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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arab regions after First World War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arab_regions_after_First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Arab_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Arab_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Great Arab Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Arab_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Arab Kingdom of Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria_under_the_French_Mandate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria_under_the_French_Mandate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Syria under the French Mandate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria_under_the_French_Mandate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy_of_the_French_Mandate_in_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy_of_the_French_Mandate_in_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Policy of the French Mandate in Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policy_of_the_French_Mandate_in_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_causes_of_the_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_causes_of_the_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The causes of the revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_causes_of_the_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_demands_of_the_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_demands_of_the_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The demands of the revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_demands_of_the_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_course_and_events_of_the_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_course_and_events_of_the_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The course and events of the revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_course_and_events_of_the_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_cities_participating_in_the_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_cities_participating_in_the_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Syrian cities participating in the revolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syrian_cities_participating_in_the_revolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syrian cities participating in the revolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syrian_cities_participating_in_the_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jabal_al-Arab_and_Horan_(Sultan_al-Atrash)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jabal_al-Arab_and_Horan_(Sultan_al-Atrash)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Jabal al-Arab and Horan (Sultan al-Atrash)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jabal_al-Arab_and_Horan_(Sultan_al-Atrash)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damascus_(Abd_al-Rahman_Shahbandar)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damascus_(Abd_al-Rahman_Shahbandar)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Damascus (Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damascus_(Abd_al-Rahman_Shahbandar)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghouta_of_Damascus_(Hasan_al-Kharrat)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghouta_of_Damascus_(Hasan_al-Kharrat)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Ghouta of Damascus (Hasan al-Kharrat)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghouta_of_Damascus_(Hasan_al-Kharrat)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deir_ez-Zor_(Ayash_Al-Haj_family)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deir_ez-Zor_(Ayash_Al-Haj_family)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Deir ez-Zor (Ayash Al-Haj family)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deir_ez-Zor_(Ayash_Al-Haj_family)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idlib_(Ibrahim_Hanano)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idlib_(Ibrahim_Hanano)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Idlib (Ibrahim Hanano)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idlib_(Ibrahim_Hanano)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hama_(Fawzi_al-Qawuqji)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hama_(Fawzi_al-Qawuqji)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Hama (Fawzi al-Qawuqji)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hama_(Fawzi_al-Qawuqji)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Syrian Revolt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="الثورة السورية الكبرى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الثورة السورية الكبرى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9" title="সিরীয় মহাবিদ্রোহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিরীয় মহাবিদ্রোহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrsk%C3%A1_revoluce_(1925)" title="Syrská revoluce (1925) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Syrská revoluce (1925)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrische_Revolution" title="Syrische Revolution – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Syrische Revolution" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_revuelta_siria" title="Gran revuelta siria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran revuelta siria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Siria_Ribelo" title="Granda Siria Ribelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Granda Siria Ribelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="انقلاب بزرگ سوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انقلاب بزرگ سوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_r%C3%A9volte_syrienne" title="Grande révolte syrienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grande révolte syrienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Besar_Suriah" title="Pemberontakan Besar Suriah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberontakan Besar Suriah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BDrlenska_byltingin" title="Sýrlenska byltingin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sýrlenska byltingin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_rivoluzione_siriana" title="Grande rivoluzione siriana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande rivoluzione siriana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C" title="המרד הסורי הגדול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המרד הסורי הגדול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_rebellio_Syriaca" title="Magna rebellio Syriaca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Magna rebellio Syriaca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Syria_Besar" title="Pemberontakan Syria Besar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemberontakan Syria Besar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_store_syriske_oppr%C3%B8ret" title="Det store syriske opprøret – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det store syriske opprøret" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA" title="عظیم شامی بغاوت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عظیم شامی بغاوت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Revolta_S%C3%ADria" title="Grande Revolta Síria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grande Revolta Síria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Национально-освободительное восстание в Сирии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национально-освободительное восстание в Сирии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syyrian_suuri_kapina" title="Syyrian suuri kapina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syyrian suuri kapina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Suriye_%C4%B0syan%C4%B1" title="Büyük Suriye İsyanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Büyük Suriye İsyanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Велике сирійське повстання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Велике сирійське повстання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1925–27 uprising against French rule in Mandatory Syria and Lebanon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Syrian revolt against French colonial authorities in the 1920s. For the current conflict in Syria, see <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Great Syrian Revolt</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Great_Syrian_Revolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Great_Syrian_Revolution.jpg/220px-The_Great_Syrian_Revolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Great_Syrian_Revolution.jpg/330px-The_Great_Syrian_Revolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Great_Syrian_Revolution.jpg/440px-The_Great_Syrian_Revolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="1135" /></a></span><br />Statue of the Great Syrian Revolution in <a href="/wiki/Majdal_Shams" title="Majdal Shams">Majdal Shams</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1925–1927</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>French victory </p> <ul><li>France maintains its mandate over Syria</li> <li>Change of French policy in Syria</li> <li>Rise in Syrian nationalism</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">Syria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lebanese_French_flag.svg/23px-Lebanese_French_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lebanese_French_flag.svg/35px-Lebanese_French_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lebanese_French_flag.svg/45px-Lebanese_French_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="496" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrian</a> rebels </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sarrail" title="Maurice Sarrail">Maurice Sarrail</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Roger Michaud  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Gamelin" title="Maurice Gamelin">Maurice Gamelin</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Jouvenel" title="Henry de Jouvenel">Henry de Jouvenel</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Charles Andréa</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a> <br /> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_Shahbandar" title="Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar">Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar</a></span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Ayyash Al-Haj</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Kharrat" title="Hasan al-Kharrat">Hasan al-Kharrat</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hananu" title="Ibrahim Hananu">Ibrahim Hananu</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Nasib_al-Bakri" title="Nasib al-Bakri">Nasib al-Bakri</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Fawzi_al-Qawuqji" title="Fawzi al-Qawuqji">Fawzi al-Qawuqji</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Great Syrian Revolt</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الثورة السورية الكبرى</span>), also known as the <b>Revolt of 1925</b>, was a general uprising across the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a> during the period of 1925 to 1927. The leading rebel forces initially comprised fighters of the <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal Druze State</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and were later joined by <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Muslims">Shiite</a> and factions all over Syria. The common goal was to end <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French occupation</a> in the newly mandated regions, which passed from Turkish to French administration following World War I. </p><p>The revolt was a response to the repressive policies of the French authorities under the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate for Syria and Lebanon">Mandate for Syria and Lebanon</a>, which divided Syria into several occupied territories. The new French administration was perceived as prejudiced against the dominant <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arab culture</a> and intent on changing the character of the country. In addition resentment was caused by the refusal of the French authorities to set a timetable for the independence of Syria. </p><p>It was an extension of the Syrian uprisings that had begun when French colonial forces occupied the coastal regions in early 1920, and continued until late June 1927. While the French army and local collaborators achieved military victory, Syrian resistance led to the establishment of a national <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">government of Syria</a>, under which the divided territories were reunited. In addition parliamentary elections were held as a preliminary step towards the final departure of the French from Syria in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arab_regions_after_First_World_War">Arab regions after First World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Arab regions after First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MPK1-426_Sykes_Picot_Agreement_Map_signed_8_May_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/MPK1-426_Sykes_Picot_Agreement_Map_signed_8_May_1916.jpg/220px-MPK1-426_Sykes_Picot_Agreement_Map_signed_8_May_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/MPK1-426_Sykes_Picot_Agreement_Map_signed_8_May_1916.jpg/330px-MPK1-426_Sykes_Picot_Agreement_Map_signed_8_May_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/MPK1-426_Sykes_Picot_Agreement_Map_signed_8_May_1916.jpg/440px-MPK1-426_Sykes_Picot_Agreement_Map_signed_8_May_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3322" data-file-height="3225" /></a><figcaption>Map signed by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sykes" title="Mark Sykes">Sykes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Georges-Picot" title="François Georges-Picot">Picot</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> led to the collapse or dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> empires, the latter of which Syria had been part of for centuries. The collapse of the Ottoman Empire encouraged the United Kingdom and France to share its legacy by creating a new colonial concept known as the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_(politics)" title="Mandate (politics)">mandate</a>. </p><p>The main idea is that the former geographic possessions of the collapsed states that disappeared at the end of the First World War would be placed under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>; in practice this applied to Germany's colonies in Africa and those regions of Ottoman Empire not retained by Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on this, France took over Syria and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, while the United Kingdom took <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>, and these countries are placed under the direct guardianship of these two countries with an official mandate from the League of Nations, with the task of insuring to these new countries the necessary means to enable them to reach a sufficient degree of political awareness and <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> qualifies them for independence and sovereignty. In the implementation of these plans, negotiations were held between France and the United Kingdom in October 1915 on the determination of the spheres of influence of both countries in the event of the partition of the Ottoman Empire. The secret agreement on the subject was called the <a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a> after the names of the two negotiators, Britain's <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sykes" title="Mark Sykes">Mark Sykes</a> and Frenchman, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Georges-Picot" title="François Georges-Picot">François Georges-Picot</a>. </p><p>Meanwhile, correspondence had been ongoing since 1915 between Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_McMahon" title="Henry McMahon">Henry McMahon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz">Hussein bin Ali</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sharif_of_Mecca" title="Sharif of Mecca">Sharif of Mecca</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, and as a result of the negotiations between the two parties, The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> presented a written commitment, includes the recognition of the independence of the Arabs and support them, and in exchange for this initial promise, Hussein bin Ali is committed to launching a call for the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> against the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Arab_Revolution">Great Arab Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Great Arab Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmet_djemal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ahmet_djemal.jpg/220px-Ahmet_djemal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ahmet_djemal.jpg/330px-Ahmet_djemal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Ahmet_djemal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Djemal_Pasha" title="Djemal Pasha">Djemal Pasha</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:May_6,_1916_Public_executions_of_Syrian_nationalists_in_Marjeh_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/May_6%2C_1916_Public_executions_of_Syrian_nationalists_in_Marjeh_Square.jpg/220px-May_6%2C_1916_Public_executions_of_Syrian_nationalists_in_Marjeh_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/May_6%2C_1916_Public_executions_of_Syrian_nationalists_in_Marjeh_Square.jpg/330px-May_6%2C_1916_Public_executions_of_Syrian_nationalists_in_Marjeh_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/May_6%2C_1916_Public_executions_of_Syrian_nationalists_in_Marjeh_Square.jpg/440px-May_6%2C_1916_Public_executions_of_Syrian_nationalists_in_Marjeh_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Djemal_Pasha" title="Djemal Pasha">Djemal Pasha</a>, minister of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a>, publicly executed Syrian nationalists who espoused and disseminated anti-Ottoman viewpoints and agitated against the Ottoman military presence in Syria</figcaption></figure> <p>On 6 May 1916, <a href="/wiki/Djemal_Pasha" title="Djemal Pasha">Djemal Pasha</a> executed fourteen Syrian notables in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, which was the catalyst for Hussein bin Ali to start the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire. The aim of the revolution, as stated in the Damascus Charter and in the <a href="/wiki/McMahon%E2%80%93Hussein_Correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="McMahon–Hussein Correspondence">McMahon–Hussein Correspondence</a>, which was based on the Charter, was removing the Ottoman Empire and establishment of an Arab state or union of Arab states including the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>, Hejaz in particular and <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Greater Syria</a>, except <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>, which was considered within Syria in the Damascus Charter. With respect for Britain's interests in southern Iraq, a geographical area that begins in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and ends in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. </p><p>On 10 June 1916, the Arab Revolt began in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and in November 1916, Hussein bin Ali declared himself "King of the Arabs," while the superpowers only recognized him as king of the Hejaz. He had 1,500 soldiers and some of armed tribesmen, Hussein bin Ali's army had no guns and Britain provided him with two cannons that accelerated the fall of <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taif" title="Taif">Taif</a>. </p><p>Then he went to <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a>, where the second phase of the revolution officially began in late 1917 supported by the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> that occupied <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> on 9 September 1917 and before the end of the year all of the <a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem</a> was under British rule. </p><p>In the meantime, the army of Hussein bin Ali was increasing, they were joined by two thousand armed soldiers, led by <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni</a> from Jerusalem. Most of the tribesmen from the surrounding areas joined the revolution. