without_manhole_cover_in_Villebon-sur-Yvette_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Manhole_without_manhole_cover_in_Villebon-sur-Yvette_4.jpg/180px-Manhole_without_manhole_cover_in_Villebon-sur-Yvette_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Manhole_without_manhole_cover_in_Villebon-sur-Yvette_4.jpg/240px-Manhole_without_manhole_cover_in_Villebon-sur-Yvette_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a> manhole without cover in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ManHoleDoorFoundersHallGirard1840.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Man Hole Door" at Girard College, Philadelphia, constructed in the 1840s"><img alt=""Man Hole Door" at Girard College, Philadelphia, constructed in the 1840s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ManHoleDoorFoundersHallGirard1840.jpg/90px-ManHoleDoorFoundersHallGirard1840.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ManHoleDoorFoundersHallGirard1840.jpg/135px-ManHoleDoorFoundersHallGirard1840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ManHoleDoorFoundersHallGirard1840.jpg/180px-ManHoleDoorFoundersHallGirard1840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Man Hole Door" at <a href="/wiki/Girard_College" title="Girard College">Girard College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, constructed in the 1840s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Openchannelflow-domed-metering-manhole.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An open packaged metering manhole made of fiberglass before installation"><img alt="An open packaged metering manhole made of fiberglass before installation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Openchannelflow-domed-metering-manhole.JPG/90px-Openchannelflow-domed-metering-manhole.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Openchannelflow-domed-metering-manhole.JPG/135px-Openchannelflow-domed-metering-manhole.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Openchannelflow-domed-metering-manhole.JPG/180px-Openchannelflow-domed-metering-manhole.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An open <a href="/wiki/Packaged_metering_manhole" title="Packaged metering manhole">packaged metering manhole</a> made of fiberglass before installation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sasa_manhole_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manhole cover in Kibbutz Sasa, Israel"><img alt="Manhole cover in Kibbutz Sasa, Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sasa_manhole_cover.jpg/90px-Sasa_manhole_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sasa_manhole_cover.jpg/135px-Sasa_manhole_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sasa_manhole_cover.jpg/180px-Sasa_manhole_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Manhole cover in <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutz</a> <a href="/wiki/Sasa,_Israel" title="Sasa, Israel">Sasa, Israel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HAIFA_DOWN_TAWN.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manhole cover in downtown of Haifa, Israel"><img alt="Manhole cover in downtown of Haifa, Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/HAIFA_DOWN_TAWN.jpg/120px-HAIFA_DOWN_TAWN.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/HAIFA_DOWN_TAWN.jpg/180px-HAIFA_DOWN_TAWN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/HAIFA_DOWN_TAWN.jpg/240px-HAIFA_DOWN_TAWN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1586" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Manhole cover in downtown of <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_manhole_cover_Tel_Aviv.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painted gold Manhole cover in Tel Aviv, Israel"><img alt="Painted gold Manhole cover in Tel Aviv, Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Golden_manhole_cover_Tel_Aviv.jpg/90px-Golden_manhole_cover_Tel_Aviv.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Golden_manhole_cover_Tel_Aviv.jpg/135px-Golden_manhole_cover_Tel_Aviv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Golden_manhole_cover_Tel_Aviv.jpg/180px-Golden_manhole_cover_Tel_Aviv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painted gold Manhole cover in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhole&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Manholes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Manholes">Manholes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Packaged_metering_manhole" title="Packaged metering manhole">Packaged metering manhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_manhole" title="Sanitary manhole">Sanitary