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<script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Senior Service" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Royal Navy (disambiguation)">Royal Navy (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senior_Service_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Senior Service (disambiguation)">Senior Service (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> The Royal Navy (RN) is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naval_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naval warfare">naval warfare</a> force of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crown_Dependencies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a>, and a component of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="His Majesty's Naval Service">His Majesty's Naval Service</a>. Although warships were used by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scottish</a> kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the English Navy of the early 16th century; the oldest of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Armed_Forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Armed Forces">UK's armed services</a>, it is consequently known as the Senior Service. <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Royal Navy</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Royal_Navy.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Logo_of_the_Royal_Navy.svg/200px-Logo_of_the_Royal_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Logo_of_the_Royal_Navy.svg/300px-Logo_of_the_Royal_Navy.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Logo_of_the_Royal_Navy.svg/400px-Logo_of_the_Royal_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="347"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Founded</th> <td class="infobox-data">1546; 478 years ago (1546)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-a-1">[1]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a> (1603–1707)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> (1546–1707)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[nb 1]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> (1707–1801)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> (1801–1922)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> (1922–present)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Navy">Navy</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naval_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>31,906 active personnel (January 2024)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-stats-3">[2]</a></li> <li>3,309 maritime reserve (January 2024)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-stats-3">[2]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[nb 2]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_active_Royal_Navy_ships?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of active Royal Navy ships">66 commissioned ships; 79 including RFA</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[nb 3]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleet Air Arm">160 aircraft</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HC4upgraded-7">[4]</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="His Majesty's Naval Service">His Majesty's Naval Service</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Naval Staff Offices</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whitehall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/London?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="London">London</a>, United Kingdom</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Nickname(s)</th> <td class="infobox-data">Senior Service</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Motto(s)</th> <td class="infobox-data">"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Si_vis_pacem,_para_bellum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Si vis pacem, para bellum">Si vis pacem, para bellum</a>" (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>) (If you wish for peace, prepare for war)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Colours</th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  Red <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  White</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">March</th> <td class="infobox-data">Quick – "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heart_of_Oak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heart of Oak">Heart of Oak</a>" <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/ff\/Heart_of_Oak.ogg\/Heart_of_Oak.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Heart of Oak.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/Heart_of_Oak.ogg/Heart_of_Oak.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Play</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Heart_of_Oak.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:Heart of Oak.ogg">ⓘ</a> Slow – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Westering_Home?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Westering Home">Westering Home</a> (de facto)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_active_Royal_Navy_ships?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of active Royal Navy ships">Fleet</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>1 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Victory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Victory">ship of the line</a></li> <li>2 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aircraft_carriers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft carriers">aircraft carriers</a></li> <li>10 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Submarines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarines">submarines</a></li> <li>2 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amphibious_transport_dock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amphibious transport dock">amphibious transport docks</a></li> <li>6 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Destroyers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Destroyers">destroyers</a></li> <li>9 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frigates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frigates">frigates</a></li> <li>8 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River-class_patrol_vessel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="River-class patrol vessel">offshore patrol vessels</a></li> <li>7 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mine_countermeasures_vessel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mine countermeasures vessel">mine countermeasures vessels</a></li> <li>18 fast patrol boats</li> <li>2 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Survey_ships?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey ships">survey ships</a></li> <li>1 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Icebreaker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Icebreaker">ice patrol ship</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Website</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/">www.royalnavy.mod.uk</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172771%23P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Head_of_the_Armed_Forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Head of the Armed Forces">Head of the Armed Forces</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom">Lord High Admiral</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_the_Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_the_Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_the_Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_Charles_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Sea_Lord_and_Chief_of_Naval_Staff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff">First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/UK-Navy-OF9-Flag.svg/25px-UK-Navy-OF9-Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/UK-Navy-OF9-Flag.svg/38px-UK-Navy-OF9-Flag.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/UK-Navy-OF9-Flag.svg/50px-UK-Navy-OF9-Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="240"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Admiral_(Royal_Navy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Admiral (Royal Navy)">Admiral</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ben_Key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ben Key">Sir Ben Key</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Sea_Lord_and_Deputy_Chief_of_Naval_Staff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sea Lord and Deputy Chief of Naval Staff">Second Sea Lord and Deputy Chief of Naval Staff</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/UK-Navy-OF8-Flag.svg/25px-UK-Navy-OF8-Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/UK-Navy-OF8-Flag.svg/38px-UK-Navy-OF8-Flag.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/UK-Navy-OF8-Flag.svg/50px-UK-Navy-OF8-Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="240"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vice_Admiral_(Royal_Navy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral (Royal Navy)">Vice Admiral</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Connell_(Royal_Navy_officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Connell (Royal Navy officer)">Martin Connell</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleet_Commander?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleet Commander">Fleet Commander</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/UK-Navy-OF8-Flag.svg/25px-UK-Navy-OF8-Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/UK-Navy-OF8-Flag.svg/38px-UK-Navy-OF8-Flag.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/UK-Navy-OF8-Flag.svg/50px-UK-Navy-OF8-Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="240"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vice_Admiral_(Royal_Navy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral (Royal Navy)">Vice Admiral</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrew_Burns_(Royal_Navy_officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrew Burns (Royal Navy officer)">Andrew Burns</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warrant_Officer_to_the_Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warrant Officer to the Royal Navy">Warrant Officer to the Royal Navy</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Royal_Marines" title="Warrant officer (United Kingdom)">Warrant Officer Class 1</a> Jamie Wright</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insignia</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_Ensign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White Ensign">White Ensign</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[nb 4]</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/100px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/150px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/200px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naval_jack?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval jack">Naval jack</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[nb 5]</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commissioning_pennant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commissioning pennant">Pennant</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Royal_Navy_commissioning_pennant_(with_outline).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Royal_Navy_commissioning_pennant_%28with_outline%29.svg/100px-Royal_Navy_commissioning_pennant_%28with_outline%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Royal_Navy_commissioning_pennant_%2528with_outline%2529.svg/150px-Royal_Navy_commissioning_pennant_%2528with_outline%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Royal_Navy_commissioning_pennant_%2528with_outline%2529.svg/200px-Royal_Navy_commissioning_pennant_%2528with_outline%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="180"></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King%27s_Colour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Colour">King's Colour</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:King%27s_Colour_for_the_Royal_Navy.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/King%27s_Colour_for_the_Royal_Navy.svg/100px-King%27s_Colour_for_the_Royal_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/King%2527s_Colour_for_the_Royal_Navy.svg/150px-King%2527s_Colour_for_the_Royal_Navy.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/King%2527s_Colour_for_the_Royal_Navy.svg/200px-King%2527s_Colour_for_the_Royal_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="416"></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Aircraft flown</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attack_aircraft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Attack aircraft">Attack</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW159_Wildcat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat">Wildcat HMA2</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fighter_aircraft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighter</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">F-35 Lightning II</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrol_aircraft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrol aircraft">Patrol</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW101?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AgustaWestland AW101">Merlin HM2</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW159_Wildcat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat">Wildcat HMA2</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surveillance_aircraft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surveillance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AeroVironment_RQ-20_Puma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AeroVironment RQ-20 Puma">AeroVironment RQ-20 Puma</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW159_Wildcat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat">Commando Wildcat AH1</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trainer_(aircraft)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trainer (aircraft)">Trainer</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beechcraft_Super_King_Air?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beechcraft Super King Air">Avenger T1</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eurocopter_EC135?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eurocopter EC135">Juno HT1</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grob_G_120TP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grob G 120TP">Prefect T1</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grob_G_115?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grob G 115">Tutor T1</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cargo_aircraft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cargo aircraft">Transport</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW101?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AgustaWestland AW101">Commando Merlin HC4/4A</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> From the 19th century until the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, it was the world's most powerful navy. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing and defending the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and four <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperial_fortress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperial fortress">Imperial fortress</a> colonies and a string of imperial bases and coaling stations secured the Royal Navy's ability to assert naval superiority. Following <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War I">World War I</a>, it was significantly reduced in size.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[7]</a> During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cold_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-submarine warfare">anti-submarine force</a>, hunting for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> submarines and mostly active in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GIUK_gap?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GIUK gap">GIUK gap</a>. Following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a>, its focus has returned to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Expeditionary warfare">expeditionary</a> operations <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standing_Royal_Navy_deployments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standing Royal Navy deployments">around the world</a> and it remains one of the world's foremost <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blue-water_navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blue-water navy">blue-water navies</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[8]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[9]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[10]</a> The Royal Navy maintains a fleet of technologically sophisticated ships, submarines, and aircraft, including 2 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth-class_aircraft_carrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>, 2 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albion-class_landing_platform_dock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albion-class landing platform dock">amphibious transport docks</a>, 4 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vanguard-class_submarine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vanguard-class submarine">ballistic missile submarines</a> (which maintain the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom">nuclear deterrent</a>), 6 nuclear <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleet_submarine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleet submarine">fleet submarines</a>, 6 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Type_45_destroyer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Type 45 destroyer">guided missile destroyers</a>, 9 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Type_23_frigate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Type 23 frigate">frigates</a>, 7 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mine-countermeasure_vessel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mine-countermeasure vessel">mine-countermeasure vessels</a> and 26 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrol_boat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patrol boat">patrol vessels</a>. As of May 2024, there are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_active_Royal_Navy_ships?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of active Royal Navy ships">66 commissioned ships</a> (including submarines as well as one historic ship, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Victory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Victory">HMS Victory</a>) in the Royal Navy, plus 13 ships of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Fleet_Auxiliary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Fleet Auxiliary">Royal Fleet Auxiliary</a> (RFA). There are also four <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Point-class_sealift_ship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Point-class sealift ship">Point-class sealift ships</a> from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merchant_Navy_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)">Merchant Navy</a> available to the RFA under a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Private_finance_initiative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Private finance initiative">private finance initiative</a>, while the civilian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serco_Marine_Services?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serco Marine Services">Marine Services</a> operate auxiliary vessels which further support the Royal Navy in various capacities. The RFA replenishes Royal Navy warships at sea, and augments the Royal Navy's amphibious warfare capabilities through its three <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bay-class_landing_ship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bay-class landing ship">Bay-class</a> landing ship vessels. It also works as a force multiplier for the Royal Navy, often doing patrols that frigates used to do. The Royal Navy is part of His Majesty's Naval Service, which also includes the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> and the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. The professional head of the Naval Service is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Sea_Lord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Sea Lord">First Sea Lord</a> who is an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Admiral_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral (United Kingdom)">admiral</a> and member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Defence_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Defence Council of the United Kingdom">Defence Council of the United Kingdom</a>. The Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Admiralty_Board_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiralty Board (United Kingdom)">Admiralty Board</a>, chaired by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Secretary of State for Defence</a>. The Royal Navy operates from three bases in Britain where commissioned ships and submarines are based: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMNB_Portsmouth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMNB Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMNB_Clyde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMNB Clyde">Clyde</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMNB_Devonport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMNB Devonport">Devonport</a>, the last being the largest operational naval base in Western Europe, as well as two naval air stations, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RNAS_Yeovilton_(HMS_Heron)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RNAS Yeovilton (HMS Heron)">RNAS Yeovilton</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RNAS_Culdrose_(HMS_Seahawk)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RNAS Culdrose (HMS Seahawk)">RNAS Culdrose</a> where maritime aircraft are based. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Role">1 Role</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Earlier_fleets">2.1 Earlier fleets</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Age_of_Sail">2.2 Age of Sail</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Splendid_isolation">2.3 Splendid isolation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Exploration">2.4 Exploration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#World_War_I">2.5 World War I</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Interwar_period">2.6 Interwar period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#World_War_II">2.7 World War II</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cold_War">2.8 Cold War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Post-Cold_War">2.9 Post-Cold War</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Assets_and_resources">3 Assets and resources</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Personnel">3.1 Personnel</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Surface_fleet">3.2 Surface fleet</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Aircraft_carriers">3.2.1 Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Amphibious_warfare">3.2.2 Amphibious warfare</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Clearance_diving">3.2.3 Clearance diving</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Escort_fleet">3.2.4 Escort fleet</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mine_countermeasure_vessels_(MCMV)">3.2.5 Mine countermeasure vessels (MCMV)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Offshore_patrol_vessels_(OPV)">3.2.6 Offshore patrol vessels (OPV)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Survey_ships">3.2.7 Survey ships</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Royal_Fleet_Auxiliary">3.2.8 Royal Fleet Auxiliary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other_ships">3.2.9 Other ships</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Submarine_Service">3.3 Submarine Service</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ballistic_missile_submarines_(SSBN)">3.3.1 Ballistic missile submarines (SSBN)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fleet_submarines_(SSN)">3.3.2 Fleet submarines (SSN)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fleet_Air_Arm">3.4 Fleet Air Arm</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Royal_Marines">3.5 Royal Marines</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Naval_bases">4 Naval bases</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bases_in_the_United_Kingdom">4.1 Bases in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bases_abroad">4.2 Bases abroad</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Command,_control_and_organisation">5 Command, control and organisation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Organisation">5.1 Organisation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Current_deployments">5.2 Current deployments</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Locations">5.3 Locations</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Titles_and_naming">6 Titles and naming</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Of_the_Navy">6.1 Of the Navy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Of_ships">6.2 Of ships</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ranks,_rates_and_insignia">7 Ranks, rates and insignia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Customs_and_traditions">8 Customs and traditions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Traditions">8.1 Traditions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%22Jackspeak%22">8.2 "Jackspeak"</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Navy_cadets">9 Navy cadets</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#In_popular_culture">10 In popular culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">12 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">13 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliography">14 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">15 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">16 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Video_clips">16.1 Video clips</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Role">Role</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Role" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The Royal Navy stated its six major roles in umbrella terms in 2017 as.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[11]</a> <ul> <li>Preventing Conflict – On a global and regional level</li> <li>Providing Security At Sea – To ensure the stability of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_trade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International trade">international trade</a> at sea</li> <li>International Partnerships – To help cement the relationship with the United Kingdom's allies (such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NATO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NATO">NATO</a>)</li> <li>Maintaining a Readiness To Fight – To protect the United Kingdom's interests across the globe</li> <li>Protecting the Economy – To safeguard vital <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trade_route?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> to guarantee the United Kingdom's and its allies' economic prosperity at sea</li> <li>Providing Humanitarian Aid – To deliver a fast and effective response to global catastrophes</li> </ul> The Royal Navy protects British interests at home and abroad, executing the foreign and defence policies of His Majesty's Government through the exercise of military effect, diplomatic activities and other activities in support of these objectives. It is also a key element of the British contribution to NATO, with a number of ships or aircraft allocated to NATO tasks at any time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[12]</a> In 2007 core capabilities were described as:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[13]</a> <ul> <li>Maintenance of the UK Nuclear Deterrent through a policy of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vanguard_class_submarine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard class submarine">Continuous at Sea Deterrence</a></li> <li>Provision of two medium-scale <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carrier_battle_group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carrier battle group">maritime task groups</a> with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a></li> <li>Delivery of the UK <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Commandos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commandos">Commando</a> force</li> <li>Contribution of assets to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joint_Aviation_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joint Aviation Command">Joint Aviation Command</a></li> <li>Maintenance of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standing_Royal_Navy_deployments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standing Royal Navy deployments">standing patrol commitments</a></li> <li>Provision of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minehunter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minehunter">mine counter measures</a> capability to United Kingdom and allied commitments</li> <li>Provision of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrography">hydrographic</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meteorological?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorological">meteorological</a> services deployable worldwide</li> <li>Protection of Britain's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive Economic Zone">Exclusive Economic Zone</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy_(before_1707)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)">History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy_(after_1707)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the Royal Navy (after 1707)">History of the Royal Navy (after 1707)</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Scots_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Scots Navy">Royal Scots Navy</a> </div> The English Royal Navy was formally founded in 1546 by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_VIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto-19">[14]</a> though the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> had possessed less-organised naval forces for centuries prior to this.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[15]</a> The Royal Scots Navy (or Old Scots Navy) had its origins in the Middle Ages until its merger with the English Royal Navy per the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Earlier_fleets">Earlier fleets</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Earlier fleets" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_Conquest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Barons%27_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Barons' War">First Barons' War</a> </div> During much of the medieval period, fleets or "king's ships" were often established or gathered for specific campaigns or actions, and these would disperse afterwards. These were generally merchant ships enlisted into service. Unlike some European states, England did not maintain a small permanent core of warships in peacetime. England's naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[17]</a> Control of the sea only became critical to Anglo-Saxon kings in the 10th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[18]</a> In the 11th century, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Æthelred the Unready">Aethelred II</a> had a large fleet built by a national levy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[19]</a> During the period of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danelaw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danelaw">Danish rule</a> in the 11th century, authorities maintained a standing fleet by taxation, and this continued for a time under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>, who frequently commanded fleets in person.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[20]</a> After the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_Conquest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a>, English naval power waned and England suffered large naval raids from the Vikings.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[21]</a> In 1069, this allowed for the invasion and ravaging of England by Jarl Osborn, brother of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sweyn_II_of_Denmark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sweyn II of Denmark">King Svein Estridsson</a>, and his sons.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[22]</a> The lack of an organised navy came to a head during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Barons%27_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Barons' War">First Barons' War</a>, in which <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis VIII of France">Prince Louis of France</a> invaded England in support of northern barons. With <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John,_King_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John, King of England">King John</a> unable to organise a navy, this meant the French landed at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sandwich,_Kent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sandwich, Kent">Sandwich</a> unopposed in April 1216. John's flight to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Winchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Winchester">Winchester</a> and his death later that year left <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke">the Earl of Pembroke</a> as regent, and he was able to marshal ships to fight the French in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1217)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Sandwich (1217)">Battle of Sandwich</a> in 1217 – one of the first major English battles at sea.