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sharifian_Army" title="Sharifian Army">Sharifian Army</a>, was formed under the leadership of Hussein bin Ali and his son <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal I of Iraq and Syria">Faisal</a> and indirectly commanded by the British officer <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a> (Lawrence of Arabia). It headed to Syria and clashed with the Ottoman forces in a decisive battle near <a href="/wiki/Ma%27an" title="Ma'an">Ma'an</a>. The war resulted in almost destruction of the seventh army and the second <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Ottoman army</a>, Ma'an was liberated on 23 September 1918, followed by <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> on 25 September and the day before 26 September, the Ottoman governor and his soldiers had left Damascus to announcing the end of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a>. </p><p>The Sharifian Army entered Damascus on 30 September 1918 and on 8 October the British Army entered Beirut and General <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby,_1st_Viscount_Allenby" title="Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby">Edmund Allenby</a> entered Syria and met with the Sharifian Army in Damascus. </p><p>On 18 October, the Ottomans left <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli, Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> and on 26 October 1918, the British and Sharifian Army headed north until they met the last Ottoman forces under the command of Turkish commander <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, and a fierce battle happened near to <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> in an area later renamed "the English Tomb". On 30 October 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a> was concluded and Ottoman forces surrendered and the Ottoman Empire abandoned the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, Iraq, Hejaz, <a href="/wiki/%27Asir_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="'Asir Province">'Asir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria">Arab Kingdom of Syria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arab Kingdom of Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEisalKingdom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/FEisalKingdom.png/220px-FEisalKingdom.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/FEisalKingdom.png/330px-FEisalKingdom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/FEisalKingdom.png/440px-FEisalKingdom.png 2x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab Kingdom of Syria</a> in 1918</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab Kingdom of Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FeisalPartyAtVersaillesCopy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/FeisalPartyAtVersaillesCopy.jpg/220px-FeisalPartyAtVersaillesCopy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/FeisalPartyAtVersaillesCopy.jpg/330px-FeisalPartyAtVersaillesCopy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/FeisalPartyAtVersaillesCopy.jpg/440px-FeisalPartyAtVersaillesCopy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="1711" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal I of Iraq and Syria">Faisal</a> with <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejazi</a> delegation at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the demise of Ottoman rule, Prince Faisal announced the establishment of an Arab government in Damascus and assigned the former Ottoman officer in Damascus, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Rikabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Rikabi">Ali Rikabi</a> (Ali Rida Pasha Rikabi) to form and preside it as a military governor. </p><p>It included three ministers from the former <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a>, one from Beirut, one from Damascus and <a href="/wiki/Sati%27_al-Husri" title="Sati' al-Husri">Sati' al-Husri</a> from Aleppo and the defence minister from Iraq. Trying to imply that this government represents Greater Syria and was not just a government of local Syria, Prince Faisal appointed Major General Shukri al-Ayyubi military governor of Beirut, <a href="/wiki/Jameel_Al-Madfaai" class="mw-redirect" title="Jameel Al-Madfaai">Jameel Al-Madfaai</a> governor of Amman, Abdulhamid al-Shalaji as commander of Damascus, and Ali Jawdat al-Ayyubi as governor of Aleppo. </p><p>Prince Faisal sought to build a <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> capable of establishing security and stability and preserving the state entity to be declared. He asked the British to arm this army, but they refused. In late 1918 Prince Faisal was invited to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> that was held after the First World War in <a href="/wiki/Versailles,_Yvelines" title="Versailles, Yvelines">Versailles</a>. He made calls on both the French and British governments who, while collaborating behind his back in amending the Sykes–Picot Agreement, assured the prince of their good intentions towards Syria. </p><p>Faisal proposed at the conference to establish three Arab governments; respectively in Hejaz, Syria and Iraq. However, the United States proposed the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate system">mandate system</a>, and sent a referendum committee, the <a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission" title="King–Crane Commission">King–Crane Commission</a>, to gauge the political wishes of the people and the French and the British reluctantly agreed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1919_Photo_of_the_King_Crane_Commission.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/1919_Photo_of_the_King_Crane_Commission.jpg/220px-1919_Photo_of_the_King_Crane_Commission.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/1919_Photo_of_the_King_Crane_Commission.jpg/330px-1919_Photo_of_the_King_Crane_Commission.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/1919_Photo_of_the_King_Crane_Commission.jpg/440px-1919_Photo_of_the_King_Crane_Commission.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>The 1919 <a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission" title="King–Crane Commission">King–Crane Commission</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Prince Faisal returned to Syria on 23 April 1919 in preparation for the visit of the King–Crane Commission, and he appointed <a href="/wiki/Awni_Abd_al-Hadi" title="Awni Abd al-Hadi">Awni Abd al-Hadi</a> to membership of the peace conference. A sizeable meeting was held under Mohammad Fawzi Al-Azm at the Arab Club Hall in Damascus. </p><p>Prince Faisal gave the opening speech in which he explained the purpose and nature of the King–Crane Commission. The King–Crane Commission, which lasted for 42 days, visited 36 Arab cities and listened to 1,520 delegations from different villages all of them demanded independence and unity. On 3 July 1919, the delegation of the Syrian Conference met with the King–Crane Commission. It informed them of their request for the independence of Greater Syria and the establishment of a monarchy. </p><p>After the King–Crane Commission had concluded its work, its recommendations stated that "the Levant rejects foreign control, and it is proposed to impose the mandate system under the tutelage of the League of Nations, as the Arabs are unanimously agreed that Prince Faisal should be a king on the Arab lands without fragmentation." </p><p>The King–Crane Commission delivered its report to the United States President, <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> on 28 August 1919, who was ill. The report was ignored after Wilson changed his position because of opposition from senior United States politicians in the Senate (Congress), for violating the isolationist policy followed by the United States since 1833, which requires non-intervention in the affairs of Europe and the non-interference of Europe with the affairs of the United States. </p><p>Under pressure, Prince Faisal accepted an agreement with France represented by its prime minister <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>, known as the Faisal Clemenceau Agreement. Among the most prominent of its items: </p> <ul><li>The French Mandate for Syria, while the country retains its internal independence, and Syria's cooperation with France about foreign and financial relations, and that Syrian ambassadors abroad reside within the French embassies.</li> <li>Recognition of Lebanon's independence under full French tutelage, and the borders to be set by allies without Beirut.</li> <li>Organization of the Druze of <a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golan" title="Golan">Golan</a> in a federation within the Syrian state.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feisal_I_of_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Feisal_I_of_Iraq.jpg/220px-Feisal_I_of_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Feisal_I_of_Iraq.jpg/330px-Feisal_I_of_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Feisal_I_of_Iraq.jpg/440px-Feisal_I_of_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal I of Iraq and Syria">King Faisal</a> in 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>In late June 1919, Prince Faisal convened the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Congress" title="Syrian National Congress">Syrian National Congress</a>, That was considered as a parliament of the Levant and was composed of 85 members, but France prevented some deputies from coming to Damascus. The conference opened with the presence of 69 deputies and among the most prominent of its member: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_Gouraud_Maroc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Henri_Gouraud_Maroc.jpg/220px-Henri_Gouraud_Maroc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="525" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Henri_Gouraud_Maroc.jpg/330px-Henri_Gouraud_Maroc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Henri_Gouraud_Maroc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="1029" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (general)">Henri Gouraud</a></figcaption></figure> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Hasani" title="Taj al-Din al-Hasani">Taj al-Din al-Hasani</a> and Fawzi al-Azm representing Damascus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hananu" title="Ibrahim Hananu">Ibrahim Hananu</a> representing the <a href="/wiki/Harem_District" title="Harem District">Harem District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadallah_al-Jabiri" title="Saadallah al-Jabiri">Saadallah al-Jabiri</a>, Reza Al-Rifai, <a href="/wiki/Mar%27i_Pasha_al-Mallah" title="Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah">Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah</a> and Dr. Abdul Rahman Kayali representing Aleppo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadel_Al-Aboud" title="Fadel Al-Aboud">Fadel Al-Aboud</a> representing <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> valley area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmat_al-Hiraki" title="Hikmat al-Hiraki">Hikmat al-Hiraki</a> representing <a href="/wiki/Maarat_al-Numan" title="Maarat al-Numan">Maarat al-Numan</a></li> <li>Abdul Qader Kilani and Khalid Barazi representing <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a></li> <li>Amin Husseini and <a href="/wiki/Aref_al-Dajani" title="Aref al-Dajani">Aref al-Dajani</a> representing Jerusalem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Ali_Salam" title="Salim Ali Salam">Salim Ali Salam</a>, Aref Al Nomani, and Jamil Beyhoum representing Beirut</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a> and Tawfiq El Bissar representing Tripoli</li> <li>Said Taliea and Ibrahim Khatib representing <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a></li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">Hashim al-Atassi</a> was elected president of the Syrian National Congress, and Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah and Yusuf al-Hakim were vice-presidents. The Syrian National Congress decided to reject the Faisal Clemenceau agreement, demanding the unity and independence of Syria, accepting the mandate of the United States and Britain and rejecting the French mandate, but that the concept of the mandate is limited on technical assistance only. </p><p>The relationship between Faisal and French General <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (general)">Henri Gouraud</a> was strained, following Faisal's retreat from his agreement with the French and his bias to the people. The Syrian government has requested 30,000 military uniforms to organize the army. On the other hand, the Clemenceau government fell in France and was replaced by the extreme right-wing government of <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Alexandre Millerand</a>. Later, France disputed the agreement, and In mid-November 1919, <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a> began withdrawing from Syria after a one-year presence. </p><p>On 8 March 1920, the Syrian National Congress was held in Damascus under the leadership of Hashim al-Atassi and in the presence of Prince Faisal and members of the government. It lasted for two days with the participation of 120 members and came up with the following decisions: </p> <ol><li>The independence of Syria as a country with its natural borders.</li> <li>His Royal Highness Prince <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal I of Iraq and Syria">Faisal bin Al Hussein</a> was unanimously elected constitutional monarch over the country.</li> <li>The political system of the state is a civil, <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a>, royal.</li> <li>Appointment of a civil property government, where Ali Reza Al-Rikabi was appointed as the commander-in-Chief of the Government and <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Azma" title="Yusuf al-Azma">Yusuf al-Azma</a> as the Syrian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Defense (Syria)">Minister of Defence</a> The official language becoming <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> in all government institutions, civil and military official departments, and schools. Replacing the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_lira" title="Ottoman lira">Ottoman lira</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_pound" title="Syrian pound">Syrian pound</a>.</li> <li>Rejecting the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a> to make <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> a national home for <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>.</li> <li>Reject British and French tutelage over Arabs.</li></ol> <p>The Allies refused to recognize the new state and decided in April 1920 at the <a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo conference</a> in Italy to divide the country into four areas under which Syria and Lebanon would be subject to the French mandate, the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Emirate of Transjordan</a> and Palestine to the British <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate for Palestine</a>. Although the Lebanon and Syrian coasts, as well as Palestine, were not under the military rule of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab Kingdom of Syria</a>, as the Allied armies had been there since the end of the First World War. </p><p>The government and the Syrian National Congress rejected the decisions of the San Remo conference and informed the Allied States of its decision between 13 and 21 May 1920. The voices were rising in Syria for an alliance with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> or the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> in Russia, and meetings were held. </p><p>However, these meetings did not lead to a result because Atatürk was using the Syrians to improve the terms of his negotiations with the French and he turned his back to the Syrians. He concluded an agreement with France known as the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1921)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1921)">Treaty of Ankara</a> (Franklin-Bouillon Agreement) in 1921, which included a waiver of the French occupation authority from the northern Syrian territories and withdrawal of the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a>, and hand them over to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria_under_the_French_Mandate">Syria under the French Mandate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Syria under the French Mandate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Azma" title="Yusuf al-Azma">Yusuf al-Azma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maysalun" title="Battle of Maysalun">Battle of Maysalun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate for Syria and Lebanon">Mandate for Syria and Lebanon</a></div> <p>The proclamation of the establishment of the Arab Kingdom of Syria had internal implications, reflecting tensions within both Syria and Lebanon. Muslims had attacked Christian villages in the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a> in response to statements by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Maronite_patriarchs_of_Antioch" title="List of Maronite patriarchs of Antioch">Maronite Patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Elias_Peter_Hoayek" title="Elias Peter Hoayek">Elias Peter Hoayek</a> and the Board of Directors of Mount Lebanon, opposing the independence of Lebanon. </p><p>On 5 July 1920, Faisal dispatched his advisor <a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Said" title="Nuri al-Said">Nuri al-Said</a> to meet with the French General, Henri Gouraud, in Beirut. Nuri al-Said returned to Damascus on 14 July 1920 with a document known as the Gouraud ultimatum and Faisal was given four days to accept it. The ultimatum included five points: </p> <ol><li>Acceptance of the French Mandate.