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class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hop_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hop (disambiguation)">Hop</a>.</div> Hops are the <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> (also called seed cones or <a href="/wiki/Strobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Strobile">strobiles</a>) of the hop plant <a href="/wiki/Humulus_lupulus" title="Humulus lupulus">Humulus lupulus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> a member of the <a href="/wiki/Cannabaceae" title="Cannabaceae">Cannabaceae</a> family of flowering plants.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> They are used primarily as a bittering, flavouring, and stability agent in <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, to which, in addition to bitterness, they impart floral, fruity, or citrus flavours and aromas.<a href="#cite_note-schon-3">[3]</a> Hops are also used for various purposes in other beverages and <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">herbal medicine</a>. The hops plants have separate female and male plants, and only female plants are used for commercial production.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The hop plant is a vigorous climbing herbaceous <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a>, usually trained to grow up strings in a field called a hopfield, hop garden (in the South of England), or hop yard (in the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a> and United States) when grown commercially. Many different varieties of hops are grown by farmers around the world, with different types used for particular styles of beer. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg/250px-Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg/330px-Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg/500px-Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></a><figcaption>Hop flower in a hop yard in the <a href="/wiki/Hallertau" title="Hallertau">Hallertau</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross-section_of_hop_cone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cross-section_of_hop_cone.svg/220px-Cross-section_of_hop_cone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cross-section_of_hop_cone.svg/330px-Cross-section_of_hop_cone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cross-section_of_hop_cone.svg/440px-Cross-section_of_hop_cone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="812"></a><figcaption>Cross-section drawing of a hop</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hops_on_the_Yakima_Reservation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Full grown hops bines." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hops_on_the_Yakima_Reservation.jpg/330px-Hops_on_the_Yakima_Reservation.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hops_on_the_Yakima_Reservation.jpg/500px-Hops_on_the_Yakima_Reservation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hops_on_the_Yakima_Reservation.jpg/960px-Hops_on_the_Yakima_Reservation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2257" data-file-height="1612"></a><figcaption>Fully grown <a href="/wiki/Vine#Twining_vines" title="Vine">hops bines</a> ready for harvest on the <a href="/wiki/Yakama_Indian_Reservation" title="Yakama Indian Reservation">Yakama Indian Reservation</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decorative_Hops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Decorative_Hops.jpg/250px-Decorative_Hops.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Decorative_Hops.jpg/330px-Decorative_Hops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Decorative_Hops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="631"></a><figcaption>Humulus on a house</figcaption></figure> The first documented use of hops in beer is from the 9th century, though <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a>, 300 years later, is often cited as the earliest documented source.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Before this period, brewers used a "<a href="/wiki/Gruit" title="Gruit">gruit</a>", composed of a wide variety of bitter herbs and flowers, including <a href="/wiki/Dandelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandelion">dandelion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burdock_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Burdock root">burdock root</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calendula" title="Calendula">marigold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_horehound" class="mw-redirect" title="Common horehound">horehound</a> (the old German name for horehound, Berghopfen, means "mountain hops"), <a href="/wiki/Ground_ivy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground ivy">ground ivy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calluna" title="Calluna">heather</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Early documents include mention of a hop garden in the will of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s father, <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Hops are also used in brewing for their <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibacterial</a> effect over less desirable <a href="/wiki/Microorganisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Microorganisms">microorganisms</a> and for purported benefits including balancing the sweetness of the <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bitterness_(taste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitterness (taste)">bitterness</a> and a variety of flavours and aromas.<a href="#cite_note-schon-3">[3]</a> It is believed that traditional herb combinations for beers were abandoned after it was noticed that beers made with hops were less prone to spoilage.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#World_production">2 World production</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Cultivation_and_harvest">2.1 Cultivation and harvest</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Migrant_labor_and_social_impact">2.2 Migrant labor and social impact</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Chemical_composition">3 Chemical composition</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Alpha_acids">3.1 Alpha acids</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Beta_acids">3.2 Beta acids</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Essential_oils">3.3 Essential oils</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Flavonoids">3.4 Flavonoids</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Brewing">4 Brewing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Varieties">5 Varieties</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Breeding_programmes">5.1 Breeding programmes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Noble_hops">5.2 Noble hops</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Other_uses">6 Other uses</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Toxicity">7 Toxicity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Fiction">8 Fiction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The first documented hop cultivation was in 736, in the <a href="/wiki/Hallertau" title="Hallertau">Hallertau</a> region of present-day Germany.