manhole</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhole&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNemerowAgardySalvato2009" class="citation book cs1">Nemerow, Nelson L.; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=manhole.co.il&rft.atitle=The+ultimate+manhole+covers+site+%7C+Info+cover+%7C+Cover%27s+details%3A+Cambridge+-+Surface+water+-+Cover+in+a+shape+close+to+the+triangle+%282%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmanhole.co.il%2FcoverDetails.asp%3Fc%3D7982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manhole_inverts-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manhole_inverts_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403115417/http://www.containmentsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/LIT-MAN-Manhole-Brochure.pdf">"Manhole inverts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Containment Solutions. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.containmentsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/LIT-MAN-Manhole-Brochure.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manhole+inverts&rft.pub=Containment+Solutions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.containmentsolutions.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FLIT-MAN-Manhole-Brochure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flow_measuring_flumes-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flow_measuring_flumes_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130325002625/http://www.openchannelflow.com/products/manholes/flow-monitoring/flumes/">"Packaged Fiberglass (FRP) Flume Manholes"</a>. Openchannelflow. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openchannelflow.com/products/manholes/flow-monitoring/flumes">the original</a> on 2013-03-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Packaged+Fiberglass+%28FRP%29+Flume+Manholes&rft.pub=Openchannelflow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openchannelflow.com%2Fproducts%2Fmanholes%2Fflow-monitoring%2Fflumes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manhole_weirs-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manhole_weirs_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130919084241/http://www.openchannelflow.com/products/manholes/flow-monitoring/weirs/">"Packaged Fiberglass (FRP) Weir Manholes for Flow Monitoring"</a>. Openchannelflow. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openchannelflow.com/products/manholes/flow-monitoring/weirs/">the original</a> on 2013-09-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Packaged+Fiberglass+%28FRP%29+Weir+Manholes+for+Flow+Monitoring&rft.pub=Openchannelflow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openchannelflow.com%2Fproducts%2Fmanholes%2Fflow-monitoring%2Fweirs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Storm_water_structures-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Storm_water_structures_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130307132910/http://openchannelflow.com/products/manholes/storm-water/">"Fiberglass (FRP) Storm Water Manholes for Initial Oil, Grease, Sediment, and Debris Collection"</a>. Openchannelflow. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openchannelflow.com/products/manholes/storm-water/">the original</a> on 2013-03-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fiberglass+%28FRP%29+Storm+Water+Manholes+for+Initial+Oil%2C+Grease%2C+Sediment%2C+and+Debris+Collection&rft.pub=Openchannelflow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openchannelflow.com%2Fproducts%2Fmanholes%2Fstorm-water%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sewage_grinders-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sewage_grinders_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130828234339/http://www.openchannelflow.com/products/manholes/grinder/">"Fiberglass (FRP) Grinder Manholes integrating grinders from JWC, Franklin Miller, MonoFlo, and more"</a>. Openchannelflow. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openchannelflow.com/products/manholes/grinder/">the original</a> on 2013-08-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fiberglass+%28FRP%29+Grinder+Manholes+integrating+grinders+from+JWC%2C+Franklin+Miller%2C+MonoFlo%2C+and+more&rft.pub=Openchannelflow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openchannelflow.com%2Fproducts%2Fmanholes%2Fgrinder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Energy_absorbing_structures-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Energy_absorbing_structures_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130307131247/http://openchannelflow.com/products/manholes/energy-absorber/">"Fiberglass Energy Absorbing Manholes for Controlling Excess Line Velocities"</a>. Openchannelflow. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openchannelflow.com/products/manholes/energy-absorber/">the original</a> on 2013-03-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fiberglass+Energy+Absorbing+Manholes+for+Controlling+Excess+Line+Velocities&rft.pub=Openchannelflow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openchannelflow.com%2Fproducts%2Fmanholes%2Fenergy-absorber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamirez2004" class="citation news cs1">Ramirez, Anthony (January 19, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/19/nyregion/east-village-woman-was-electrocuted-street-with-metal-plate-medical-examiner.html">"East Village Woman Was Electrocuted on Street With Metal Plate, Medical Examiner Says"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=East+Village+Woman+Was+Electrocuted+on+Street+With+Metal+Plate%2C+Medical+Examiner+Says&rft.date=2004-01-19&rft.aulast=Ramirez&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F01%2F19%2Fnyregion%2Feast-village-woman-was-electrocuted-street-with-metal-plate-medical-examiner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laodong.vn/photo/tai-dien-tinh-trang-ho-ga-mat-nap-giua-long-do-thi-thong-minh-thai-nguyen-1204218.ldo">"Tái diễn tình trạng hố ga mất nắp giữa lòng đô thị thông minh Thái Nguyên"</a>. <i>laodong.vn</i> (in Vietnamese). 2023-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=laodong.vn&rft.atitle=T%C3%A1i+di%E1%BB%85n+t%C3%ACnh+tr%E1%BA%A1ng+h%E1%BB%91+ga+m%E1%BA%A5t+n%E1%BA%AFp+gi%E1%BB%AFa+l%C3%B2ng+%C4%91%C3%B4+th%E1%BB%8B+th%C3%B4ng+minh+Th%C3%A1i+Nguy%C3%AAn&rft.date=2023-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaodong.vn%2Fphoto%2Ftai-dien-tinh-trang-ho-ga-mat-nap-giua-long-do-thi-thong-minh-thai-nguyen-1204218.ldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suckhoedoisong.vn/can-canh-cac-vi-tri-lap-dat-rao-chan-thi-cong-tren-duong-nguyen-trai-169230526071706304.htm">"Cận cảnh vị trí các "lô cốt" sắp lắp đặt trên đường Nguyễn Trãi"</a>. <i>suckhoedoisong.vn</i> (in Vietnamese). 2023-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=suckhoedoisong.vn&rft.atitle=C%E1%BA%ADn+c%E1%BA%A3nh+v%E1%BB%8B+tr%C3%AD+c%C3%A1c+%22l%C3%B4+c%E1%BB%91t%22+s%E1%BA%AFp+l%E1%BA%AFp+%C4%91%E1%BA%B7t+tr%C3%AAn+%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+Nguy%E1%BB%85n+Tr%C3%A3i&rft.date=2023-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuckhoedoisong.vn%2Fcan-canh-cac-vi-tri-lap-dat-rao-chan-thi-cong-tren-duong-nguyen-trai-169230526071706304.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdanviet.vn2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">danviet.vn (23 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://danviet.vn/am-anh-voi-ho-ga-mat-nap-nuot-tron-xe-may-cua-nguoi-di-duong-20231023085139414.htm">"Ám ảnh với hố ga mất nắp, "nuốt trọn" xe máy của người đi đường"</a>. <i>danviet.vn</i> (in Vietnamese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=danviet.vn&rft.atitle=%C3%81m+%E1%BA%A3nh+v%E1%BB%9Bi+h%E1%BB%91+ga+m%E1%BA%A5t+n%E1%BA%AFp%2C+%22nu%E1%BB%91t+tr%E1%BB%8Dn%22+xe+m%C3%A1y+c%E1%BB%A7a+ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di+%C4%91i+%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng&rft.date=2023-10-23&rft.au=danviet.vn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdanviet.vn%2Fam-anh-voi-ho-ga-mat-nap-nuot-tron-xe-may-cua-nguoi-di-duong-20231023085139414.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vovgiaothong.vn/newsaudio/duong-moi-mo-va-diep-khuc-mat-nap-ho-ga-d35444.html">"Đường mới mở và "điệp khúc" mất nắp hố ga"</a>. <i>vovgiaothong.vn</i> (in Vietnamese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vovgiaothong.vn&rft.atitle=%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+m%E1%BB%9Bi+m%E1%BB%9F+v%C3%A0+%22%C4%91i%E1%BB%87p+kh%C3%BAc%22+m%E1%BA%A5t+n%E1%BA%AFp+h%E1%BB%91+ga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvovgiaothong.vn%2Fnewsaudio%2Fduong-moi-mo-va-diep-khuc-mat-nap-ho-ga-d35444.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-fjaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22h%E1%BB%91+ga%22+%22gia+%C4%91%C3%ACnh%22"><i>Báo cáo chuyên đề: Mức độ bao phủ của các chương trình y tế công cộng</i></a> (in Vietnamese). Nhà xuất bản Y học. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B%C3%A1o+c%C3%A1o+chuy%C3%AAn+%C4%91%E1%BB%81%3A+M%E1%BB%A9c+%C4%91%E1%BB%99+bao+ph%E1%BB%A7+c%E1%BB%A7a+c%C3%A1c+ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+tr%C3%ACnh+y+t%E1%BA%BF+c%C3%B4ng+c%E1%BB%99ng&rft.pub=Nh%C3%A0+xu%E1%BA%A5t+b%E1%BA%A3n+Y+h%E1%BB%8Dc&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-fjaAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522h%25E1%25BB%2591%2Bga%2522%2B%2522gia%2B%25C4%2591%25C3%25ACnh%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLê2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lê, Thành Châu (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RyqcAAAAMAAJ&q=%22h%E1%BB%91+ga%22+cho+x%C3%AD+nghi%E1%BB%87p"><i>Tìm hiểu quy định về quy hoạch, xây dựng, & cấp giá̂y chứng nhận quyền sở hữu nhà ở: áp dụng tại thành phố Hồ Chí Minh và các tỉnh, thành phố trực thuộc Trung ương</i></a> (in Vietnamese). Thống kê.