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<li id="toc-Early_Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early Ottoman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Northern Albania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Central Albania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Southern Albania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_factors_for_conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_factors_for_conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Other factors for conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_factors_for_conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_Albanians_and_the_wider_Ottoman_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_Albanians_and_the_wider_Ottoman_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Muslim Albanians and the wider Ottoman world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_Albanians_and_the_wider_Ottoman_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_denominations_and_sects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_denominations_and_sects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Muslim denominations and sects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_denominations_and_sects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_cultural_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_cultural_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Social and cultural change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_cultural_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albanian_societal_views_of_the_Islamisation_of_Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albanian_societal_views_of_the_Islamisation_of_Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Albanian societal views of the Islamisation of Albania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albanian_societal_views_of_the_Islamisation_of_Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_establishment_views_of_the_Islamisation_of_Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_establishment_views_of_the_Islamisation_of_Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Religious establishment views of the Islamisation of Albania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_establishment_views_of_the_Islamisation_of_Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamisation_of_Albania_within_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamisation_of_Albania_within_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Islamisation of Albania within scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamisation_of_Albania_within_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamization of Albania</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="أسلمة ألبانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسلمة ألبانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Ісламізацыя Албаніі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ісламізацыя Албаніі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Εξισλαμισμός της Αλβανίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξισλαμισμός της Αλβανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="اسلام آوردن آلبانیایی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسلام آوردن آلبانیایی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ալբանիայի իսլամացում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալբանիայի իսլամացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamizacija_Albanije" title="Islamizacija Albanije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Islamizacija Albanije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamizzazione_dell%27Albania" title="Islamizzazione dell'Albania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Islamizzazione dell'Albania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Исламизација на Албанија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Исламизација на Албанија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniyani_islomlashtirish" title="Albaniyani islomlashtirish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Albaniyani islomlashtirish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamizimi_i_Shqip%C3%ABris%C3%AB" title="Islamizimi i Shqipërisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Islamizimi i Shqipërisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamizacija_Albanije" title="Islamizacija Albanije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Islamizacija Albanije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnavutluk%27un_%C4%B0slamla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1" title="Arnavutluk'un İslamlaşması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arnavutluk'un İslamlaşması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Ісламізація Албанії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ісламізація Албанії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13044940#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Islamization_of_Albania" rel="discussion" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffc796;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffc796;"><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:1em 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No mosque"><img alt="No mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mosque.svg/100px-Mosque.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mosque.svg/150px-Mosque.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mosque.svg/200px-Mosque.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="575" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffc796;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Islamizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><b>Late Antiquity - Middle Ages - Modern</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_missionary_activity" title="Islamic missionary activity">Islamic missionary activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization of Palestine">Islamization of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Jerusalem" title="Islamization of Jerusalem">Islamization of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization of Syria">Islamization of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Egypt" title="Islamization of Egypt">Islamization of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_and_Turkification_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang">Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_the_Sudan_region" title="Islamization of the Sudan region">Islamization of the Sudan region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia">Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamization of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Islamization in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Islam" title="Conversion to Islam">Conversion to Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Islam_in_prisons" title="Conversion to Islam in prisons">Conversion to Islam in prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Islam_in_U.S._prisons" title="Conversion to Islam in U.S. prisons">Conversion to Islam in U.S. prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_converts_to_Islam" title="List of converts to Islam">List of converts to Islam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamization" title="Template talk:Islamization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_people" title="Category:Albanian people">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albanians#Distribution" title="Albanians">Geographical distribution</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b>Native</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Montenegro" title="Albanians in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanians in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Serbia" title="Albanians in Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b>Diaspora</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Greece" title="Albanians in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Italy" title="Albanians in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Bulgaria" title="Albanians in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Egypt" title="Albanians in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Germany" title="Albanians in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Romania" title="Albanians in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_South_America" title="Albanians