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In 768, hop gardens were left to the Cloister of Saint-Denis in a will of <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a>, the father of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The first mention of hops being used in German brewing was in 1079.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Not until the 13th century did hops begin to start threatening the use of <a href="/wiki/Gruit" title="Gruit">gruit</a> for flavouring. Gruit was used when the nobility levied taxes on hops. Whichever was taxed made the brewer then quickly switch to the other.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In Britain, hopped beer was first imported from Holland around 1400, yet hops were condemned as late as 1519 as a "wicked and pernicious weed".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In Germany, using hops was also a religious and political choice in the early 16th century. There was no tax on hops to be paid to the Catholic church, unlike on gruit. For this reason the Protestants preferred hopped beer.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Hops used in England were imported from France, Holland and Germany and were subject to <a href="/wiki/Import_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Import duty">import duty</a>; it was not until 1524 that hops were first grown in the southeast of England (<a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>), when they were introduced as an agricultural crop by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> farmers. Consequently, many words used in the hop industry derive from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch language</a>. Hops were then grown as far north as <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, near breweries for convenience of infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tusser" title="Thomas Tusser">Thomas Tusser</a>'s 1557 Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry: <blockquote><div class="poem"> The hop for his profit I thus do exalt, It strengtheneth drink and it flavored malt; And being well-brewed long kept it will last, And drawing abide, if ye draw not too fast.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> </div></blockquote> In England there were many complaints over the quality of imported hops, the sacks of which were often contaminated by stalks, sand or straw to increase their weight. As a result, in 1603, King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> approved an Act of Parliament banning the practice by which "the Subjects of this Realm have been of late years abused &c. to the Value of £20,000 yearly, besides the Danger of their Healths".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Hop cultivation was begun in the present-day United States in 1629 by English and Dutch farmers.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Before <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">prohibition</a>, cultivation was mainly centred around New York, California, Oregon, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a>. Problems with <a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">powdery mildew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">downy mildew</a> devastated New York's production by the 1920s, and California only produces hops on a small scale.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="World_production">World production</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World production" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Hops production is concentrated in moist temperate climates, with much of the world's production occurring near the <a href="/wiki/48th_parallel_north" title="48th parallel north">48th parallel north</a>. Hop plants prefer the same soils as potatoes and the leading potato-growing states in the United States are also major hops-producing areas.<a href="#cite_note-peicanada.com-20">[20]</a> Not all potato-growing areas can produce good hops naturally, however: for example, soils in the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Provinces">Maritime Provinces</a> of Canada lack the <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> that hops prefer.<a href="#cite_note-peicanada.com-20">[20]</a> Historically, hops were not grown in Ireland, but were imported from England. In 1752 more than 500 <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a> of English hops were imported through Dublin alone.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Important production centres today are the <a href="/wiki/Hallertau" title="Hallertau">Hallertau</a> in Germany,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> the <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDatec" title="Žatec">Žatec</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saaz_hops" title="Saaz hops">Saaz</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yakima_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakima River Valley">Yakima</a> (<a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Willamette_Valley" title="Willamette Valley">Willamette</a> (Oregon) valleys, and western Canyon County, Idaho (including the communities of <a href="/wiki/Parma,_Idaho" title="Parma, Idaho">Parma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilder,_Idaho" title="Wilder, Idaho">Wilder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenleaf,_Idaho" title="Greenleaf, Idaho">Greenleaf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Notus,_Idaho" title="Notus, Idaho">Notus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The principal production centres in the UK are in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> (which produces Kent Goldings hops), <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Essentially all of the harvested hops are used in beer making.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yakima-Valley-Hop-Yard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Yakima-Valley-Hop-Yard.jpg/250px-Yakima-Valley-Hop-Yard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Yakima-Valley-Hop-Yard.jpg/250px-Yakima-Valley-Hop-Yard.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Yakima-Valley-Hop-Yard.jpg/330px-Yakima-Valley-Hop-Yard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Yakima-Valley-Hop-Yard.jpg/500px-Yakima-Valley-Hop-Yard.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Early season hop growth in a hop yard in the <a href="/wiki/Yakima_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakima River Valley">Yakima River Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Adams_(Washington)" title="Mount Adams (Washington)">Mount Adams</a> in the distance</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hop producing country</th> <th>2020 hop output in <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> (t)<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>United States</td> <td style="text-align:right;">47,541 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany</td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,878 </td></tr> <tr> <td>China</td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,044 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Czech Republic</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,925 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poland</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,417 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovenia</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,723 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australia</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,714 </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Zealand</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,250 </td></tr> <tr> <td>UK/England</td> <td style="text-align:right;">924 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spain</td> <td style="text-align:right;">908 </td></tr> <tr> <td>France</td> <td style="text-align:right;">767 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivation_and_harvest">Cultivation and harvest</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cultivation and harvest" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chmelnice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chmelnice.jpg/250px-Chmelnice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chmelnice.jpg/250px-Chmelnice.