</li> <li>Adoption of paper money issued by the Bank of Syria and Lebanon in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.</li> <li>Approval of the French occupation of railway stations in <a href="/wiki/Riyaq" title="Riyaq">Riyaq</a>, Homs, Aleppo and Hama.</li> <li>Dissolution of the Syrian Army plus the cessation of forced recruitment and attempts to arm.</li> <li>Punish of those involved in hostilities against France.</li></ol> <p>King Faisal gathered his ministers to discuss the matter. Many of them agreed with Gouraud's terms and accepted the ultimatum. However the Minister of Defence, Yusuf al-Azma, was strongly opposed to accepting the ultimatum, and tried to discourage King Faisal from responding to the French threat to dissolve the Syrian Army. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Syrian government's</a> accepted General Gouraud's ultimatum, abandoning the idea of resistance. Demobilising the Syrian Army and the withdrawal of soldiers from the village of <a href="/wiki/Majdal_Anjar" title="Majdal Anjar">Majdal Anjar</a> was seen to be in violation of decisions by the Syrian National Congress. Popular consensus was voiced by demonstrations condemning the ultimatum and those who accepted it. </p><p>French troops led by General Goabiah marched towards Damascus on 24 July 1920, while the Syrian Army stationed on the border fell back began to disband. </p><p>The Minister of Defence, Yusuf al-Azma, worked to rally the remains of the Syrian Army, reinforcing it with hundreds of volunteers in opposition to the invading French forces approaching Damascus. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yusuf_al-Azma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Yusuf_al-Azma.jpg/220px-Yusuf_al-Azma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Yusuf_al-Azma.jpg/330px-Yusuf_al-Azma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Yusuf_al-Azma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Minister of War, <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Azma" title="Yusuf al-Azma">Yusuf al-Azma</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Yusuf al-Azma wanted to preserve the prestige and dignity of Syria's military history, was afraid to record in the history books that the Syrian Army stayed away from fighting and that the military occupation of his capital had happened without resistance. He also wanted to inform the Syrian people that their army carried the banner of resistance against the French occupation from the first moment, and that they would be a beacon for them in their resistance against the military occupation. </p><p>General Goabiah's forces consisted of the following: </p> <ol><li>an infantry brigade (415)</li> <li>2nd Regiment of Algerian <a href="/wiki/Tirailleur" title="Tirailleur">Tirailleurs</a></li> <li>a brigade of <a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Tirailleurs" title="Senegalese Tirailleurs">Senegalese Tirailleurs</a></li> <li>Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Spahi" title="Spahi">Spahis</a> Regiment</li></ol> <p>The French forces totalled nine thousand soldiers, supported by many aircraft, tanks and machine guns, while the Syrian Army did not exceeded 3,000 soldiers most of them volunteers. </p><p>On 24 July 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maysalun" title="Battle of Maysalun">Battle of Maysalun</a> began, when the French artillery began to overcome the Syrian artillery, French tanks began advancing towards the front line of the defending forces, and then French <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegalese</a> soldiers began attacking the left side of the Syrian Army, which was composed mainly of volunteers, and some traitors attacked the Syrian Army from behind and killed many soldiers and robbed their weapons. Despite all, Yusuf al-Azma was unconcerned and remained steadfast and determined. </p><p>Yusuf al-Azma had planted land mines on the heads of the valley of Alqarn, a corridor used by the French Army, in the hope that when the tanks attack into, the land mines explode. However, the traitors had already cut off the mines wires, and some of them were caught during the operation, but it was too late. When the tanks approached, Yusuf al-Azma gave the order to detonate the land mines but they did not explode. He examined them and saw that most of them had been disabled. Then he heard an uproar from behind and when he turned, saw many of his armies and volunteers had fled after a bomb fell from one of the aircraft. So he grabbed his rifle and fired at the enemy until he was killed on Wednesday, 24 July 1920. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy_of_the_French_Mandate_in_Syria">Policy of the French Mandate in Syria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Policy of the French Mandate in Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/220px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/330px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/440px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the states of the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate for Syria and Lebanon">Mandate for Syria and Lebanon</a> from 1921 to 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>After France obtained control over the entire Syrian territories they resorted to the fragmentation of Syria into several independent states or entities: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Damascus" title="State of Damascus">State of Damascus</a> (1920).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">State of Aleppo</a> (1920).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawite_State" title="Alawite State">Alawite State</a> (1920).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">The State of Greater Lebanon</a> (1920).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal Druze State</a> (1921).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" title="Sanjak of Alexandretta">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a> (1921).</li></ul> <p>The northern Syrian territory was given to Turkey during the Treaty of Ankara on 20 October 1921, and the boundary of the border between the colonial power and Turkey. </p><p>To tear the national unity of the country and weaken national resistance to the French mandate, General Gouraud resorted to the policy pursued by General <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lyautey" title="Hubert Lyautey">Hubert Lyautey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. It is a policy of isolating cohesive religious and ethnic minorities from the mainstream in the country, under the pretext of defending their rights and equity, and incite the rural and <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> against urban. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_causes_of_the_revolution">The causes of the revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The causes of the revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syriancorpse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Syriancorpse.jpg/220px-Syriancorpse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Syriancorpse.jpg/330px-Syriancorpse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Syriancorpse.jpg/440px-Syriancorpse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>Dead bodies of the Syrian rebels, killed by the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> in 1925, placed in <a href="/wiki/Marjeh_Square" title="Marjeh Square">Marjeh Square</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The outbreak of the revolution had many reasons, the most important of which are: </p> <ul><li>The Syrians rejected the French occupation of their country, and sought full independence.</li> <li>Tearing Syria into several small states (Aleppo, Druze, Alawites, Damascus).</li> <li>The great economic damage caused to the Syrian merchants as a result of the policy adopted by the French in Syria, where the French dominated the economic aspects and linked the Syrian and <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_pound" title="Lebanese pound">Lebanese pounds</a> to the <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a>.</li> <li>The military dictatorship practiced by the French generals during their mandate. Fighting the Arab culture of the country and trying to replace it with the French culture and appointing the French to top positions.</li> <li>The abolition of freedoms in Syria and the pursuit of nationalists and provoke sectarianism, which led to the discontent of the Syrians. The meeting between the leaders of the Jabal Druze State and the French high commissioner in Syria failed, where the Druze leaders expressed their displeasure with the policy of French General, Gabriel Carbillet, and demanded that another governor replace him. However, the high commissioner insulted them and threatened them with harsh punishment if they stuck to their position. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a> declared that a revolution was necessary to achieve independence.</li></ul> <p>In the opinion of Dr. <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_Shahbandar" title="Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar">Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar</a>, the above reasons are the distant causes of the revolution. The primary reasons are General Carbillet's antagonism to the <a href="/wiki/Al-Atrash" title="Al-Atrash">Al-Atrash</a> family and attempts to crush their influence and jailed everyone who dealt with them, prompting Sultan al-Atrash to declare a revolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_demands_of_the_revolution">The demands of the revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The demands of the revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most prominent demands of the revolution were: </p> <ol><li>unification of the coastal and internal territories of Syria, and the recognition of one fully independent Syrian Arab state;</li> <li>The establishment of a Syrian National Congress to draw up a fundamental law on the principle of absolute sovereignty for the nation;</li> <li>withdrawal of the occupying forces from Syria and the formation of a national army to maintain security;</li> <li>upholding the principles of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and human rights in freedom, equality and fraternity.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_course_and_events_of_the_revolution">The course and events of the revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The course and events of the revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_2004_CIA_map_Jabal_al-Druze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Syria_2004_CIA_map_Jabal_al-Druze.jpg/220px-Syria_2004_CIA_map_Jabal_al-Druze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Syria_2004_CIA_map_Jabal_al-Druze.jpg/330px-Syria_2004_CIA_map_Jabal_al-Druze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Syria_2004_CIA_map_Jabal_al-Druze.jpg/440px-Syria_2004_CIA_map_Jabal_al-Druze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Druze" title="Jabal al-Druze">Jabal al-Druze</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Colonel Catro, who was dispatched by General Gouraud to <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Druze" title="Jabal al-Druze">Jabal al-Druze</a>, sought to isolate the Druze from the Syrian national movement, he signed on 4 March 1921 a treaty with the Druze tribes, which stipulated that Jabal al-Druze would form a particular administrative unit independent of the State of Damascus with a local governor and an elected representative council. In exchange for the Druze's recognition of the French mandate, the result of the treaty appointed Salim al-Atrash as the first ruler of the Jabal Druze State. </p><p>The Jabal Druze inhabitants were not comfortable with the new French administration and the first clash with it occurred in July 1922 with the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Adham_Khanjar" title="Adham Khanjar">Adham Khanjar</a>, who was coming to Sultan al-Atrash carrying a letter to him. The French arrested him for his involvement in the attack on General Gouraud in Hauran. Sultan al-Atrash asked the French commander in <a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda" class="mw-redirect" title="As-Suwayda">As-Suwayda</a> to hand over Adham Khanjar but was told that Khanjar was on his way to Damascus. So Sultan al-Atrash commissioned a group of his supporters to attack the armed convoy accompanying the detainee, but the French managed to transfer him to Lebanon and on 30 May 1923, executed him in Beirut. </p><p>The French destroyed the house of Sultan al-Atrash in <a href="/wiki/Al-Qurayya" title="Al-Qurayya">Al-Qurayya</a> in late August 1922 in response to his attack on their forces, then Sultan al-Atrash led the Druze rebels for a year in a guerrilla war against the French forces. France brought a large force to crush the rebels, that forced Sultan al-Atrash to seek refuge in Transjordan in the late summer of 1922. Under British pressure, Sultan al-Atrash gave himself up to the French in April 1923 after agreeing to a truce. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adham_Khanjar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Adham_Khanjar.jpg/220px-Adham_Khanjar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Adham_Khanjar.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adham_Khanjar" title="Adham Khanjar">Adham Khanjar</a> (left) with Sadiq Hamza</figcaption></figure> <p>Salim Al-Atrash died poisoned in Damascus in 1924; the French appointed captain Carbillet as governor of the Jabal Druze State, contrary to the agreement with the Druze, Where he abused the people and exposed them to forced labour and persecution and sent them to prison. He also worked on the implementation of a policy of divide and conquer by inciting farmers against their feudal lords, especially the Al-Atrash family. This led the people of As-Suwayda to go out in a mass protest against the practices of the French authorities, which accelerated the outbreak of the revolution. </p><p>The Druze were fed up with the practices of captain Carbillet, which led them to send a delegation to Beirut on 6 June 1925 to submit a document requesting the <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Levant" title="High Commissioner of the Levant">High Commissioner of the Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sarrail" title="Maurice Sarrail">Maurice Sarrail</a>, to appoint a Druze governor of the Jabal Druze instead of captain Carbillet because of his practices against the people of the Jabal Druze State. Some of these practices, according to memoirs of Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar, are: </p> <ol><li>Allocate several <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmes</a> to beat and humiliate people in fulfillment of the wishes of captain Carpier and his entourage.</li> <li>Hamed Karkout (from the village of Thebeen) was detained for five months without cause or trial; he was insulted and beaten in the morning and evening.</li> <li>Husayn Kabul (from the village of Kafr al-Lehaf) was whipped until his skin was torn because he neglected to greet General Diocheil when he passed the highway.</li> <li>Wahba al-Ashmoush was arrested in As-Suwayda and severely beaten because he refused to rent his house.</li> <li>General Diocheil fired several shots from his pistol at Mohammed Bey al-Halabi, the director of the Justice Department, and he was not punished for his criminal work.</li> <li>Hussein Saddiq was arrested and imprisoned for 15 days, for not receiving captain Carbillet, and fined 25 golden pounds for the village because it did not receive him luxuriously. This fine was imposed on the village of Arman for the same reason.</li> <li>Fahd Bey Al-Atrash was arrested and severely beaten without investigation, based on a simple tale from a spy.</li> <li>Imposing ten golden pounds as a fine on As-Suwayda people for the loss of a cat of the wife of a French garrison officer.</li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Syrian_Revolt_Map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Great_Syrian_Revolt_Map.gif/220px-Great_Syrian_Revolt_Map.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Great_Syrian_Revolt_Map.gif/330px-Great_Syrian_Revolt_Map.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Great_Syrian_Revolt_Map.gif/440px-Great_Syrian_Revolt_Map.gif 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2066" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the spread of the Great Syrian Revolution among the Syrian cities</figcaption></figure> <p>High commissioner Sarrail expelled the Jabal Druze State delegation and refused to meet them and notified them that they must leave Beirut quickly and return to their country or he will exile them to <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>, and this was the direct cause of the outbreak of the Syrian revolution, where Sultan al-Atrash called for a meeting in As-Suwayda. Demonstrations occurred throughout the Jabal Druze State. </p><p>Contacts were made with some political leaders in Damascus, headed by Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar, president of the People's Party, to consult and coordinate positions although the People's Party had declared that it sought to achieve its principles and program by lawful means. However, some of its members personally have pledged with a Jabal Druze delegation to ignite the revolution in Syria, and cooperate in expelling the French from Syria and achieve independence and unity. </p><p>At that time, it was clear to Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar that Syria is in the throes of the revolution and that the Syrian people would gain their freedom and independence. He started communicating with the leaders and notables of the Syrian cities to urge them to revolt against French colonialism and motivated their national feelings and asked them to start an armed struggle for independence. Shahbandar's goal was to disperse the French forces geographically to weaken their strength and to relieve pressure from the capital Damascus and Jabal al-Druze. </p><p>To achieve this goal, Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar communicated with the leader Ibrahim Hananu in the northern region. Who was one of the first stragglers against the French colonial forces since 1920, where rebel operations in the northern region lasted until 15 April 1926, one of the most important battles that took place during this period was the battle of Tel Ammar, which was the last battles of the revolution in that region. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hassan_abed_Alsalama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hassan_abed_Alsalama.jpg/220px-Hassan_abed_Alsalama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hassan_abed_Alsalama.jpg/330px-Hassan_abed_Alsalama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hassan_abed_Alsalama.jpg/440px-Hassan_abed_Alsalama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>The moment of the execution of one of the revolutionaries of <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a> in 1925 during the French occupation</figcaption></figure> <p>Shahbandar also met with leader <a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj#Mohammed_Al-Ayyash" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Mohammed Al-Ayyash</a> in Damascus and agreed with him to extend the revolution to the eastern region. Mohammed Al-Ayyash was able to form revolutionary groups to strike the French forces in Deir ez-Zor, and the rebels succeeded in carrying out strikes against the French forces. One of these was killing of French officers in the <a href="/wiki/The_epic_of_Ain_Albu_Gomaa" class="mw-redirect" title="The epic of Ain Albu Gomaa">Ain Albu Gomaa</a> area on the road between Deir ez-Zor and <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sheikh_Khafaji_2018_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheikh_Khafaji_2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shaheen_2009_753_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shaheen_2009_753-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the operation, French planes bombed the villages of the city; it was a horrific and devastating bombardment where the houses were destroyed on the heads of children and women and killed the livestock and burned farms and crops, some civilians were killed. Many were wounded by bullets and shrapnel from the bombing. </p><p>Revolutionaries were tried in Aleppo and in August 1925, the French high commissioner in Beirut, Maurice Sarrail, issued Decision No. 49S / 5, which ordered the exile of all members of the <a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Ayyash Al-Haj</a> family to the city of <a href="/wiki/Jableh" title="Jableh">Jableh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj#Mahmoud_Al-Ayyash_(Abu_Stita)" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Mahmoud Al-Ayyash (Abu Stita)</a> and 12 of his companions were sentenced to death. The execution was carried out by firing squad on 15 September 1925 in the city of Aleppo. Mohammed Al-Ayyash was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment in the city of <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fattouh_2017_153–159_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fattouh_2017_153–159-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morshed_2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morshed_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after, while the Ayyash Al-Haj family were living in Jableh, the French authorities assassinated Ayyash Al-Haj in a café outside the city by poisoning his coffee, and prevented the transfer of his body to Deir ez-Zor for reasons of public security, He was buried in Jableh in the cemetery of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Adham" title="Ibrahim ibn Adham">Ibrahim ibn Adham</a> Mosque where the absent prayers held for the spirit of this martyr <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahid</a> in all the Syrian cities.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sasapost.com_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sasapost.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar was in contact with Commander <a href="/wiki/Fawzi_al-Qawuqji" title="Fawzi al-Qawuqji">Fawzi al-Qawuqji</a>, who was preparing to set up the revolution in the city of Hama. However, he was known for his intense loyalty to the French. Despite this, he received In their army a high rank and a position (the National Army Command in Hama) rarely held by other Syrians. However, according to Shahbandar's memoirs, Al-Qawuqji was upset with the humiliation of the elders and scholars of Hama, division of the country, improper appointments to high positions, raising of taxes on people, and stirring sectarian strife among the Syrian people. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_al-Atrash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sultan_al-Atrash.jpg/220px-Sultan_al-Atrash.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sultan_al-Atrash.jpg/330px-Sultan_al-Atrash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sultan_al-Atrash.jpg/440px-Sultan_al-Atrash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a> on his horse in the revolution of 1925</figcaption></figure> <p>On 4 October 1925, Al-Qawuqji declared a revolution in Hama and its environs. It would have almost taken over the city had it not been for the heavy bombing of popular neighbourhoods. He went to the desert to provoke the tribes against the French and relieve pressure on the rebels in other regions, and achieved significant victories over the French troops, garrisons and barracks and inflicted heavy losses on them; even the National Revolutionary Council entrusted him with leading the revolution in the <a href="/wiki/Ghouta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghouta">Ghouta</a> region and granting him broad powers. </p><p>On 11 July 1925, French high commissioner Maurice Sarrail sent a secret letter to his delegate in Damascus asking him to summon some of the leaders of the Jabal al-Druze under the pretext of discussing with them their demands, to arrest them and exile them to Palmyra and <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a>. This was done and Uqlat al-Qatami, Prince Hamad al-Atrash, Abdul Ghaffar al-Atrash, and Naseeb al-Atrash were exiled to Palmyra, while Barjas al-Homoud, Hosni Abbas, Ali al-Atrash, Yusuf al-Atrash, and Ali Obaid were exiled to Al-Hasakah. </p><p>As a result of French policies and practices, Sultan al-Atrash declared the revolution on 21 July 1925 by broadcasting a political and military statement calling on the Syrian people to revolt against the French mandate. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasib_al-Bakri7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nasib_al-Bakri7.jpg/220px-Nasib_al-Bakri7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nasib_al-Bakri7.jpg/330px-Nasib_al-Bakri7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nasib_al-Bakri7.jpg/440px-Nasib_al-Bakri7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nasib_al-Bakri" title="Nasib al-Bakri">Nasib al-Bakri</a>'s home after its destruction by the French during the Great Syrian Revolt 1925</figcaption></figure> <p>Al-Atrash started military attacks on French forces and burned the French Commission's house in <a href="/wiki/Salkhad" title="Salkhad">Salkhad</a>, the second-largest city in the mountain after As-Suwayda and occupied it. In early September 1925, Atrash attacked a French force in the town of <a href="/wiki/Al-Kafr" title="Al-Kafr">Al-Kafr</a> under the command of Captain Norman and killed most of the soldiers, where the number of rebels did not exceed two hundred while the number of soldiers exceeded two hundred and sixty, including a large number of French officers, and killed 40 rebels, including Mustafa Atrash brother of Sultan al-Atrash. </p><p>Sarrail was determined to defeat his troops and ordered an extensive campaign to discipline rebels, including more than 5,000 soldiers, led by General Michaud, equipped with the best and latest tanks and military aircraft. On the first day of August 1925, the campaign clashed with rebel forces in the town of <a href="/wiki/Izra" title="Izra">Izra</a>; the number of revolutionaries was about three thousand. The rebels were defeated in the battle, as soon as evening came, the rebels attacked the rear of the French forces, where ammunition and supplies were seized and killed many French soldiers. </p><p>The following morning, 117 came from As-Suwayda and joined by 400 rebels from <a href="/wiki/Majdal_Shams" title="Majdal Shams">Majdal Shams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Najran,_Syria" title="Najran, Syria">Najran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slaim,_Syria" title="Slaim, Syria">Slaim</a> and other nearby villages. They clashed with the French forces in the village of <a href="/wiki/Al-Mazraa,_Syria" title="Al-Mazraa, Syria">Al-Mazraa</a>, where the French forces were annihilated. Only about 1,200 soldiers fled to the railway in the village of Izra to board the train going to Damascus. Hamad al-Barbour, Sultan al-Atrash`s right hand man was killed in the battle. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damas_en_flamme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Damas_en_flamme.jpg/220px-Damas_en_flamme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Damas_en_flamme.jpg/330px-Damas_en_flamme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Damas_en_flamme.jpg/440px-Damas_en_flamme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Damascus in flames after high commissioner <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sarrail" title="Maurice Sarrail">Maurice Sarrail</a> gave orders to shell the city</figcaption></figure> <p>On 20 August 1925, the People's Party sent a delegation to meet with Sultan al-Atrash and discuss the accession of Damascus to the revolution; the delegation included Tawfiq al-Halabi, Asaad al-Bakri, and Zaki al-Droubi. The presence of the delegation coincided with the presence of Captain Reno, who was negotiating with the rebels on behalf of the French authorities to conclude a peace treaty, and the People's Party delegation managed to convince the rebels not to sign the treaty. In late August 1925, the leaders of the People's Party, including Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar, met with Sultan al-Atrash in the village of Kafr al-Lehaf and agreed to mobilize five hundred rebels to attack Damascus from three axis, but Al-Atrash could not mobilize this number. The military forces that General Ghamlan began to mobilize along the railway in <a href="/wiki/Horan" title="Horan">Horan</a> led the rebel leaders to abandon the plan to attack Damascus and devote themselves to the French campaign. </p><p>The rebels agreed to march towards the village of <a href="/wiki/Al-Musayfirah" title="Al-Musayfirah">Al-Musayfirah</a> to confront the new French campaign. On 17 September 1925, they launched a night attack on the French troops quartered there, and victory would have been theirs if it had not been for the intervention of French aircraft that forced them to withdraw. The French casualties were more than 900 soldiers, In addition to destroying many equipment and vehicles, while the rebels lost less than 200 fighters. Then there were battles between the rebels and the creeping French forces towards As-Suwayda, and the French were forced after a temporary occupation of the city to withdraw after the revolutionary command decided to extend its scope to the north to relieve the pressure on Jabal al-Druze. </p><p>On 4 October 1925, Fawzi al-Qawuqji led the rebels and Bedouins of the Mawali tribe in and around <a href="/wiki/Maarat_al-Numan" title="Maarat al-Numan">Maarat al-Numan</a>. He would have taken Hama, if it had not been for the intervention of French planes and the commitment of the leaders of the city to neutrality. They waited in their homes to see the result of the revolution. If it was successful they will be its founders, and if it fails they will be far from its consequences. This does not mean that the Hama revolution did not bear fruit, on the contrary, it led to the withdrawal of French forces from the city of As-Suwayda at the request of the French high commissioner Sarrail to support the French garrison in the city of Hama. </p><p>The revolution spread to the Ghouta of Damascus and there were fierce battles between the rebels led by <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Kharrat" title="Hasan al-Kharrat">Hasan al-Kharrat</a> and the French. The first battles were in the village of <a href="/wiki/Al-Malihah" title="Al-Malihah">Al-Malihah</a>, or what the rebels called the first battle of Al-Zour, in which several French soldiers were killed On 18 October 1925, the rebels entered Damascus, headed by <a href="/wiki/Nasib_al-Bakri" title="Nasib al-Bakri">Nasib al-Bakri</a>, they were joined by the rebels from <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaghur,_Damascus" title="Al-Shaghur, Damascus">Al-Shaghur</a> rebels and <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Salam" title="Bab al-Salam">Bab al-Salam</a> led by Hasan al-Kharrat, The rebels remained for four days, crushing all the soldiers in the barricades of Al-Shaghur neighbourhood and <a href="/wiki/Al-Midan" title="Al-Midan">Al-Midan</a>, and the French soldiers were forced to take refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Damascus" title="Citadel of Damascus">Citadel of Damascus</a> with their families. </p><p>Sarrail ordered his troops to bomb Damascus with artillery from the Citadel of Damascus, which destroyed more than 600 homes, and French soldiers looted warehouses and shops. The rebels decided to kidnap General Sarrail after they learned that he came to Damascus to visit the <a href="/wiki/Azm_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Azm Palace">Azm Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bazouriyeh" title="Bazouriyeh">Bazouriyeh</a>, so they entered the city from the side of the Al-Shaghur and arrived at the palace, but Sarrail had left him quickly. The rebels clashed with the French soldiers and caught fire in the palace for the ferocity of the battle. Fighting continued between the Ghouta rebels and the French forces, the Second Battle of Al-Zour took place on 17 November 1925, the battle of <a href="/wiki/Yalda,_Syria" title="Yalda, Syria">Yalda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babbila" title="Babbila">Babbila</a> on 19 November 1925, the battle of Hamura on 17 December 1925, and the battle of <a href="/wiki/Al-Nabek" title="Al-Nabek">Al-Nabek</a> on 14 and 15 March 1926. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Druze_warriors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Druze_warriors.jpg/220px-Druze_warriors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Druze_warriors.jpg/330px-Druze_warriors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Druze_warriors.jpg/440px-Druze_warriors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Druze in <a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda" class="mw-redirect" title="As-Suwayda">As-Suwayda</a> welcoming Sultan al-Atrash and other rebels back from exile in 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>In late October 1925, the rebels of the Jabal al-Druze gathered in the northern Almeqren and then marched west, occupying the region of Alblan and then the town of <a href="/wiki/Hasbaya" title="Hasbaya">Hasbaya</a> without any resistance from the French garrison, whose leader preferred to withdraw when he learned the arrival of the rebels. The rebels then went to the town of <a href="/wiki/Rashaya" title="Rashaya">Rashaya</a> after learning that a decisive battle had taken place between the town's Druze and its French garrison, and after heavy fighting, they managed to enter its castle and occupy it. </p><p>The Syrian rebels entered the stage of attrition as the revolution extended and suffered from a lack of ammunition and supplies, which helped the French forces to besiege and tighten the screws on them by bringing more supporting troops, Al-Atrash refused to surrender to the French and was sentenced to death. He was forced, with a group of rebels to flee to <a href="/wiki/Azraq,_Jordan" title="Azraq, Jordan">Azraq</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">emirate</a> of eastern Jordan, but the English did not allow them to stay for long, so they fled to Wadi al-Sarhan and al-Nabek in northern <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, then to <a href="/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak">Al-Karak</a> in Jordan. </p><p>Sultan al-Atrash and his comrades returned home after France issued a comprehensive amnesty for all the rebels following the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_Treaty_of_Independence" title="Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence">Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence</a> in 1936, where Al-Atrash and his comrades were received in Damascus on 18 May 1937 with grand public celebrations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syrian_cities_participating_in_the_revolution">Syrian cities participating in the revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Syrian cities participating in the revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jabal_al-Arab_and_Horan_(Sultan_al-Atrash)"><span id="Jabal_al-Arab_and_Horan_.28Sultan_al-Atrash.29"></span>Jabal al-Arab and Horan (Sultan al-Atrash)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jabal al-Arab and Horan (Sultan al-Atrash)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heroes_of_the_Great_Syrian_Revolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Heroes_of_the_Great_Syrian_Revolution.jpg/220px-Heroes_of_the_Great_Syrian_Revolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Heroes_of_the_Great_Syrian_Revolution.jpg/330px-Heroes_of_the_Great_Syrian_Revolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Heroes_of_the_Great_Syrian_Revolution.jpg/440px-Heroes_of_the_Great_Syrian_Revolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12494" data-file-height="9247" /></a><figcaption>Heroes of the Great Syrian Revolution 1925</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a> was a prominent Syrian nationalist leader and commander general of the Syrian Revolution (1925–27), He fought against the Ottomans, the French, and even against the Syrian government during its dictatorship, One of the most influential figures in Syrian and Druze history, he played a major role in deciding the destiny of Jabal al-Druze and of Syria in general.