in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Spain" title="Albanians in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Switzerland" title="Albanians in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Turkey" title="Albanians in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Ukraine" title="Albanians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Albanians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Albanian culture</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian architecture">Architecture</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_traditional_tattooing" title="Albanian traditional tattooing">Traditional tattooing</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Cuisine</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Customary law</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian dance">Dance</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian dress">Dress</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_epic_poetry" title="Albanian epic poetry">Epic poetry</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2ng%C3%AB_Kreshnik%C3%ABsh" title="Kângë Kreshnikësh">Kângë Kreshnikësh</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_folklore" title="Albanian folklore">Folklore</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Gjakmarrje" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjakmarrje">Gjakmarrje</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Vajtim" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajtim">Gjamë/Vajtim</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Literature</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian music">Music</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Oda_(Albania)" title="Oda (Albania)">Oda</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Paganism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Albania" title="National symbols of Albania">Symbols</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Albania" title="Traditions of Albania">Traditions</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Tribes (<i>farefisní</i>)</a> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbanasi_dialect" title="Arbanasi dialect">Arbanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Reka_Albanian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Reka Albanian dialect">Upper Reka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_Albanian" title="Istrian Albanian">Istrian</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvanitika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arvanitika language">Arvanitika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanian_dialect" title="Cham Albanian dialect">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lab_Albanian_dialect" title="Lab Albanian dialect">Lab</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albanians#Religion" title="Albanians">Religion</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Albania" title="Christianity in Albania">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in Albania">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian Greek-Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodoxy in Albania">Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunnism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashism" title="Bektashism">Bektashism</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Albania">Judaism</a> </li></ul> </div> <hr /></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">History of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origin of the Albanians</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albanians" title="Template:Albanians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albanians" title="Template talk:Albanians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albanians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albanians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Islamization of <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></b> occurred as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> conquest of the region beginning in 1385.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramet209_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet209-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans through their administration and military brought <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> to Albania. </p><p>In the first few centuries of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Albania" title="Ottoman Albania">Ottoman rule</a>, the spread of Islam in Albania was slow and mainly intensified during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It was one of the most significant developments in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">Albanian history</a> as <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> in Albania went from being a largely <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a>) population to one that is mainly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslim</a>, while retaining significant ethnic Albanian Christian minorities in certain regions. The resulting situation where Sunni Islam was the largest faith in the Albanian ethnolinguistic area, but other faiths were also present in a regional patchwork, played a major influence in shaping the political development of Albania in the late Ottoman period. Apart from religious changes, conversion to Islam also brought about other social and cultural transformations that have shaped and influenced Albanians and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Albania" title="Culture of Albania">Albanian culture</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamization_of_Albania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Islam in Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania_(1800-1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Albania (1800-1912)">Islam in Albania (1800-1912)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania_(1913-1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Albania (1913-1944)">Islam in Albania (1913-1944)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania_(1945-1991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Albania (1945-1991)">Islam in Albania (1945-1991)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Ottoman_period">Early Ottoman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamization_of_Albania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Ottoman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg/180px-Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg/270px-Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>Skanderbeg (1405 –1468)</figcaption></figure> <p>Albanians began converting to Islam when they became part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the late 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramet209_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet209-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albania differs from other regions in the Balkans such as <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a> in that until the 1500s, Islam remained confined to members of the co-opted aristocracy and sparse military outpost settlements of <a href="/wiki/Yuruks" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuruks">Yuruks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhelyaz_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhelyaz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bieber_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bieber-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1430s, Ottoman rule was challenged by Albanian feudal lords from northern and central Albania and the Ottomans responded with two military campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-Fine209_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine209-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Albanian defeats resulted in the Ottomans awarding much land to <a href="/wiki/Timar" title="Timar">timars</a> from Anatolia and a quarter to Albanians from the elite.<sup id="cite_ref-Fine209_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine209-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first conversions to Islam by some of the Albanian Christian elite allowed them to retain some previous political and economic privileges, and to join the emerging class of timar or estate holders of the <a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">sipahis</a> in the new Ottoman system.