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[23]</a> The outbreak of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hundred_Years_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Years War">Hundred Years War</a> emphasised the need for an English fleet. French plans for an invasion of England failed when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_III_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a> destroyed the French fleet in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Sluys?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Sluys">Battle of Sluys</a> in 1340.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[24]</a> England's naval forces could not prevent frequent raids on the south-coast ports by the French and their allies. Such raids halted only with the occupation of northern France by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_V_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[25]</a> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> fleet existed by the reign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_the_Lion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William the Lion">William the Lion</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tytler1829pp309-10-31">[26]</a> In the early 13th century there was a resurgence of Viking naval power in the region. The Vikings clashed with Scotland over control of the isles<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[27]</a> though <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a> was ultimately successful in asserting Scottish control.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Macquarrie2004p153-33">[28]</a> The Scottish fleet was of particular import in repulsing English forces in the early 14th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rodger1997pp74-90-34">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Age_of_Sail">Age of Sail</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Age of Sail" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Age_of_Sail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy_(before_1707)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)">History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tudor_navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tudor navy">Tudor navy</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada,_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/220px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="5634"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/220px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/330px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/440px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A late 16th-century portrait of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spanish_Armada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> battling Royal Navy warships </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:HMS_Victory_-_bow.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HMS_Victory_-_bow.jpg/220px-HMS_Victory_-_bow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2952"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 289px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HMS_Victory_-_bow.jpg/220px-HMS_Victory_-_bow.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="289" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HMS_Victory_-_bow.jpg/330px-HMS_Victory_-_bow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HMS_Victory_-_bow.jpg/440px-HMS_Victory_-_bow.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Victory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Victory">HMS Victory</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Nelson</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flagship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flagship">flagship</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a>, is still a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ship_commissioning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ship commissioning">commissioned</a> Royal Navy ship, although she is now permanently kept in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dry-dock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry-dock">dry-dock</a>. </figcaption> </figure> A standing "Navy Royal",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto-19">[14]</a> with its own secretariat, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Naval_Dockyards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Naval Dockyards">dockyards</a> and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[30]</a> Under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a>, England became involved in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">war with Spain</a>, which saw privately owned vessels combining with the Queen's ships in highly profitable raids against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spanish_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> commerce and colonies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[31]</a> The Royal Navy was then used in 1588 to repulse the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spanish_Armada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>, but the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Armada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English Armada">English Armada</a> was lost the next year. In 1603, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> created a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personal_union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personal union">personal union</a> between England and Scotland. While the two remained distinct sovereign states for a further century, the two navies increasingly fought as a single force. During the early 17th century, England's relative naval power deteriorated until <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_I_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> undertook a major programme of shipbuilding. His <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ship_money?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ship money">methods of financing</a> the fleet contributed to the outbreak of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Interregnum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Interregnum">abolition of the monarchy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[32]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a> replaced many names and symbols in the new Commonwealth Navy, associated with royalty and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High church">high church</a>, and expanded it to become the most powerful in the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[33]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[34]</a> The fleet was quickly tested in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Anglo-Dutch_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Anglo-Dutch War">First Anglo-Dutch War</a> (1652–1654) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)</a>, which saw the British <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Invasion_of_Jamaica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Invasion of Jamaica">conquest of Jamaica</a> and successful <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_C%C3%A1diz_(1656)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Cádiz (1656)">attacks on Spanish treasure fleets</a>. The 1660 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stuart_Restoration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a> saw <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_II_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> rename the Royal Navy again, and started use of the prefix <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Ship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="His Majesty's Ship">HMS</a>. The Navy remained a national institution and not a possession of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Crown?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> as it had been before.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[35]</a> Following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glorious_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688, England joined the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/War_of_the_Grand_Alliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Grand Alliance">War of the Grand Alliance</a> which marked the end of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>'s brief pre-eminence at sea and the beginning of an enduring British supremacy which would help with the creation of the British Empire.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[36]</a> In 1707, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scottish_navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish navy">Scottish navy</a> was united with the English Royal Navy. On Scottish men-of-war, the cross of St Andrew was replaced with the Union Jack. On English ships, the red, white, or blue ensigns had the St George's Cross of England removed from the canton, and the combined crosses of the Union flag put in its place.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[37]</a> Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, the Royal Navy was the largest maritime force in the world,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[38]</a> maintaining superiority in financing, tactics, training, organisation, social cohesion, hygiene, logistical support and warship design.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[39]</a> The peace settlement following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> (1702–1714) granted Britain <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gibraltar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Menorca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Menorca">Menorca</a>, providing the Navy with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> bases. The expansion of the Royal Navy would encourage the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonisation of the Americas</a>, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British America">British (North) America</a> becoming a vital source of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lumber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lumber">timber</a> for the Royal Navy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[40]</a> There was a defeat during the frustrated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">siege of Cartagena de Indias</a> in 1741. A new French <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1759)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)">attempt to invade Britain</a> was thwarted by the defeat of their escort fleet in the extraordinary <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Quiberon Bay">Battle of Quiberon Bay</a> in 1759, fought in dangerous conditions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[41]</a> In 1762, the resumption of hostilities with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a> led to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British occupation of Manila">British capture of Manila</a> and of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siege_of_Havana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siege of Havana">Havana</a>, along with a Spanish fleet sheltering there.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[42]</a> British naval supremacy could however be challenged still in this period by coalitions of other nations, as seen in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_War_of_Independence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States">United States</a> was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franco-American_alliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franco-American alliance">allied to France</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Netherlands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and Spain were also at war with Britain. In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Battle of the Chesapeake</a>, the British fleet failed to lift the French blockade, resulting in the surrender of an entire British army at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown_(1781)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Yorktown (1781)">Yorktown</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[43]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars</a> (1793–1801, 1803–1814 & 1815) saw the Royal Navy reach a peak of efficiency, dominating the navies of all Britain's adversaries, which spent most of the war blockaded in port. Under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Lord Nelson</a>, the navy defeated the combined Franco-Spanish fleet at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a> (1805).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[44]</a> Ships of the line and even frigates, as well as manpower, were prioritised for the naval war in Europe, however, leaving only smaller vessels on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_America_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="North America Station">North America Station</a> and other less active stations, and a heavy reliance upon impressed labour. This would result in problems countering large, well-armed United States Navy frigates which outgunned Royal Naval vessels in single-opponent actions, as well as United States privateers, when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_War_of_1812?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of 1812">American War of 1812</a> broke out concurrent with the war against Napoleonic France and its allies. The Royal Navy still enjoyed a numerical advantage over the former colonists on the Atlantic, and from its base in Bermuda it blockaded the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Coast of the United States">Atlantic seaboard</a> of the United States throughout the war and carried out (with Royal Marines, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corps_of_Colonial_Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corps of Colonial Marines">Colonial Marines</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Army">British Army</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Board_of_Ordnance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Board of Ordnance">Board of Ordnance</a> military corps units) various amphibious operations, most notably the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chesapeake_campaign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chesapeake campaign">Chesapeake campaign</a>. On the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Lakes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, however, the United States Navy established an advantage.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Splendid_isolation">Splendid isolation</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Splendid isolation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1860, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Albert, Prince Consort</a>, wrote to the Foreign Secretary <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">John Russell, 1st Earl Russell</a> with his concern about "a perfect disgrace to our country, and particularly to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Admiralty_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Admiralty (United Kingdom)">Admiralty</a>". The stated shipbuilding policy of the British monarchy was to take advantage of technological change and so be able to deploy a new <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weapons_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons system">weapons system</a> that could defend British interests before other national and imperial resources are reasonably mobilized. Nevertheless, British taxpayers scrutinized progress in modernizing the Royal Navy so as to ensure, that taypayers' money is not wasted.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[46]</a> Between 1815 and 1914, the Royal Navy saw little serious action, owing to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pax_Britannica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pax Britannica">absence of any opponent strong enough</a> to challenge its dominance, though it did not suffer the drastic cutbacks the various military forces underwent in the period of economic austerity that followed the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the American War of 1812 (when the British Army and the Board of Ordnance military corps were cutback, weakening garrisons around the Empire, the Militia became a paper tiger, and the Volunteer Force and Fencible units disbanded, though the Yeomanry was maintained as a back-up to the police). Britain relied, throughout the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, on imperial fortress colonies (originally <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bermuda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, Gibraltar, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax (Nova Scotia)</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malta">Malta</a>). These areas permitted Britain to control the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Control of military forces in Nova Scotia passed to the new Government of Canada after the 1867 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confederation_of_Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation of Canada">Confederation of Canada</a> and control of the naval dockyard in Halifax, Nova Scotia was transferred to the Government of Canada in 1905, five years prior to the establishment of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a>. Prior to the 1920s, it was presumed that the only navies that could challenge the Royal Navy belonged to nations on the Atlantic Ocean or its connected seas, despite the growth of the Imperial Russian and United States Pacific fleets during the latter half of the 19th Century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[47]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[48]</a> Britain relied on Malta, in the Mediterranean Sea, to project power to the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean via the Suez Canal after its completion in 1869. It relied on friendship and common interests between Britain and the United States (which controlled transit through the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panama_Canal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>, completed in 1914) during and after the First World War, and on Bermuda, to project power the length of the western Atlantic, including the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. The area controlled from Bermuda (and Halifax until 1905) had been part of the North America Station, until the 1820s, which then absorbed the Jamaica Station to become the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_America_and_West_Indies_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North America and West Indies Station">North America and West Indies Station</a>. After the First World War, this formation assumed responsibility for the eastern Pacific Ocean and the western South Atlantic and was known as the America and West Indies Station until 1956.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[49]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[50]</a> In 1921, due to the ambitions of Imperial Japan and the threat of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>, it was decided to construct the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Singapore_Naval_Base?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Singapore Naval Base">Singapore Naval Base</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[51]</a> During this period, naval warfare underwent a comprehensive transformation, brought about by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steam_engine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steam engine">steam propulsion</a>, metal ship construction, and explosive munitions. Despite having to completely replace its war fleet, the Navy managed to maintain its overwhelming advantage over all potential rivals. Owing to British leadership in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrial_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, the country enjoyed unparalleled shipbuilding capacity and financial resources, which ensured that no rival could take advantage of these revolutionary changes to negate the British advantage in ship numbers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[52]</a> In 1889, Parliament passed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naval_Defence_Act_1889?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naval Defence Act 1889">Naval Defence Act</a>, which formally adopted the 'two-power standard', which stipulated that the Royal Navy should maintain a number of battleships at least equal to the combined strength of the next two largest navies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[53]</a> The end of the 19th century saw structural changes and older vessels were scrapped or placed into reserve, making funds and manpower available for newer ships. The launch of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Dreadnought (1906)">HMS Dreadnought</a> in 1906 rendered all existing battleships obsolete.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[54]</a> The transition at this time from coal to fuel-oil for boiler firing would encourage Britain to expand their foothold in former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> territories in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, especially <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mandatory Iraq">Iraq</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Exploration">Exploration</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Exploration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cook_Three_Voyages_59.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cook_Three_Voyages_59.png/220px-Cook_Three_Voyages_59.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="401"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 110px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cook_Three_Voyages_59.png/220px-Cook_Three_Voyages_59.png" data-width="220" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cook_Three_Voyages_59.png/330px-Cook_Three_Voyages_59.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cook_Three_Voyages_59.png/440px-Cook_Three_Voyages_59.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The routes of Royal Navy Captain <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Cook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>'s three voyages </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Challenger_expedition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Cook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North-West_Passage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Passage">North-West Passage</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_voyage_of_HMS_Beagle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second voyage of HMS Beagle">Second voyage of HMS Beagle</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vancouver_Expedition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vancouver Expedition">Vancouver Expedition</a> </div> The Royal Navy played an historic role in several great global explorations of science and discovery.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[56]</a> Beginning in the 18th century many great voyages were commissioned often in co-operation with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northwest_Passage_expedition_of_1741?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northwest Passage expedition of 1741">Northwest Passage expedition of 1741</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Cook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> led three great voyages, with goals such as discovering <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terra_Australis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a>, observing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transit_of_Venus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transit of Venus">Transit of Venus</a> and searching for the elusive <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North-West_Passage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Passage">North-West Passage</a>, these voyages are considered to have contributed to world knowledge and science.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Franklin1837-62">[57]</a> In the late 18th century, during a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vancouver_Expedition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vancouver Expedition">four year voyage</a> Captain <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Vancouver?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Vancouver">George Vancouver</a> made detailed maps of the western coastline of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North America">North America</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[58]</a> In the 19th century, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Darwin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> made further contributions to science during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_voyage_of_HMS_Beagle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second voyage of HMS Beagle">second voyage of HMS Beagle</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-RMG-64">[59]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ross_expedition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a> to the Antarctic made several important discoveries in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biology">biology</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zoology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zoology">zoology</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[60]</a> Several of the Royal Navy's voyages ended in disaster such as those of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Scott</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[61]</a> Between 1872 and 1876 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS Challenger</a> undertook the first global marine research expedition, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Challenger_expedition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: World War I" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:HMS_Warspite_and_HMS_Malaya_during_the_battle_of_Jutland.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/HMS_Warspite_and_HMS_Malaya_during_the_battle_of_Jutland.jpg/220px-HMS_Warspite_and_HMS_Malaya_during_the_battle_of_Jutland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="504"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 117px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/HMS_Warspite_and_HMS_Malaya_during_the_battle_of_Jutland.jpg/220px-HMS_Warspite_and_HMS_Malaya_during_the_battle_of_Jutland.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="117" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/HMS_Warspite_and_HMS_Malaya_during_the_battle_of_Jutland.jpg/330px-HMS_Warspite_and_HMS_Malaya_during_the_battle_of_Jutland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/HMS_Warspite_and_HMS_Malaya_during_the_battle_of_Jutland.jpg/440px-HMS_Warspite_and_HMS_Malaya_during_the_battle_of_Jutland.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Warspite_(03)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Warspite (03)">HMS Warspite</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Malaya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Malaya">Malaya</a>, seen from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Valiant_(1914)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Valiant (1914)">Valiant</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a> </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War I">World War I</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy_during_World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Navy during World War I">Royal Navy during World War I</a> </div> During <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the Royal Navy's strength was mostly deployed at home in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Fleet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Fleet">Grand Fleet</a>, confronting the German <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_Seas_Fleet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High Seas Fleet">High Seas Fleet</a> across the North Sea. Several inconclusive clashes took place between them, chiefly the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a> in 1916.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[63]</a> The British fighting advantage proved insurmountable, leading the High Seas Fleet to abandon any attempt to challenge British dominance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[64]</a> The Royal Navy under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Jellicoe,_1st_Earl_Jellicoe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe">John Jellicoe</a> also tried to avoid combat and remained in port at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scapa_Flow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a> for much of the war.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[65]</a> This was contrary to widespread prewar expectations that in the event of a Continental conflict Britain would primarily provide naval support to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triple_Entente?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Triple Entente">Entente Powers</a> while sending at most only a small ground army. Nevertheless, the Royal Navy played an important role in securing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Isles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Channel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, notably ferrying the entire <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">British Expeditionary Force</a> to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> at the beginning of the war without the loss of a single life.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[66]</a> The Royal Navy nevertheless remained active in other theatres, most notably in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, where they waged the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dardanelles_campaign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dardanelles campaign">Dardanelles</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli campaigns</a> in 1914 and 1915. British cruisers hunted down German commerce raiders across the world's oceans in 1914 and 1915, including the battles of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Coronel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Coronel">Coronel</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of the Falkland Islands">Falklands Islands</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Cocos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Cocos">Cocos</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Rufiji_Delta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Rufiji Delta">Rufiji Delta</a>, among others.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Interwar period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> At the end of World War I, the Royal Navy remained by far the world's most powerful navy, larger than the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> combined, and over twice as large as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regia_Marina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regia Marina">Royal Italian Navy</a> combined. Its former primary competitor, the Imperial German Navy, was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_German_fleet_at_Scapa_Flow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow">destroyed at the end of the war</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[68]</a> In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Interwar_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Interwar Britain">inter-war period</a>, the Royal Navy was stripped of much of its power. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaties</a> imposed the scrapping of some capital ships and limitations on new construction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[69]</a> The lack of an imperial fortress in the region of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asia">Asia</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Ocean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pacific_Ocean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> was always to be a weakness throughout the 19th century as the former North American colonies that had become the United States of America had multiplied towards the Pacific Coast of North America, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanese_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japanese Empire</a> both had ports on the Pacific and had begun building large, modern fleets which went to war with each other in 1904. Britain's reliance on Malta, via the Suez Canal, as the nearest Imperial fortress was improved, relying on amity and common interests that developed between Britain and the United States during and after World War I, by the completion of the Panama Canal in 1914, allowing the cruisers based in Bermuda to more easily and rapidly reach the eastern Pacific Ocean (after the war, the Royal Navy's Bermuda-based North America and West Indies Station was consequently re-designated the America and West Indies station, including a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South America">South American</a> division. The rising power and increasing belligerence of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanese_empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese empire">Japanese Empire</a> after World War I, however, resulted in the construction of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Singapore_Naval_Base?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Singapore Naval Base">Singapore Naval Base</a>, which was completed in 1938, less than four years before hostilities with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japan">Japan</a> did commence during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[70]</a> In 1932, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Invergordon_Mutiny?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Invergordon Mutiny">Invergordon Mutiny</a> took place in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atlantic_Fleet_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atlantic Fleet (United Kingdom)">Atlantic Fleet</a> over the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Government_(1931%E2%80%931935)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Government (1931–1935)">National Government</a>'s proposed 25% pay cut, which was eventually reduced to 10%.