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%ACm+hi%E1%BB%83u+quy+%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh+v%E1%BB%81+quy+ho%E1%BA%A1ch%2C+x%C3%A2y+d%E1%BB%B1ng%2C+%26+c%E1%BA%A5p+gi%C3%A1%CC%82y+ch%E1%BB%A9ng+nh%E1%BA%ADn+quy%E1%BB%81n+s%E1%BB%9F+h%E1%BB%AFu+nh%C3%A0+%E1%BB%9F%3A+%C3%A1p+d%E1%BB%A5ng+t%E1%BA%A1i+th%C3%A0nh+ph%E1%BB%91+H%E1%BB%93+Ch%C3%AD+Minh+v%C3%A0+c%C3%A1c+t%E1%BB%89nh%2C+th%C3%A0nh+ph%E1%BB%91+tr%E1%BB%B1c+thu%E1%BB%99c+Trung+%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&rft.pub=Th%E1%BB%91ng+k%C3%AA&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=L%C3%AA&rft.aufirst=Th%C3%A0nh+Ch%C3%A2u&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRyqcAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522h%25E1%25BB%2591%2Bga%2522%2Bcho%2Bx%25C3%25AD%2Bnghi%25E1%25BB%2587p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-rZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22h%E1%BB%91+ga%22+cho+x%C3%AD+nghi%E1%BB%87p"><i>Tuyển tập các tác phẩm báo chí Việt Nam thời kỳ đổi mới, 1985-2004</i></a> (in Vietnamese). Hội nhà báo Việt Nam. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tuy%E1%BB%83n+t%E1%BA%ADp+c%C3%A1c+t%C3%A1c+ph%E1%BA%A9m+b%C3%A1o+ch%C3%AD+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+th%E1%BB%9Di+k%E1%BB%B3+%C4%91%E1%BB%95i+m%E1%BB%9Bi%2C+1985-2004&rft.pub=H%E1%BB%99i+nh%C3%A0+b%C3%A1o+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7-rZAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522h%25E1%25BB%2591%2Bga%2522%2Bcho%2Bx%25C3%25AD%2Bnghi%25E1%25BB%2587p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baobinhdinh.vn/viewer.aspx?macm=27&macmp=27&mabb=12506">"Cách sử dụng hố ga ngăn mùi hiệu quả"</a>. 2013-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%C3%A1ch+s%E1%BB%AD+d%E1%BB%A5ng+h%E1%BB%91+ga+ng%C4%83n+m%C3%B9i+hi%E1%BB%87u+qu%E1%BA%A3&rft.date=2013-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbaobinhdinh.vn%2Fviewer.aspx%3Fmacm%3D27%26macmp%3D27%26mabb%3D12506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinh" class="citation web cs1">Minh, Huy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thanhanco.vn/nap-ho-ga.html">"Nắp hố ga"</a>. <i>thanhanco.vn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thanhanco.vn&rft.atitle=N%E1%BA%AFp+h%E1%BB%91+ga&rft.aulast=Minh&rft.aufirst=Huy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthanhanco.vn%2Fnap-ho-ga.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhanLương2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Phan, Thanh Khôi; Lương, Xuân Hié̂n (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rdDsAAAAMAAJ&q=%22h%E1%BB%91+ga%22+%22gia+%C4%91%C3%ACnh%22"><i>Một só̂ vá̂n đè̂ kinh té̂ - xã hội trong tié̂n trình công nghiệp hóa, hiện đại hóa vùng đò̂ng bà̆ng sông Hò̂ng</i></a> (in Vietnamese). Nhà xuá̂t bản Lý luận chính trị.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%E1%BB%99t+s%C3%B3%CC%82+v%C3%A1%CC%82n+%C4%91%C3%A8%CC%82+kinh+t%C3%A9%CC%82+-+x%C3%A3+h%E1%BB%99i+trong+ti%C3%A9%CC%82n+tr%C3%ACnh+c%C3%B4ng+nghi%E1%BB%87p+h%C3%B3a%2C+hi%E1%BB%87n+%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i+h%C3%B3a+v%C3%B9ng+%C4%91%C3%B2%CC%82ng+b%C3%A0%CC%86ng+s%C3%B4ng+H%C3%B2%CC%82ng&rft.pub=Nh%C3%A0+xu%C3%A1%CC%82t+b%E1%BA%A3n+L%C3%BD+lu%E1%BA%ADn+ch%C3%ADnh+tr%E1%BB%8B&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Phan&rft.aufirst=Thanh+Kh%C3%B4i&rft.au=L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng%2C+Xu%C3%A2n+Hi%C3%A9%CC%82n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrdDsAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522h%25E1%25BB%2591%2Bga%2522%2B%2522gia%2B%25C4%2591%25C3%25ACnh%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li>Isles, Paul (2010). "Dover Engineering Works". <i>Dover Life Magazine</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhole&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscherMarech2007" class="citation book cs1">Ascher, Kate; Marech, Wendy (2007). <i>The works: anatomy of a city</i>. New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311270-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311270-9"><bdi>978-0-14-311270-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+works%3A+anatomy+of+a+city&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311270-9&rft.aulast=Ascher&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Marech%2C+Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManhole" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea" title="Template:Man-made