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chmelnice.jpg/330px-Chmelnice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chmelnice.jpg/500px-Chmelnice.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A superstructure of overhead wires supports strings that in turn support <a href="/wiki/Bine_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bine (botany)">bines</a>.</figcaption></figure> Although hops are grown in most of the continental United States and Canada,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> cultivation of hops for commercial production requires a particular environment. As hops are a climbing plant, they are trained to grow up trellises made from strings or wires that support the plants and allow them significantly greater growth with the same sunlight profile. In this way, energy that would have been required to build structural cells is also freed for crop growth.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The hop plant's <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">reproduction</a> method is that male and female flowers develop on separate plants, although occasionally a fertile individual will develop which contains both male and female flowers.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Because pollinated seeds are undesirable for brewing beer, only female plants are grown in hop fields, thus preventing pollination. Female plants are propagated <a href="/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction" title="Vegetative reproduction">vegetatively</a>, and male plants are culled if plants are grown from seeds.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Hop plants are planted in rows about 2 to 2.5 metres (7 to 8 ft) apart. Each spring, the roots send forth new <a href="/wiki/Bine_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bine (botany)">bines</a> that are started up strings from the ground to an overhead trellis. The cones grow high on the bine, and in the past, these cones were picked by hand. Harvesting of hops became much more efficient with the invention of the mechanical hops separator, patented by <a href="/wiki/Emil_Clemens_Horst" title="Emil Clemens Horst">Emil Clemens Horst</a> in 1909.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Hops are harvested at the end of summer.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The bines are cut down, separated, and then dried in an <a href="/wiki/Oast_house" title="Oast house">oast house</a> to reduce moisture content. To be dried, the hops are spread out on the upper floor of the oast house and heated by heating units on the lower floor. The dried hops are then compressed into bales by a <a href="/wiki/Baler" title="Baler">baler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Hop cones contain different oils, such as lupulin, a yellowish, waxy substance, an <a href="/wiki/Oleoresin" title="Oleoresin">oleoresin</a>, that imparts flavour and aroma to beer.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Lupulin contains <a href="/wiki/Lupulone" title="Lupulone">lupulone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humulone" title="Humulone">humulone</a>, which possess antibiotic properties, suppressing bacterial growth favoring brewer's yeast to grow. After lupulin has been extracted in the brewing process the papery cones are discarded. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migrant_labor_and_social_impact">Migrant labor and social impact</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Migrant labor and social impact" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kratky,_Frantisek_-_Sklizen_chmele_(ca_1898).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kratky%2C_Frantisek_-_Sklizen_chmele_%28ca_1898%29.jpg/250px-Kratky%2C_Frantisek_-_Sklizen_chmele_%28ca_1898%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="358"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kratky%2C_Frantisek_-_Sklizen_chmele_%28ca_1898%29.jpg/250px-Kratky%2C_Frantisek_-_Sklizen_chmele_%28ca_1898%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kratky%2C_Frantisek_-_Sklizen_chmele_%28ca_1898%29.jpg/330px-Kratky%2C_Frantisek_-_Sklizen_chmele_%28ca_1898%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kratky%2C_Frantisek_-_Sklizen_chmele_%28ca_1898%29.jpg/500px-Kratky%2C_Frantisek_-_Sklizen_chmele_%28ca_1898%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hops harvest in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a> (1898)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NMA.0063746_Humleplockning_mellan_V%C3%A5nga_och_N%C3%A4sum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/NMA.0063746_Humleplockning_mellan_V%C3%A5nga_och_N%C3%A4sum.jpg/220px-NMA.0063746_Humleplockning_mellan_V%C3%A5nga_och_N%C3%A4sum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="781"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/NMA.0063746_Humleplockning_mellan_V%C3%A5nga_och_N%C3%A4sum.jpg/220px-NMA.0063746_Humleplockning_mellan_V%C3%A5nga_och_N%C3%A4sum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/NMA.0063746_Humleplockning_mellan_V%C3%A5nga_och_N%C3%A4sum.jpg/330px-NMA.0063746_Humleplockning_mellan_V%C3%A5nga_och_N%C3%A4sum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/NMA.0063746_Humleplockning_mellan_V%C3%A5nga_och_N%C3%A4sum.jpg/440px-NMA.0063746_Humleplockning_mellan_V%C3%A5nga_och_N%C3%A4sum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hops harvest in <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Skåne">Skåne</a>, Sweden, in 1937</figcaption></figure> The need for massed labor at harvest time meant hop-growing had a big social impact. Around the world, the labor-intensive harvesting work involved large numbers of migrant workers who would travel for the annual hop harvest. Whole families would participate and live in <a href="/wiki/Hopper_hut" title="Hopper hut">hoppers' huts</a>, with even the smallest children helping in the fields.