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[71]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International relations (1919–1939)">International tensions</a> increased in the mid-1930s and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_re-armament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British re-armament">re-armament of the Royal Navy</a> was well under way by 1938. In addition to new construction, several existing old <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battleship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battleship">battleships</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battlecruiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battlecruiser">battlecruisers</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heavy_cruiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruisers</a> were reconstructed, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft weaponry</a> reinforced, while new technologies, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ASDIC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ASDIC">ASDIC</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huff-Duff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Huff-Duff">Huff-Duff</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrophones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophones">hydrophones</a>, were developed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: World War II" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Navy during the Second World War">Royal Navy during the Second World War</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:The_King_Pays_4-day_Visit_To_the_Home_Fleet._18_To_21_March_1943,_at_Scapa_Flow,_the_King,_Wearing_the_Uniform_of_An_Admiral_of_the_Fleet,_Paid_a_4-day_Visit_To_the_Home_Fleet._A15117.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_King_Pays_4-day_Visit_To_the_Home_Fleet._18_To_21_March_1943%2C_at_Scapa_Flow%2C_the_King%2C_Wearing_the_Uniform_of_An_Admiral_of_the_Fleet%2C_Paid_a_4-day_Visit_To_the_Home_Fleet._A15117.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="609"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_King_Pays_4-day_Visit_To_the_Home_Fleet._18_To_21_March_1943%2C_at_Scapa_Flow%2C_the_King%2C_Wearing_the_Uniform_of_An_Admiral_of_the_Fleet%2C_Paid_a_4-day_Visit_To_the_Home_Fleet._A15117.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_King_Pays_4-day_Visit_To_the_Home_Fleet._18_To_21_March_1943%2C_at_Scapa_Flow%2C_the_King%2C_Wearing_the_Uniform_of_An_Admiral_of_the_Fleet%2C_Paid_a_4-day_Visit_To_the_Home_Fleet._A15117.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_King_Pays_4-day_Visit_To_the_Home_Fleet._18_To_21_March_1943%2C_at_Scapa_Flow%2C_the_King%2C_Wearing_the_Uniform_of_An_Admiral_of_the_Fleet%2C_Paid_a_4-day_Visit_To_the_Home_Fleet._A15117.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_VI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George VI">George VI</a> visiting the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Home_Fleet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Home Fleet">Home Fleet</a> based at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scapa_Flow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a>, March 1943 </figcaption> </figure> At the start of World War II in 1939, the Royal Navy was still the largest in the world, with over 1,400 vessels.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[73]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[74]</a> The Royal Navy provided critical cover during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Dynamo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Dynamo">Operation Dynamo</a>, the British evacuations from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>, and as the ultimate deterrent to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Sea Lion">German invasion of Britain</a> during the following four months. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luftwaffe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> attempted to gain <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_supremacy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air supremacy">air supremacy</a> over <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern England">southern England</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> in order to neutralise the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Home_Fleet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Home Fleet">Home Fleet</a>, but faced stiff resistance from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Air_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[75]</a> The Luftwaffe bombing offensive during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanalkampf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kanalkampf">Kanalkampf</a> phase of the battle targeted naval convoys and bases in order to lure large concentrations of RAF fighters into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attrition_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Attrition warfare">attrition warfare</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[76]</a> At <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Taranto">Taranto</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrew_Cunningham,_1st_Viscount_Cunningham_of_Hyndhope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope">Admiral Cunningham</a> commanded a fleet that launched the first all-aircraft naval attack in history. The Royal Navy suffered heavy <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Royal_Navy_losses_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Royal Navy losses in World War II">losses</a> in the first two years of the war. Over 3,000 people were lost when the converted <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Troopship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Troopship">troopship</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RMS_Lancastria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RMS Lancastria">Lancastria</a> was sunk in June 1940, the greatest maritime disaster in Britain's history.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[77]</a> The Navy's most critical struggle was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a> defending Britain's vital North American commercial supply lines against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/U-boat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> attack. A traditional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convoy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Convoy">convoy system</a> was instituted from the start of the war, but German submarine tactics, based on group attacks by "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wolfpack_(naval_tactic)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wolfpack (naval tactic)">wolf-packs</a>", were much more effective than in the previous war, and the threat remained serious for well over three years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cold War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cold_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> </div> After World War II, the decline of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1945%E2%80%932001" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">economic hardships in Britain</a> forced the reduction in the size and capability of the Royal Navy. The United States Navy instead took on the role of global naval power. Governments since have faced increasing budgetary pressures, partly due to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upward_Spiral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upward Spiral">increasing cost of weapons systems</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[79]</a> In 1981, Defence Secretary <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Nott?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Nott">John Nott</a> had advocated and initiated a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1981_Defence_White_Paper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1981 Defence White Paper">series of cutbacks to the Navy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85">[80]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Falklands_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> however proved a need for the Royal Navy to regain an expeditionary and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Littoral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral">littoral</a> capability which, with its resources and structure at the time, would prove difficult. At the beginning of the 1980s, the Royal Navy was a force focused on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blue-water_navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blue-water navy">blue-water</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-submarine warfare">anti-submarine warfare</a>. Its purpose was to search for and destroy <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Submarines" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet submarines</a> in the North Atlantic, and to operate the nuclear deterrent submarine force. The navy received its first nuclear weapons with the introduction of the first of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resolution-class_submarine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Resolution-class submarine">Resolution-class submarines</a> armed with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polaris_missile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polaris missile">Polaris missile</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Post-Cold_War">Post-Cold War</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Post-Cold War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Following the conclusion of the collapse of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the end of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cold_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in 1991, the Royal Navy began to experience a gradual decline in its fleet size in accordance with the changed strategic environment it operated in. While new and more capable ships are continually brought into service, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth-class_aircraft_carrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier">Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astute-class_submarine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astute-class submarine">Astute-class submarines</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Type_45_destroyer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Type 45 destroyer">Type 45</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Destroyer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>, the total number of ships and submarines operated has continued to steadily reduce. This has caused considerable debate about the size of the Royal Navy. A 2013 report found that the Royal Navy was already too small, and that Britain would have to depend on her allies if her territories were attacked.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[82]</a> The Royal Navy was responsible for training the fledgling <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraqi_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraqi Navy">Iraqi Navy</a> and securing Iraq's oil terminals following the cessation of hostilities in the country. The Iraqi Training and Advisory Mission (Navy) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Umm_Qasr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a>), headed by a Royal Navy captain, has been responsible for the former duty whilst Commander Task Force Iraqi Maritime, a Royal Navy commodore, was responsible for the latter.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[83]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[84]</a> The mission ended in May 2011.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[85]</a> The financial costs attached to nuclear deterrence, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trident_(missile)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trident (missile)">Trident missile</a> upgrades and replacements, have become an increasingly significant issue for the navy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[86]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Assets_and_resources">Assets and resources</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Assets and resources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Future_of_the_Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Future of the Royal Navy">Future of the Royal Navy</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Personnel">Personnel</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Personnel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:BRNC-Dartmouth.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BRNC-Dartmouth.jpg/220px-BRNC-Dartmouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BRNC-Dartmouth.jpg/220px-BRNC-Dartmouth.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BRNC-Dartmouth.jpg/330px-BRNC-Dartmouth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BRNC-Dartmouth.jpg/440px-BRNC-Dartmouth.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Britannia_Royal_Naval_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Britannia Royal Naval College">Britannia Royal Naval College</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dartmouth,_Devon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dartmouth, Devon">Dartmouth, Devon</a> </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Raleigh_(shore_establishment)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Raleigh (shore establishment)">HMS Raleigh</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torpoint,_Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Torpoint, Cornwall">Torpoint, Cornwall</a>, is the basic training facility for newly enlisted ratings. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Britannia_Royal_Naval_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Britannia Royal Naval College">Britannia Royal Naval College</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dartmouth,_Devon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dartmouth, Devon">Dartmouth, Devon</a> is the initial officer training establishment for the Royal Navy. Personnel are divided into a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Officer_Corps_of_the_Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Officer Corps of the Royal Navy">warfare branch</a>, which includes Warfare Officers (previously named seamen officers) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleet Air Arm">Naval Aviators</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[87]</a> as well other branches including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Naval_Engineers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Naval Engineers">Royal Naval Engineers</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy_Medical_Branch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Navy Medical Branch">Royal Navy Medical Branch</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Logistics_Officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Logistics Officer">Logistics Officers</a> (previously named <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supply_Officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply Officer">Supply Officers</a>). Present-day officers and ratings have several different <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniforms of the Royal Navy">uniforms</a>; some are designed to be worn aboard ship, others ashore or in ceremonial duties. Women began to join the Royal Navy in 1917 with the formation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Naval_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Women's Royal Naval Service">Women's Royal Naval Service</a> (WRNS), which was disbanded after the end of the First World War in 1919. It was revived in 1939, and the WRNS continued until disbandment in 1993, as a result of the decision to fully integrate women into the structures of the Royal Navy. Women now serve in all sections of the Royal Navy including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93">[88]</a> In August 2019, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> published figures showing that the Royal Navy and Royal Marines had 29,090 full-time trained personnel compared with a target of 30,600.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[89]</a> In 2023, it was reported that the Royal Navy was experiencing significant recruiting challenges with a net drop of some 1,600 personnel (4 percent of the force) from mid-2022 to mid-2023. This was posing a significant problem in the ability of the navy to meet its commitments.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[90]</a> In December 2019 the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Sea_Lord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Sea Lord">First Sea Lord</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Admiral_(Royal_Navy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Admiral (Royal Navy)">Admiral</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tony_Radakin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tony Radakin">Tony Radakin</a>, outlined a proposal to reduce the number of Rear-Admirals at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navy_Command_(Ministry_of_Defence)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Command (Ministry of Defence)">Navy Command</a> by five.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[91]</a> The fighting arms (excluding <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commandant_General_Royal_Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commandant General Royal Marines">Commandant General Royal Marines</a>) would be reduced to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commodore_(Royal_Navy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commodore (Royal Navy)">commodore</a> (1-star) rank and the surface flotillas would be combined. Training would be concentrated under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleet_Commander?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleet Commander">Fleet Commander</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Surface_fleet">Surface fleet</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Surface fleet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_active_Royal_Navy_ships?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of active Royal Navy ships">List of active Royal Navy ships</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy_Surface_Fleet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Navy Surface Fleet">Royal Navy Surface Fleet</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Aircraft_carriers">Aircraft carriers</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Aircraft carriers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_(R08)_underway_during_trials_with_HMS_Sutherland_(F81)_and_HMS_Iron_Duke_(F234)_on_28_June_2017_(45162784).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_%28R08%29_underway_during_trials_with_HMS_Sutherland_%28F81%29_and_HMS_Iron_Duke_%28F234%29_on_28_June_2017_%2845162784%29.jpg/220px-HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_%28R08%29_underway_during_trials_with_HMS_Sutherland_%28F81%29_and_HMS_Iron_Duke_%28F234%29_on_28_June_2017_%2845162784%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_%28R08%29_underway_during_trials_with_HMS_Sutherland_%28F81%29_and_HMS_Iron_Duke_%28F234%29_on_28_June_2017_%2845162784%29.jpg/220px-HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_%28R08%29_underway_during_trials_with_HMS_Sutherland_%28F81%29_and_HMS_Iron_Duke_%28F234%29_on_28_June_2017_%2845162784%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_%28R08%29_underway_during_trials_with_HMS_Sutherland_%28F81%29_and_HMS_Iron_Duke_%28F234%29_on_28_June_2017_%2845162784%29.jpg/330px-HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_%28R08%29_underway_during_trials_with_HMS_Sutherland_%28F81%29_and_HMS_Iron_Duke_%28F234%29_on_28_June_2017_%2845162784%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_%28R08%29_underway_during_trials_with_HMS_Sutherland_%28F81%29_and_HMS_Iron_Duke_%28F234%29_on_28_June_2017_%2845162784%29.jpg/440px-HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_%28R08%29_underway_during_trials_with_HMS_Sutherland_%28F81%29_and_HMS_Iron_Duke_%28F234%29_on_28_June_2017_%2845162784%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_(R08)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08)">HMS Queen Elizabeth</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth-class_aircraft_carrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier">Queen Elizabeth-class</a> aircraft carrier, on sea trials in June 2017 </figcaption> </figure> The Royal Navy has two Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers. Each carrier cost <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pound_sterling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pound sterling">£</a>3 billion and displaces 65,000 tonnes (64,000 long tons; 72,000 short tons).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[93]</a> The first, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_(R08)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08)">HMS Queen Elizabeth</a>, commenced flight trials in 2018. Both are intended to operate the STOVL variant of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F-35_Lightning_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35 Lightning II">F-35 Lightning II</a>. Queen Elizabeth began sea trials in June 2017, was commissioned later that year, and entered service in 2020,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[94]</a> while the second, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(R09)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Prince of Wales (R09)">HMS Prince of Wales</a>, began sea trials on 22 September 2019, was commissioned in December 2019 and was declared operational as of October 2021.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[95]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[96]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-facts-102">[97]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103">[98]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104">[99]</a> The aircraft carriers form a central part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UK_Carrier_Strike_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UK Carrier Strike Group">UK Carrier Strike Group</a> alongside escorts and support ships.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-assemble-105">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Amphibious_warfare">Amphibious warfare</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Amphibious warfare" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Amphibious warfare ships in current service include two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landing_platform_dock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing platform dock">landing platform docks</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Albion_(L14)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Albion (L14)">HMS Albion</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Bulwark_(L15)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Bulwark (L15)">HMS Bulwark</a>). While their primary role is to conduct amphibious warfare, they have also been deployed for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humanitarian_aid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a> missions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-human-106">[101]</a> Both vessels were in reserve as of 2024<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107">[102]</a> and in November 2024, the newly elected Labour government indicated that they would in fact be retired from service completely by March 2025.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108">[103]</a> While second-line amphibious capabilities remained within the Royal Fleet Auxiliary, the future of the navy's amphibious capability was now in question.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Clearance_diving">Clearance diving</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Clearance diving" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Royal Navy <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clearance_divers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Clearance divers">clearance diving</a> unit, the Fleet Diving Squadron, was reorganised and renamed the Diving and Threat Exploitation Group in 2022. The group consists of five squadrons: Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, and Echo.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110">[105]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111">[106]</a> The Royal Navy has a separate unit with divers the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special_forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special forces">special forces</a> unit the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special_Boat_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special Boat Service">Special Boat Service</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ArmyMuseum-112">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Escort_fleet">Escort fleet</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Escort fleet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Duncan_(7899777334).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Duncan_%287899777334%29.jpg/220px-Duncan_%287899777334%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Duncan_%287899777334%29.jpg/220px-Duncan_%287899777334%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Duncan_%287899777334%29.jpg/330px-Duncan_%287899777334%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Duncan_%287899777334%29.jpg/440px-Duncan_%287899777334%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Duncan_(D37)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Duncan (D37)">HMS Duncan</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Type_45_destroyer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Type 45 destroyer">Type 45</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guided_missile_destroyer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile destroyer">guided missile destroyer</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Type_23_frigate_HMS_KENT_at_Sea,_south_of_the_Isle_of_Wight_MOD_45158148.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Type_23_frigate_HMS_KENT_at_Sea%2C_south_of_the_Isle_of_Wight_MOD_45158148.jpg/220px-Type_23_frigate_HMS_KENT_at_Sea%2C_south_of_the_Isle_of_Wight_MOD_45158148.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Type_23_frigate_HMS_KENT_at_Sea%2C_south_of_the_Isle_of_Wight_MOD_45158148.jpg/220px-Type_23_frigate_HMS_KENT_at_Sea%2C_south_of_the_Isle_of_Wight_MOD_45158148.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Type_23_frigate_HMS_KENT_at_Sea%2C_south_of_the_Isle_of_Wight_MOD_45158148.jpg/330px-Type_23_frigate_HMS_KENT_at_Sea%2C_south_of_the_Isle_of_Wight_MOD_45158148.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Type_23_frigate_HMS_KENT_at_Sea%2C_south_of_the_Isle_of_Wight_MOD_45158148.jpg/440px-Type_23_frigate_HMS_KENT_at_Sea%2C_south_of_the_Isle_of_Wight_MOD_45158148.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Kent_(F78)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Kent (F78)">HMS Kent</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Type_23_frigate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Type 23 frigate">Type 23 frigate</a> designed for anti-submarine warfare </figcaption> </figure> The escort fleet comprises <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guided_missile_destroyer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile destroyer">guided missile destroyers</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frigates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frigates">frigates</a> and is the traditional workhorse of the Navy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MODRNinfo-113">[108]</a> As of May 2024<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DRoyal_Navy%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a> there are six Type 45 destroyers and 9 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Type_23_frigate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Type 23 frigate">Type 23 frigates</a> in commission. Among their primary roles is to provide escort for the larger capital ships—protecting them from air, surface and subsurface threats. Other duties include undertaking the Royal Navy's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standing_Royal_Navy_deployments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standing Royal Navy deployments">standing deployments</a> across the globe, which often consists of: counter-narcotics, anti-piracy missions and providing humanitarian aid.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-human-106">[101]</a> The Type 45 is primarily designed for anti-aircraft and anti-missile warfare and the Royal Navy describe the destroyer's mission as "to shield the Fleet from air attack".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114">[109]</a> They are equipped with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PAAMS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PAAMS">PAAMS</a> (also known as Sea Viper) integrated anti-aircraft warfare system which incorporates the sophisticated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SAMPSON?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SAMPSON">SAMPSON</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S1850M?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="S1850M">S1850M</a> long range radars and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aster_(missile_family)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aster (missile family)">Aster 15 and 30</a> missiles.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BAEType45-115">[110]</a> Sixteen Type 23 frigates were delivered to the Royal Navy, with the final vessel, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_St_Albans_(F83)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS St Albans (F83)">HMS St Albans</a>, commissioned in June 2002. However, the 2004 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delivering_Security_in_a_Changing_World?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delivering Security in a Changing World">Delivering Security in a Changing World</a> review announced that three frigates would be <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paid_off?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paid off">paid off</a> as part of a cost-cutting exercise, and these were subsequently sold to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chilean_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chilean Navy">Chilean Navy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-SellType23-116">[111]</a> The 2010 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Strategic_Defence_and_Security_Review_2010?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010">Strategic Defence and Security Review</a> announced that the remaining 13 Type 23 frigates would eventually be replaced by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Type_26_Frigate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 26 Frigate">Type 26 Frigate</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-117">[112]</a> with the incremental retirement of the remaining Type 23s commencing in 2021. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Strategic_Defence_and_Security_Review_2015?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015">Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015</a> reduced the procurement of Type 26 to eight with five <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Type_31_frigate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Type 31 frigate">Type 31e frigates</a> also to be procured.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-118">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Mine_countermeasure_vessels_(MCMV)">Mine countermeasure vessels (MCMV)</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Mine countermeasure vessels (MCMV)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are two classes of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mine_countermeasure_vessel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mine countermeasure vessel">MCMVs</a> in the Royal Navy: one <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sandown-class_minehunter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sandown-class minehunter">Sandown-class</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minehunter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minehunter">minehunter</a> and six <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hunt-class_mine_countermeasures_vessel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hunt-class mine countermeasures vessel">Hunt-class</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mine_countermeasures_vessel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mine countermeasures vessel">mine countermeasures vessels</a>. All the Sandown-class vessels are to be withdrawn from service by 2025 and are being replaced by autonomous systems that are planned to operate from a range of vessels, including so-called "motherships" planned for procurement for either the navy or the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. The Hunt-class vessels combine the separate roles of the traditional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minesweeper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minesweeper">minesweeper</a> and the active minehunter in one hull. If required, the vessels can take on the role of offshore patrol vessels.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Offshore_patrol_vessels_(OPV)">Offshore patrol vessels (OPV)</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Offshore patrol vessels (OPV)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A fleet of eight <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River-class_offshore_patrol_vessel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River-class offshore patrol vessel">River-class</a> offshore patrol vessels are in service with the Royal Navy. The three Batch 1 ships of the class serve in U.K. waters in a sovereignty and fisheries protection role while the five Batch 2 ships are forward-deployed on a long-term basis to Gibraltar, the Caribbean, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Falkland_Islands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> and the Indo-Pacific region.