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Atrash was born in Al-Qurayya, a village south of As Suwayda known for the famous Druze family of , which had nominally governed the region since 1879, his father Zuqan led the <a href="/wiki/Hauran_Druze_Rebellion" title="Hauran Druze Rebellion">Hauran Druze Rebellion</a> against the Ottomans near <a href="/wiki/Al-Kafr" title="Al-Kafr">Al-Kafr</a> in 1910, where he faced the forces of Sami Pasha al-Farouqi. He was captured and later executed in 1911. His son, <a href="/wiki/Mansur_al-Atrash" title="Mansur al-Atrash">Mansur al-Atrash</a> was an active member in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Syrian Regional Branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a> until the <a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a> led to the downfall of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munif_Razzaz" title="Munif Razzaz">Munif Razzaz</a> and the classical Ba'athists in general. His granddaughter, <a href="/wiki/Naila_Al_Atrash" title="Naila Al Atrash">Naila Al Atrash</a>, is a dramatist and activist against the <a href="/wiki/Syria#Ba'athist_Syria" title="Syria">Assad regime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1925 Sultan al-Atrash led a revolt which broke out in the Jabal al-Druze and spread to engulf the whole of Syria and parts of Lebanon, this is considered one of the most important revolutions against the French mandate, as it encompassed the whole of Syria and witnessed fierce battles between rebel and French forces.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rebel forces led by <a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a> were supported by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian-Lebanese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian-Lebanese Communist Party">Communist Party of Syria and Lebanon</a> (CPSL). The CPSL broadcast in French, Arabic and Armenian languages that the rebellion was in support of "the great Syrian Revolution" and coordinated with "the international communist movement".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 August 1925 Sultan al-Atrash officially declared revolution against France, and soon fighting erupted in Damascus, Homs and Hama. Al-Atrash won several battles against the French at the beginning of the revolution, notably the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Kafr" title="Battle of al-Kafr">Battle of al-Kafr</a> on 21 July 1925, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Mazraa" title="Battle of al-Mazraa">Battle of al-Mazraa</a> on 2 August 1925, and the battles of Salkhad, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Musayfirah" title="Battle of al-Musayfirah">al-Musayfirah</a> and As-Suwayda. The Druze were defeated in the last two battles. After rebel victories against France, it sent thousands of troops to Syria and Lebanon from Morocco and Senegal, equipped with modern weapons, compared to the few supplies of the rebels. This dramatically altered the results and allowed the French to regain many cities although resistance lasted until the spring of 1927. The French sentenced Sultan al-Atrash to death, but he had escaped with the rebels to Transjordan and was eventually pardoned, He returned to Syria in 1937 after the signing of the Franco-Syrian Treaty the year before.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Atrash participated actively in the <a href="/wiki/Levant_Crisis" title="Levant Crisis">Levant Crisis</a>, that led to Syrian independence. In 1948 he called for the establishment of a unified <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a> of Palestine, for which hundreds of young people had already volunteered and sent to participate in during the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Adib_Shishakli" title="Adib Shishakli">Adib Shishakli</a>, Al-Atrash was often harassed because of his opposition to government policy, he left the Jabal al-Druze for <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> in December 1954 and came back when Adib Shishakl's regime fell, Al-Atrash supported the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and Syria in 1958, and firmly opposed the process of separation in 1961. He is also known for his contributions to social life and development in the Jabal al-Druze.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Atrash died on 26 March 1982 from a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>, His funeral was attended by more than a million people, and the president of Syrian Arab Republic, <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> issued an individual letter mourning Al-Atrash as the General Commander of the Great Syrian Revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Damascus_(Abd_al-Rahman_Shahbandar)"><span id="Damascus_.28Abd_al-Rahman_Shahbandar.29"></span>Damascus (Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Damascus (Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahbandar11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Shahbandar11.jpg/220px-Shahbandar11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Shahbandar11.jpg/330px-Shahbandar11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Shahbandar11.jpg/440px-Shahbandar11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_Shahbandar" title="Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar">Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_Shahbandar" title="Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar">Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar</a> was a prominent Syrian nationalist during the French mandate and a leading opponent of compromise with French authority. His devotion to <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> dated to the days of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> policies. He supported the Arab Revolt during the First World War and briefly headed the foreign ministry under Emir Faisal. </p><p>When France occupied Syria in July 1920, he fled the country. Shahbandar returned in 1921 and organized the Iron Hand Society to agitate against French rule. This was the first Syrian nationalist group to emerge in Damascus during the Mandate and Shahbandar organized its spread to Homs and Hama.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1922, the French arrested him and other Iron Hand leaders for incitement against their rule. The arrests triggered several demonstrations and bloody confrontations between protesters and French forces in Damascus. Nonetheless, the French tried Shahbandar for subversive activities and sentenced him to 20 years of imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After serving 18 months of his sentence, the French sent him into exile, where he joined the activities of the Syrian-Palestine Congress based in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. The French allowed him to return to Syria in 1924. The following year Shahbandar guided the formation of Syria's first nationalist party, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Syria)" title="People's Party (Syria)">People's Party</a>. He then helped organize the spread of the Syrian Revolution from Jabal Druze State to the rest of Syria. He eluded the French authorities and moved to Jabal al-Druze for the duration of the revolt. There he and Sultan al-Atrash formed a provisional government. When the revolution collapsed in 1927, Shahbandar fled to <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> and from there to Egypt. </p><p>In 1937 a French amnesty allowed him to return from exile, and he directed his supporters to oppose the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence because it granted France privileges that detracted from Syrian sovereignty. He was joined by powerful Syrian politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Munir_al-Ajlani" title="Munir al-Ajlani">Munir al-Ajlani</a>. He also directed a political campaign to discredit the <a href="/wiki/National_Bloc_(Syria)" title="National Bloc (Syria)">National Bloc</a> government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jamil_Mardam_Bey" title="Jamil Mardam Bey">Jamil Mardam Bey</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the French considered cooperating with Shahbandar because of his opposition to the National Bloc and because of support for him from Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemites</a>. In June 1940, he was assassinated in Damascus. The French accused several prominent National Bloc figures, including Jamil Mardam and Saadallah al-Jabiri, of plotting the murder, and they fled to Iraq. While Shahbandar was one of Syria's most popular leaders, he never built up an organization that would perpetuate his political legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghouta_of_Damascus_(Hasan_al-Kharrat)"><span id="Ghouta_of_Damascus_.28Hasan_al-Kharrat.29"></span>Ghouta of Damascus (Hasan al-Kharrat)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ghouta of Damascus (Hasan al-Kharrat)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasan_Kharrat_cropped_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Hasan_Kharrat_cropped_1925.jpg/220px-Hasan_Kharrat_cropped_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Hasan_Kharrat_cropped_1925.jpg/330px-Hasan_Kharrat_cropped_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Hasan_Kharrat_cropped_1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Kharrat" title="Hasan al-Kharrat">Hasan al-Kharrat</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Kharrat" title="Hasan al-Kharrat">Hasan al-Kharrat</a> was one of the principal Syrian rebel commanders of the Great Syrian Revolt against the French mandate. His main area of operations was in Damascus and its Ghouta countryside. He was killed in the struggle and is considered a hero by Syrians. <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the <i>qabaday</i> (local youths boss) of the Al-Shaghur quarter of Damascus, al-Kharrat was connected with Nasib al-Bakri, a nationalist from the quarter's most influential family. At al-Bakri's invitation, al-Kharrat joined the revolt in August 1925 and formed a group of fighters from Al-Shaghur and other neighbourhoods in the vicinity. He led the rebel assault against Damascus, briefly capturing the residence of French High Commissioner of the Levant, Maurice Sarrail before withdrawing amid heavy French bombardment. </p><p>Towards the end of 1925, relations grew tense between al-Kharrat and other rebel leaders, particularly <a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_al-As" title="Sa'id al-As">Sa'id al-As</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_al-Shallash" title="Ramadan al-Shallash">Ramadan al-Shallash</a>, as they traded accusations of plundering villages or extorting local inhabitants. Al-Kharrat continued to lead operations in the Ghouta, ultimately killed in a French ambush. The revolt dissipated by 1927, but he gained a lasting reputation as a martyr of the Syrian resistance to French rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deir_ez-Zor_(Ayash_Al-Haj_family)"><span id="Deir_ez-Zor_.28Ayash_Al-Haj_family.29"></span>Deir ez-Zor (Ayash Al-Haj family)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Deir ez-Zor (Ayash Al-Haj family)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_epic_of_Ain_Albu_Gomaa" class="mw-redirect" title="The epic of Ain Albu Gomaa">The epic of Ain Albu Gomaa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayash_Alhaj_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ayash_Alhaj_1.jpg/220px-Ayash_Alhaj_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ayash_Alhaj_1.jpg/330px-Ayash_Alhaj_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ayash_Alhaj_1.jpg/440px-Ayash_Alhaj_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10130" data-file-height="12600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Ayyash Al-Haj</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammed_Alayyash_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mohammed_Alayyash_22.jpg/220px-Mohammed_Alayyash_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mohammed_Alayyash_22.jpg/330px-Mohammed_Alayyash_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mohammed_Alayyash_22.jpg/440px-Mohammed_Alayyash_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8675" data-file-height="12600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj#Mohammed_Al-Ayyash" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Mohammed Al-Ayyash</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Ayyash Al-Haj</a> family was subjected to the brutality of the French military authorities after accusing them of preparing for the revolution of the Euphrates valley in conjunction with the outbreak of the Great Syrian Revolution. The struggle of the family began with the meeting of Mohammed Al-Ayyash, the eldest son of leader Ayyash Al-Haj, with Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar, leader of the People's Party in Damascus and they agreed to extend the revolution to the Euphrates region and open a new front against the French to disperse their forces and ease the pressure on the rebels of Ghouta and Jabal al-Druze.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shaheen_2009_753_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shaheen_2009_753-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Mohammed Al-Ayyash returned from Damascus he started to rouse the enthusiasm of the people of Deir ez-Zor and encourage them to fight. He agreed with his brother Mahmoud Al-Ayyash (Abu Stita) to go to the villages of the Albu Saraya clan that were living west of Deir ez-Zor, and which had a strong friendship with his father Ayyash Al-Haj, to form revolutionary groups with them to strike the French forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shaheen_2009_753_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shaheen_2009_753-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sheikh_Khafaji_2018_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheikh_Khafaji_2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mohammed Al-Ayyash managed to form a revolutionary group of thirteen armed men who were ready to take military action against the French forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shaheen_2009_753_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shaheen_2009_753-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people were working with the French at translation centres and other places but they were at the service of the revolutionaries. They were reporting to Mohammed Al-Ayyash about the situation and movements of the French, and their activities, along the timing of their military operations. Mohammed Al-Ayyash led the revolutionaries against the French forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shaheen_2009_753_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shaheen_2009_753-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The revolutionaries managed to carry out strikes against the French, and the last attack was on a car carrying officers and their driver in the Ain Albu Gomaa area, on the road between Deir ez-Zor and Raqqa. The revolutionaries attacked and arrested the officers and took them with their car, first taking their weapons, to a desert called Al-Aksiyya, and threw them, with their driver, in one of the abandoned wells where they died.<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fattouh_2017_153–159_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fattouh_2017_153–159-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morshed_2016_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morshed_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French, concerned over losing their officers, began a search campaign, including planes. When they found their bodies and inquired from the informants about the names of the revolutionaries, they sent a large military force equipped with heavy guns and planes to attack the Albu Saraya clan and blockade it.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shaheen_2009_753_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shaheen_2009_753-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French planes began bombing the villages of the clan. Some civilians were killed and among them were Hanash Al-Mousa Al-Ani, Ali Al-Najras, and a woman who was pregnant, many were wounded by bullets and shrapnel., All of this was to pressure on the people to surrender the revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheikh_Khafaji_2018_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheikh_Khafaji_2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shaheen_2009_753_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shaheen_2009_753-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually the French became convinced that the bombing would not work. They then threatened to arrest the women of the revolutionaries, their mothers and sisters until the revolutionaries surrendered themselves, When the revolutionaries heard the news , they emerged from their hideouts and surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shaheen_2009_753_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shaheen_2009_753-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The revolutionaries were tried in Aleppo, where the family of Ayyash Al-Haj appointed the lawyer, Fathallah Al-Saqqal to defend her, The court heard the head of the French intelligence in Deir ez-Zor, who said: If each of the criminals, who committed this terrible offence deserve dying once, the gang leader Mohammed Al-Ayyash deserves hanging twice.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shaheen_2009_753_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shaheen_2009_753-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idlib_(Ibrahim_Hanano)"><span id="Idlib_.28Ibrahim_Hanano.29"></span>Idlib (Ibrahim Hanano)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Idlib (Ibrahim Hanano)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hananu_Revolt" title="Hananu Revolt">Hananu Revolt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hananu,_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hananu%2C_1932.jpg/220px-Hananu%2C_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hananu%2C_1932.jpg/330px-Hananu%2C_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hananu%2C_1932.jpg/440px-Hananu%2C_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hananu" title="Ibrahim Hananu">Ibrahim Hananu</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hananu" title="Ibrahim Hananu">Ibrahim Hananu</a> was born to a wealthy family in <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Takharim" title="Kafr Takharim">Kafr Takharim</a> and raised in Aleppo. There is dispute on his birth date: one source<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mentions he was born in 1879, while another<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mentions he was born in 1869. He studied at the Imperial High School in Aleppo, and continued his studies at the Ottoman Law Academy of the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Political_Science,_Ankara_University" title="Faculty of Political Science, Ankara University">Mülkiye school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. As a student, he joined the Committee of Union and Progress, the political organ that later took stage following the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> of 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breaking out in the autumn of 1919 in the countryside surrounding Aleppo, when the French army had landed on the Syrian coast and was preparing to occupy all of Syria, <a href="/wiki/Hananu_Revolt" title="Hananu Revolt">Hananu launched his revolt</a>, bringing Aleppo, <a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> into a coordinated campaign against French forces. Hananu was responsible for the disarmament of many French troops, the destruction of railroads and telegraph lines, the sabotage of tanks, and the foiling of French attacks on Aleppo. On 23 July 1920, when the French army successfully attacked Aleppo, Hananu was forced to retreat to his village of <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Takharim_Subdistrict" title="Kafr Takharim Subdistrict">Kafr Takharim Nahiyah</a> and began to reorganize the revolt with Najeeb Oweid. The rebels decided to form a civilian government based in <a href="/wiki/Armanaz_Subdistrict" title="Armanaz Subdistrict">Armanaz Nahiyah</a>, and sent Hananu to Turkey as a representative of the new civilian government to request for aid in fighting against the French.