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergo22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ergo22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fine209_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine209-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among some of these aristocratic figures were George Kastrioti (<a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a>) who while in the service of the Ottomans was a convert to Islam and later reverted to Christianity during the late 15th century northern Albanian uprising he initiated.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramet209_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet209-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In doing so, he also ordered others who had embraced Islam or were Muslim colonists to convert to Christianity or face death.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramet209_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet209-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skanderbeg received military assistance from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> that sent in 1452 <a href="/wiki/Ramon_d%E2%80%99Ortaf%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramon d’Ortafà">Ramon d’Ortafà</a> who was appointed as viceroy of Albania and tasked with maintaining Catholicism among the local population from the spread of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Marinescu182_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marinescu182-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the conflicts between Skanderbeg and Ottomans the various battles and raiding pushed <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mehmet_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Mehmet II">Sultan Mehmet II</a> to construct the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a> (1466) in the lowlands to counter resistance coming from the mountain strongholds.<sup id="cite_ref-Inalcik327_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inalcik327-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Skanderbeg's uprising, many of the Muslims and Jews in the Vlorë area were killed and some fled to Italy or Istanbul.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to and after Skanderbeg's death (1468) parts of the Albanian aristocracy migrated to southern Italy with some number of Albanians to escape the Ottoman conquest whose <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">descendants</a> still reside in many villages they settled.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasse_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasse-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Albanian uprising against Ottoman rule happened in 1481.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Treptow182190_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treptow182190-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg/250px-%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg/375px-%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg/500px-%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra" title="Siege of Shkodra">Siege of Shkodër, 1478</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Even long after the fall of Skanderbeg, large regions of the Albanian countryside frequently rebelled against Ottoman rule, often incurring large human costs, including the decimation of whole villages.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1570s, a concerted effort by Ottoman rulers to convert the native population to Islam in order to stop the occurrence of seasonal rebellions began in Elbasan and Reka, and a failed rebellion in 1596 among Catholics in the North preceded a series of heavy punitive measures that induced conversion to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peak of Islamization in Albania occurred much later than other Islamized or partially Islamized areas: 16th century Ottoman census data showed that sanjaks where Albanians lived remained overwhelmingly Christian with Muslims making up no more than 5% in most areas while during this period Muslims had already risen to large proportions in parts of Bosnia (Bosnia 46%, Herzegovina 43%, urban Sarajevo 100%), Northern Greece (Trikala 17.5%), urban Macedonia (Skopje and Bitola both at 75%) and Eastern Bulgaria (Silistra 72%, Chirmen 88%, Nikopol 22%). Later on, in the 19th century, when the process of Islamization had halted in most of the Balkans it continued to make significant progress in Albania, especially in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-MinkovDemographics_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MinkovDemographics-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early period of Ottoman rule, the areas that form contemporary Albania were reorganised into an administrative unit named Sancak-i Arnavid or Sancak-i Arnavud.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris3637_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris3637-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the onset of Ottoman rule only prominent churches with significant symbolic meaning or cultural value of an urban settlement were converted into mosques.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergo18_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ergo18-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most early mosques constructed in Albania were mainly built within fortresses for Ottoman garrisons at times by Ottoman Sultans during their military campaigns in the area like <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Mosque" title="Fatih Sultan Mehmet Mosque">Fatih Sultan Mehmet Mosque</a> in Shkodër, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Mosque,_Berat" title="Red Mosque, Berat">Red Mosque</a> in Berat and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Nurja197198_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nurja197198-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ergo3435_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ergo3435-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a rule, Ottoman rule largely tolerated Christian subjects but also discriminated against them, making them second-class citizens with higher taxes and various legal restrictions like being unable to take Muslims to court, have horses, have weapons, or have houses overlooking those of Muslims. While the Ottoman authorities were chronically suspicious of Catholicism, they largely allowed the Orthodox church to function unhindered, except during certain periods when the church was suppressed with expulsions of bishops and seizure of property and revenues. During the Ottoman period, most Christians as well as most Muslims employed a degree of syncretism, still practicing various pagan rites; many of these rites are best preserved among mystical orders like the <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vryonis_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vryonis-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_rote_Moschee_von_der_Burg_Berat.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruined Red Mosque within citadel, Berat."><img alt="Ruined Red Mosque within citadel, Berat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Die_rote_Moschee_von_der_Burg_Berat.JPG/90px-Die_rote_Moschee_von_der_Burg_Berat.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Die_rote_Moschee_von_der_Burg_Berat.JPG/135px-Die_rote_Moschee_von_der_Burg_Berat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Die_rote_Moschee_von_der_Burg_Berat.JPG/180px-Die_rote_Moschee_von_der_Burg_Berat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruined <a href="/wiki/Red_Mosque,_Berat" title="Red Mosque, Berat">Red Mosque</a> within citadel, Berat.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kruje_Castle_-_minaret_of_a_mosque.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruined Fethije Mosque within citadel, Krujë."><img alt="Ruined Fethije Mosque within citadel, Krujë." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kruje_Castle_-_minaret_of_a_mosque.JPG/120px-Kruje_Castle_-_minaret_of_a_mosque.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kruje_Castle_-_minaret_of_a_mosque.JPG/180px-Kruje_Castle_-_minaret_of_a_mosque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kruje_Castle_-_minaret_of_a_mosque.JPG/240px-Kruje_Castle_-_minaret_of_a_mosque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruined <a href="/wiki/Fethiye_Mosque_(Kruj%C3%AB)" title="Fethiye Mosque (Krujë)">Fethije Mosque</a> within citadel, Krujë.