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120">[115]</a> The vessel MV Grampian Frontier is leased from Scottish-based North Star Shipping for patrol duties around the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a>. However, she is not in commission with the Royal Navy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sites.google.com-121">[116]</a> In December 2019, the modified Batch 1 River-class vessel, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Clyde_(P257)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Clyde (P257)">HMS Clyde</a>, was decommissioned, with the Batch 2 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Forth_(P222)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Forth (P222)">HMS Forth</a> taking over duties as the Falkland Islands patrol ship.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122">[117]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Survey_ships">Survey ships</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Survey ships" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:HMS_Protector_Assisting_the_Antarctic_Community._MOD_45156397.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/HMS_Protector_Assisting_the_Antarctic_Community._MOD_45156397.jpg/220px-HMS_Protector_Assisting_the_Antarctic_Community._MOD_45156397.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/HMS_Protector_Assisting_the_Antarctic_Community._MOD_45156397.jpg/220px-HMS_Protector_Assisting_the_Antarctic_Community._MOD_45156397.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/HMS_Protector_Assisting_the_Antarctic_Community._MOD_45156397.jpg/330px-HMS_Protector_Assisting_the_Antarctic_Community._MOD_45156397.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/HMS_Protector_Assisting_the_Antarctic_Community._MOD_45156397.jpg/440px-HMS_Protector_Assisting_the_Antarctic_Community._MOD_45156397.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Protector_(A173)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Protector (A173)">HMS Protector</a>, a Royal Navy <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Antarctica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Antarctica">Antarctic</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrol_ship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrol ship">patrol ship</a> </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Protector_(A173)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Protector (A173)">HMS Protector</a> is a dedicated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antarctica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> patrol ship that fulfils the nation's mandate to provide support to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> (BAS).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124">[119]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Scott_(H131)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Scott (H131)">HMS Scott</a> is an ocean survey vessel and at 13,500 tonnes is one of the largest ships in the Navy. As of 2018, the newly commissioned <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Magpie_(H130)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Magpie (H130)">HMS Magpie</a> also undertakes survey duties at sea.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125">[120]</a> The Royal Fleet Auxiliary plans to introduce two new <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multi-Role_Ocean_Surveillance_Ship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multi-Role Ocean Surveillance Ship">Multi-Role Ocean Surveillance Ships</a>, in part to protect undersea cables and gas pipelines and partly to compensate for the withdrawal of all ocean-going survey vessels from Royal Navy service.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MROSS-126">[121]</a> The first of these vessels, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RFA_Proteus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RFA Proteus">RFA Proteus</a>, entered service in October 2023.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Royal_Fleet_Auxiliary">Royal Fleet Auxiliary</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Royal Fleet Auxiliary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Fleet_Auxiliary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Fleet Auxiliary">Royal Fleet Auxiliary</a> </div> The Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA) provides support to the Royal Navy at sea in several capacities. For fleet replenishment, it deploys one Fleet Solid Support Ship and six fleet tankers (three of which are maintained in reserve). The RFA also has one aviation training and casualty reception vessel, which also operates as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RFA_Argus_(A135)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RFA Argus (A135)">Littoral Strike Ship</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[123]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129">[124]</a> Three <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amphibious_transport_dock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amphibious transport dock">amphibious transport docks</a> are also incorporated within its fleet. These are known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bay-class_landing_ship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bay-class landing ship">Bay-class</a> landing ships, of which four were introduced in 2006–2007, but one was sold to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> in 2011.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130">[125]</a> In November 2006, the First Sea Lord Admiral Sir <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jonathon_Band?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jonathon Band">Jonathon Band</a> described the Royal Fleet Auxiliary vessels as "a major uplift in the Royal Navy's war fighting capability".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-131">[126]</a> In February 2023, a commercial vessel was also acquired to act as a Multi-Role Ocean Surveillance (MROS) Ship for the protection of critical seabed infrastructure and other tasks. She entered service as RFA Proteus.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-132">[127]</a> An additional vessel, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RFA_Stirling_Castle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RFA Stirling Castle">RFA Stirling Castle</a>, was acquired in 2023 to act as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mothership?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mothership">mothership</a> for autonomous minehunting systems.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-133">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Other_ships">Other ships</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other ships" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Royal Navy also includes a number of smaller non-commissioned assets such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sea-class_workboat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sea-class workboat">Sea-class workboats</a>. On 29 July 2022, the Royal Navy christened a new experimental ship, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XV_Patrick_Blackett_(X01)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="XV Patrick Blackett (X01)">XV Patrick Blackett</a>, which it aims to use as a testbed for autonomous systems. Whilst the ship flies the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blue_Ensign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blue Ensign">Blue Ensign</a>, it is crewed by Royal Navy personnel and will participate in Royal Navy and NATO exercises.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-134">[129]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TD1-135">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Submarine_Service">Submarine Service</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Submarine Service" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy_Submarine_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Navy Submarine Service">Royal Navy Submarine Service</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:HMS_Astute_Arrives_at_Faslane_for_the_First_Time_MOD_45150806.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/HMS_Astute_Arrives_at_Faslane_for_the_First_Time_MOD_45150806.jpg/220px-HMS_Astute_Arrives_at_Faslane_for_the_First_Time_MOD_45150806.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/HMS_Astute_Arrives_at_Faslane_for_the_First_Time_MOD_45150806.jpg/220px-HMS_Astute_Arrives_at_Faslane_for_the_First_Time_MOD_45150806.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/HMS_Astute_Arrives_at_Faslane_for_the_First_Time_MOD_45150806.jpg/330px-HMS_Astute_Arrives_at_Faslane_for_the_First_Time_MOD_45150806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/HMS_Astute_Arrives_at_Faslane_for_the_First_Time_MOD_45150806.jpg/440px-HMS_Astute_Arrives_at_Faslane_for_the_First_Time_MOD_45150806.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Astute_(S119)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Astute (S119)">HMS Astute</a>, the first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astute-class_submarine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astute-class submarine">Astute-class</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_submarine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear submarine">nuclear submarine</a> </figcaption> </figure> The Submarine Service is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Submarine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Submarine">submarine</a> based element of the Royal Navy. It is sometimes referred to as the "Silent Service",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-136">[131]</a> as the submarines are generally required to operate undetected. Founded in 1901, the service made history in 1982 when, during the Falklands War, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Conqueror_(S48)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Conqueror (S48)">HMS Conqueror</a> became the first nuclear-powered submarine to sink a surface ship, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ARA_General_Belgrano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ARA General Belgrano">ARA General Belgrano</a>. Today, all of the Royal Navy's submarines are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear marine propulsion">nuclear-powered</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Ballistic_missile_submarines_(SSBN)">Ballistic missile submarines (SSBN)</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ballistic missile submarines (SSBN)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Royal Navy operates four <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vanguard-class_submarine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vanguard-class submarine">Vanguard-class</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ballistic missile submarine">ballistic missile submarines</a> displacing nearly 16,000 tonnes and equipped with Trident II missiles (armed with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom">nuclear weapons</a>) and heavyweight <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spearfish_torpedo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spearfish torpedo">Spearfish torpedoes</a>, to carry out Operation Relentless, the United Kingdom's Continuous At Sea Deterrent (CASD). The UK government has committed to replace these submarines with four new <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dreadnought-class_submarine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dreadnought-class submarine">Dreadnought-class submarines</a>, which will enter service in the "early 2030s" to maintain this capability.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-theyworkforyou1-138">[133]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-139">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Fleet_submarines_(SSN)">Fleet submarines (SSN)</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Fleet submarines (SSN)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As of August 2022, six <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleet_submarine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleet submarine">fleet submarines</a> are in commission, one <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trafalgar-class_submarine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trafalgar-class submarine">Trafalgar-class</a> and five <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astute-class_submarine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astute-class submarine">Astute-class</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto1-140">[135]</a> Two more Astute-class fleet submarines are scheduled to enter service by the mid-2020s while the remaining Trafalgar-class submarine will be withdrawn.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-direct.gov.uk-141">[136]</a> The Trafalgar class displace approximately 5,300 tonnes when submerged and are armed with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile_family)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tomahawk (missile family)">Tomahawk</a> land-attack missiles and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spearfish_torpedo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spearfish torpedo">Spearfish</a> torpedoes. The Astute-class at 7,400 tonnes<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-142">[137]</a> are much larger and carry a larger number of Tomahawk missiles and Spearfish torpedoes. In 2022, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Anson_(S123)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Anson (S123)">HMS Anson</a> was the most recent Astute-class boat to be commissioned.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto1-140">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Fleet_Air_Arm">Fleet Air Arm</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Fleet Air Arm" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:UK_F-35B_Lightning_II_MOD_45157752.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/UK_F-35B_Lightning_II_MOD_45157752.jpg/220px-UK_F-35B_Lightning_II_MOD_45157752.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3364" data-file-height="2095"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/UK_F-35B_Lightning_II_MOD_45157752.jpg/220px-UK_F-35B_Lightning_II_MOD_45157752.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/UK_F-35B_Lightning_II_MOD_45157752.jpg/330px-UK_F-35B_Lightning_II_MOD_45157752.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/UK_F-35B_Lightning_II_MOD_45157752.jpg/440px-UK_F-35B_Lightning_II_MOD_45157752.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F-35_Lightning_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35 Lightning II">F-35B</a> aircraft are operated from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth-class_aircraft_carrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier">Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Royal_Navy_Dauphin_Helicopter_on_HMS_Monmouth_MOD_45153074.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Royal_Navy_Dauphin_Helicopter_on_HMS_Monmouth_MOD_45153074.jpg/220px-Royal_Navy_Dauphin_Helicopter_on_HMS_Monmouth_MOD_45153074.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2473" data-file-height="1979"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Royal_Navy_Dauphin_Helicopter_on_HMS_Monmouth_MOD_45153074.jpg/220px-Royal_Navy_Dauphin_Helicopter_on_HMS_Monmouth_MOD_45153074.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Royal_Navy_Dauphin_Helicopter_on_HMS_Monmouth_MOD_45153074.jpg/330px-Royal_Navy_Dauphin_Helicopter_on_HMS_Monmouth_MOD_45153074.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Royal_Navy_Dauphin_Helicopter_on_HMS_Monmouth_MOD_45153074.jpg/440px-Royal_Navy_Dauphin_Helicopter_on_HMS_Monmouth_MOD_45153074.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Royal Navy Dauphin helicopter </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a> </div> The Fleet Air Arm (FAA) is the branch of the Royal Navy responsible for the operation of naval aircraft, it can trace its roots back to 1912 and the formation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a>. The Fleet Air Arm currently operates the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW101?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AgustaWestland AW101">AW-101 Merlin</a> HC4 (in support of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom_Commando_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom Commando Force">UK Commando Force</a>) as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commando_Helicopter_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commando Helicopter Force">Commando Helicopter Force</a>; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW159?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="AgustaWestland AW159">AW-159 Wildcat</a> HM2; the AW101 Merlin HM2 in the anti-submarine role; and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">F-35B Lightning II</a> in the carrier strike role.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-143">[138]</a> Pilots designated for rotary wing service train under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/No._1_Flying_Training_School_RAF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="No. 1 Flying Training School RAF">No. 1 Flying Training School</a> (1 FTS)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-144">[139]</a> at RAF Shawbury.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-145">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Royal_Marines">Royal Marines</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Royal Marines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Royal_Marines_in_Sangin_MOD_45151554.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Royal_Marines_in_Sangin_MOD_45151554.jpg/220px-Royal_Marines_in_Sangin_MOD_45151554.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Royal_Marines_in_Sangin_MOD_45151554.jpg/220px-Royal_Marines_in_Sangin_MOD_45151554.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Royal_Marines_in_Sangin_MOD_45151554.jpg/330px-Royal_Marines_in_Sangin_MOD_45151554.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Royal_Marines_in_Sangin_MOD_45151554.jpg/440px-Royal_Marines_in_Sangin_MOD_45151554.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sangin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sangin">Sangin</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afghanistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> in 2010 </figcaption> </figure> The Royal Marines are an amphibious, specialised <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Light_infantry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Light infantry">light infantry</a> force of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commandos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Commandos">commandos</a>, capable of deploying at short notice in support of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="His Majesty's Government">His Majesty's Government</a>'s military and diplomatic objectives overseas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-146">[141]</a> The Royal Marines are organised into a highly mobile light infantry brigade (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom_Commando_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom Commando Force">UK Commando Force</a>) and 7 commando units<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-147">[142]</a> including 47 Commando (Raiding Group) Royal Marines, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/43_Commando_Fleet_Protection_Group_Royal_Marines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="43 Commando Fleet Protection Group Royal Marines">43 Commando Fleet Protection Group Royal Marines</a> and a company strength commitment to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special_Forces_Support_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special Forces Support Group">Special Forces Support Group</a>. The Corps operates in all environments and climates, though particular expertise and training is spent on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amphibious_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious warfare</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arctic_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic warfare">Arctic warfare</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mountain_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mountain warfare">mountain warfare</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Expeditionary warfare">expeditionary warfare</a> and commitment to the UK's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rapid_Reaction_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid Reaction Force">Rapid Reaction Force</a>. The Royal Marines are also the primary source of personnel for the Royal Navy's special forces unit the Special Boat Service (SBS).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-148">[143]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ArmyMuseum-112">[107]</a> The Corps operates its own <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_active_Royal_Marines_military_watercraft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of active Royal Marines military watercraft">fleet of landing and other craft</a>, and also incorporates the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Marines_Band_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Marines Band Service">Royal Marines Band Service</a>, the musical wing of the Royal Navy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-149">[144]</a> The Royal Marines have seen action in a number of wars, often fighting beside the British Army; including in the Seven Years' War, the Napoleonic Wars, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crimean_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, World War I and World War II. In recent times, the Corps has been deployed in expeditionary warfare roles, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Falklands_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gulf_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bosnian_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kosovo_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraq_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a>. The Royal Marines have international ties with allied marine forces, particularly the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mod.uk-150">[145]</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Netherlands_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Netherlands Marine Corps">Netherlands Marine Corps</a>/Korps Mariniers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-royalnavy.mod.uk-151">[146]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Naval_bases">Naval bases</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Naval bases" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Royal_Navy_shore_establishments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Royal Navy shore establishments">List of Royal Navy shore establishments</a> </div> The Royal Navy currently uses three major naval bases in the UK, each housing its own flotilla of ships and boats ready for service, along with two naval air stations and a support facility base in Bahrain: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bases_in_the_United_Kingdom">Bases in the United Kingdom</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bases in the United Kingdom" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:HMS_Albion_2006.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/HMS_Albion_2006.jpg/220px-HMS_Albion_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/HMS_Albion_2006.jpg/220px-HMS_Albion_2006.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/HMS_Albion_2006.jpg/330px-HMS_Albion_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/HMS_Albion_2006.jpg/440px-HMS_Albion_2006.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Albion_(L14)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Albion (L14)">HMS Albion</a> during HMNB Devonport's Navy Day in 2006 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:HMS_Vigilant_alongside_Faslane_Naval_Base._MOD_45147682.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/HMS_Vigilant_alongside_Faslane_Naval_Base._MOD_45147682.jpg/220px-HMS_Vigilant_alongside_Faslane_Naval_Base._MOD_45147682.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2357"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/HMS_Vigilant_alongside_Faslane_Naval_Base._MOD_45147682.jpg/220px-HMS_Vigilant_alongside_Faslane_Naval_Base._MOD_45147682.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/HMS_Vigilant_alongside_Faslane_Naval_Base._MOD_45147682.jpg/330px-HMS_Vigilant_alongside_Faslane_Naval_Base._MOD_45147682.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/HMS_Vigilant_alongside_Faslane_Naval_Base._MOD_45147682.jpg/440px-HMS_Vigilant_alongside_Faslane_Naval_Base._MOD_45147682.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Vigilant_(S30)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Vigilant (S30)">HMS Vigilant</a> alongside <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMNB_Clyde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMNB Clyde">Faslane Naval Base</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Royal_Navy_Commando_Helicopter_Force_Merlin_HC3-3A,_British_Army_Wildcat_AH1_(28418553256).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Navy_Commando_Helicopter_Force_Merlin_HC3-3A%2C_British_Army_Wildcat_AH1_%2828418553256%29.jpg/220px-Royal_Navy_Commando_Helicopter_Force_Merlin_HC3-3A%2C_British_Army_Wildcat_AH1_%2828418553256%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3833" data-file-height="2555"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Navy_Commando_Helicopter_Force_Merlin_HC3-3A%2C_British_Army_Wildcat_AH1_%2828418553256%29.jpg/220px-Royal_Navy_Commando_Helicopter_Force_Merlin_HC3-3A%2C_British_Army_Wildcat_AH1_%2828418553256%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Navy_Commando_Helicopter_Force_Merlin_HC3-3A%2C_British_Army_Wildcat_AH1_%2828418553256%29.jpg/330px-Royal_Navy_Commando_Helicopter_Force_Merlin_HC3-3A%2C_British_Army_Wildcat_AH1_%2828418553256%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Navy_Commando_Helicopter_Force_Merlin_HC3-3A%2C_British_Army_Wildcat_AH1_%2828418553256%29.jpg/440px-Royal_Navy_Commando_Helicopter_Force_Merlin_HC3-3A%2C_British_Army_Wildcat_AH1_%2828418553256%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW101?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AgustaWestland AW101">Merlin HC3</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW159_Wildcat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat">Wildcat AH1</a>, both part of the Commando Helicopter Force, at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RNAS_Yeovilton_(HMS_Heron)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RNAS Yeovilton (HMS Heron)">RNAS Yeovilton</a> </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMNB_Devonport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMNB Devonport">HMNB Devonport</a> (HMS Drake) – This is currently the largest operational naval base in Western Europe. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devonport,_Plymouth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devonport, Plymouth">Devonport</a>'s flotilla consists of the RN's two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albion-class_landing_platform_dock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albion-class landing platform dock">amphibious assault vessels</a> (HM Ships Albion and Bulwark), and more than half the fleet of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Type_23_frigate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Type 23 frigate">Type 23 frigates</a>. Devonport also has been home to some of the RN's Submarines service, but now only to the one remaining <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trafalgar-class_submarine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trafalgar-class submarine">Trafalgar-class submarine</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-152">[147]</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMNB_Portsmouth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMNB Portsmouth">HMNB Portsmouth</a> (HMS Nelson) – This is home to the Queen Elizabeth Class supercarriers. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portsmouth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> is also the home to the Type 45 Daring Class Destroyer and a moderate fleet of Type 23 frigates as well as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Overseas_Patrol_Squadron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Overseas Patrol Squadron">Overseas Patrol Squadron</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-153">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMNB_Clyde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMNB Clyde">HMNB Clyde</a> (HMS Neptune) – This is situated in Central Scotland along the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Clyde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Clyde">River Clyde</a>. Faslane is known as the home of the UK's nuclear deterrent, as it maintains the fleet of Vanguard-class ballistic missile (SSBN) submarines, as well as the fleet of Astute-class fleet (SSN) submarines. Faslane will become the home to all Royal Navy submarines, and thus the RN Submarine Service. As a result, 43 Commando (Fleet Protection Group) are stationed in Faslane alongside to guard the base as well as The Royal Naval Armaments Depot at Coulport. The newly established Mine and Threat Exploitation Group (MTXG) is also based within Faslane as a successor to the Sandown class mine hunters. Moreover, Faslane is also home to Faslane Patrol Boat Squadron (FPBS) who operates a fleet of Archer class patrol vessels.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-154">[149]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-155">[150]</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RNAS_Yeovilton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RNAS Yeovilton">RNAS Yeovilton</a> (HMS Heron) – Yeovilton is home to Commando Helicopter Force and Wildcat Maritime Force.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-156">[151]</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RNAS_Culdrose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RNAS Culdrose">RNAS Culdrose</a> (HMS Seahawk) – This is home to Mk2 Merlins, primarily tasked with conducting Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) and Early Airborne Warning (EAW). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RNAS_Culdrose_(HMS_Seahawk)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RNAS Culdrose (HMS Seahawk)">Culdrose</a> is also currently the largest helicopter base in Europe.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-157">[152]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Gannet_(stone_frigate)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Gannet (stone frigate)">HMS Gannet</a> – Previously known as RNAS Prestwick. Previously used for Defence of the Clyde and Search and Rescue tasking, it is now used primarily as a FOB for ASW Merlins deployed from RNAS Culdrose to support the SSBN and defence of the Clyde tasking.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-158">[153]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bases_abroad">Bases abroad</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bases abroad" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:ZH850_-_WM-462_EHI_EH-101_Merlin_HM2_(Mk111)_(cn_50125-RN30)_Royal_Navy._(10475633143).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ZH850_-_WM-462_EHI_EH-101_Merlin_HM2_%28Mk111%29_%28cn_50125-RN30%29_Royal_Navy._%2810475633143%29.jpg/220px-ZH850_-_WM-462_EHI_EH-101_Merlin_HM2_%28Mk111%29_%28cn_50125-RN30%29_Royal_Navy._%2810475633143%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ZH850_-_WM-462_EHI_EH-101_Merlin_HM2_%28Mk111%29_%28cn_50125-RN30%29_Royal_Navy._%2810475633143%29.jpg/220px-ZH850_-_WM-462_EHI_EH-101_Merlin_HM2_%28Mk111%29_%28cn_50125-RN30%29_Royal_Navy._%2810475633143%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ZH850_-_WM-462_EHI_EH-101_Merlin_HM2_%28Mk111%29_%28cn_50125-RN30%29_Royal_Navy._%2810475633143%29.jpg/330px-ZH850_-_WM-462_EHI_EH-101_Merlin_HM2_%28Mk111%29_%28cn_50125-RN30%29_Royal_Navy._%2810475633143%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ZH850_-_WM-462_EHI_EH-101_Merlin_HM2_%28Mk111%29_%28cn_50125-RN30%29_Royal_Navy._%2810475633143%29.jpg/440px-ZH850_-_WM-462_EHI_EH-101_Merlin_HM2_%28Mk111%29_%28cn_50125-RN30%29_Royal_Navy._%2810475633143%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A Royal Navy <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW101?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AgustaWestland AW101">Merlin HM2</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RNAS_Culdrose_(HMS_Seahawk)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RNAS Culdrose (HMS Seahawk)">RNAS Culdrose</a> </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li>UK National Support Element (Bahrain) – The home port for vessels deployed on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Kipion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Kipion">Operation Kipion</a> and acts as the hub of the Royal Navy's operations in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persian_Gulf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Red_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Ocean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-159">[154]</a> Vessels based there include the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/9th_Mine_Counter-Measures_Squadron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="9th Mine Counter-Measures Squadron">9th Mine Countermeasures Squadron</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-160">[155]</a> usually a Royal Fleet Auxiliary and (as of early 2023) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Lancaster_(F229)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Lancaster (F229)">HMS Lancaster</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-161">[156]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-162">[157]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UK_Joint_Logistics_Support_Base?