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received aid from the Turkish nationalist movement of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, which was battling the French <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Levant" title="Army of the Levant">Army of the Levant</a> for control of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. With the withdrawal of Turkish military assistance following the signing of the Franklin-Bouillon Agreement in October 1921, Hananu and his men could no longer sustain a revolt, and their struggle collapsed. However, the revolt's failure, the organization of the northern areas of Syria with Turkish help, has been interpreted as a prototype for self-government that Hananu and other Syrians built upon in later years.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1922 Ibrahim Hananu was arrested and presented to the French military criminal court on criminal acts. The first session of the court was on 15 March 1922. One of the best lawyers at that time, <a href="/wiki/Fathallah_Saqqal" title="Fathallah Saqqal">Fathallah Saqqal</a> defended Hananu, advocated for Hananu's innocence, and argued that Hananu was a political opponent, not a criminal. </p><p>On 25 March 1922, the French Attorney General requested the execution of Hananu, and he said, "if Hananu has seven heads, I will cut them all," the French judge ultimately released Hananu following an agreement between Hananu and the French government.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hama_(Fawzi_al-Qawuqji)"><span id="Hama_.28Fawzi_al-Qawuqji.29"></span>Hama (Fawzi al-Qawuqji)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hama (Fawzi al-Qawuqji)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B10114201429.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/B10114201429.jpg/220px-B10114201429.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/B10114201429.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fawzi_al-Qawuqji" title="Fawzi al-Qawuqji">Fawzi al-Qawuqji</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fawzi_al-Qawuqji" title="Fawzi al-Qawuqji">Fawzi al-Qawuqji</a> was an officer in the Syrian army and the leader of the Salvation Army during the 1948 war, was born in the city of Tripoli in the Ottoman Empire, studied at the Military School in Astana, and graduated as an officer in the Ottoman Cavalry Corps in 1912, worked in the service of King Faisal in Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fawzi al-Qawuqji lived in Damascus and was distinguished by his rare courage and Arabism that prompted him to fight battles against European colonialism in all Arab regions.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the French Mandate, he became commander of a cavalry company in Hama, later defected from the Syrian Legion set up by the French in Syria to participate in the Great Syrian Revolution against the French, and on October 4, 1925, he led a revolution in Hama against the French occupation, which he planned jointly with Saeed Al-Termanini and Munir Al-Rayes. The Syrian revolutionaries took control of the city, the third-largest city in Syria, with about 80,000. The revolutionaries cut the telephone lines and attacked and burned the Government House, where they captured some French officers and then besieged the French military positions.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next day, France bombarded the city with aircraft and artillery for three days. After negotiations, some of the city's notables persuaded al-Qawuqji to withdraw to save the population's blood, and the battles continued in its vicinity. The bombing of Hama resulted in 344 deaths, the vast majority of them civilians, although France claimed that the death toll did not exceed 76, all of whom were revolutionaries. Some sources estimate the number of civilian casualties at about 500, the losses of the French as 400 dead and wounded, and the losses of the rebels 35; the material losses were also great, as 115 shops were destroyed. He was later assigned to lead the revolution in the Ghouta area of Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fakhri_Kharrat_execution,_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Fakhri_Kharrat_execution%2C_1925.jpg/220px-Fakhri_Kharrat_execution%2C_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Fakhri_Kharrat_execution%2C_1925.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>Rebel commander Fakhri al-Kharrat, son of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Kharrat" title="Hasan al-Kharrat">Hasan al-Kharrat</a>, hanged by the French in January 1926</figcaption></figure> <p>The revolution achieved some progress in the national struggle for independence from France though ultimately the Syrians had failed in their primary goal of independence and the removal of French forces from Syria. </p> <ol><li>The revolution led to the resurrection of the movement calling for the establishment of a royal government in Syria, as supporters of this project see it as the only guarantee for the establishment of sincere and continuous cooperation to implement the Mandate. Ali bin Al Hussein was the candidate for the throne, but the project failed due to the Syrians’ rejection.</li> <li>The revolution forced France to reunify Syria after dividing it into four states (Damascus, Aleppo, Jabal Alawites, and Jabal al-Druze).</li> <li>France agreed to hold elections in which the national opposition, led by Ibrahim Hananu and Hashim al-Atassi, won.</li> <li>France carried out administrative reforms by removing its high commissioner and some its military officers in Syria and appointing replacements for them.</li> <li>Syrian nationalists began to look for an alternative method to achieve independence and were forced to change its tactics political form.</li> <li>Damascus was bombed by air for 24 continuous hours, and some villages in Jabal al-Druze were emptied of their residents as a result of their destruction and burning.</li> <li>The revolution led to an increase in Syrian nationalism and unity after previous sectarian divisions.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The death toll of the Great Syrian Revolt reached 4,213 people, distributed in the following Syrian governorates:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>315 dead in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib</a></li> <li>331 dead in <a href="/wiki/Latakia_Governorate" title="Latakia Governorate">Latakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tartus_Governorate" title="Tartus Governorate">Tartus</a> and the coast</li> <li>731 dead in <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Governorate" title="Damascus Governorate">Damascus</a> and Ghouta</li> <li>150 dead in <a href="/wiki/Hama_Governorate" title="Hama Governorate">Hama</a></li> <li>250 dead in <a href="/wiki/Homs_Governorate" title="Homs Governorate">Homs</a>, Al-Nabek and <a href="/wiki/An-Nabek_District" title="An-Nabek District">An-Nabek District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_Governorate" title="Rif Dimashq Governorate">Rif Dimashq Governorate</a>)</li> <li>71 dead in <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira_Province" title="Al-Jazira Province">Al Jazira</a></li> <li>34 dead in <a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate" title="Daraa Governorate">Daraa</a></li> <li>2,064 dead in <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Druze" title="Jabal al-Druze">Jabal al-Druze</a></li> <li>267 dead in the Al-Balan region, Rashaya, Majdal Shams and the surrounding villages</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The edifice of the Great Syrian Revolution is located in the town of Al-Qurayya, 15 km (9.3 mi) south of the city of As-Suwayda which is the birthplace of the leader of the revolution, Sultan al-Atrash. The edifice's construction began in 1987, and was opened in 2010 with an area of 6,200 m<sup>2</sup> (67,000 sq ft), and includes the construction of the edifice and its annexes on a site of 2,800 m<sup>2</sup> (30,000 sq ft). The building of the edifice consists of in its ground section the General Museum of the Great Syrian Revolution edifice, which is considered a living witness to the revolutionaries’ exploits and heroism in the face of French colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Next to the museum is located in the centre of the edifice a central hall that houses the remains of the commander in chief of the Great Syrian Revolution, the Mujahid Sultan al-Atrash, in addition to a mosaic panorama embodying the battles of the revolution and paintings documenting the names of the battles and the martyrs who were killed in them, in addition to an administration room, a library, and a special museum for the commander in chief containing the Arab dress. His complete cloak, dress, waistcoat, jacket, hat, weapons and military equipment, including a military rifle, a machine gun that he used, a hunting rifle, four machine guns, a French rifle, a leather belt to store bullets, a wooden stick in the form of a pin and some bullets, in addition to <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_the_Cedar" title="National Order of the Cedar">National Order of the Cedar</a> that he was awarded, as well as two French swords, one of which belongs to a campaign leader. Blasphemy General Norman, a third sword sheath, two field phones, a signal pistol, three bullets, a detonator, a machine gun, and aircraft counters.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_al-Ali" title="Saleh al-Ali">Saleh al-Ali</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mod.gov.sy/index.php?node=554&cat=1154">"The results of the Syrian revolutions"</a>. <i>Ministry of Defense of the Syrian Arab Republic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126052117/http://www.mod.gov.sy/index.php?node=554&cat=1154">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Culture+and+Heritage+of+Deir+Ezzor&rft.atitle=Abdelkader+Ayyash+in+his+folk+museum&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Sheikh+Khafaji&rft.aufirst=Ghassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deirez-zor.com%2F2018%2F09%2F05%2F%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AbdulqaderAyash_20190612">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Shaheen_2009_753-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Shaheen_2009_753_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Shaheen_2009_753_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Shaheen_2009_753_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Shaheen_2009_753_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a 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class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malayyash_yahoo_20170719">"Deir Ezzor in the Syrian National Social Party"</a>. <i>Al-Benaa Newspaper</i>. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Benaa+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Deir+Ezzor+in+the+Syrian+National+Social+Party&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalayyash_yahoo_20170719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFattouh2017" class="citation journal cs1">Fattouh, Issa (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AbedAlqaderAyyash/AbedAlqader%20Ayyash#page/n1/mode/2up">"Abdul Qader Al-Ayyash Researcher and historian"</a>. <i>Almarifa Magazine</i>. <b>646</b>: 153–159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Almarifa+Magazine&rft.atitle=Abdul+Qader+Al-Ayyash+Researcher+and+historian&rft.volume=646&rft.pages=153-159&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Fattouh&rft.aufirst=Issa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FAbedAlqaderAyyash%2FAbedAlqader%2520Ayyash%23page%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sasapost.com-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sasapost.com_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorshed2016" class="citation web cs1">Morshed, Faisal (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sasapost.com/opinion/druze-and-syrian-revolution/">"Druze Unitarians and the Syrian Revolution"</a>. <i>Sasapost</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206053954/https://www.sasapost.com/opinion/druze-and-syrian-revolution/">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sasapost&rft.atitle=Druze+Unitarians+and+the+Syrian+Revolution&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Morshed&rft.aufirst=Faisal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sasapost.com%2Fopinion%2Fdruze-and-syrian-revolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malayyash_yahoo_20170719_0559">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geiroon.net/archives/64015">"Sultan Pasha al-Atrash: religion for God and the homeland for all"</a>. <i>Geron Media Network</i> (in Arabic). 2016-09-06. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024053726/https://geiroon.net/archives/64015">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geron+Media+Network&rft.atitle=Sultan+Pasha+al-Atrash%3A+religion+for+God+and+the+homeland+for+all&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeiroon.net%2Farchives%2F64015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sultanalattrache.org/bio.php">"Sultan Pasha Al Atrash - Biography"</a>. <i>sultanalattrache.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705092729/http://sultanalattrache.org/bio.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sultanalattrache.org&rft.atitle=Sultan+Pasha+Al+Atrash+-+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsultanalattrache.org%2Fbio.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlshoufy" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alshoufy, Minhal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024042219/https://www.swaidatoday.com/%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1/20-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89-%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84">"The Great Syrian Revolution and Independence Day"</a>. <i>Swaida to day</i> (in Arabic). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swaidatoday.com/%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1/20-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89-%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84">the original</a> on 2019-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swaida+to+day&rft.atitle=The+Great+Syrian+Revolution+and+Independence+Day&rft.aulast=Alshoufy&rft.aufirst=Minhal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swaidatoday.com%2F%25D8%25A3%25D9%2582%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585-%25D9%2588-%25D8%25A2%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1%2F20-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AB%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2583%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%2589-%25D9%2588%25D8%25B9%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%2582%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-45042995">"Get to know the Druze Arab Unitarian community"</a>. 2018-08-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190315102858/http://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-45042995">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Get+to+know+the+Druze+Arab+Unitarian+community&rft.date=2018-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Farabic%2Fmiddleeast-45042995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Communist Parties in the Middle East: 100 Years of History</i>. Oxford: Routledge. 2019. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367134457" title="Special:BookSources/9780367134457"><bdi>9780367134457</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communist+Parties+in+the+Middle+East%3A+100+Years+of+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780367134457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alriyadh.com/221561">"Sheets of memory history "1-2"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Al-riyadh newspaper</i> (in Arabic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150201084221/http://www.alriyadh.com/221561">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-riyadh+newspaper&rft.atitle=Sheets+of+memory+history+%221-2%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alriyadh.com%2F221561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljumhuriya.net/ar/656">"Sultan Al Atrash and the Syrian Revolution"</a>. <i>Aljumhuriya net</i> (in Arabic). 2013-01-31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024042218/https://www.aljumhuriya.net/ar/656">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aljumhuriya+net&rft.atitle=Sultan+Al+Atrash+and+the+Syrian+Revolution&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljumhuriya.net%2Far%2F656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430104141/http://alalamsyria.com/news/2933">"The leader of the Great Syrian Revolution Sultan Pasha al-Atrash"</a>. <i>Alalam Syria</i> (in Arabic). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alalamsyria.com/news/2933">the original</a> on 2019-04-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alalam+Syria&rft.atitle=The+leader+of+the+Great+Syrian+Revolution+Sultan+Pasha+al-Atrash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falalamsyria.com%2Fnews%2F2933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marefa.org/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B4">"Sultan Al Atrash"</a>. <i>Marefa</i> (in Arabic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805184530/https://www.marefa.org/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B4">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marefa&rft.atitle=Sultan+Al+Atrash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marefa.org%2F%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Aleppo a similar organization called the Red Hand Society also agitated against French rule.