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shkod%C3%ABr-rozafa-2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruined Fatih Sultan Mehmet Mosque within Rozafa fortress, Shkodër."><img alt="Ruined Fatih Sultan Mehmet Mosque within Rozafa fortress, Shkodër." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Shkod%C3%ABr-rozafa-2001.jpg/120px-Shkod%C3%ABr-rozafa-2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Shkod%C3%ABr-rozafa-2001.jpg/180px-Shkod%C3%ABr-rozafa-2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Shkod%C3%ABr-rozafa-2001.jpg/240px-Shkod%C3%ABr-rozafa-2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruined <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Mosque" title="Fatih Sultan Mehmet Mosque">Fatih Sultan Mehmet Mosque</a> within <a href="/wiki/Rozafa_Castle" title="Rozafa Castle">Rozafa fortress</a>, Shkodër.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Albania">Northern Albania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamization_of_Albania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Northern Albania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Pope_Clement_XI_Albani_(Vatican_Museums_-_Musei_Vaticani,_Vatican).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Portrait_of_Pope_Clement_XI_Albani_%28Vatican_Museums_-_Musei_Vaticani%2C_Vatican%29.jpg/140px-Portrait_of_Pope_Clement_XI_Albani_%28Vatican_Museums_-_Musei_Vaticani%2C_Vatican%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Portrait_of_Pope_Clement_XI_Albani_%28Vatican_Museums_-_Musei_Vaticani%2C_Vatican%29.jpg/210px-Portrait_of_Pope_Clement_XI_Albani_%28Vatican_Museums_-_Musei_Vaticani%2C_Vatican%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Portrait_of_Pope_Clement_XI_Albani_%28Vatican_Museums_-_Musei_Vaticani%2C_Vatican%29.jpg/280px-Portrait_of_Pope_Clement_XI_Albani_%28Vatican_Museums_-_Musei_Vaticani%2C_Vatican%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3588" data-file-height="4663" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Pope Clement XI</a> was the Pope from 1700 to 1721. Born to the noble <a href="/wiki/Albani_family" title="Albani family">Albani family</a> of Italian and Albanian origin,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and convened the <i>Kuvendi i Arbënit</i> to halt the decline of the Catholic population</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ottoman conquest of certain northern cities from the Venetians happened separately to the initial conquest of Albania from local feudal lords. Cities such as <a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lezhë</a> fell in 1478, <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a> during 1478–79 and <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a> in 1501 with the bulk of their Christian population fleeing.<sup id="cite_ref-Malcolm12_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malcolm12-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of the sixteenth century, the urban populations of these cities became primarily Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-Malcolm12_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malcolm12-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the north, the spread of Islam was slower due to resistance from the Roman <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and the mountainous terrain which contributed to the curbing of Muslim influence in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramet209210_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet209210-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman conquest and territorial reorganisation of Albania though affected the Catholic church as ecclesiastical structures were decimated.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergo8_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ergo8-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 16th century, the sanjak of Shkodër was reported as having a Muslim population standing at 4.5% of the total, while Dukagjini (sparsely populated at the time) had 0% and Prizreni had 1.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-MinkovDemographics_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MinkovDemographics-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catholic Albanian rebellions, often in the context of Ottoman wars with Catholic powers of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> in the seventeenth century resulted in severe reprisals against Catholic Albanians who had rebelled which accentuated conversion to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramet210_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet210-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skendi235242_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skendi235242-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lederer333334_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lederer333334-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1594, the Pope incited a failed rebellion among Catholic Albanians in the North, promising help from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. However the assistance did not come, and when the rebellion was crushed in 1596, Ottoman repression and heavy pressures to convert to Islam were implemented to punish the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhelyaz_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhelyaz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steep decreases occurred during the 1630s-1670s where for example the number of Catholics in the diocese of Lezhë declined by 50%, whereas in the diocese of <a href="/wiki/Pult" title="Pult">Pult</a> Catholics went from being 20,000 to 4,045 adherents, with most converting to Islam and a few to Orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramet210_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet210-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Austro-Turkish War</a>, Albanian Catholic leaders <a href="/wiki/Pjet%C3%ABr_Bogdani" title="Pjetër Bogdani">Pjetër Bogdani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toma_Raspasani" title="Toma Raspasani">Toma Raspasani</a> rallied Kosovo Albanian Catholics and Muslims to the pro-Austrian cause. After the war, when Kosovo did not end up part of the Habsburg empire, harsh reprisals followed. Large numbers of Catholic Albanians<sup id="cite_ref-Raspasani_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raspasani-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fled north where many "died, some of hunger, others of disease" around <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Raspasani_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raspasani-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the flight of Serbs, the Pasha of Ipek (Albanian Peja, Serbian Pec) forced Catholic Albanians in the North to move to the now depopulated plains of Southern Serbia, and forced them to convert to Islam there.<sup id="cite_ref-Pahumi_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pahumi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversion among Catholics in communities of Northern Albania involved males outwardly embracing Islam, often to avoid payment of taxes and other social pressures which in the Ottoman system targeted men while females of the household remained Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-Doja60_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doja60-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian wives were sought by converted Muslim men to retain a degree of Catholicism in the household.<sup id="cite_ref-Doja60_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doja60-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1703, pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Clement XI</a>, himself of Albanian heritage, ordered a synod of local Catholic bishops that discussed stemming conversions to Islam which also agreed to deny communion to crypto-Catholics in Albania who outwardly professed Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Skendi235242_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skendi235242-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frazee_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frazee-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Albanians maintained a <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Christianity" title="Crypto-Christianity">Crypto-Christian</a> culture, known as "<a href="/wiki/Laramans" title="Laramans">Laramans</a>". In Northern Albania, conflict with Slavs emerged as an additional factor toward conversion to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Stavrianos498_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stavrianos498-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sharing the faith of Ottoman authorities allowed northern Albanians to become allies and equals in the imperial system and gain security against neighbouring Orthodox Slavs.