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The final chapters of <a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Of_Human_Bondage" title="Of Human Bondage">Of Human Bondage</a> and a large part of <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Clergyman%27s_Daughter" title="A Clergyman's Daughter">A Clergyman's Daughter</a> contain a vivid description of London families participating in this annual hops harvest. In England, many of those picking hops in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> were from eastern areas of London. This provided a break from urban conditions that was spent in the countryside. People also came from Birmingham and other Midlands cities to pick hops in the <a href="/wiki/Malvern,_Worcestershire" title="Malvern, Worcestershire">Malvern</a> area of Worcestershire. Some photographs have been preserved.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The often-appalling living conditions endured by hop pickers during the harvest became a matter of scandal across Kent and other hop-growing counties. Eventually, the Rev. <a href="/wiki/John_Young_Stratton" title="John Young Stratton">John Young Stratton</a>, Rector of Ditton, Kent, began to gather support for reform, resulting in 1866 in the formation of the Society for the Employment and Improved Lodging of Hop Pickers.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The hop-pickers were given very basic accommodation, with very poor sanitation. This led to the spread of infectious diseases and led to contaminated water. The 1897 <a href="/wiki/Maidstone_typhoid_epidemic" title="Maidstone typhoid epidemic">Maidstone typhoid epidemic</a> was partly as a result of hop-pickers camping near the Farleigh Springs which supplied Maidstone with water.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Particularly in Kent, because of a shortage of small-denomination coin of the realm, many growers issued their own currency to those doing the labor. In some cases, the coins issued were adorned with fanciful hops images, making them quite beautiful.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_hop_pickers,_Puget_Sound_region,_Washington,_ca_1893_(LAROCHE_78).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Indian_hop_pickers%2C_Puget_Sound_region%2C_Washington%2C_ca_1893_%28LAROCHE_78%29.jpeg/250px-Indian_hop_pickers%2C_Puget_Sound_region%2C_Washington%2C_ca_1893_%28LAROCHE_78%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 133px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Indian_hop_pickers%2C_Puget_Sound_region%2C_Washington%2C_ca_1893_%28LAROCHE_78%29.jpeg/250px-Indian_hop_pickers%2C_Puget_Sound_region%2C_Washington%2C_ca_1893_%28LAROCHE_78%29.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="133" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Indian_hop_pickers%2C_Puget_Sound_region%2C_Washington%2C_ca_1893_%28LAROCHE_78%29.jpeg/330px-Indian_hop_pickers%2C_Puget_Sound_region%2C_Washington%2C_ca_1893_%28LAROCHE_78%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Indian_hop_pickers%2C_Puget_Sound_region%2C_Washington%2C_ca_1893_%28LAROCHE_78%29.jpeg/500px-Indian_hop_pickers%2C_Puget_Sound_region%2C_Washington%2C_ca_1893_%28LAROCHE_78%29.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Puget Sound region, Washington, ca. 1893</figcaption></figure> In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Prohibition</a> had a serious adverse effect on hops production, but remnants of this significant industry in the western states are still noticeable in the form of old hop kilns that survive throughout <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California" title="Sonoma County, California">Sonoma County, California</a>, among others. Florian Dauenhauer, of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California" title="Santa Rosa, California">Santa Rosa</a> in Sonoma County, became a manufacturer of hop-harvesting machines in 1940, in part because of the hop industry's importance to the county. This mechanization helped destroy the local industry by enabling large-scale mechanized production, which moved to larger farms in other areas.<a href="#cite_note-DauenhauerPD-42">[42]</a> Dauenhauer Manufacturing Company remains a current producer of hop harvesting machines.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Chemical_composition">Chemical composition</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chemical composition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> In addition to water, cellulose, and various proteins, the chemical composition of hops consists of compounds important for imparting character to beer.<a href="#cite_note-schon-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Verzele_32%E2%80%9348-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alpha_acids">Alpha acids</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alpha acids" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reaction-degradation-humulone.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Reaction-degradation-humulone.png/220px-Reaction-degradation-humulone.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="58" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="225"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 58px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Reaction-degradation-humulone.png/220px-Reaction-degradation-humulone.png" data-width="220" data-height="58" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Reaction-degradation-humulone.png/330px-Reaction-degradation-humulone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Reaction-degradation-humulone.png/440px-Reaction-degradation-humulone.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Isomerization scheme of humulone</figcaption></figure> Probably the most important chemical compound within hops are the alpha acids or <a href="/wiki/Humulone" title="Humulone">humulones</a>. During wort boiling, the humulones are thermally isomerized into iso-alpha acids or <a href="/wiki/Isohumulone" title="Isohumulone">isohumulones</a>, which are responsible for the bitter taste of beer.<a href="#cite_note-De_Keukeleire_108%E2%80%93112-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beta_acids">Beta acids</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Beta acids" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lupulone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lupulone.svg/220px-Lupulone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lupulone.svg/220px-Lupulone.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lupulone.svg/330px-Lupulone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lupulone.svg/440px-Lupulone.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Structure of <a href="/wiki/Lupulone" title="Lupulone">lupulone</a> (beta acid)</figcaption></figure> Hops contain beta acids or <a href="/wiki/Lupulone" title="Lupulone">lupulones</a>. These are desirable for their aroma contributions to beer.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essential_oils">Essential oils</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Essential oils" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The main components of hops essential oils are <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpene</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Myrcene" title="Myrcene">myrcene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humulene" title="Humulene">humulene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caryophyllene" title="Caryophyllene">caryophyllene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Verzele_32%E2%80%9348-44">[44]</a> Myrcene is responsible for the pungent smell of fresh hops. Humulene and its oxidative reaction products may give beer its prominent hop aroma. Together, myrcene, humulene, and caryophyllene represent 80 to 90% of the total hops essential oil.