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UK Joint Logistics Support Base">UK Joint Logistics Support Base</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oman">Oman</a>) – A logistical support facility which is strategically located in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> but outside the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persian_Gulf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UKJLSB-163">[158]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Defence_Singapore_Support_Unit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Defence Singapore Support Unit">British Defence Singapore Support Unit</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Singapore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>) – A remnant of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMNB_Singapore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="HMNB Singapore">HMNB Singapore</a> which repairs and resupplies Royal Navy ships in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asia_Pacific?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Pacific">Asia Pacific</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BDSSU-164">[159]</a> It is the primary logistics support hub for the Royal Navy offshore patrol vessels assigned to the Asia-Pacific region, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Tamar_(P233)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Tamar (P233)">HMS Tamar</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Spey_(P234)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Spey (P234)">HMS Spey</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-165">[160]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Forces_Gibraltar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#HM_Dockyard,_Gibraltar" title="British Forces Gibraltar">HMNB Gibraltar</a> – A current Royal Navy dockyard in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gibraltar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> which is still used for docking, repairs, training and resupply.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-British_Forces_Gibraltar-166">[161]</a> Vessels permanently based with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gibraltar_Squadron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gibraltar Squadron">Gibraltar Squadron</a> include the Offshore Patrol Ship, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Trent_(P224)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Trent (P224)">HMS Trent</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cutlass-class_patrol_vessel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cutlass-class patrol vessel">Cutlass-class fast patrol boats</a>, HMS Cutlass and HMS Dagger.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gibdock2-167">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mare_Harbour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mare Harbour">Mare Harbour</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Falkland_Islands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>) – Serves as the port facility for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RAF_Mount_Pleasant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RAF Mount Pleasant">RAF Mount Pleasant</a>, the main British base in the Falkland Islands. Mare Harbour incorporates several berths which support Royal Navy and marine services vessels operating in the South Atlantic. The facility also supports the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> ship, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RRS_Sir_David_Attenborough?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RRS Sir David Attenborough">RRS Sir David Attenborough</a>, when she operates in Antarctic waters during the regional summer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-168">[163]</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Command,_control_and_organisation">Command, control and organisation</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Command, control and organisation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Sovereign</a> is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commander-in-chief_of_the_British_Armed_Forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-chief of the British Armed Forces">Commander-in-chief of the British Armed Forces</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-169">[164]</a> The titular head of the Royal Navy is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom">Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom</a>, a position which was held by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a> from 2011 until his death in 2021 and which remains in the reigning monarch's gift.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GHR-170">[165]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BBC2022-171">[166]</a> The position had been held by Queen Elizabeth II from 1964 to 2011.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-172">[167]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> is de facto commander-in-chief of the armed forces, with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Secretary of State for Defence</a> the minister permanently responsible. The professional head of the Naval Service is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Sea_Lord_and_Chief_of_Naval_Staff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff">First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff</a> (1SL/CNS), an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Admiral_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral (United Kingdom)">admiral</a> and member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Defence_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Defence Council of the United Kingdom">Defence Council of the United Kingdom</a>. The Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Admiralty_Board_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiralty Board (United Kingdom)">Admiralty Board</a>, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence, which directs the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navy_Board?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Navy Board">Navy Board</a>, a sub-committee of the Admiralty Board comprising only naval officers and Ministry of Defence (MOD) civil servants. These are all based in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Main_Building?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ministry of Defence Main Building">Ministry of Defence Main Building</a> in London, where the First Sea Lord & CNS is supported by the Naval Staff.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-173">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Organisation">Organisation</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Organisation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Fleet Commander has responsibility for the provision of ships, submarines and aircraft ready for any operations that the Government requires. Fleet Commander exercises his authority through the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navy_Command_Headquarters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Command Headquarters">Navy Command Headquarters</a>, based at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Excellent_(shore_establishment)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Excellent (shore establishment)">HMS Excellent</a> in Portsmouth. Day-to-day operational command of ships, aircraft and Royal Marines is split: large deployed operations such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom_Carrier_Strike_Group_21?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom Carrier Strike Group 21">United Kingdom Carrier Strike Group 21</a> (Operation Fortis) often fall under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Permanent_Joint_Headquarters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Permanent Joint Headquarters">Permanent Joint Headquarters</a> of the United Kingdom's armed forces, at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northwood,_London?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northwood, London">Northwood</a> in the northwest suburbs of London; while across the same site at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northwood_Headquarters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northwood Headquarters">Northwood Headquarters</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commander_Operations_(Royal_Navy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commander Operations (Royal Navy)">Commander Operations (Royal Navy)</a> supervises individual ships on independent activities and the patrolling <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vanguard-class_submarine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vanguard-class submarine">Vanguard-class submarine</a>. The UK retains control of the NATO functional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allied_Maritime_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allied Maritime Command">Allied Maritime Command</a>, also on the same site.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-174">[169]</a> The Royal Navy was the first of the three armed forces to combine the personnel and training command, under the Principal Personnel Officer, with the operational and policy command, combining the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief, Fleet and Naval Home Command into a single organisation, Fleet Command, in 2005 and becoming Navy Command in 2008. Within the combined command, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Sea_Lord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Sea Lord">Second Sea Lord</a> continues to act as the Principal Personnel Officer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-175">[170]</a> Previously, Flag Officer Sea Training was part of the list of top senior appointments in Navy Command, however, as part of the Navy Command Transformation Programme, the post has reduced from Rear-Admiral to Commodore, renamed as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commander_Fleet_Operational_Sea_Training?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander Fleet Operational Sea Training">Commander Fleet Operational Sea Training</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-176">[171]</a> The Naval Command senior appointments are:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-177">[172]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-178">[173]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; width:10%;">Rank</th> <th style="text-align:left; width:10%;">Name</th> <th style="text-align:left; width:65%;">Position</th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Professional Head of the Royal Navy</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Admiral_(Royal_Navy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Admiral (Royal Navy)">Admiral</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ben_Key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ben Key">Sir Ben Key</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Sea_Lord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Sea Lord">First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleet_Commander?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleet Commander">Fleet Commander</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vice_admiral_(Royal_Navy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice admiral (Royal Navy)">Vice Admiral</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrew_Burns_(Royal_Navy_officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrew Burns (Royal Navy officer)">Andrew Burns</a></td> <td>Fleet Commander</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rear_admiral_(Royal_Navy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rear admiral (Royal Navy)">Rear Admiral</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Ahlgren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward Ahlgren">Edward Ahlgren</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commander_Operations_(Royal_Navy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commander Operations (Royal Navy)">Commander Operations</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rear Admiral</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Pedre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Pedre">Robert Pedre</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commander_United_Kingdom_Strike_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commander United Kingdom Strike Force">Commander United Kingdom Strike Force</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Sea_Lord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Sea Lord">Second Sea Lord & Deputy Chief of Naval Staff</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td>Vice Admiral</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Connell_(Royal_Navy_officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Connell (Royal Navy officer)">Martin Connell</a></td> <td>Second Sea Lord & Deputy Chief of Naval Staff</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rear Admiral</td> <td>James Parkin</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assistant_Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(Capability)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Capability)">Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Capability)</a> and Director Development</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rear Admiral</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anthony_Rimington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anthony Rimington">Anthony Rimington</a></td> <td>Director Strategy and Policy</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rear Admiral</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jude_Terry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jude Terry">Jude Terry</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assistant_Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (United Kingdom)">Director People and Training</a> / <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naval_Secretary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naval Secretary">Naval Secretary</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Venerable?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Venerable">The Venerable</a></td> <td>Andrew Hillier</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_Fleet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaplain of the Fleet">Chaplain of the Fleet</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The Commandant General Royal Marines was previously a major-general's post and charged with leading amphibious warfare operations. Since <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lieutenant_General?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Magowan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Magowan">Robert Magowan</a> was appointed for the second time the post is an additional responsibility for a senior Royal Marine holding other duties. The current CG RM is General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwyn_Jenkins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gwyn Jenkins">Gwyn Jenkins</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vice-Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)">Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-179">[174]</a> Intelligence support to fleet operations is provided by intelligence sections at the various headquarters and from MOD <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Defence_Intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Defence Intelligence">Defence Intelligence</a>, renamed from the Defence Intelligence Staff in early 2010.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-180">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Current_deployments">Current deployments</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Current deployments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standing_Royal_Navy_deployments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standing Royal Navy deployments">Standing Royal Navy deployments</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:RN_Flotilla_45154692.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/RN_Flotilla_45154692.jpg/220px-RN_Flotilla_45154692.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1912"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/RN_Flotilla_45154692.jpg/220px-RN_Flotilla_45154692.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/RN_Flotilla_45154692.jpg/330px-RN_Flotilla_45154692.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/RN_Flotilla_45154692.jpg/440px-RN_Flotilla_45154692.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The Royal Navy's presence in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persian_Gulf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> typically includes a Type 45 destroyer and a squadron of minehunters supported by an RFA <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bay-class_landing_ship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bay-class landing ship">Bay-class</a> mothership. </figcaption> </figure> The Royal Navy is currently deployed in different areas of the world, including some standing Royal Navy deployments. These include several home tasks as well as overseas deployments. The Navy is deployed in the Mediterranean as part of standing NATO deployments including mine countermeasures and NATO Maritime Group 2. In both the North and South Atlantic, RN vessels are patrolling. There is always a Falkland Islands patrol vessel on deployment, currently HMS Forth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-181">[176]</a> The Royal Navy operates a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Response_Force_Task_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Response Force Task Group">Response Force Task Group</a> (a product of the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review), which is poised to respond globally to short-notice tasking across a range of defence activities, such as non-combatant evacuation operations, disaster relief, humanitarian aid or amphibious operations. In 2011, the first deployment of the task group occurred under the name 'COUGAR 11' which saw them transit through the Mediterranean where they took part in multinational amphibious exercises before moving further east through the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suez_Canal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> for further exercises in the Indian Ocean.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-182">[177]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-183">[178]</a> In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persian_Gulf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, the RN sustains commitments in support of both national and coalition efforts to stabilise the region. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Kipion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Kipion">Operation Kipion</a> is the navy's primary activity in the Gulf region. The Royal Navy also contributes to the US-led <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combined_Maritime_Forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined Maritime Forces">Combined Maritime Forces</a> in the Gulf in partnership with the United States.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-184">[179]</a> The UK Maritime Component Commander, overseer of all of His Majesty's warships in the Persian Gulf and surrounding waters, is also deputy commander of the Combined Maritime Forces.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-185">[180]</a> The Royal Navy contributes to standing NATO formations and maintains forces as part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NATO_Response_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NATO Response Force">NATO Response Force</a>. The RN also has a long-standing commitment to supporting the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Five_Powers_Defence_Arrangements?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Powers Defence Arrangements">Five Powers Defence Arrangements</a> countries and occasionally deploys to the Far East as a result.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-186">[181]</a> This deployment typically consists of a frigate and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Echo-class_survey_ship_(2002)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Echo-class survey ship (2002)">survey vessel</a>, operating separately. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Atalanta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s anti-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piracy">piracy</a> operation in the Indian Ocean, is permanently commanded by a senior Royal Navy or Royal Marines officer at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northwood_Headquarters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northwood Headquarters">Northwood Headquarters</a> and the navy contributes ships to the operation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-187">[182]</a> From 2015, the Royal Navy also re-formed its UK Carrier Strike Group (UKCSG) after it was disbanded in 2011 due to the retirement of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(R07)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Ark Royal (R07)">HMS Ark Royal</a> and Harrier GR9s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NN-188">[183]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-SRNA-189">[184]</a> The Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers form the central part of this formation, supported by various escorts and support ships, with the aim to facilitate carrier-enabled power projection.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CEPP-190">[185]</a> The UKCSG first assembled at sea in October 2020 as part of a rehearsal for its first operational deployment in 2021.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-assemble-105">[100]</a> In 2019, the Royal Navy announced the formation of two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Littoral_Response_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Littoral Response Group">Littoral Response Groups</a> as part of a transformation of its amphibious forces. These <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forward_basing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward basing">forward-based</a> special operations-capable task groups were to be rapidly-deployable and able to carry out a range of tasks within the littoral, including raids and precision strikes. The first one, based in Europe, became operational in 2021, whilst the second was to be ready for deployment in the Indo-Pacific from 2023. They centred around the two navy amphibious assault ships, amphibious auxiliary ships from the Royal Fleet Auxiliary, elements from the Royal Marines and supporting units.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LRG1-191">[186]</a> However, in November 2024, with the government's decision to retire the Albion-class assault ships, the viability of these plans were brought into question.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-192">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Locations">Locations</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Locations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Royal_Navy_shore_establishments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Royal Navy shore establishments">List of Royal Navy shore establishments</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:HMNB_Clyde.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HMNB_Clyde.jpg/220px-HMNB_Clyde.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="792"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 272px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HMNB_Clyde.jpg/220px-HMNB_Clyde.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="272" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HMNB_Clyde.jpg/330px-HMNB_Clyde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HMNB_Clyde.jpg/440px-HMNB_Clyde.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMNB_Clyde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMNB Clyde">HMNB Clyde</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faslane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Faslane">Faslane</a>, home of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vanguard-class_submarine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vanguard-class submarine">Vanguard-class</a> submarines </figcaption> </figure> Historically the Navy had a number of geographical commands, each under a Commander-in-Chief, and often informally referred to as "stations." Over 300 years to 1971 these commands were repeatedly reduced in number, until they were merged into a single entity. The former stations of the Royal Navy included the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Indies_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Indies Station">East Indies Station</a> (1744–1831); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Indies_and_China_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Indies and China Station">East Indies and China Station</a> (1832–1865); East Indies Station (1865–1913); Egypt and East Indies Station (1913–1918); East Indies Station (1918–1941). In response to increased Japanese threats, the separate East Indies Station was merged with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="China Station">China Station</a> in December 1941, to form the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Fleet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Fleet">Eastern Fleet</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-193">[188]</a> Later the Eastern Fleet became the East Indies Fleet. In 1952, after the Second World War ended, the East Indies Fleet became the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Far_East_Fleet_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Far East Fleet (United Kingdom)">Far East Fleet</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-194">[189]</a> In 1971 the final merger into a single fleet took place with Far East Fleet disbanding into the larger single formation under the orders of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_Fleet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commander-in-Chief Fleet">Commander-in-Chief Fleet</a> (CINCFLEET).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-195">[190]</a> The Royal Navy currently operates from three bases in the United Kingdom where commissioned ships are based; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMNB_Portsmouth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMNB Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMNB_Clyde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMNB Clyde">Clyde</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMNB_Devonport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMNB Devonport">Devonport</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plymouth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>—Devonport is the largest operational naval base in the UK and Western Europe.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-196">[191]</a> Each base hosts a flotilla command under a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commodore_(RN)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodore (RN)">commodore</a>, responsible for the provision of operational capability using the ships and submarines within the flotilla. UK Commando Force is similarly commanded by a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brigadier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brigadier">brigadier</a> and based in Plymouth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-197">[192]</a> The Royal Navy has historically maintained <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy_Dockyards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Navy Dockyards">Royal Navy Dockyards</a> around the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-198">[193]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dockyard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dockyard">Dockyards</a> of the Royal Navy are harbours where ships are overhauled and refitted. Only four are operating today; at Devonport, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faslane_Naval_Base?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Faslane Naval Base">Faslane</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rosyth_Dockyard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rosyth Dockyard">Rosyth</a> and at Portsmouth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UKNDABlackham-199">[194]</a> A Naval Base Review was undertaken in 2006 and early 2007, the outcome being announced by Secretary of State for Defence, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Des_Browne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Des Browne">Des Browne</a>, confirming that all would remain however some reductions in manpower were anticipated.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-200">[195]</a> The academy where initial training for future Royal Navy officers takes place is Britannia Royal Naval College, located on a hill overlooking Dartmouth, Devon. Basic training for future <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naval_rating?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naval rating">ratings</a> takes place at HMS Raleigh at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torpoint?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Torpoint">Torpoint</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornwall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, close to HMNB Devonport.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-201">[196]</a> Significant numbers of naval personnel are employed within the Ministry of Defence, Defence Equipment and Support and on exchange with the Army and Royal Air Force. Small numbers are also on exchange within other government departments and with allied fleets, such as the United States Navy. The navy also posts personnel in small units around the world to support ongoing operations and maintain standing commitments. Nineteen personnel are stationed in Gibraltar to support the small <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gibraltar_Squadron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gibraltar Squadron">Gibraltar Squadron</a>, the RN's only permanent overseas squadron. Some personnel are also based at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Cove_Military_Port?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="East Cove Military Port">East Cove Military Port</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RAF_Mount_Pleasant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RAF Mount Pleasant">RAF Mount Pleasant</a> in the Falkland Islands to support APT(S). Small numbers of personnel are based in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diego_Garcia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a> (Naval Party 1002), Miami (NP 1011 – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AUTEC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="AUTEC">AUTEC</a>), Singapore (NP 1022), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dubai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> (NP 1023) and elsewhere.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-202">[197]</a> On 6 December 2014, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">Foreign and Commonwealth Office</a> announced it would expand the UK's naval facilities in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahrain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> to support larger Royal Navy ships deployed to the Persian Gulf. Once completed, it became the UK's first permanent military base located <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_of_Suez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East of Suez">East of Suez</a> since it withdrew from the region in 1971. The base is reportedly large enough to accommodate Type 45 destroyers and Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-203">[198]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-204">[199]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-205">[200]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Titles_and_naming">Titles and naming</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Titles and naming" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Of_the_Navy">Of the Navy</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Of the Navy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:HMS_Richmond_MOD_45155880.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/HMS_Richmond_MOD_45155880.jpg/220px-HMS_Richmond_MOD_45155880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1947" data-file-height="2514"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 284px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/HMS_Richmond_MOD_45155880.jpg/220px-HMS_Richmond_MOD_45155880.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="284" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/HMS_Richmond_MOD_45155880.jpg/330px-HMS_Richmond_MOD_45155880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/HMS_Richmond_MOD_45155880.jpg/440px-HMS_Richmond_MOD_45155880.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Type_23_frigate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Type 23 frigate">Type 23 frigates</a>, also known as "Duke class", are named after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_Kingdom" title="Duke">British dukes</a>. </figcaption> </figure> The navy was referred to as the "Navy Royal" at the time of its founding in 1546, and this title remained in use into the Stuart period. During the interregnum, the commonwealth under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> replaced many historical names and titles, with the fleet then referred to as the "Commonwealth Navy". The navy was renamed once again after the restoration in 1660 to the present title.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-206">[201]</a> Today, the navy of the United Kingdom is commonly referred to as the "Royal Navy" both in the United Kingdom and other countries. Navies of other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth_realm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commonwealth realm">where the British monarch is also head of state</a> include their national name, e.g. Royal Australian Navy. Some navies of other monarchies, such as the Koninklijke Marine (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Netherlands Navy">Royal Netherlands Navy</a>) and Kungliga Flottan (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Swedish Navy">Royal Swedish Navy</a>), are also called "Royal Navy" in their own language. The Danish Navy uses the term "Royal" incorporated in its official name (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Danish_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Danish Navy">Royal Danish Navy</a>), but only "Flåden" (Navy) in everyday speech.