<sup id="cite_ref-Stavrianos498_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stavrianos498-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some areas adjacent to the east of Northern Albania, Islam became the majority faith faster: for example, official Ottoman statistics of <a href="/wiki/Nahiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahiya">Nahiya</a> of Tetova across the border with <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Macedonia</a> (which had a mixed Albanian, Slavic Macedonian, and Turkish population) show Muslim families outnumbering Christian families for the first time in 1545, where there are 2 more Muslim families than Christian families, and 38 of the Muslim families had recently converted from Christianity,<sup id="cite_ref-wallaby.vu.edu.au_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wallaby.vu.edu.au-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in <a href="/wiki/Opolje" title="Opolje">Opoja</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> near Prizren, Muslims are shown to have the majority in 1591.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Albania">Central Albania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamization_of_Albania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Central Albania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LEAD_MOSQUE_IN_DOWNTOWN_BERAT,_ALBANIA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/LEAD_MOSQUE_IN_DOWNTOWN_BERAT%2C_ALBANIA.jpg/150px-LEAD_MOSQUE_IN_DOWNTOWN_BERAT%2C_ALBANIA.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/LEAD_MOSQUE_IN_DOWNTOWN_BERAT%2C_ALBANIA.jpg/225px-LEAD_MOSQUE_IN_DOWNTOWN_BERAT%2C_ALBANIA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/LEAD_MOSQUE_IN_DOWNTOWN_BERAT%2C_ALBANIA.jpg/300px-LEAD_MOSQUE_IN_DOWNTOWN_BERAT%2C_ALBANIA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3585" data-file-height="5264" /></a><figcaption>The 16th-century built <a href="/wiki/Lead_Mosque,_Berat" title="Lead Mosque, Berat">Lead mosque</a> in Berat</figcaption></figure> <p>Consisting of plains and being an in between area of northern and southern Albania, central Albania was a hub on the old <a href="/wiki/Via_Egnatia" title="Via Egnatia">Via Egnatia</a> road that linked commercial, cultural and transport connections which were subject to direct Ottoman administrative control and religious Muslim influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Pistrick78_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pistrick78-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skendi1956316318320_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skendi1956316318320-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conversion to Islam of most of central Albania has thus been attributed in large part to the role its geography played in the socio-political and economic fortunes of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Pistrick78_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pistrick78-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skendi1956316318320_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skendi1956316318320-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official Ottoman recognition of the Orthodox church resulted in the Orthodox population being tolerated until the late 18th century, and the traditionalism of the church's institutions slowed the process of conversion to Islam amongst Albanians.<sup id="cite_ref-Lederer333334_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lederer333334-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramet203_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet203-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ergo26_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ergo26-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Orthodox population of central and south-eastern Albania was under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Ohrid" title="Archbishopric of Ohrid">Archbishopric of Ohrid</a>, while south-western Albania was under the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> through the Metropolis of Ioannina.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergo37_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ergo37-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giakoumis7981_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giakoumis7981-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Differences between Christian Albanians of central Albania and archbishops of Ohrid led to conversions to Bektashi Islam that made an appeal to all while insisting little on ritual observance.<sup id="cite_ref-Winnifrith107_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winnifrith107-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 16th century, the Albanian cities of <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanin%C3%AB" title="Kaninë">Kaninë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delvin%C3%AB" title="Delvinë">Delvinë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Korçë">Korçë</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%ABlcyr%C3%AB" title="Këlcyrë">Këlcyrë</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ABrmet" title="Përmet">Përmet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a> were still Christian and by the late 16th century, Vlorë, Përmet and Himarë were still Christian, while Gjirokastër increasingly became Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergo37_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ergo37-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giakoumis84_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giakoumis84-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the earlier parts of the 16th century, the sanjak of Elbasan was reported as having a 5.5% Muslim population, the highest at the time of all the Albanian-inhabited sanjaks.<sup id="cite_ref-MinkovDemographics_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MinkovDemographics-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1570, a concerted effort by Ottoman authorities to convert the restive Christian populations of Elbasan and Reka began.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhelyaz_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhelyaz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the area around Durrës, it was reported by a Greek traveler that there were no longer any Orthodox Christians due to Islamization.<sup id="cite_ref-Giakoumis84_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giakoumis84-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversion to Islam in cities overall within Albania was slow during the 16th century as around only 38% of the urban population had become Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergo38_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ergo38-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of Berat from 1670 onward became mainly Muslim and its conversion is attributed in part to a lack of Christian priests being able to provide religious services.<sup id="cite_ref-Skendi1013_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skendi1013-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Albania">Southern Albania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamization_of_Albania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Southern Albania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 16th century, the sanjaks of Vlora was found to be 1.8% Muslim while the sanjak of Ohrid was found to be 1.