<a href="#cite_note-Verzele_32%E2%80%9348-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flavonoids">Flavonoids</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flavonoids" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8-Prenylnaringenin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/8-Prenylnaringenin.svg/250px-8-Prenylnaringenin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="465"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/8-Prenylnaringenin.svg/250px-8-Prenylnaringenin.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/8-Prenylnaringenin.svg/330px-8-Prenylnaringenin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/8-Prenylnaringenin.svg/500px-8-Prenylnaringenin.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chemical structure of 8-prenylnaringenin</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Xanthohumol" title="Xanthohumol">Xanthohumol</a> is the principal <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">flavonoid</a> in hops. The other well-studied <a href="/wiki/Prenylflavonoid" title="Prenylflavonoid">prenylflavonoids</a> are <a href="/wiki/8-Prenylnaringenin" title="8-Prenylnaringenin">8-Prenylnaringenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isoxanthohumol" title="Isoxanthohumol">isoxanthohumol</a>. Xanthohumol is under <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">basic research</a> for its potential properties, while 8-prenylnaringenin is a potent <a href="/wiki/Phytoestrogen" title="Phytoestrogen">phytoestrogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Brewing">Brewing</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Brewing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hops" title="Special:EditPage/Hops">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hops_are_used_for_beer_brewing.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hops_are_used_for_beer_brewing.JPG/220px-Hops_are_used_for_beer_brewing.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 295px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hops_are_used_for_beer_brewing.JPG/220px-Hops_are_used_for_beer_brewing.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="295" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hops_are_used_for_beer_brewing.JPG/330px-Hops_are_used_for_beer_brewing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hops_are_used_for_beer_brewing.JPG/440px-Hops_are_used_for_beer_brewing.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hops sample at the Moscow Brewing Company</figcaption></figure> Hops are usually dried in an <a href="/wiki/Oast_house" title="Oast house">oast house</a> before they are used in the brewing process.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Undried or "wet" hops are sometimes (since c. 1990) used.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">wort</a> (sugar-rich liquid produced from <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a>) is boiled with hops before it is cooled down and <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a> is added, to start <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a>. The effect of hops on the finished beer varies by type and use, though there are two main hop types: bittering and aroma.<a href="#cite_note-schon-3">[3]</a> Bittering hops have higher concentrations of alpha acids, and are responsible for the large majority of the bitter flavour of a beer. European (so-called "noble") hops typically average 5–9% alpha acids by weight (AABW), and the newer American <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> typically range from 8–19% AABW. Aroma hops usually have a lower concentration of alpha acids (~5%) and are the primary contributors of hop aroma and (nonbitter) flavour. Bittering hops are boiled for a longer period of time, typically 60–90 minutes, and often have inferior aromatic properties, as the aromatic compounds evaporate during the boil. The degree of bitterness imparted by hops depends on the degree to which <a href="/wiki/Alpha_acid" title="Alpha acid">alpha acids</a> are <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomerized</a> during the boil, and the impact of a given amount of hops is specified in <a href="/wiki/International_Bitterness_Units_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="International Bitterness Units scale">International Bitterness Units</a>. On the other hand, unboiled hops are only mildly <a href="/wiki/Bitter_(taste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter (taste)">bitter</a>. Aroma hops are typically added to the wort later to prevent the evaporation of the essential oils, to impart "hop taste" (if during the final 30 minutes of boil) or "hop aroma" (if during the final 10 minutes, or less, of boil). Aroma hops are often added after the wort has cooled and while the beer ferments, a technique known as "dry hopping", which contributes to the hop aroma. <a href="/wiki/Farnesene" title="Farnesene">Farnesene</a> is a major component in some hops.<a href="#cite_note-schon-3">[3]</a> The composition of hop essential oils can differ between varieties and between years in the same variety, having a significant influence on flavour and aroma.<a href="#cite_note-schon-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hops_Lupulin_Macro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hops_Lupulin_Macro.jpg/220px-Hops_Lupulin_Macro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hops_Lupulin_Macro.jpg/220px-Hops_Lupulin_Macro.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hops_Lupulin_Macro.jpg/330px-Hops_Lupulin_Macro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hops_Lupulin_Macro.jpg/440px-Hops_Lupulin_Macro.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Macro shot of lupulin on a hop's cone</figcaption></figure> Today, a substantial amount of "dual-use" hops are used, as well. These have high concentrations of alpha acids and good aromatic properties. These can be added to the boil at any time, depending on the desired effect.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Hop acids also contribute to and stabilize the foam qualities of beer.<a href="#cite_note-schon-3">[3]</a> Flavours and aromas are described appreciatively using terms which include "grassy", "floral", "citrus", "spicy", "piney", "lemony", "grapefruit", and "earthy".<a href="#cite_note-schon-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Pale_lager" title="Pale lager">pale lagers</a> have fairly low hop influence, while lagers marketed as <a href="/wiki/Pilsener" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilsener">Pilsener</a> or brewed in the Czech Republic may have noticeable noble hop aroma. Certain <a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">ales</a> (particularly the highly hopped style known as <a href="/wiki/India_Pale_Ale" class="mw-redirect" title="India Pale Ale">India Pale Ale</a>, or IPA) can have high levels of hop bitterness. Brewers may use software tools to control the bittering levels in the boil and adjust recipes to account for a change in the hop bill or seasonal variations in the crop that may lead to the need to compensate for a difference in alpha acid contribution. Data may be shared with other brewers via <a href="/wiki/BeerXML" title="BeerXML">BeerXML</a> allowing the reproduction of a recipe allowing for differences in hop availability. Lately the dried pucks, extracts and pellets replace whole hops in brewing processes because of efficiency and cost.