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-207">[202]</a> The French Navy, despite France being a republic since 1870, is often nicknamed "La Royale" (literally: The Royal).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-208">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Of_ships">Of ships</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Of ships" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ships of the Royal Navy">List of ships of the Royal Navy</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_active_Royal_Navy_ships?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of active Royal Navy ships">List of active Royal Navy ships</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naming_conventions_for_destroyers_of_the_Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naming conventions for destroyers of the Royal Navy">Naming conventions for destroyers of the Royal Navy</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Type_system_of_the_Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Type system of the Royal Navy">Type system of the Royal Navy</a> </div> Royal Navy ships in commission are prefixed since 1789 with His Majesty's Ship (or "Her Majesty's Ship", when the monarch is a queen), abbreviated to "HMS"; for example, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Beagle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Beagle">HMS Beagle</a>. Submarines are styled HM Submarine, also abbreviated "HMS". Names are allocated to ships and submarines by a naming committee within the MOD and given by class, with the names of ships within a class often being thematic (for example, the Type 23s are named after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_Kingdom" title="Duke">British dukes</a>) or traditional (for example, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Invincible-class_aircraft_carrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Invincible-class aircraft carrier">Invincible-class aircraft carriers</a> all carry the names of famous historic ships). Names are frequently re-used, offering a new ship the rich heritage, battle honours and traditions of her predecessors. Often, a particular vessel class will be named after the first ship of that type to be built. As well as a name, each ship and submarine of the Royal Navy and the Royal Fleet Auxiliary is given a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pennant_number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pennant number">pennant number</a> which in part denotes its role. For example, the destroyer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Daring_(D32)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Daring (D32)">HMS Daring (D32)</a> displays the pennant number 'D32'.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-209">[204]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Ranks,_rates_and_insignia">Ranks, rates and insignia</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ranks, rates and insignia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy_officer_rank_insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Navy officer rank insignia">Royal Navy officer rank insignia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy_other_rank_insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Navy other rank insignia">Royal Navy other rank insignia</a> </div> The Royal Navy ranks, rates and insignia form part of the uniform of the Royal Navy. The Royal Navy uniform is the pattern on which many of the uniforms of the other national navies of the world are based (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_NATO_navies_officers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranks and insignia of NATO navies officers">Ranks and insignia of NATO navies officers</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniforms of the United States Navy">Uniforms of the United States Navy</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniforms of the Royal Canadian Navy">Uniforms of the Royal Canadian Navy</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Uniforms" title="French Navy">French Naval Uniforms</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-210">[205]</a> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; text-align:center; padding:5px;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="14" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy_officer_rank_insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Navy officer rank insignia">Royal Navy officer rank insignia</a></th> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> <th width="12%"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_NATO_navies%27_officers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ranks and insignia of NATO navies' officers">NATO Code</a></th> <td width="7%">OF-10</td> <td width="7%">OF-9</td> <td width="7%">OF-8</td> <td width="7%">OF-7</td> <td width="7%">OF-6</td> <td width="8%">OF-5</td> <td width="8%">OF-4</td> <td width="8%">OF-3</td> <td width="8%">OF-2</td> <td width="14%" colspan="3">OF-1</td> <td width="7%"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Officer_candidate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Officer candidate">OF(D)</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/UK-Navy-OFD.svg/70px-UK-Navy-OFD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="84" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="120"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 70px;height: 84px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/UK-Navy-OFD.svg/70px-UK-Navy-OFD.svg.png" data-width="70" data-height="84" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/UK-Navy-OFD.svg/105px-UK-Navy-OFD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/UK-Navy-OFD.svg/140px-UK-Navy-OFD.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:British_Royal_Navy_OF-Student.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/British_Royal_Navy_OF-Student.svg/50px-British_Royal_Navy_OF-Student.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="59"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 32px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/British_Royal_Navy_OF-Student.svg/50px-British_Royal_Navy_OF-Student.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="32" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/British_Royal_Navy_OF-Student.svg/75px-British_Royal_Navy_OF-Student.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/British_Royal_Navy_OF-Student.svg/100px-British_Royal_Navy_OF-Student.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Rank Title:</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)">Admiral of the Fleet</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-211">[206]</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Admiral_(Royal_Navy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Admiral (Royal Navy)">Admiral</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vice_Admiral_(Royal_Navy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral (Royal Navy)">Vice admiral</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rear_admiral_(Royal_Navy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rear admiral (Royal Navy)">Rear admiral</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commodore_(Royal_Navy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commodore (Royal Navy)">Commodore</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Captain (Royal Navy)">Captain</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commander_(Royal_Navy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commander (Royal Navy)">Commander</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(Royal_Navy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lieutenant commander (Royal Navy)">Lieutenant commander</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lieutenant (navy)">Lieutenant</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sub-lieutenant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sub-lieutenant">Sub-lieutenant</a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Midshipman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Midshipman">Midshipman</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Officer_Cadet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer Cadet">Officer Cadet</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Abbreviation:</th> <td>Adm. of the Fleet<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mrafhon-212">[nb 6]</a></td> <td>Adm</td> <td>VAdm</td> <td>RAdm</td> <td>Cdre</td> <td>Capt</td> <td>Cdr</td> <td>Lt Cdr</td> <td>Lt</td> <td>Sub Lt / SLt</td> <td colspan="2">Mid</td> <td>OC</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div style="overflow:auto"> <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; text-align:center; padding:5px;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="8" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy_other_rank_insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Navy other rank insignia">Royal Navy other rank insignia</a></th> </tr> <tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> <th style="width:10%;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_NATO_navies_enlisted?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ranks and insignia of NATO navies enlisted">NATO Code</a></th> <td>OR-9</td> <td>OR-8</td> <td>OR-7</td> <td>OR-6</td> <td>OR-5</td> <td>OR-4</td> <td>OR-2</td> </tr> <tr> <th> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="His Majesty's Naval Service">United Kingdom</a> Rank Insignia (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Royal_Navy_Other_Ranks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Royal Navy Other Ranks">View</a>)</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:British_Royal_Navy_OR-9.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/British_Royal_Navy_OR-7.svg/60px-British_Royal_Navy_OR-7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/British_Royal_Navy_OR-7.svg/60px-British_Royal_Navy_OR-7.svg.png" data-width="60" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/British_Royal_Navy_OR-7.svg/90px-British_Royal_Navy_OR-7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/British_Royal_Navy_OR-7.svg/120px-British_Royal_Navy_OR-7.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:British_Royal_Navy_OR-6.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/British_Royal_Navy_OR-6.svg/60px-British_Royal_Navy_OR-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/British_Royal_Navy_OR-6.svg/60px-British_Royal_Navy_OR-6.svg.png" data-width="60" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/British_Royal_Navy_OR-6.svg/90px-British_Royal_Navy_OR-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/British_Royal_Navy_OR-6.svg/120px-British_Royal_Navy_OR-6.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:British_Royal_Navy_OR-4.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/British_Royal_Navy_OR-4.svg/60px-British_Royal_Navy_OR-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/British_Royal_Navy_OR-4.svg/60px-British_Royal_Navy_OR-4.svg.png" data-width="60" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/British_Royal_Navy_OR-4.svg/90px-British_Royal_Navy_OR-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/British_Royal_Navy_OR-4.svg/120px-British_Royal_Navy_OR-4.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:British_Royal_Navy_OR-2.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/British_Royal_Navy_OR-2.svg/60px-British_Royal_Navy_OR-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 60px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/British_Royal_Navy_OR-2.svg/60px-British_Royal_Navy_OR-2.svg.png" data-width="60" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/British_Royal_Navy_OR-2.svg/90px-British_Royal_Navy_OR-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/British_Royal_Navy_OR-2.svg/120px-British_Royal_Navy_OR-2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Rank Title:</th> <td style="width:15%;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Royal_Navy" title="Warrant officer (United Kingdom)">Warrant Officer 1</a></td> <td style="width:15%;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Royal_Navy" title="Warrant officer (United Kingdom)">Warrant Officer 2</a></td> <td style="width:15%;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_Petty_Officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Petty Officer">Chief Petty Officer</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="width:15%;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petty_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_Kingdom" title="Petty officer">Petty Officer</a></td> <td style="width:15%;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leading_Rating?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading Rating">Leading Rating</a></td> <td style="width:15%;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Able_seaman_(rank)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Able seaman (rank)">Able Rating</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Abbreviation:</th> <td>WO1</td> <td>WO2<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-213">[a]</a></td> <td>CPO</td> <td colspan="2">PO</td> <td>LH</td> <td>AB</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> 1 Rank in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abeyance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abeyance">abeyance</a> – routine appointments no longer made to this rank, though honorary awards of this rank are occasionally made to senior members of the Royal family and prominent former First Sea Lords. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Customs_and_traditions">Customs and traditions</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=40&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Customs and traditions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Customs_and_traditions_of_the_Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Customs and traditions of the Royal Navy">Customs and traditions of the Royal Navy</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Elizabeth_II_v_pd.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8f/Elizabeth_II_v_pd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="210"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 210px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8f/Elizabeth_II_v_pd.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="210" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> and Admiral Sir Alan West during a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleet_review_(Commonwealth_realms)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet review (Commonwealth realms)">Fleet Review</a> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Traditions">Traditions</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=41&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Traditions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Royal Navy has several formal customs and traditions including the use of ensigns and ships badges. Royal Navy ships have several ensigns used when under way and when in port. Commissioned ships and submarines wear the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_Ensign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White Ensign">White Ensign</a> at the stern whilst alongside during daylight hours and at the main-mast whilst under way. When alongside, the Union Jack is flown from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jackstaff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jackstaff">jackstaff</a> at the bow, and can only be flown under way either to signal a court-martial is in progress or to indicate the presence of an admiral of the fleet on-board (including the Lord High Admiral or the monarch).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-214">[207]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleet_Review,_Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Review, Royal Navy">Fleet Review</a> is an irregular tradition of assembling the fleet before the monarch. The first review on record was held in 1400, and the most recent review as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DRoyal_Navy%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a> was held on 28 June 2005 to mark the bi-centenary of the Battle of Trafalgar; 167 ships from many different nations attended with the Royal Navy supplying 67.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-215">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id=""Jackspeak"">"Jackspeak"</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=42&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: "Jackspeak"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are several less formal traditions including service nicknames and Naval slang, known as "Jackspeak".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-216">[209]</a> The nicknames include "The Andrew" (of uncertain origin, possibly after a zealous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Impressment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Impressment">press ganger</a>)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-217">[210]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-218">[211]</a> and "The Senior Service".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-jackspeak-219">[212]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-220">[213]</a> British sailors are referred to as "Jack" (or "Jenny"), or more widely as "Matelots". Royal Marines are fondly known as "Bootnecks" or often just as "Royals". A compendium of Naval slang was brought together by Commander <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A.T.L._Covey-Crump?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A.T.L. Covey-Crump">A.T.L. Covey-Crump</a> and his name has in itself become the subject of Naval slang; Covey-Crump.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-jackspeak-219">[212]</a> A game traditionally played by the Navy is the four-player board game known as "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uckers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uckers">Uckers</a>". This is similar to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludo_(board_game)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludo (board game)">Ludo</a> and it is regarded as easy to learn, but difficult to play well.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-221">[214]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Navy_cadets">Navy cadets</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=43&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Navy cadets" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> The Royal Navy sponsors or supports three youth organisations: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volunteer_Cadet_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volunteer Cadet Corps">Volunteer Cadet Corps</a> – consisting of Royal Naval Volunteer Cadet Corps and Royal Marines Volunteer Cadet Corps, the VCC was the first youth organisation officially supported or sponsored by the Admiralty in 1901.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-222">[215]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combined_Cadet_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Combined Cadet Force">Combined Cadet Force</a> – in schools, specifically the Royal Navy Section and the Royal Marines Section.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-223">[216]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sea_Cadet_Corps_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Cadet Corps (United Kingdom)">Sea Cadets</a> – supporting teenagers who are interested in naval matters, consisting of the Sea Cadets and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Marines_Cadets?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Marines Cadets">Royal Marines Cadets</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-224">[217]</a></li> </ul> The above organisations are the responsibility of the CUY branch of Commander Core Training and Recruiting (COMCORE) who reports to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flag_Officer_Sea_Training_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag Officer Sea Training (United Kingdom)">Flag Officer Sea Training</a> (FOST).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-225">[218]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=44&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: In popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nautical_fiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical fiction</a> </div> The Royal Navy of the 18th century is depicted in many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty_(novel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mutiny on the Bounty (novel)">novels</a> and several films dramatising the voyage and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mutiny on the Bounty">mutiny on the Bounty</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-226">[219]</a> The Royal Navy's Napoleonic campaigns of the early 19th century are also a popular subject of historical novels. Some of the best-known are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrick_O%27Brian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patrick O'Brian">Patrick O'Brian</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aubrey-Maturin_series?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aubrey-Maturin series">Aubrey-Maturin series</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-227">[220]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C._S._Forester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="C. S. Forester">C. S. Forester</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horatio_Hornblower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horatio Hornblower">Horatio Hornblower</a> chronicles.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-228">[221]</a> The Navy can also be seen in numerous films. The fictional spy <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Bond_(literary_character)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Bond (literary character)">James Bond</a> is a sometimes commander in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Naval_Volunteer_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve">Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve</a> (RNVR).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-229">[222]</a> The Royal Navy is featured in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Loved_Me_(film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Spy Who Loved Me (film)">The Spy Who Loved Me</a>, when a nuclear ballistic-missile submarine is stolen,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-230">[223]</a> and in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tomorrow_Never_Dies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tomorrow Never Dies">Tomorrow Never Dies</a> when the media mogul Elliot Carver sinks a Royal Navy warship in an attempt to trigger a war between the UK and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-231">[224]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Master_and_Commander:_The_Far_Side_of_the_World?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World">Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World</a> was based on Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey-Maturin series.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-232">[225]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pirates of the Caribbean">Pirates of the Caribbean</a> series of films also includes the Navy as the force pursuing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">eponymous pirates</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-233">[226]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a> directed and starred in his own film <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/In_Which_We_Serve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="In Which We Serve">In Which We Serve</a>, which tells the story of the crew of the fictional HMS Torrin during the Second World War. It was intended as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_propaganda_during_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British propaganda during World War II">propaganda</a> film and was released in 1942. Coward starred as the ship's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Captain_(naval)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Captain (naval)">captain</a>, with supporting roles from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Mills?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Mills">John Mills</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Attenborough?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-234">[227]</a> The Navy can also be seen in another James Bond film, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Golden_Gun_(film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Man with the Golden Gun (film)">The Man with the Golden Gun</a>; here they are inside the wreck of the RMS Queen Elizabeth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-235">[228]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-236">[229]</a> C. S. Forester's Hornblower novels have been <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hornblower_(TV_series)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hornblower (TV series)">adapted for television</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-237">[230]</a> The Royal Navy was the subject of the 1970s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC">BBC</a> television drama series, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warship_(1973_TV_series)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warship (1973 TV series)">Warship</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-238">[231]</a> and of a five-part documentary, Shipmates, that followed the workings of the Royal Navy day to day.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-239">[232]</a> Television documentaries about the Royal Navy include: Empire of the Seas: How the Navy Forged the Modern World, a four-part documentary depicting Britain's rise as a naval superpower, up until the First World War;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-240">[233]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sailor_(TV_series)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sailor (TV series)">Sailor</a>, about life on the aircraft carrier <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(R09)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HMS Ark Royal (R09)">HMS Ark Royal</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-241">[234]</a> and Submarine, about the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Submarine_Command_Course?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Submarine Command Course">submarine captains' training course</a>, 'The Perisher'.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-242">[235]</a> There have also been <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Channel_5_(British_TV_channel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Channel 5 (British TV channel)">Channel 5</a> documentaries such as Royal Navy Submarine Mission, following a nuclear-powered fleet submarine.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-243">[236]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Light_Programme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Light Programme">BBC Light Programme</a> radio comedy series <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Navy_Lark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Navy Lark">The Navy Lark</a> featured a fictitious warship ("HMS Troutbridge") and ran from 1959 to 1977.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BBC_Comedy:_The_Navy_Lark-244">[237]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=45&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_ship_names_of_the_Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of ship names of the Royal Navy">List of ship names of the Royal Navy</a> (a full historical list)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_naval_vessels_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of naval vessels of the United Kingdom">List of naval vessels of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Admiralty_floating_docks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Admiralty floating docks">List of Admiralty floating docks</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_equipment_in_the_Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of equipment in the Royal Navy">List of equipment in the Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibliography_of_18th%E2%80%9319th_century_Royal_Naval_history?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibliography of 18th–19th century Royal Naval history">Bibliography of 18th–19th century Royal Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of wars involving the United Kingdom">List of wars involving the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Coastguard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="His Majesty's Coastguard">His Majesty's Coastguard</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_British_Legion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal British Legion">Royal British Legion</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Hospital_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Hospital School">Royal Hospital School</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Naval_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Naval Association">Royal Naval Association</a></li> <li>"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rule,_Britannia!?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rule, Britannia!">Rule, Britannia!</a>", song</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allan_Grimson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allan Grimson">Allan Grimson</a>, killer of sailors in the navy dubbed "The Royal Navy's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dennis_Nilsen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dennis Nilsen">Dennis Nilsen</a>"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-245">[238]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-246">[239]</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=46&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> The Royal Navy served the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a>, as the Commonwealth Navy, 1644–1651</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> Since April 2013, Ministry of Defence publications no longer report the entire strength of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regular_Reserve_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regular Reserve (United Kingdom)">Regular Reserve</a>; instead, only Regular Reserves serving under a fixed-term reserve contract are counted. These contracts are similar in nature to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maritime_Reserve_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maritime Reserve (United Kingdom)">Maritime Reserve</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> In Royal Navy parlance, "commissioned ships" invariably refers to both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Submarines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarines">submarines</a> and surface ships. Non-commissioned ships operated by or in support of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="His Majesty's Naval Service">His Majesty's Naval Service</a> are not included.</li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tnone"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:English_White_Ensign_1620.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/English_White_Ensign_1620.svg/100px-English_White_Ensign_1620.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="660"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 61px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/English_White_Ensign_1620.svg/100px-English_White_Ensign_1620.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="100" data-height="61" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/English_White_Ensign_1620.svg/150px-English_White_Ensign_1620.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/English_White_Ensign_1620.svg/200px-English_White_Ensign_1620.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> 1630–1707 </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Scottish_Red_Ensign.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Scottish_Red_Ensign.svg/100px-Scottish_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 67px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Scottish_Red_Ensign.svg/100px-Scottish_Red_Ensign.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="100" data-height="67" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Scottish_Red_Ensign.svg/150px-Scottish_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Scottish_Red_Ensign.svg/200px-Scottish_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Middle Ages – 1707 </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_(1707%E2%80%931800).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/100px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="560"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 56px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/100px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="100" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/150px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/200px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> 1707–1800 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"> <div class="thumb tmulti tnone"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Flag_of_England.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/100px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 60px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/100px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="100" data-height="60" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/150px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/200px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> 1545–1606 </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Flag_of_Scotland_(1542%E2%80%932003,_sky_blue).