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-MinkovDemographics_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MinkovDemographics-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was mainly during the late eighteenth century however that Orthodox Albanians converted in large numbers to Islam due overwhelmingly to the Russo-Turkish wars of the period and events like the Russian instigated <a href="/wiki/Orlov_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlov Revolt">Orlov revolt</a> (1770) that made the Ottomans view the Orthodox population as allies of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramet203_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet203-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skendi1013_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skendi1013-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skendi1956321323_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skendi1956321323-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vickers16_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers16-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As some Orthodox Albanians rebelled against the Ottoman Empire, the Porte responded with and at times applied force to convert Orthodox Albanians to Islam while also implementing economic measures to stimulate religious conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramet203_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet203-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skendi1013_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skendi1013-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vickers16_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers16-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koti1617_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koti1617-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1798, a massacre perpetrated against the coastal Orthodox Albanian villages of Shënvasil and Nivicë-Bubar by <a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_of_Ioannina" title="Ali Pasha of Ioannina">Ali Pasha</a>, semi-independent ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Yanina" title="Pashalik of Yanina">Pashalik of Yanina</a> led to another sizable wave of conversions of Orthodox Albanians to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramet203_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet203-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skendi1956321323_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skendi1956321323-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, Albania as a whole, and especially Southern Albania, was notable as a rare region in the Ottoman Balkans where the Christian population was still losing considerable numbers of adherents to Islamization; the only other such region that showed similar decrease in the Christian population was Dobrudja.<sup id="cite_ref-MinkovDemographics_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MinkovDemographics-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time conflict between newly converted Muslim Albanians and Orthodox Albanians occurred in certain areas. Examples include the coastal villages of <a href="/wiki/Borsh" title="Borsh">Borsh</a> attacking <a href="/wiki/Piqeras" title="Piqeras">Piqeras</a> in 1744, making some flee abroad to places such as southern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Kallivretakis233_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kallivretakis233-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hammond30_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond30-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other areas such as 36 villages north of the Pogoni area converted in 1760 and followed it up with an attack on Orthodox Christian villages of the Kolonjë, Leskovik and Përmet areas leaving many settlements sacked and ruined.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond30_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond30-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late eighteenth century socio-political and economic crises alongside nominal Ottoman government control resulted in local banditry and Muslim Albanian bands raided <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanian</a>, Greek, and Orthodox Albanian settlements located today within and outside contemporary Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-Anscombe88107_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anscombe88107-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hammond197662_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond197662-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koukoudis2003_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koukoudis2003-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jorgaqi3839_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jorgaqi3839-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Albania those raids culminated in <a href="/wiki/Vithkuq" title="Vithkuq">Vithkuq</a>, mainly an Orthodox Albanian centre, <a href="/wiki/Moscopole" title="Moscopole">Moscopole</a> (Albanian: <i>Voskopojë</i>) mainly an Aromanian centre, both with Greek literary, educational and religious culture and other smaller settlements being destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramet203_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet203-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koti1617_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koti1617-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hammond197662_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond197662-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koukoudis2003_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koukoudis2003-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jorgaqi3839_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jorgaqi3839-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those events pushed some Aromanians and Orthodox Albanians to migrate afar to places such as Macedonia, Thrace and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramet203_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet203-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koti1617_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koti1617-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hammond197662_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond197662-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koukoudis2003_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koukoudis2003-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jorgaqi3839_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jorgaqi3839-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winnifrith109_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winnifrith109-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Orthodox individuals, known as <a href="/wiki/New_Martyr" title="New Martyr">neo-martyrs</a>, attempted to stem the tide of conversion to Islam amongst the Orthodox Albanian population and were executed in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-Giakoumis8991_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giakoumis8991-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable among these individuals was <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_of_Aetolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmas of Aetolia">Cosmas of Aetolia</a>, (died 1779) a Greek monk and missionary who traveled and preached afar as Krujë, opened many Greek schools before being accused as a Russian agent and executed by Ottoman Muslim Albanian authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsie5960_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsie5960-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cosmas advocated for Greek education and spread of Greek language among illiterate Christian non-Greek speaking peoples so that they could understand the scriptures, liturgy and thereby remain Orthodox while his spiritual message is revered among contemporary Orthodox Albanians.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsie5960_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsie5960-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elsie200048_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsie200048-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mackridge5859_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackridge5859-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_factors_for_conversion">Other factors for conversion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamization_of_Albania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other factors for conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Leon-Gerome-Prayer-In-The-House-Of-An-Arnaut-Chief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jean-Leon-Gerome-Prayer-In-The-House-Of-An-Arnaut-Chief.jpg/270px-Jean-Leon-Gerome-Prayer-In-The-House-Of-An-Arnaut-Chief.