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Varieties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties" title="List of hop varieties">List of hop varieties</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hops" title="Special:EditPage/Hops">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2014) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding_programmes">Breeding programmes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Breeding programmes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are many different varieties of hops used in brewing today. Historically, hops varieties were identified by geography, i.e., from the towns of <a href="/wiki/Hallertau" title="Hallertau">Hallertau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spalt" title="Spalt">Spalt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tettnang" title="Tettnang">Tettnang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Craft_Beer_&_Brewing_2023-55">[55]</a> or the region writ large like the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humulus_lupulus_var._neomexicanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humulus lupulus var. neomexicanus (page does not exist)">Neomexicanus hops</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stephens_2021-56">[56]</a> Others were named for the farmer who is recognized as first cultivating them, including Goldings or Fuggles from England,<a href="#cite_note-BeerAdvocate_2016-57">[57]</a> or by their growing habit like the Oregon Cluster.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Around 1900, a number of institutions began to experiment with breeding specific hop varieties. The breeding program at <a href="/wiki/Wye_College" title="Wye College">Wye College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wye,_Kent" title="Wye, Kent">Wye, Kent</a>, was started in 1904 and rose to prominence through the work of Prof. <a href="/wiki/E._S._Salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="E. S. Salmon">E. S. Salmon</a>. Salmon released <a href="/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties#Brewer's_Gold" title="List of hop varieties">Brewer's Gold</a> and Brewer's Favorite for commercial cultivation in 1934, and went on to release more than two dozen new cultivars before his death in 1959. Brewer's Gold has become the ancestor of the bulk of new hop releases around the world since its release.<a href="#cite_note-IBD_APac-59">[59]</a> Wye College continued its breeding program and again received attention in the 1970s, when Dr. Ray A. Neve released Wye <a href="/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties#Target" title="List of hop varieties">Target</a>, Wye <a href="/wiki/Challenger_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Challenger hop">Challenger</a>, Wye <a href="/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties#Northdown" title="List of hop varieties">Northdown</a>, Wye <a href="/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties#Saxon" title="List of hop varieties">Saxon</a> and Wye <a href="/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties#Yeoman" title="List of hop varieties">Yeoman</a>. More recently, Wye College and its successor institution Wye Hops Ltd., have focused on breeding the first <a href="/wiki/Dwarfing" title="Dwarfing">dwarf</a> hop varieties, which are easier to pick by machine and far more economical to grow.<a href="#cite_note-Brit_Hops_History-60">[60]</a> Wye College have also been responsible for breeding hop varieties that will grow with only 12 hours of daily light for the South African hop farmers. Wye College was closed in 2009 but the legacy of their hop breeding programs, particularly that of the dwarf varieties, is continuing as already the US private and public breeding programs are using their stock material. Particular hop varieties are associated with beer regions and styles, for example <a href="/wiki/Pale_lager" title="Pale lager">pale lagers</a> are usually brewed with European (often German, Polish or Czech) noble hop varieties such as <a href="/wiki/Saaz_hops" title="Saaz hops">Saaz</a>, Hallertau and Strissel Spalt. <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_England" title="Beer in England">British ales</a> use hop varieties such as Fuggles, Goldings and W.G.V. <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_the_United_States" title="Beer in the United States">North American beers</a> often use <a href="/wiki/Cascade_hops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascade hops">Cascade hops</a>, Columbus hops, Centennial hops, Willamette, <a href="/wiki/Amarillo_hops" title="Amarillo hops">Amarillo hops</a> and about forty more varieties as the US have lately been the more significant breeders of new hop varieties, including dwarf hop varieties. Hops from New Zealand, such as Pacific Gem, Motueka and Nelson Sauvin, are used in a "Pacific Pale Ale" style of beer with increasing production in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noble_hops">Noble hops</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Noble hops" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopfengarten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hopfengarten.jpg/220px-Hopfengarten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hopfengarten.jpg/220px-Hopfengarten.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hopfengarten.jpg/330px-Hopfengarten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hopfengarten.jpg/440px-Hopfengarten.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mature hops growing in a hop yard in Germany</figcaption></figure> The term "noble hops" is a marketing term that traditionally refers to certain varieties of hops that became known for being low in bitterness and high in <a href="/wiki/Aroma" class="mw-redirect" title="Aroma">aroma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-walsh-62">[62]</a> They are the European <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> or races Hallertau, Tettnanger, Spalt, and <a href="/wiki/Saaz_hops" title="Saaz hops">Saaz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Some proponents assert that the English varieties Fuggle, East Kent Goldings and Goldings might qualify as "noble hops" due to the similar composition, but such terms are not applied to English varieties. Their low relative bitterness, but strong aroma, are often distinguishing characteristics of European-style <a href="/wiki/Lager" title="Lager">lagers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Pilsener" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilsener">Pilsener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunkel" title="Dunkel">Dunkel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rzen" title="Märzen">Oktoberfest/Märzen</a>. In beer, they are considered aroma hops (as opposed to bittering hops);<a href="#cite_note-walsh-62">[62]</a> see <a href="/wiki/Pilsner_Urquell" title="Pilsner Urquell">Pilsner Urquell</a> as a classic example of the Bohemian Pilsener style, which showcases noble hops. As with grapes, the location where hops are grown affects the hops' characteristics. Much as <a