and man-related subterranea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea" title="Template talk:Man-made and man-related subterranea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Man-made and man-related subterranea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea249" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Man-made and man-related <a href="/wiki/Subterranea_(geography)" title="Subterranea (geography)">subterranea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenote" title="Cenote">Cenote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotto" title="Grotto">Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">Basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_vault_(tomb)" title="Burial vault (tomb)">Burial vault (tomb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borehole" title="Borehole">Borehole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">Catacombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout (shelter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_well" title="Dry well">Dry well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_shelter" title="Earth shelter">Earth shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdstall" title="Erdstall">Erdstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogou" title="Fogou">Fogou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypogeum" title="Hypogeum">Hypogeum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_tomb" title="Rock-cut tomb">Rock-cut tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">Root cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_vault" title="Utility vault">Utility vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_city" title="Underground city">Underground city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_passage" title="Secret passage">Secret passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-basement" title="Semi-basement">Semi-basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepwell" title="Stepwell">Stepwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling_tunnel" title="Smuggling tunnel">Smuggling tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shaft" title="Ventilation shaft">Ventilation shaft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a> (silo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallywag_bunker" title="Scallywag bunker">Scallywag bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_base" title="Underground base">Underground base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quarrying" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarrying">quarrying</a>, and<br /><a href="/wiki/Underground_construction" title="Underground construction">underground construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture" title="Rock-cut architecture">Rock-cut architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsurface_utility_engineering" title="Subsurface utility engineering">Subsurface utility engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_construction" title="Tunnel construction">Tunnel construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mine_ventilation" title="Underground mine ventilation">Underground mine ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(hard_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (hard rock)">Underground mining (hard rock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(soft_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (soft rock)">Underground mining (soft rock)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_dweller" title="Cave dweller">Cave dweller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Maastricht" title="Caves of Maastricht">Caves of Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coober_Pedy" title="Coober Pedy">Coober Pedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_tunnel_system" title="Houston tunnel system">Houston tunnel system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%91b%C3%A1nya_cellar_system" title="Kőbánya cellar system">Kőbánya cellar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_network" title="Tunnel network">Tunnel network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_living" title="Underground living">Underground living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_City_(Beijing)" title="Underground City (Beijing)">Underground City (Beijing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_City,_Montreal" title="Underground City, 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