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 60px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="100" data-height="60" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Middle Ages – 1606 </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 50px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="100" data-height="50" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> 1606–1800 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></li> <li id="cite_note-mrafhon-212"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mrafhon_212-0">^</a> The rank of Admiral of the Fleet has become an honorary/posthumous rank, war time rank; ceremonial rank; regular appointments ended in 1995.</li> </ol> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-213">^</a> This rank was phased out in 2014 but re-instated in 2021</li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=47&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-a-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-a_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTittlerJones2008" class="citation book cs1">Tittler, Robert; Jones, Norman L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DF9_3ktSGOEwC%26q%3Dtudor%2Bnavy%2Bcalled%2Bnavy%2Broyal%26pg%3DPA193">A Companion to Tudor Britain</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 193. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405137409?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405137409"><bdi>978-1405137409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Tudor+Britain&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1405137409&rft.aulast=Tittler&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jones%2C+Norman+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF9_3ktSGOEwC%26q%3Dtudor%2Bnavy%2Bcalled%2Bnavy%2Broyal%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-stats-3">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-stats_3-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-stats_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/quarterly-service-personnel-statistics-2024/quarterly-service-personnel-statistics-1-january-2024">"Quarterly service personnel statistics 1 January 2024"</a>. GOV.UK. Retrieved 12 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Quarterly+service+personnel+statistics+1+January+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fstatistics%2Fquarterly-service-personnel-statistics-2024%2Fquarterly-service-personnel-statistics-1-january-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2020/august/03/200803-hms-trent-departs-on-her-first-deployment">"HMS Trent departs on her first deployment"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HMS+Trent+departs+on+her+first+deployment&rft.pub=Royal+Navy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalnavy.mod.uk%2Fnews-and-latest-activity%2Fnews%2F2020%2Faugust%2F03%2F200803-hms-trent-departs-on-her-first-deployment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-HC4upgraded-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HC4upgraded_7-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-question/Commons/2015-02-25/225369/">Military Aircraft: Written question – 225369 (House of Commons Hansard)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826233641/http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-question/Commons/2015-02-25/225369/">Archived</a> 26 August 2016 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, parliament.uk, March 2015</li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2020/august/17/200817-700x-three-new-flights">"Navy's drone experts 700X NAS ready to deploy on warships"</a>. Royal Navy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Navy&rft.atitle=Navy%27s+drone+experts+700X+NAS+ready+to+deploy+on+warships&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalnavy.mod.uk%2Fnews-and-latest-activity%2Fnews%2F2020%2Faugust%2F17%2F200817-700x-three-new-flights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/our-organisation/the-fighting-arms/fleet-air-arm/support-and-training/705-naval-air-squadron">"705 Naval Air Squadron"</a>. Royal Navy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Navy&rft.atitle=705+Naval+Air+Squadron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalnavy.mod.uk%2Four-organisation%2Fthe-fighting-arms%2Ffleet-air-arm%2Fsupport-and-training%2F705-naval-air-squadron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> Rose, Power at Sea, p. 36</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> Hyde-Price, European Security, pp. 105–106.</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911235404/http://henryjacksonsociety.org/2006/11/04/the-royal-navy-britains-trident-for-a-global-agenda/">"The Royal Navy: Britain's Trident for a Global Agenda"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry Jackson Society">Henry Jackson Society</a>. 4 November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://henryjacksonsociety.org/2006/11/04/the-royal-navy-britains-trident-for-a-global-agenda/">the original</a> on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2006. <q>Britannia, with her shield and trident, is the very symbol, not only of the Royal Navy, but also of British global power. In the last instance, the Royal Navy is the United Kingdom's greatest strategic asset and instrument. As the only other 'blue-water' navy other than those of France and the United States, its ballistic missile submarines carry the nation's nuclear deterrent and its aircraft carriers and escorting naval squadrons supply London with a deep oceanic power projection capability, which enables Britain to maintain a 'forward presence' globally, and the ability to influence events tactically throughout the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy%3A+Britain%27s+Trident+for+a+Global+Agenda&rft.pub=Henry+Jackson+Society&rft.date=2006-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhenryjacksonsociety.org%2F2006%2F11%2F04%2Fthe-royal-navy-britains-trident-for-a-global-agenda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2007" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, James C (2007). The Anglosphere Challenge: Why the English-speaking Nations Will Lead the Way in the Twenty-first Century. United States: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 286. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742533332?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742533332"><bdi>978-0742533332</bdi></a>. <q>...the United States and the United Kingdom have the world's two best world-spanning blue-water navies... with the French being the only other candidate... and China being the most likely competitor in the long term</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglosphere+Challenge%3A+Why+the+English-speaking+Nations+Will+Lead+the+Way+in+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0742533332&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=James+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/what-we-do/preventing-conflict">"What we do"</a>. Royal Navy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230225720/https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/what-we-do/preventing-conflict">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+we+do&rft.pub=Royal+Navy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalnavy.mod.uk%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fpreventing-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624143506/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3655">"Joint operations"</a>. Royal Navy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3655">the original</a> on 24 June 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+operations&rft.pub=Royal+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalnavy.mod.uk%2Fserver%2Fshow%2Fnav.3655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609235304/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3689">"Core Capabilities"</a>. Royal Navy. 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Retrieved 7 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Core+Capabilities&rft.pub=Royal+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalnavy.mod.uk%2Fserver%2Fshow%2Fnav.3689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-auto-19">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-auto_19-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-auto_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds2009" class="citation book cs1">Childs, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DnwLSAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1546%2Bnavy%2Broyal%26pg%3DPA298">Tudor Sea Power: The Foundation of Greatness</a>. Seaforth Publishing. p. 298. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473819924?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1473819924"><bdi>978-1473819924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tudor+Sea+Power%3A+The+Foundation+of+Greatness&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Seaforth+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1473819924&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnwLSAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1546%2Bnavy%2Broyal%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodger1998" class="citation book cs1">Rodger, N.A.M. 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Murdoch, The Terror of the Seas?: Scottish Maritime Warfare, 1513–1713 (Leiden: Brill, 2010), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-18568-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-18568-2">90-04-18568-2</a>, p. 10.</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> Rodger, Safeguard, pp. 52–53, 117–130.</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirthSebo2020" class="citation journal cs1">Firth, Matthew; Sebo, Erin (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1095-9270.12421">"Kingship and Maritime Power in 10th-Century England"</a>. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 49 (2): 329–340. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020IJNAr..49..329F">2020IJNAr..49..329F</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252F1095-9270.12421">10.1111/1095-9270.12421</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-9270">1095-9270</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225372506">225372506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Kingship+and+Maritime+Power+in+10th-Century+England&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=329-340&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1095-9270.12421&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225372506%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1095-9270&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020IJNAr..49..329F&rft.aulast=Firth&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Sebo%2C+Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2F1095-9270.12421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> Swanton, p. 138.</li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a> Swanton, pp. 154–165, 160–172.</li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2015" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, Charles (2015). 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Volume One 660–1649 (London: Harper, 1997) pp. 74–90.</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> Rodger, Safeguard, pp. 221–237.</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> Rodger, Safeguard, pp. 238–253, 281–286, 292–296.</li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> Rodger, Safeguard, pp. 379–394, 482.</li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> John Barratt, 2006, Cromwell's Wars at Sea. Barnsley, South Yorkshire; Pen & Sword; pp.</li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> Rodger, Command, pp. 2–3, 216–217, 607.</li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerrick1806" class="citation web cs1">Derrick, Charles (1806). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D3CoVAAAAQAAJ%26q%3DCharles%2BII%2BRoyal%2BNavy%26pg%3DPA82">"Memoirs of the rise and progress of the Royal Navy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230123/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id%3D3CoVAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA82%26lpg%3DPA82%26dq%3DCharles%2BII%2BRoyal%2BNavy%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3D27fSLeUXFx%26sig%3DjEWt_1yZLomGC6JIK89HflZ5n-Q%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjupMTMhLLYAhViLsAKHU6vDzY4ChDoAQhVMAk">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2017. 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Its place was taken by the Union Jack and the red, white, or blue ensign, from the canton of which the St George's Cross was removed, to be replaced by the combined crosses of the Union Jack.'</li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> Rodger, Command, p. 608.</li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> Rodger, Command, pp. 291–311, 408–425, 473–476, 484–488.</li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison1965" class="citation book cs1">Morison, Samuel Eliot (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221276825">The Oxford history of the American people</a>. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 173-174. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134200450?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781134200450"><bdi>9781134200450</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%2C+Technology+and+Seapower%3A+Royal+Navy+Crisis+in+the+Age+of+Palmerston&rft.pages=173-174&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781134200450&rft.au=Howard+J.+Fuller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColomb,_F.S.S.,_F.R.G.S.,_and_Fellow_Royal_Colonial_Institute1880" class="citation book cs1">Colomb, F.S.S., F.R.G.S., and Fellow Royal Colonial Institute, Captain J. C. R. (1880). DEFENCE OF GREAT AND GREATER BRITAIN. 55, Charing Cross, London S.W.: Edward Stanford. Pages 60 to 63, CHAPTER III. COLONIAL DEFENCE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DEFENCE+OF+GREAT+AND+GREATER+BRITAIN&rft.place=55%2C+Charing+Cross%2C+London+S.W.&rft.pages=Pages+60+to+63%2C+CHAPTER+III.+COLONIAL+DEFENCE.&rft.pub=Edward+Stanford&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Colomb%2C+F.S.S.%2C+F.R.G.S.%2C+and+Fellow+Royal+Colonial+Institute&rft.aufirst=Captain+J.+C.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColomb,_F.S.S.,_F.R.G.S.,_and_Fellow_Royal_Colonial_Institute1880" class="citation book cs1">Colomb, F.S.S., F.R.G.S., and Fellow Royal Colonial Institute, Captain J. 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History Extra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054023/https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/how-did-britain-come-to-rule-the-waves/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+did+Britain+come+to+rule+the+waves%3F&rft.pub=History+Extra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyextra.com%2Fperiod%2Fgeorgian%2Fhow-did-britain-come-to-rule-the-waves%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">^</a> Sondhaus, p. 161.</li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2017" class="citation cs2">Brown, Paul (January 2017), "Building Dreadnought", Ships Monthly: 24–27</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ships+Monthly&rft.atitle=Building+Dreadnought&rft.pages=24-27&rft.date=2017-01&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner2005" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Zara (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/86068902">The lights that failed : European international history, 1919–1933</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-151881-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-151881-2"><bdi>978-0-19-151881-2</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/86068902">86068902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lights+that+failed+%3A+European+international+history%2C+1919%E2%80%931933&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F86068902&rft.isbn=978-0-19-151881-2&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Zara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F86068902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowitt1865" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Howitt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Howitt">Howitt, William</a> (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DtsANAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA332">"Voyages of Captains Wickham, Fitzroy, and Stokes, in the Beagle, round the Australian Coasts, from 1837 to 1843"</a>. 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London: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Longman,_Green,_Longman,_Roberts_and_Green?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green">Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green</a>. p. 332.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Voyages+of+Captains+Wickham%2C+Fitzroy%2C+and+Stokes%2C+in+the+Beagle%2C+round+the+Australian+Coasts%2C+from+1837+to+1843&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Discovery+in+Australia%2C+Tasmania%2C+and+New+Zealand%3A+From+the+Earliest+Date+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=London&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Green%2C+Longman%2C+Roberts+and+Green&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Howitt&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtsANAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Franklin1837-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Franklin1837_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin1837" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin, Benjamin</a> (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DvVc-AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA124">The works of Benjamin Franklin</a>. 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Scott of the Antarctic: A Life of Courage, and Tragedy in the Extreme South. London: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HarperCollins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. 409. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0007150687?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0007150687"><bdi>978-0007150687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scott+of+the+Antarctic%3A+A+Life+of+Courage%2C+and+Tragedy+in+the+Extreme+South&rft.place=London&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0007150687&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1999" class="citation book cs1">Rice, A. 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London: UCL Press. pp. 27–48. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-705-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-705-9"><bdi>978-1-85728-705-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Challenger+Expedition&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Oceans%3A+Marine+Science+in+the+Wake+of+HMS+Challenger&rft.place=London&rft.pages=27-48&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-705-9&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">^</a> Geoffrey Bennett, "The Battle of Jutland" History Today (June 1960) 10#6 pp 395–405.</li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DVlTmHeEYgxsC%26q%3Dbattle%2Bof%2Bjutland%2Bgermany%2Bwanted%2Baccess%2Bto%2Bthe%2Batlantic%26pg%3DPA94">"Distant Victory: The Battle of Jutland and the Allied Triumph in the First World War, p. xciv"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Distant+Victory%3A+The+Battle+of+Jutland+and+the+Allied+Triumph+in+the+First+World+War%2C+p.+xciv&rft.date=2006-07&rft.isbn=9780275990732&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVlTmHeEYgxsC%26q%3Dbattle%2Bof%2Bjutland%2Bgermany%2Bwanted%2Baccess%2Bto%2Bthe%2Batlantic%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2013" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Max (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/828893101">Catastrophe 1914 : Europe goes to war</a>. New York. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59705-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59705-2"><bdi>978-0-307-59705-2</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/828893101">828893101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catastrophe+1914+%3A+Europe+goes+to+war&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828893101&rft.isbn=978-0-307-59705-2&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F828893101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuchman1994" class="citation book cs1">Tuchman, Barbara W. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30087894">The guns of August</a>. New York: Ballantine. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-38623-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-38623-X"><bdi>0-345-38623-X</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30087894">30087894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+guns+of+August&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30087894&rft.isbn=0-345-38623-X&rft.aulast=Tuchman&rft.aufirst=Barbara+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F30087894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/sinking-german-cruiser-konigsberg/">"Sinking the German cruiser Konigsberg"</a>. 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New York: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HarperCollins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-433427-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-433427-9"><bdi>0-06-433427-9</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24780171">24780171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+times+%3A+the+world+from+the+twenties+to+the+nineties&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Rev&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24780171&rft.isbn=0-06-433427-9&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F24780171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/naval-conference">"The Washington Naval Conference, 1921–1922"</a>. Office of the historian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229003632/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/naval-conference">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Washington+Naval+Conference%2C+1921%E2%80%931922&rft.pub=Office+of+the+historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1921-1936%2Fnaval-conference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">^</a> Morris (1979), p. 453</li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonaldYeoman2016" class="citation web cs1">MacDonald, Hamish; Yeoman, Louise (20 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-38340159">"Respectful rebels: The Invergordon Mutiny and Granny's MI5 file"</a>. BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028222824/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-38340159">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Respectful+rebels%3A+The+Invergordon+Mutiny+and+Granny%27s+MI5+file&rft.date=2016-12-20&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Hamish&rft.au=Yeoman%2C+Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-highlands-islands-38340159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham2019" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, Douglas A. 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Retrieved 11 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Admirals+thrown+to+sharks+as+%27top-heavy%27+navy+tries+to+cut+costs&rft.issn=0140-0460&rft.aulast=Ripley&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fadmirals-thrown-to-sharks-as-top-heavy-navy-tries-to-cut-costs-bhwm5d856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.forces.net/news/royal-navy-cut-back-senior-personnel">"Royal Navy To Cut Back On Senior Personnel"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forces+Network&rft.atitle=Royal+Navy+To+Cut+Back+On+Senior+Personnel&rft.date=2019-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forces.net%2Fnews%2Froyal-navy-cut-back-senior-personnel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/our-organisation/the-fighting-arms/surface-fleet/aircraft-carriers/hms-queen-elizabeth">"HMS Queen Elizabeth"</a>. royalnavy.mod.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207111030/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/our-organisation/the-fighting-arms/surface-fleet/aircraft-carriers/hms-queen-elizabeth">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HMS+Queen+Elizabeth&rft.pub=royalnavy.mod.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalnavy.mod.uk%2Four-organisation%2Fthe-fighting-arms%2Fsurface-fleet%2Faircraft-carriers%2Fhms-queen-elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.overtdefense.com/2020/06/25/hms-queen-elizabeth-successfully-completes-operational-sea-training/">"HMS Queen Elizabeth Successfully Completes Operational Sea Training"</a>. Overt Defense. 25 June 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Overt+Defense&rft.atitle=HMS+Queen+Elizabeth+Successfully+Completes+Operational+Sea+Training&rft.date=2020-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.overtdefense.com%2F2020%2F06%2F25%2Fhms-queen-elizabeth-successfully-completes-operational-sea-training%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/10/royal-navy-declares-aircraft-carrier-hms-prince-of-wales-operational/">"Royal Navy Declares Aircraft Carrier HMS Prince of Wales Operational"</a>. 2 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Navy+Declares+Aircraft+Carrier+HMS+Prince+of+Wales+Operational&rft.date=2021-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navalnews.com%2Fnaval-news%2F2021%2F10%2Froyal-navy-declares-aircraft-carrier-hms-prince-of-wales-operational%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-40402153">"Queen Elizabeth Due To Set Sail From Rosyth today"</a>. BBC News. 26 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626061807/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-40402153">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Queen+Elizabeth+Due+To+Set+Sail+From+Rosyth+today&rft.date=2017-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-40402153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-facts-102"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-facts_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.aircraftcarrieralliance.co.uk/~/media/Files/A/Aircraft-Carrier-Alliance-V2/documents/key-facts-v2.pdf">"Key facts about the Queen Elizabeth Class"</a> (PDF). Aircraft Carrier Alliance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728173319/http://www.aircraftcarrieralliance.co.uk/~/media/Files/A/Aircraft-Carrier-Alliance-V2/documents/key-facts-v2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+facts+about+the+Queen+Elizabeth+Class&rft.pub=Aircraft+Carrier+Alliance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aircraftcarrieralliance.co.uk%2F~%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2FA%2FAircraft-Carrier-Alliance-V2%2Fdocuments%2Fkey-facts-v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2016/january/13/160113-hms-prince-of-wales-iconic-structure-installed">"Iconic structure is installed on HMS Prince of Wales"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702112402/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2016/january/13/160113-hms-prince-of-wales-iconic-structure-installed">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2017. 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The Telegraph. 9 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051449/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/09/royal-navy-arrives-british-virgin-islands-bringing-much-needed/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Royal+Navy+arrives+in+British+Virgin+Islands+bringing+much-needed+aid+to+the+Hurricane+Irma-ravaged+territory&rft.date=2017-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2017%2F09%2F09%2Froyal-navy-arrives-british-virgin-islands-bringing-much-needed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2024" class="citation web cs1">Allison, George (19 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/hms-bulwark-unlikely-to-return-to-sea-unless-needed/">"HMS Bulwark unlikely to return to sea 'unless needed'"</a>. 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Flight Global. 10 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230225914/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/uk-mod-begins-training-helicopter-acquisition-403559/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+MoD+begins+training+helicopter+acquisition&rft.pub=Flight+Global&rft.date=2014-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fuk-mod-begins-training-helicopter-acquisition-403559%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/royalmarines/">Royal Marines home page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606065440/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/royalmarines">Archived</a> 6 June 2013 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on Royal Navy website</li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/our-organisation/the-fighting-arms/royal-marines">"Royal Marines"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 June 2022. <q>The Royal Navy utilise HM Naval Base Gibraltar</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=What+Do+They+Know&rft.atitle=%22FOI%28A%29+regarding+British+Forces+Gibraltar%22&rft.date=2021-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whatdotheyknow.com%2Frequest%2F745642%2Fresponse%2F1782914%2Fattach%2F3%2F202105%2520FOI2021%252003836%2520Zacchi.pdf%3Fcookie_passthrough%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Gibdock2-167"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gibdock2_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/operations/mediterranean-and-black-sea/gibraltar-squadron">"Gibraltar Squadron"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 September 2020. <q>In response to your request, I can advise you that the title Flag Officer Sea Training will cease to exist on 1 May 2020 and is replaced by the 1* post of Commander Fleet Operational Sea Training</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whatdotheyknow.com&rft.atitle=Who+is+the+new+Flag+Officer+Sea+Training&rft.date=2020-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whatdotheyknow.com%2Frequest%2F657879%2Fresponse%2F1564086%2Fattach%2F2%2F2020%252004357%2520Davis%2520Response.pdf%3Fcookie_passthrough%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/About-the-Royal-Navy/Organisation/Senior-Naval-Staff">"Senior Naval Staff"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417165105/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/About-the-Royal-Navy/Organisation/Senior-Naval-Staff">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2014. 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Ministry of Defence. 12 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105022921/https://www.gov.uk/defence-intelligence-services">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2014. 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Mod.uk (20 February 2007). Retrieved on 18 September 2011.</li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/operations/operations-in-the-gulf/index.htm">Operations in the Gulf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208103640/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/operations/operations-in-the-gulf/index.htm">Archived</a> 8 February 2011 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Royal Navy. 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Royal Navy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917124100/https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/our-organisation/where-we-are/training-establishments/hms-raleigh/history">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2017. 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BBC News. 6 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124233435/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-30355953">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UK+to+establish+%C2%A315m+permanent+Mid+East+military+base&rft.date=2014-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-30355953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702074143/http://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/sites/default/files/ORGDec14EastSuezWestHelmand_0.pdf">"East of Suez, West from Helmand: British Expeditionary Force and the next SDSR"</a> (PDF). Oxford Research Group. December 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/sites/default/files/ORGDec14EastSuezWestHelmand_0.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+of+Suez%2C+West+from+Helmand%3A+British+Expeditionary+Force+and+the+next+SDSR&rft.pub=Oxford+Research+Group&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FORGDec14EastSuezWestHelmand_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLean2017" class="citation web cs1">McLean, Samuel A. (4 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.globalmaritimehistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Samuel_McLean_Westminster_Model_Navy_4May_2016.pdf">"The Westminster Model Navy: Defining the Royal Navy, 1660-1749"</a> (PDF). Department of War Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Westminster+Model+Navy%3A+Defining+the+Royal+Navy%2C+1660-1749&rft.pub=Department+of+War+Studies&rft.date=2017-05-04&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Samuel+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalmaritimehistory.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F07%2FSamuel_McLean_Westminster_Model_Navy_4May_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-207">^</a> most books on the subject of the Royal Danish Navy</li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandier2006" class="citation book cs1">Randier, Jean (2006). La Royale : L'histoire illustrée de la Marine Nationale française. 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Royal Navy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913114641/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Destroyers/Type-45-Destroyers/HMS-Daring">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HMS+Daring&rft.pub=Royal+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalnavy.mod.uk%2FThe-Fleet%2FShips%2FDestroyers%2FType-45-Destroyers%2FHMS-Daring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/biographies/France/Navy/c_Captains1.html">"The French Navy and the Men Who Commanded It: Captains Who Served in the French Navy during the period 1791–1815"</a>. Napoleon Series. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107211759/http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/biographies/France/Navy/c_Captains1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+French+Navy+and+the+Men+Who+Commanded+It%3A+Captains+Who+Served+in+the+French+Navy+during+the+period+1791%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Napoleon+Series&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon-series.org%2Fresearch%2Fbiographies%2FFrance%2FNavy%2Fc_Captains1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-211">^</a> Shown with cipher of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elizabeth_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609111311/https://www.fotw.info/flags/gb-use.html%23sea">"Use of the Union Jack at Sea"</a>. Flags of the World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gb-use.html%23sea">the original</a> on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Use+of+the+Union+Jack+at+Sea&rft.pub=Flags+of+the+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotw.info%2Fflags%2Fgb-use.html%23sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629111416/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article537597.ece">"French top gun at Fleet Review"</a>. The Times. London. 26 June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article537597.ece">the original</a> on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=French+top+gun+at+Fleet+Review&rft.date=2005-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Farticle537597.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127000829/http://www.gunplot.net/main/content/jack-speak-sailors-dictionary">"Sailors' Dictionary"</a>. Gun Plot. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gunplot.net/main/content/jack-speak-sailors-dictionary">the original</a> on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sailors%27+Dictionary&rft.pub=Gun+Plot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gunplot.net%2Fmain%2Fcontent%2Fjack-speak-sailors-dictionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Admiralty Manual of Seamanship. HMSO. 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Admiralty+Manual+of+Seamanship&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629230746/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.17840">"FAQs; Royal Navy's nickname"</a>. National Maritime Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.17840">the original</a> on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQs%3B+Royal+Navy%27s+nickname&rft.pub=National+Maritime+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmm.ac.uk%2Fserver%2Fshow%2FconWebDoc.17840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-jackspeak-219">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-jackspeak_219-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-jackspeak_219-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolly2000" class="citation book cs1">Jolly, Rick (2000). Jackspeak. Maritime Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9514305-2-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-9514305-2-1"><bdi>0-9514305-2-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jackspeak&rft.pub=Maritime+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9514305-2-1&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702221448/http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3804">"Naval Slang"</a>. Royal Navy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3804">the original</a> on 2 July 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naval+Slang&rft.pub=Royal+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal-navy.mod.uk%2Fserver%2Fshow%2Fnav.3804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.uckers.co.uk/how2play.htm">"The Basic Rules of Uckers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213041503/http://www.uckers.co.uk/how2play.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Basic+Rules+of+Uckers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uckers.co.uk%2Fhow2play.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://volunteercadetcorps.org/history/">"History"</a>. Volunteer Cadet Corps. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230234953/https://volunteercadetcorps.org/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Volunteer+Cadet+Corps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolunteercadetcorps.org%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://combinedcadetforce.org.uk/about-the-ccf/sections/royal-navy">"Royal Navy"</a>. Combined Cadet Force. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230629/https://combinedcadetforce.org.uk/about-the-ccf/sections/royal-navy">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Navy&rft.pub=Combined+Cadet+Force&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcombinedcadetforce.org.uk%2Fabout-the-ccf%2Fsections%2Froyal-navy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sea-cadets.org/history">"History"</a>. Sea Cadets. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230417/https://www.sea-cadets.org/history">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2017. 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MOD, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328182516/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/our-organisation/where-we-are/navy-command-hq/fost">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Navy&rft.atitle=FOST+Royal+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalnavy.mod.uk%2Four-organisation%2Fwhere-we-are%2Fnavy-command-hq%2Ffost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0056264/">Mutiny on the Bounty</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavery2003" class="citation book cs1">Lavery, Brian (2003). Jack Aubrey Commands: An Historical Companion to the Naval World of Patrick O'Brian. Conway Maritime. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-946-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-946-8"><bdi>0-85177-946-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jack+Aubrey+Commands%3A+An+Historical+Companion+to+the+Naval+World+of+Patrick+O%27Brian&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-85177-946-8&rft.aulast=Lavery&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/explore/horatio-hornblower">"Horatio Hornblower"</a>. National Maritime Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216070046/http://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/explore/horatio-hornblower">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horatio+Hornblower&rft.pub=National+Maritime+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmg.co.uk%2Fdiscover%2Fexplore%2Fhoratio-hornblower&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://uk.ign.com/articles/2012/10/24/25-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-james-bond">"25 things you probably didn't know about James Bond"</a>. IGN. 24 October 2012. 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South China Morning Post. 27 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=When+James+Bond+star+Roger+Moore+came+to+Hong+Kong+in+1974&rft.date=2024-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Farticle%2F3260567%2Fjames-bond-hong-kong-roger-moore-arrives-city-1974-film-scenes-man-golden-gun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiron2020" class="citation web cs1">Hiron, Richard (5 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://whatculture.com/film/20-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-man-with-the-golden-gun-1974?page%3D9">"20 Things You Didn't Know About The Man With The Golden Gun (1974)"</a>. WhatCulture.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WhatCulture.com&rft.atitle=20+Things+You+Didn%27t+Know+About+The+Man+With+The+Golden+Gun+%281974%29&rft.date=2020-09-05&rft.aulast=Hiron&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhatculture.com%2Ffilm%2F20-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-man-with-the-golden-gun-1974%3Fpage%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-237">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0129686/">Hornblower: The Even Chance</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0139806/">"Warship"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warship&rft.pub=IMDB&rft.date=1973-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0139806%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2005/11/15/shipmates_feature.shtml">"Devon Shipmates on TV"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060303111403/http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2005/11/15/shipmates_feature.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2006. Retrieved 19 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Devon+Shipmates+on+TV&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdevon%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2005%2F11%2F15%2Fshipmates_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00q3l9k">"Empire of the Seas: How the Navy Forged the Modern World"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110045619/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00q3l9k">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Empire+of+the+Seas%3A+How+the+Navy+Forged+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb00q3l9k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3Dve2HVVamMl4">"Sailor"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/YouTube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 11 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107052407/http://www.youtube.com//watch?v%3Dve2HVVamMl4">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2010. 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BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409232922/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00bfvkd">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Radio+4+Extra&rft.atitle=The+Navy+Lark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb00bfvkd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/crime-monthly/20201201/281599538051110">"Who is the December Twelfth Killer?"</a>. 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BookRix. p. 210. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783748796350?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9783748796350"><bdi>9783748796350</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+100+Deadliest+British+Serial+Killers&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=BookRix&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9783748796350&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Mason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=48&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChet2014" class="citation book cs1">Chet, Guy (2014). The Ocean is a Wilderness: Atlantic Piracy and the Limits of State Authority, 1688–1856. University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1625340856?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1625340856"><bdi>978-1625340856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ocean+is+a+Wilderness%3A+Atlantic+Piracy+and+the+Limits+of+State+Authority%2C+1688%E2%80%931856&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1625340856&rft.aulast=Chet&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015. McFarland & Co Inc. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786474707?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786474707"><bdi>978-0786474707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co+Inc&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0786474707&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimes2012" class="citation book cs1">Grimes, Shawn T. (2012). Strategy and War Planning in the British Navy, 1887–1918. Boydell. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846158179?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846158179"><bdi>978-1846158179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategy+and+War+Planning+in+the+British+Navy%2C+1887%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Boydell&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1846158179&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=Shawn+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2005" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Richard (2005). The Royal Navy 1930–2000: Innovation and Defence. Frank Cass. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0203337684?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0203337684"><bdi>978-0203337684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy+1930%E2%80%932000%3A+Innovation+and+Defence&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0203337684&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2003" class="citation book cs1">Howard, David Armine (2003). 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Farewell the Trumpets. Penguin Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140049282?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140049282"><bdi>978-0140049282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farewell+the+Trumpets&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0140049282&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2001" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Arthur (2001). The Tudor navy: the ships, men and organisation, 1485–1603. 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Naval Warfare, 1815–1914. New York: Routledge. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415214780?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415214780"><bdi>978-0415214780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Warfare%2C+1815%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0415214780&rft.aulast=Sondhaus&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2015" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, Charles (2015). Medieval Maritime Wartime. 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The Last Century of Sea Power: From Washington to Tokyo, 1922–1945. Vol. 2. Indiana University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253353597?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253353597"><bdi>978-0253353597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Century+of+Sea+Power%3A+From+Washington+to+Tokyo%2C+1922%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0253353597&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Ben (2013). Empire of the Deep: the rise and fall of the British Navy. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297864080?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297864080"><bdi>978-0297864080</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+the+Deep%3A+the+rise+and+fall+of+the+British+Navy&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0297864080&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinfield2007" class="citation book cs1">Winfield, R. (2007). British Warships of the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844157006?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844157006"><bdi>978-1844157006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Warships+of+the+Age+of+Sail+1714%E2%80%931792%3A+Design%2C+Construction%2C+Careers+and+Fates&rft.pub=Seaforth&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1844157006&rft.aulast=Winfield&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Royal_Navy&action=edit&section=49&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenbow2018" class="citation thesis cs1">Benbow, Tim (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/52886757/Tim_Benbow_Royal_Navy_and_Sea_Power_in_British_strategy_1945_55_archive_version">The Royal Navy and Sea Power in British Strategy, 1945–55</a> (pdf) (Thesis). Vol. 91 (online scan ed.). King's College London. pp. 375–398.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Royal+Navy+and+Sea+Power+in+British+Strategy%2C+1945%E2%80%9355&rft.inst=King%27s+College+London&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Benbow&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkclpure.kcl.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Ffiles%2F52886757%2FTim_Benbow_Royal_Navy_and_Sea_Power_in_British_strategy_1945_55_archive_version&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownMoore2012" class="citation book cs1">Brown, D. K.; Moore, George (2012). Rebuilding the Royal Navy: Warship Design Since 1945. Seaforth. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848321502?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848321502"><bdi>978-1848321502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebuilding+the+Royal+Navy%3A+Warship+Design+Since+1945&rft.pub=Seaforth&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1848321502&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=D.+K.&rft.au=Moore%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Clark, Stephen M., Dieu Hack-Polay, and P. Matthijs Bal. "Social Mobility and Promotion of Officers to Senior Ranks in the Royal Navy: Meritocracy or Class Ceiling?" Armed Forces & Society (2020): 0095327X20905118 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output%3Dinstlink%26q%3Dinfo:xB_OtNlzL0kJ:scholar.google.com/%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D1,27%26as_ylo%3D2017%26scillfp%3D13562321896885700274%26oi%3Dlle">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817004752/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output%3Dinstlink%26q%3Dinfo%253AxB_OtNlzL0kJ%253Ascholar.google.com%252F%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D1%252C27%26as_ylo%3D2017%26scillfp%3D13562321896885700274%26oi%3Dlle">Archived</a> 17 August 2021 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Crimmin, Patricia K. "The Supply of Timber for the Royal Navy, c. 1803–c. 1830." The Naval Miscellany (Routledge, 2020) pp. 191–234.</li> <li>Glaser, Darrell, and Ahmed Rahman. "Between the Dockyard and the Deep Blue Sea: Retention and Personnel Economics in the Royal Navy." (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/232789/1/dp14037.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Harding, Richard. "The royal navy, history and the study of leadership." in Naval Leadership in the Atlantic World: The Age of Reform and Revolution, 1700–1850 (2017): 9+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.uwestminsterpress.co.uk/site/chapters/10.16997/book2.b/download/1455/">online</a>.</li> <li>Houlberg, Kristian, Jane Wickenden, and Dennis Freshwater. "Five centuries of medical contributions from the Royal Navy." Clinical Medicine 19.1 (2019): 22+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6399651/">online</a></li> <li>Kennedy, Paul. The rise and fall of British naval mastery (Penguin UK, 2017).</li> <li>LeJacq, Seth Stein. "Escaping court martial for sodomy: Prosecution and its alternatives in the Royal Navy, 1690–1840." International Journal of Maritime History 33.1 (2021): 16–36.</li> <li>Lincoln, Margarette. Representing the Royal Navy: British Sea Power, 1750–1815 (Routledge, 2017).</li> <li>Neufeld, Matthew. "The biopolitics of manning the Royal Navy in late Stuart England." Journal of British Studies 56.3 (2017): 506–531.</li> <li>Roberts, Hannah. The WRNS in wartime: the Women's Royal Naval Service 1917–1945 (IB Tauris, 2018)</li> <li>Seligmann, Matthew S. "A Service Ready for Total War? The State of the Royal Navy in July 1914." English Historical Review 133.560 (2018): 98–122. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://academic.oup.com/ehr/article-pdf/133/560/98/24421502/cey060.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Underwood, Patrick, Steven Pfaff, and Michael Hechter. "Threat, Deterrence, and Penal Severity: An Analysis of Flogging in the Royal Navy, 1740–1820." Social Science History 42.3 (2018): 411–439.</li> <li>Wilson, Evan. "Particular skills: Warrant officers in the Royal Navy, 1775–1815." in A new naval history (Manchester University Press, 2018).</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="clowes1" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Laird_Clowes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Laird Clowes">Clowes, William Laird</a>; Markham, Clements Robert, Sir.; Mahan, Alfred Thayer; Wilson, Herbert Wrigley (1897–1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/royalnavyhistory01clow">The Royal Navy, a history from the earliest times to present</a>. Vol. I. London : Samson Low, Marston, Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy%2C+a+history+from+the+earliest+times+to+present&rft.pub=London+%3A+Samson+Low%2C+Marston%2C+Co.&rft.date=1897%2F1903&rft.aulast=Clowes&rft.aufirst=William+Laird&rft.au=Markham%2C+Clements+Robert%2C+Sir.&rft.au=Mahan%2C+Alfred+Thayer&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Herbert+Wrigley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froyalnavyhistory01clow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="clowes2" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Laird_Clowes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Laird Clowes">Clowes, William Laird</a>; Markham, Clements Robert, Sir.; Mahan, Alfred Thayer; Wilson, Herbert Wrigley (1897–1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/royalnavy02clow">The Royal Navy, a history from the earliest times to present</a>. Vol. II. London : Samson Low, Marston, Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy%2C+a+history+from+the+earliest+times+to+present&rft.pub=London+%3A+Samson+Low%2C+Marston%2C+Co.&rft.date=1897%2F1903&rft.aulast=Clowes&rft.aufirst=William+Laird&rft.au=Markham%2C+Clements+Robert%2C+Sir.&rft.au=Mahan%2C+Alfred+Thayer&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Herbert+Wrigley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froyalnavy02clow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="clowes3" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Laird_Clowes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Laird Clowes">Clowes, William Laird</a>; Markham, Clements Robert, Sir.; Mahan, Alfred Thayer; Wilson, Herbert Wrigley (1897–1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/royalnavyhistor03clow">The Royal Navy, a history from the earliest times to present</a>. Vol. III. London : Samson Low, Marston, Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy%2C+a+history+from+the+earliest+times+to+present&rft.pub=London+%3A+Samson+Low%2C+Marston%2C+Co.&rft.date=1897%2F1903&rft.aulast=Clowes&rft.aufirst=William+Laird&rft.au=Markham%2C+Clements+Robert%2C+Sir.&rft.au=Mahan%2C+Alfred+Thayer&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Herbert+Wrigley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froyalnavyhistor03clow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="clowes4" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Laird_Clowes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Laird Clowes">Clowes, William Laird</a>; Markham, Clements Robert, Sir.; Mahan, Alfred Thayer; Wilson, Herbert Wrigley (1897–1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/royalnavyhistory04clow/page/n7/mode/2up">The Royal Navy, a history from the earliest times to present</a>. Vol. IV. London : Samson Low, Marston, Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy%2C+a+history+from+the+earliest+times+to+present&rft.pub=London+%3A+Samson+Low%2C+Marston%2C+Co.&rft.date=1897%2F1903&rft.aulast=Clowes&rft.aufirst=William+Laird&rft.au=Markham%2C+Clements+Robert%2C+Sir.&rft.au=Mahan%2C+Alfred+Thayer&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Herbert+Wrigley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froyalnavyhistory04clow%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="clowes5" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Laird_Clowes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Laird Clowes">Clowes, William Laird</a>; Markham, Clements Robert, Sir.; Mahan, Alfred Thayer; Wilson, Herbert Wrigley (1897–1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/royalnavyhistory05clow">The Royal Navy, a history from the earliest times to present</a>. Vol. V. London : Samson Low, Marston, Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy%2C+a+history+from+the+earliest+times+to+present&rft.pub=London+%3A+Samson+Low%2C+Marston%2C+Co.&rft.date=1897%2F1903&rft.aulast=Clowes&rft.aufirst=William+Laird&rft.au=Markham%2C+Clements+Robert%2C+Sir.&rft.au=Mahan%2C+Alfred+Thayer&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Herbert+Wrigley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froyalnavyhistory05clow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="clowes6" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Laird_Clowes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Laird Clowes">Clowes, William Laird</a>; Markham, Clements Robert, Sir.; Mahan, Alfred Thayer; Wilson, Herbert Wrigley (1897–1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/royalnavy06clow">The Royal Navy, a history from the earliest times to present</a>. Vol. VI. London : Samson Low, Marston, Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy%2C+a+history+from+the+earliest+times+to+present&rft.pub=London+%3A+Samson+Low%2C+Marston%2C+Co.&rft.date=1897%2F1903&rft.aulast=Clowes&rft.aufirst=William+Laird&rft.au=Markham%2C+Clements+Robert%2C+Sir.&rft.au=Mahan%2C+Alfred+Thayer&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Herbert+Wrigley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froyalnavy06clow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Navy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimms2008" class="citation book cs1">Simms, Brendan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/threevictoriesan00simm">Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire</a>. 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%2580%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC_%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258C%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B9%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%2580" title="রাজকীয় নৌবাহিনী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাজকীয় নৌবাহিনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%259E%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596_%25D1%2584%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582_%25D0%2592%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D1%2596" title="Каралеўскі ваенна-марскі флот Вялікабрытаніі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каралеўскі ваенна-марскі флот Вялікабрытаніі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8_(%25D0%2592%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F)" title="Кралски военноморски сили (Великобритания) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кралски военноморски сили (Великобритания)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Royal Navy" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Royal Navy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britsk%25C3%25A9_kr%25C3%25A1lovsk%25C3%25A9_n%25C3%25A1mo%25C5%2599nictvo" title="Britské královské námořnictvo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Britské královské námořnictvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Llynges_Frenhinol" title="Y Llynges Frenhinol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Llynges Frenhinol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Royal Navy" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Royal Navy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurbritannia_kuninglik_merev%25C3%25A4gi" title="Suurbritannia kuninglik merevägi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suurbritannia kuninglik merevägi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2592%25CE%25B1%25CF%2583%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CF%258C_%25CE%259D%25CE%25B1%25CF%2585%25CF%2584%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CF%258C_(%25CE%2597%25CE%25BD%25CF%2589%25CE%25BC%25CE%25AD%25CE%25BD%25CE%25BF_%25CE%2592%25CE%25B1%25CF%2583%25CE%25AF%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B5%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BF)" title="Βασιλικό Ναυτικό (Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασιλικό Ναυτικό (Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Real_brit%25C3%25A1nica" title="Marina Real británica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marina Real británica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%25C4%259Da_Mararmeo_(Britio)" title="Reĝa Mararmeo (Britio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝa Mararmeo (Britio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Royal Navy" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%258C_%25D9%25BE%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7" title="نیروی دریایی پادشاهی بریتانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروی دریایی پادشاهی بریتانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royal Navy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Royal Navy" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2598%2581%25EA%25B5%25AD_%25EC%2599%2595%25EB%25A6%25BD_%25ED%2595%25B4%25EA%25B5%25B0" title="영국 왕립 해군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국 왕립 해군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2589%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25B2_%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A5%2580" title="रॉयल नेवी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रॉयल नेवी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanska_kraljevska_ratna_mornarica" title="Britanska kraljevska ratna mornarica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Britanska kraljevska ratna mornarica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Laut_Britania_Raya" title="Angkatan Laut Britania Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Angkatan Laut Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konunglegi_breski_sj%25C3%25B3herinn" title="Konunglegi breski sjóherinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Konunglegi breski sjóherinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Royal Navy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%25A6%25D7%2599_%25D7%2594%25D7%259E%25D7%259C%25D7%259B%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA%25D7%2599_%25D7%2594%25D7%2591%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2598%25D7%2599" title="הצי המלכותי הבריטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הצי המלכותי הבריטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%259D_%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2598" title="სამეფო ფლოტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამეფო ფლოტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D9%258E%25D9%2584_%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25DB%258C" title="رایَل نیوی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رایَل نیوی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Classis_Britannica" title="Regia Classis Britannica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regia Classis Britannica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Kir%25C3%25A1lyi_Haditenger%25C3%25A9szet" title="Brit Királyi Haditengerészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brit Királyi Haditengerészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0" title="Кралска воена морнарица – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кралска воена морнарица" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2589%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25B2_%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A5%2580" title="रॉयल नेव्ही – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रॉयल नेव्ही" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentera_Laut_Diraja" title="Tentera Laut Diraja – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tentera Laut Diraja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Royal Navy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2582%25AE%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2582%25B9%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E8%25BB%258D" title="イギリス海軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリス海軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Royal Navy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Royal Navy" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Royal Navy" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25DB%2581%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25DB%2581" title="شاہی بحریہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شاہی بحریہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Royal Navy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinha_Real_Brit%25C3%25A2nica" title="Marinha Real Britânica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marinha Real Britânica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Regal%25C4%2583_Britanic%25C4%2583" title="Marina Regală Britanică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marina Regală Britanică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE-%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9_%25D1%2584%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582_%25D0%2592%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8" title="Королевский военно-морской флот Великобритании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевский военно-морской флот Великобритании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryal_Navy" title="Ryal Navy – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ryal Navy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25B6%25E0%25B7%258A%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25AD%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%258A%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B6%25BA_%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25A2%25E0%25B6%259A%25E0%25B7%2593%25E0%25B6%25BA_%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B7%2580%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%259A_%25E0%25B7%2584%25E0%25B6%25B8%25E0%25B7%2594%25E0%25B6%25AF%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B7%2580" title="බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Royal Navy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Royal Navy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljeva_vojna_mornarica" title="Kraljeva vojna mornarica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kraljeva vojna mornarica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2599%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0" title="Краљевска ратна морнарица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краљевска ратна морнарица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2585%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%259A_%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AE%25B1%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%2588" title="அரச கடற்படை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரச கடற்படை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25B5" title="ราชนาวี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชนาวี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li 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