href="/wiki/Dortmunder_(beer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dortmunder (beer)">Dortmunder beer</a> may within the EU be labelled "Dortmunder" only if it has been brewed in <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>, noble hops may officially be considered "noble" only if they were grown in the areas for which the hop varieties (<a href="/wiki/Race_(biology)" title="Race (biology)">races</a>) were named. <ul><li>Hallertau or Hallertauer – The original German lager hop; named after <a href="/wiki/Hallertau" title="Hallertau">Hallertau</a> or Holledau region in central Bavaria. Due to susceptibility to crop disease, it was largely replaced by <a href="/wiki/Hersbruck" title="Hersbruck">Hersbrucker</a> in the 1970s and 1980s. (Alpha acid 3.5–5.5% / beta acid 3–4%)</li> <li>Spalt – Traditional German noble hop from the <a href="/wiki/Spalt" title="Spalt">Spalter</a> region south of Nuremberg. With a delicate, spicy aroma. (Alpha acid 4–5% / beta acid 4–5%)</li> <li>Tettnang – Comes from <a href="/wiki/Tettnang" title="Tettnang">Tettnang</a>, a small town in southern <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> in Germany. The region produces significant quantities of hops, and ships them to <a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">breweries</a> throughout the world. Noble German dual-use hop used in European pale lagers, sometimes with Hallertau. Soft bitterness. (Alpha acid 3.5–5.5% / beta acid 3.5–5.5%)</li> <li>Žatec (Saaz) – Noble hop, named after <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDatec" title="Žatec">Žatec</a> town, used extensively in Bohemia to flavour pale Czech lagers such as <a href="/wiki/Pilsner_Urquell" title="Pilsner Urquell">Pilsner Urquell</a>. Soft aroma and bitterness. (Alpha acid 3–4.5% /Beta acid 3–4.5%)</li></ul> Noble hops are characterized through analysis as having an aroma quality resulting from numerous factors in the essential oil, such as an alpha:beta ratio of 1:1, low alpha-acid levels (2–5%) with a low cohumulone content, low myrcene in the hop oil, high humulene in the oil, a ratio of humulene:caryophyllene above three, and poor storability resulting in them being more prone to oxidation.<a href="#cite_note-walsh-62">[62]</a> In reality, this means they have a relatively consistent bittering potential as they age, due to beta-acid oxidation, and a flavor that improves as they age during periods of poor storage.<a href="#cite_note-walsh-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other uses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol.svg/220px-2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="154"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol.svg/220px-2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol.svg/330px-2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol.svg/440px-2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol</figcaption></figure> Hops are used in <a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">herbal teas</a>, as well as soft drinks including <a href="/wiki/Julmust" title="Julmust">julmust</a> (a carbonated beverage similar to soda that is popular in Sweden during December), <a href="/wiki/Malta_(soft_drink)" title="Malta (soft drink)">Malta</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American">Latin American</a> soft drink), <a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">kvass</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Hop_water" title="Hop water">hop water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_19_April_2024-65">[65]</a> Additionally, both the young shoots and young flowers are edible and can be cooked like <a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">asparagus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-eating-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Hops may be used in <a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">herbal medicine</a> in a way similar to <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(herb)" title="Valerian (herb)">valerian</a>, as a treatment for anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> A pillow filled with hops is a popular folk remedy for sleeplessness, and animal research has shown a sedative effect.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22849837-70">[70]</a> The relaxing effect of hops may be due, in part, to the specific degradation product from <a href="/wiki/Alpha_acid" title="Alpha acid">alpha acids</a>, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, as demonstrated from nighttime consumption of non-alcoholic beer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22849837-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22815680-71">[71]</a> 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol is structurally similar to <a href="/wiki/Tert-amyl_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tert-amyl alcohol">tert-amyl alcohol</a> which was historically used as an anesthetic. Hops tend to be unstable when exposed to light or air and lose their potency after a few months' storage.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Hops are of interest for <a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">hormone replacement therapy</a> and are under basic research for potential relief of menstruation-related problems.<a href="#cite_note-planta-73">[73]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Toxicity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">Dermatitis</a> sometimes results from harvesting hops. Although few cases require medical treatment, an estimated 3% of the workers suffer some type of <a href="/wiki/Skin_lesions" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin lesions">skin lesions</a> on the face, hands, and legs.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Hops are toxic to <a href="/wiki/Dog_health#Dangerous_foods" title="Dog health">dogs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Fiction">Fiction</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fiction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> Hops and hops picking form the milieu and atmosphere in the British detective novel, <a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Hopfields" title="Death in the Hopfields">Death in the Hopfields</a> (1937) by <a href="/wiki/John_Rhode" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rhode">John Rhode</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The novel was subsequently issued in the United States under the title The Harvest Murder.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Hop-farming also provides the setting for the 1957 novel September Moon by the English novelist <a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_writer)" title="John Moore (British writer)">John Moore</a>, set in Herefordshire.