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jean-Leon-Gerome-Prayer-In-The-House-Of-An-Arnaut-Chief.jpg/405px-Jean-Leon-Gerome-Prayer-In-The-House-Of-An-Arnaut-Chief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jean-Leon-Gerome-Prayer-In-The-House-Of-An-Arnaut-Chief.jpg/540px-Jean-Leon-Gerome-Prayer-In-The-House-Of-An-Arnaut-Chief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption><i>Prayer In The House Of An Arnaut Chief</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a> (1857)</figcaption></figure> <p>Other conversions such as those in the region of <a href="/wiki/Lab%C3%ABria" title="Labëria">Labëria</a> occurred due to ecclesiastical matters when for example during a famine the local bishop refused to grant a break in the fast to consume milk with threats of <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Giakoumis8687_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giakoumis8687-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversion to Islam also was undertaken for economic reasons which offered a way out of heavy taxation such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a></i> or poll tax and other difficult Ottoman measures imposed on Christians while opening up opportunities such as wealth accumulation and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-Lederer333334_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lederer333334-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giakoumis8687_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giakoumis8687-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norris4748_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris4748-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In times of conflict between Muslims and Christians, local interests such as protection of family predominated over fighting causing the Ottomans to refuse Muslim Albanians the bearing of arms as often Christian Albanians would convert to Islam to obtain the right to arms and then employ them against the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-Myhill232_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myhill232-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other multiple factors that led to conversions to Islam were the poverty of the Church, illiterate clergy, a lack of clergy in some areas and worship in a language other than Albanian.<sup id="cite_ref-Lederer333334_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lederer333334-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skendi1013_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skendi1013-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skendi1956316318320_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skendi1956316318320-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giakoumis8687_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giakoumis8687-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally the reliance of the bishoprics of Durrës and southern Albania upon the declining Archbishopric of Ohrid, due in part to <a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">simony</a> weakened the ability of Orthodox Albanians in resisting conversion to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Skendi1013_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skendi1013-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skendi1956316318320_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skendi1956316318320-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Christianity" title="Crypto-Christianity">Crypto-Christianity</a> also occurred in certain instances throughout Albania in regions such as Shpat amongst populations that had recently converted from Christian Catholicism and Orthodoxy to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramet210_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet210-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skendi235242_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skendi235242-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lederer333334_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lederer333334-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giakoumis8991_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giakoumis8991-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pistrick7981_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pistrick7981-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gora_(region)" title="Gora (region)">Gorë</a>, a borderland region straddling contemporary north-eastern Albania and southern Kosovo, had a Slavic Orthodox population which converted to Islam during the latter half of the eighteenth century due to the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87" title="Serbian Patriarchate of Peć">Serbian Patriarchate of Peć</a> (1766) and subsequent unstable ecclesiastical structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Duijzings16_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duijzings16-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> entered Albania sometime in the fifteenth century and those that were Muslim became part of local Muslim Ottoman society.<sup id="cite_ref-DeSotoBeddiesGedeshi7_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeSotoBeddiesGedeshi7-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crowe196_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowe196-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_Albanians_and_the_wider_Ottoman_world">Muslim Albanians and the wider Ottoman world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamization_of_Albania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Muslim Albanians and the wider Ottoman world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:258px;max-width:258px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berat_-_Beqar_Moschee_1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Berat_-_Beqar_Moschee_1a.jpg/125px-Berat_-_Beqar_Moschee_1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Berat_-_Beqar_Moschee_1a.jpg/188px-Berat_-_Beqar_Moschee_1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Berat_-_Beqar_Moschee_1a.jpg/250px-Berat_-_Beqar_Moschee_1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berat_Xhamia_Sahatit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Berat_Xhamia_Sahatit.jpg/125px-Berat_Xhamia_Sahatit.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Berat_Xhamia_Sahatit.jpg/188px-Berat_Xhamia_Sahatit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Berat_Xhamia_Sahatit.jpg/250px-Berat_Xhamia_Sahatit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2556" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bachelors%27_Mosque" title="Bachelors' Mosque">Bachelors' Mosque</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Hysen_Pasha_Mosque" title="Hysen Pasha Mosque">Hysen Pasha Mosque</a> in Berat. (right).</div></div></div></div> <p>Islam was closely associated with the state that made the Ottoman Empire an Islamic polity of which religious law coincided alongside state law with only Muslims having full civic rights while ethnic or national affiliations were disregarded.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan1582_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan1582-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the center and south by the end of the seventeenth century the urban centers had largely adopted the religion of the growing Muslim Albanian elite. The construction of mosques in Albania increased substantially from the 17th century onward with the advent of large numbers of Muslim Albanian converts.<sup id="cite_ref-ManahasaKolay7079_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ManahasaKolay7079-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Albanian old aristocratic ruling class converted to Islam to retain their lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Stavrianos498_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stavrianos498-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 18th century, a class of local aristocratic Albanian Muslim notables had emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-ManahasaKolay7079_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ManahasaKolay7079-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of that class as <a href="/wiki/Pashas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashas">pashas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beys" class="mw-redirect" title="Beys">beys</a> during that period, having military employment as soldiers and mercenaries while also able to join the Muslim clergy played an increasingly important role in Ottoman political and economic life that became an attractive career option for many Albanians.