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513131206/http://www.alwehda.gov.sy/index.php/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A/15943-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82%D9%8A">"Abdul Rahman Shahbandar. The Damascus fighter"</a>. <i>www.alwehda.gov.sy</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alwehda.gov.sy/index.php/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A/15943-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82%D9%8A">the original</a> on 2019-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alwehda.gov.sy&rft.atitle=Abdul+Rahman+Shahbandar.+The+Damascus+fighter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alwehda.gov.sy%2Findex.php%2F%25D8%25A3%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%2F15943-%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D9%2587%25D8%25A8%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B6%25D9%2584-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585%25D8%25B4%25D9%2582%25D9%258A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAljbain" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aljbain, Ibrahim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024035948/https://alarab.co.uk/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85">"Abdul Rahman Shahbandar. The first secular defenders of Arabism and Islam"</a>. <i>Al Arab Newspaper</i> (in Arabic). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alarab.co.uk/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85">the original</a> on 2019-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Arab+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Abdul+Rahman+Shahbandar.+The+first+secular+defenders+of+Arabism+and+Islam&rft.aulast=Aljbain&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falarab.co.uk%2F%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D9%2587%25D8%25A8%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A3%25D9%2588%25D9%2584-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D8%25B9%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProvence2005" class="citation book cs1">Provence, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yGwMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA119"><i>The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70635-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70635-4"><bdi>978-0-292-70635-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102210407/https://books.google.com/books?id=yGwMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA119">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Syrian+Revolt+and+the+Rise+of+Arab+Nationalism&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70635-4&rft.aulast=Provence&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyGwMAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia803002.us.archive.org/14/items/malayyash_yahoo_Idam/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%20%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9%20-%20%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9%20%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA.pdf">"Memoirs of Lawyer Fathallah Al-Saqqal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Al-Furat Magazine</i>: 28. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Furat+Magazine&rft.atitle=Memoirs+of+Lawyer+Fathallah+Al-Saqqal&rft.pages=28&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia803002.us.archive.org%2F14%2Fitems%2Fmalayyash_yahoo_Idam%2F%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%2520%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9%2520-%2520%25D8%25B5%25D8%25AD%25D9%258A%25D9%2581%25D8%25A9%2520%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saidagate.com/Home/BlogDetails/11594">"The assassination of the Syrian politician Dr. Abdul Rahman Shahbandar, the planned mind of the great Syrian revolution against the French occupation"</a>. <i>Saida Gate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190708221649/http://saidagate.com/Home/BlogDetails/11594">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saida+Gate&rft.atitle=The+assassination+of+the+Syrian+politician+Dr.+Abdul+Rahman+Shahbandar%2C+the+planned+mind+of+the+great+Syrian+revolution+against+the+French+occupation.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaidagate.com%2FHome%2FBlogDetails%2F11594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia803002.us.archive.org/14/items/malayyash_yahoo_Idam/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%20%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9%20-%20%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9%20%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA.pdf">"Memoirs of Lawyer Fathallah Al-Saqqal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Al-Furat Magazine</i>: 28. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Furat+Magazine&rft.atitle=Memoirs+of+Lawyer+Fathallah+Al-Saqqal&rft.pages=28&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia803002.us.archive.org%2F14%2Fitems%2Fmalayyash_yahoo_Idam%2F%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%2520%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9%2520-%2520%25D8%25B5%25D8%25AD%25D9%258A%25D9%2581%25D8%25A9%2520%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatenpaugh2014" class="citation book cs1">Watenpaugh, Keith David (2014). <i>Being Modern in the Middle East: Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class</i>. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12169-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12169-7"><bdi>978-0-691-12169-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Modern+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Revolution%2C+Nationalism%2C+Colonialism%2C+and+the+Arab+Middle+Class&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12169-7&rft.aulast=Watenpaugh&rft.aufirst=Keith+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoubayed2006" class="citation book cs1">Moubayed, Sami (2006). <i>Steel & Silk: Men and Women who Shaped Syria 1900–2000</i>. Cune Press. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885942-41-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-885942-41-9"><bdi>1-885942-41-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steel+%26+Silk%3A+Men+and+Women+who+Shaped+Syria+1900%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Cune+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-885942-41-9&rft.aulast=Moubayed&rft.aufirst=Sami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatenpaugh2006" class="citation book cs1">Watenpaugh, Keith David (2006). <i>Being Modern in the Middle East</i>. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 174–184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Modern+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Princeton+and+Oxford&rft.pages=174-184&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Watenpaugh&rft.aufirst=Keith+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Gelvin, <i>Divided Loyalties: Nationalism and Mass Politics in Syria at the Close of the Empire</i>, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA, 1998, pp. 133–134. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanafani2008" class="citation web cs1">Kanafani, Adnan (20 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esyria.sy/eidleb/index.php?p=stories&category=characters&filename=2008082000150427">"Ibrahim Hananu"</a>. <i>Idleb website</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180402225359/http://www.esyria.sy/eidleb/index.php?p=stories&category=characters&filename=2008082000150427">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Idleb+website&rft.atitle=Ibrahim+Hananu&rft.date=2008-08-20&rft.aulast=Kanafani&rft.aufirst=Adnan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esyria.sy%2Feidleb%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Dstories%26category%3Dcharacters%26filename%3D2008082000150427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Syrian+Revolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Hughes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1N-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA422"><i>Britain's Pacification of Palestine: The British Army, the Colonial State, and the Arab Revolt, 1936–1939</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2019 pp. 20, 98. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruhmloses Zwischenspiel: Fawzi al-Qawuqji in Deutschland, 1941–1947," by Gerhard Höpp in Peter Heine, ed., Al-Rafidayn: Jahrbuch zu Geschichte und Kultur des modernen Iraq (Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, 1995), (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.zmo.de/biblio/nachlass/hoepp/01_30_064.pdf">http://www.zmo.de/biblio/nachlass/hoepp/01_30_064.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220231025/http://www.zmo.de/biblio/nachlass/hoepp/01_30_064.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-12-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Hughes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1N-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA422"><i>Britain's Pacification of Palestine: The British Army, the Colonial State, and the Arab Revolt, 1936–1939</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2019 p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laila Parsons,<i>The Commander: Fawzi al-Qawuqji and the Fight for Arab Independence, 1914–1948</i> 2017 pp. 27–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shay Hazkani, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sAMcEAAAQBAJ&dq=Hazkani%2BDear+Palestine%2BAbdullah+Dawud&pg=PT11"><i>Dear Palestine:A Social History of the 1948,</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222163528/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dear_Palestine/sAMcEAAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Hazkani%2BDear+Palestine%2BAbdullah+Dawud&pg=PT11">Archived</a> 2022-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a> 2021 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-503-61465-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-503-61465-9">978-1-503-61465-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josh Ruebner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mondoweiss.net/2021/06/unsettling-1948-a-review-of-shay-hazkanis-dear-palestine/">'Unsettling 1948: A Review of Shay Hazkani’s ‘Dear Palestine’,'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624191219/https://mondoweiss.net/2021/06/unsettling-1948-a-review-of-shay-hazkanis-dear-palestine/">Archived</a> 2021-06-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Mondoweiss" title="Mondoweiss">Mondoweiss</a> 24 June 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sdusyria.org/?p=20706">Who is Sultan Pasha al-Atrash, an article published on the website of the Union of Syrian Democrats, 14/10/2015.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425123359/http://sdusyria.org/?p=20706">Archived</a> 25 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sana.sy/?p=213399">10 Hatoum Suhil، ten mosaic paintings in the middle of the Great Syrian Revolution edifice in Al-Qurayyat, An article published on the SANA website, 18/5/2015.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917102341/http://www.sana.sy/?p=213399">Archived</a> 17 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ortas.online/index.php?p=20&id=59104">Monument of the Great Syrian Revolution, An article published on the website of the Syrian Ministry of Culture، 15/4/2010.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512163015/http://www.rtv.gov.sy/index.php?p=20&id=59104">Archived</a> 12 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tishreen.news.sy/tishreen/public/print/285129">The Museum of the Monument of the Great Syrian Revolution in As-Suwayda, an article published on the website of the Syrian Tishreen newspaper, 16/04/2013.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190911122049/http://archive.tishreen.news.sy/tishreen/public/print/285129">Archived</a> 11 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discover-syria.com/print/12266">The Great Syrian Revolution Monument Museum in As-Suwayda tells the revolutionaries’ exploits and heroisms, an article published on the Discover Syria website.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617062755/http://www.discover-syria.com/print/12266">Archived</a> 17 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Daniel Neep, <i> Occupying Syria under the French mandate: insurgency, space and state formation</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 101–130.</li> <li>Michael Provence, <i>The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism</i> (University of Texas Press, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7560/706354">online</a></li> <li>Anne-Marie Bianquis et Elizabeth Picard, <i>Damas, miroir brisé d'un orient arabe</i>, édition Autrement, Paris 1993.</li> <li>Lenka Bokova, <i>La confrontation franco-syrienne à l'époque du mandat – 1925–1927</i>, éditions l'Harmattan, Paris, 1990</li> <li>Général Andréa, <i>La Révolte druze et l'insurrection de Damas, 1925–1926</i>, éditions Payot, 1937</li> <li><i>Le Livre d'or des troupes du Levant : 1918–1936. <Avant-propos du général Huntziger.></i>, Préfacier Huntziger, Charles Léon Clément, Gal. (S. l.), Imprimerie du Bureau typographique des troupes du Levant, 1937.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Mandate_of_Syria" title="Template:French Mandate of Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Mandate_of_Syria" title="Template talk:French Mandate of Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Mandate_of_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Mandate of Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Mandate_of_Syria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French Mandate of Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">State of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Damascus" title="State of Damascus">State of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira_Province" title="Al-Jazira Province">Al-Jazira Province</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal Druze State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawite_State" title="Alawite State">Alawite State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" title="Sanjak of Alexandretta">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon"><img alt="French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/120px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/180px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/240px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="762" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawite_revolt_of_1919" title="Alawite revolt of 1919">1919 revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maysalun" title="Battle of Maysalun">Battle of Maysalun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Damascus_(1920)" title="Capture of Damascus (1920)">Capture of Damascus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hananu_Revolt" title="Hananu Revolt">Hananu Revolt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1925–1927 revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Ain_Albu_Gomaa" title="Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa">Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Salkhad" title="Capture of Salkhad">Capture of Salkhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Kafr" title="Battle of al-Kafr">Battle of al-Kafr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Mazraa" title="Battle of al-Mazraa">Battle of al-Mazraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Musayfirah" title="Battle of al-Musayfirah">Battle of al-Musayfirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Hama_uprising" title="1925 Hama uprising">1925 Hama uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Syrian_general_strike" title="1936 Syrian general strike">1936 general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant_Crisis" title="Levant Crisis">Levant Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet%E2%80%93Newcombe_Agreement" title="Paulet–Newcombe Agreement">Paulet–Newcombe Agreement</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_Treaty_of_Independence" title="Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence">Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence</a> (1936)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syrian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Azma" title="Yusuf al-Azma">Yusuf al-Azma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_al-Ali" title="Saleh al-Ali">Saleh al-Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hananu" title="Ibrahim Hananu">Ibrahim Hananu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">Hashim al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Bey_Barmada" title="Mustafa Bey Barmada">Mustafa Bey Barmada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli" title="Shukri al-Quwatli">Shukri al-Quwatli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Azm" title="Khalid al-Azm">Khalid al-Azm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%27i_Pasha_al-Mallah" title="Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah">Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_Mardam_Bey" title="Jamil Mardam Bey">Jamil Mardam Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamil_Pasha_al-Qudsi" title="Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi">Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadallah_al-Jabiri" title="Saadallah al-Jabiri">Saadallah al-Jabiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqqi_al-Azm" title="Haqqi al-Azm">Haqqi al-Azm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Ayyash Al-Haj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_Shahbandar" title="Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar">Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Levant" title="High Commissioner of the Levant">French High Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (general)">Henri Gouraud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Template:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Template talk:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">List of modern conflicts in the Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon starvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt_(1918%E2%80%931922)" title="Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)">Simko Shikak revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">1919 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jazeera_Front_(Anglo-Turkish_War,_1918%E2%80%931923)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jazeera Front (Anglo-Turkish War, 1918–1923) (page does not exist)">Al-Jazeera Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United States during the Turkish War of Independence">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Mahmud Barzanji revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Adwan Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Syrian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheikh Said rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_rebellion" title="Ararat rebellion">Ararat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Ahmed Barzani revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_War_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)">Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goharshad_Mosque_rebellion" title="Goharshad Mosque rebellion">Goharshad Mosque rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935%E2%80%931936_Iraqi_Shia_revolts" title="1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts">1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Yazidi_revolt" title="1935 Yazidi revolt">1935 Yazidi revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim rebellion">Dersim rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Italian bombing of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied invasion of Iraq">Allied invasion of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Barzani_revolt" title="1943 Barzani revolt">1943 Barzani revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Waziri_coup" title="Al-Waziri coup">Al-Waziri coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967 Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">1973 Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni%E2%80%93Adenese_clan_violence" title="Yemeni–Adenese clan violence">Yemeni–Adenese clan violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">1958 Iraqi revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Dhofar Rebellion</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">Mar. 1963 Syrian coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Hama_riot" title="1964 Hama riot">1964 Hama riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September in Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1972">Yemenite War of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)" title="Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)">Political violence in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1979">Yemenite War of 1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution">Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Turkey–PKK conflict</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Egyptian_conscripts_riot" title="1986 Egyptian conscripts riot">1986 Egyptian conscripts riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Damascus_bombings" title="1986 Damascus bombings">1986 Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Sharjawi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt">1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">Mecca massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization_internal_executions" title="Abu Nidal Organization internal executions">Abu Nidal's executions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War (1990–1991)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 Iraqi uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (1994)">Yemeni Civil War (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia"><i>Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_bombing_of_Iraq" title="1998 bombing of Iraq">Operation Desert Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1999 Shia uprising in Iraq">1999 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Balochi insurgency in Iran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">2004 Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi insurgency in Yemen">Houthi insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_insurgency" title="South Yemen insurgency">South Yemen insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></b></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement in Syria</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Syrian War spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a></b></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Beirut_clashes" title="2021 Beirut clashes">2021 Beirut clashes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><b>This list includes <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each</b><br />Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syria_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syria_topics" title="Template:Syria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syria_topics" title="Template talk:Syria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syria_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Syria-related_articles" title="Index of Syria-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Syrian_history" title="Timeline of Syrian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Syria" title="List of years in Syria">Years in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistorical Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_corridor" title="Levantine corridor">Levantine corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hureyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hureyra">Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Syria">Ancient Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Achaemenid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid Syria">Seleucid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Syria">Medieval Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest</a> (636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Caliphal Syria <i><span style="font-size:85%;">(Bilad al-Sham)</span></i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulunid dynasty">Tulunid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zangid dynasty">Zangid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid Syria">Fatimid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saljuqid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Saljuqid Syria">Saljuqid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">County of Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid Syria">Ayyubid Syria</a> (1174–1260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Syria">Mamluk Syria</a> (1260–1516)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> (1516–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Syria" title="Modern history of Syria">Modern Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab kingdom</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haj_Fadel_Government" title="Haj Fadel Government">Haj Fadel Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate for Syria and Lebanon">French Mandate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Federation" title="Syrian Federation">Syrian Federation</a> (1922–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> (1925–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Syrian Republic">Mandatory Republic</a> (1930–46)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_First_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent First Syrian Republic">independent First Republic</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Second Republic</a> (1950–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/80px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/120px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/160px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Syria" title="Geography of Syria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Syria" title="Template:Borders of Syria">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Syria" title="List of rivers of Syria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Syria" title="List of volcanoes in Syria">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">Al-Jazira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Hermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Syria" title="Southern Syria">Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Syria" title="Corruption in Syria">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Syria" title="List of presidents of Syria">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Syria" title="Vice President of Syria">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Council of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Prime Minister of Syria">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Syria">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Syria" title="Elections in Syria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Syria" title="Foreign relations of Syria">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights#Territorial_claims" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province#Turkish–Syrian_dispute" title="Hatay Province">Iskandaron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_ministries_of_Syria" title="Government ministries of Syria">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Syria">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Syria" title="Judiciary of Syria">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Judicial_Council" title="High Judicial Council">High council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Syria" title="Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria">Supreme Constitutional Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Council of Syria">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the People's Council of Syria">Speakers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">national</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">regional command</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_Change_and_Liberation" title="Popular Front for Change and Liberation">Popular Front for Change and Liberation</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Political status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Syria" title="Terrorism in Syria">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Syria">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Air force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Air Defense Force">air defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Navy" title="Syrian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Syria)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Syria)">Chief of the General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Syria and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Syria" title="Agriculture in Syria">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Syria" title="Central Bank of Syria">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Syria" title="List of companies of Syria">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Syria" title="Industry in Syria">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Syria" title="International rankings of Syria">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_pound" title="Syrian pound">Pound <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Securities_Exchange" title="Damascus Securities Exchange">Securities Exchange <span style="font-size:85%;">(stock exchange)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria#Energy_and_mineral_resources" title="Economy of Syria">Energy and mineral resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Syria" title="Petroleum industry in Syria">Petroleum industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Syria" title="Telecommunications in Syria">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Syria" title="Transport in Syria">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Syria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Syria">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Syria" title="Category:Society of Syria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Syria">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Syria" title="Demographics of Syria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Syria" title="Health in Syria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_Syria" title="Hunger in Syria">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_diaspora" title="Syrian diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian Civil War">refugees <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011–present)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Syria" title="Public holidays in Syria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouts_of_Syria" title="Scouts of Syria">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Syria" title="Squatting in Syria">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Syria" title="Culture of Syria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Syria">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Syria" title="Coat of arms of Syria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_wine" title="Syrian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Syrian_films" title="List of Syrian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Syria" title="Flag of Syria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Syria" title="Mass media in Syria">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Organization_of_Radio_and_TV_(Syria)" title="General Organization of Radio and TV (Syria)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Syria" title="Television in Syria">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Syria" title="Smoking in Syria">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Syria" title="Outline of Syria">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Syria-related_articles" title="Index of Syria-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Syria" title="Category:Syria">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_nationalism" title="Template:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_nationalism" title="Template talk:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Syrian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">1941 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1961 Syrian coup d'état">1961 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_identity" title="Arab identity">Arab identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalists" title="Category:Arab nationalists">Personalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butrus_al-Bustani" title="Butrus al-Bustani">Butrus al-Bustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jassem_Alwan" title="Jassem Alwan">Jassem Alwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Atassi" title="Jamal al-Atassi">Jamal al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_al-Atrash" title="Mansur al-Atrash">Mansur al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Darwaza" title="Izzat Darwaza">Izzat Darwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal I of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Habash" title="George Habash">George Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati%27_al-Husri" title="Sati' al-Husri">Sati' al-Husri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz">Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Kawakibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most%C3%A9fa_Merarda" title="Mostéfa Merarda">Mostéfa Merarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Pachachi" title="Adnan Pachachi">Adnan Pachachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameen_Rihani" title="Ameen Rihani">Ameen Rihani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdeen_Sabahi" title="Hamdeen Sabahi">Hamdeen Sabahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Zureiq" title="Constantin Zureiq">Constantin Zureiq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_nationalist_parties" title="List of Arab nationalist parties">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fatat" title="Al-Fatat">Al-Fatat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mourabitoun" title="Al-Mourabitoun">Al-Mourabitoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Islamic_Republic" title="Arab Islamic Republic">Arab Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Nationalist_Movement" title="Arab Nationalist Movement">Arab Nationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Action_Party" title="Arab Socialist Action Party">Arab Socialist Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Egypt)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)">Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Iraq)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)">Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Libya)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Libya)">Arab Socialist Union (Libya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)">Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula_People%27s_Union" title="Arabian Peninsula People's Union">Arabian Peninsula People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">Federation of Arab Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Military_Council_for_Iraqi_Revolutionaries" title="General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries">General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Mandatory_Palestine)" title="Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)">Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Legion" title="Islamic Legion">Islamic Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement" title="Lebanese National Movement">Lebanese National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejectionist_Front" title="Rejectionist Front">Rejectionist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Command_for_Jihad_and_Liberation" title="Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation">Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Political_Command" title="Unified Political Command">Unified Political Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Republics_(1972)" title="Union of Arab Republics (1972)">Union of Arab Republics (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Arab_Awakening" title="The Arab Awakening">The Arab Awakening</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_One_Destiny" title="The Battle for One Destiny">The Battle for One Destiny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Way_of_Resurrection" title="On the Way of Resurrection">On the Way of Resurrection</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalist_symbols" title="Category:Arab nationalist symbols">Symbolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Arab_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic">Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_of_Saladin" title="Eagle of Saladin">Eagle of Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Federation" title="Flag of the Arab Federation">Flag of the Arab Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Revolt" title="Flag of the Arab Revolt">Flag of the Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawk_of_Quraish" title="Hawk of Quraish">Hawk of Quraish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_colors" title="Pan-Arab colors">Pan-Arab colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationalism" title="Algerian nationalism">Algerian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Greater Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Greater Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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