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/40px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="242"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/40px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/60px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Beer" title="Portal:Beer">Beer portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gruit" title="Gruit">Gruit</a>, an old-fashioned herb mixture used for bittering and flavouring beer, popular before the extensive use of hops</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humulus_lupulus" title="Humulus lupulus">Humulus lupulus</a>, the hop plant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwort" title="Mugwort">Mugwort</a>, an herb historically used as a bitter in beer production</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oast_house" title="Oast house">Oast house</a>, a building designed for drying hops</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnus_prinoides" title="Rhamnus prinoides">Rhamnus prinoides</a>, a plant whose leaves are used in the Ethiopian variety of <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a> called <a href="/wiki/Tej" title="Tej">tej</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist 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Reproduction. 123 (2): 235–242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1530%2Frep.0.1230235">10.1530/rep.0.1230235</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11866690">11866690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reproduction&rft.atitle=Oestrogenic+activity+of+the+hop+phyto-oestrogen%2C+8-prenylnaringenin&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E242&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1530%2Frep.0.1230235&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11866690&rft.aulast=Milligan&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Kalita%2C+J&rft.au=Pocock%2C+V&rft.au=Heyerick%2C+A&rft.au=Cooman%2C+L+De&rft.au=Rong%2C+H&rft.au=Keukeleire%2C+D+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F11494867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_S._Hough1991" class="citation book cs1">James S. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39553-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39553-3"><bdi>978-0-521-39553-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biotechnology+of+Malting+and+Brewing&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39553-3&rft.au=James+S.+Hough&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTQuwGXt2NYAC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Aguilera2008" class="citation news cs1">Elizabeth Aguilera (10 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_10422358">"Hop harvest yields hip beer for brewer"</a>. 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UK: Dodd, Mead & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+in+the+Hop+Fields&rft.place=UK&rft.edition=First%3B+hardcover&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Company&rft.date=1937&rft.au=Rhode%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F13560627-the-harvest-murder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhode,_John" class="citation book cs1">Rhode, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18893871-the-harvest-murder">The Harvest Murder</a>. US.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harvest+Murder&rft.place=US&rft.au=Rhode%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F18893871-the-harvest-murder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore,_John1957" class="citation book cs1">Moore, John (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/16289527">September Moon</a> (First; hardcover ed.). London: Collins (reprinted in paperback 1974 by White Lion/Collins).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=September+Moon&rft.place=London&rft.edition=First%3B+hardcover&rft.pub=Collins+%28reprinted+in+paperback+1974+by+White+Lion%2FCollins%29&rft.date=1957&rft.au=Moore%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F16289527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2024/06/01/nx-s1-4985917/oregon-brewers-played-an-outsized-role-in-popularizing-ipa">"Oregon Brewers Played an Outsized Role in Popularizing IPA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/All_Things_Considered" title="All Things Considered">All Things Considered</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. 1 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+Things+Considered&rft.atitle=Oregon+Brewers+Played+an+Outsized+Role+in+Popularizing+IPA&rft.date=2024-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2024%2F06%2F01%2Fnx-s1-4985917%2Foregon-brewers-played-an-outsized-role-in-popularizing-ipa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hops" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hops">Hops</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/plant-of-the-month-hops/">"Plant of the Month: Hops"</a> at <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR Daily">JSTOR Daily</a>, June 29, 2022</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Hop">"Hop" </a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work">The New Student's Reference Work </a>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hop&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"></li></ul>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hops&oldid=1273056436">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hops&oldid=1273056436</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 31 January 2025, at 13:23 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9_(%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="جنجلة (نبات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جنجلة (نبات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hops" title="Hops – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hops" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopys" title="Hopys – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hopys" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Λυκίσκος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λυκίσκος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BApulo" title="Lúpulo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lúpulo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inseksa_infloresko_de_lupolo" title="Inseksa infloresko de lupolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Inseksa infloresko de lupolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leannlus" title="Leannlus – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leannlus" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupulo" title="Lupulo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lupulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop" title="Hop – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hop" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ii-hops" title="Ii-hops – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ii-hops" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humlar" title="Humlar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Humlar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop" title="Hop – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hop" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BApulo" title="Lúpulo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lúpulo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hops" title="Hops – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hops" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hops" title="Hops – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hops" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ฮอปส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮอปส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> <ul id="footer-icons" class="footer-icons"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" 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