<sup id="cite_ref-Nurja197198_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nurja197198-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norris123137155160_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris123137155160-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hammond217_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond217-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Babuna290291_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babuna290291-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on their role, these people in Muslim Albanian society attained a respectable position as they performed administrative tasks and maintained security in urban areas and sometimes were rewarded by the Ottoman state with high ranks and positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Nurja197198_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nurja197198-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albanians, as such were also represented in sizable numbers at the imperial Ottoman court.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergo23_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ergo23-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside Christians though, many Muslim Albanians were poor and partially serfs that worked on the land of the emerging landowning Ottoman Albanian elite while others found employment in business, as artisans and in other jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-Lederer333334_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lederer333334-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sunni Islam was promoted and protected by Ottoman governors and feudal society that resulted in support and spread of dervish Sufi orders considered more orthodox in the Balkans region.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris101_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris101-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foremost of these were the Bektashi order who were considered Sunni by means of association with shared legal traditions, though viewed as Shiite by everyday Muslims due to esoteric practices such as revering <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hassan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husein</a> and other notable Muslim figures.<sup id="cite_ref-BlumiKrasniqi480482_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlumiKrasniqi480482-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doja9193100102_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doja9193100102-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Ottoman rule the Albanian population partially and gradually began to convert to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> through the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Bektashism" title="Bektashism">Bektashism</a> in part to gain advantages in the Ottoman trade networks, bureaucracy and army.<sup id="cite_ref-Doja8687_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doja8687-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few Albanians became part of the Ottoman ruling class and gained an elevated position where their influence eventually exceeded that of the <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Albanians were recruited into the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Dev%C5%9Firme" class="mw-redirect" title="Devşirme">Devşirme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissary</a> with 42 <a href="/wiki/Grand_Viziers" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Viziers">Grand Viziers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> being of Albanian origin. The most prominent Albanians during Ottoman rule were <a href="/wiki/Koca_Davud_Pasha" title="Koca Davud Pasha">Koca Davud Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamza_Kastrioti" title="Hamza Kastrioti">Hamza Kastrioti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iljaz_Hoxha" class="mw-redirect" title="Iljaz Hoxha">Iljaz Hoxha</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Köprülü Mehmed Pasha">Köprülü Mehmed Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_of_Yanina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Pasha of Yanina">Ali Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Et%C3%ABhem_Bey_Mollaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Etëhem Bey Mollaj">Edhem Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Berat" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Berat">Ibrahim Pasha of Berat</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Faz%C4%B1l_Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed">Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kara_Mahmud_Bushati" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Mahmud Bushati">Kara Mahmud Bushati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Kurt_Pasha" title="Ahmet Kurt Pasha">Ahmet Kurt Pasha</a>. Within these contexts of serving in the military and as administrators, the relationship of Muslim Albanians with the Ottomans was at times one of cooperation and mutual advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-Malcolm82_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malcolm82-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlora_090.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Muradie Mosque in Vlorë."><img alt="Muradie Mosque in Vlorë." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vlora_090.jpg/80px-Vlora_090.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vlora_090.jpg/120px-Vlora_090.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vlora_090.jpg/160px-Vlora_090.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="1068" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Muradie_Mosque" title="Muradie Mosque">Muradie Mosque</a> in Vlorë.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elbasan_-_Naziresha_Mosque_(by_Pudelek).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Naziresha Mosque in Elbasan."><img alt="Naziresha Mosque in Elbasan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Elbasan_-_Naziresha_Mosque_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/73px-Elbasan_-_Naziresha_Mosque_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Elbasan_-_Naziresha_Mosque_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/110px-Elbasan_-_Naziresha_Mosque_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Elbasan_-_Naziresha_Mosque_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/147px-Elbasan_-_Naziresha_Mosque_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2856" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Naziresha_Mosque" title="Naziresha Mosque">Naziresha Mosque</a> in Elbasan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_mosque_in_Kruj%C3%AB.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bazaar Mosque in Krujë."><img alt="Bazaar Mosque in Krujë." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/A_mosque_in_Kruj%C3%AB.JPG/120px-A_mosque_in_Kruj%C3%AB.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/A_mosque_in_Kruj%C3%AB.JPG/180px-A_mosque_in_Kruj%C3%AB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/A_mosque_in_Kruj%C3%AB.JPG/240px-A_mosque_in_Kruj%C3%AB.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bazaar_Mosque" title="Bazaar Mosque">Bazaar Mosque</a> in Krujë.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peqin_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clock Mosque in Peqin."><img alt="Clock Mosque in Peqin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Peqin_Mosque.jpg/120px-Peqin_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Peqin_Mosque.jpg/180px-Peqin_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Peqin_Mosque.jpg/240px-Peqin_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Clock_Mosque" title="Clock Mosque">Clock Mosque</a> in Peqin.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xhamia_e_Fatihut.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fatih Mosque in Durrës."><img alt="Fatih Mosque in Durrës." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Xhamia_e_Fatihut.jpg/86px-Xhamia_e_Fatihut.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Xhamia_e_Fatihut.jpg/130px-Xhamia_e_Fatihut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Xhamia_e_Fatihut.jpg/173px-Xhamia_e_Fatihut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4528" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque,_Durr%C3%ABs" title="Fatih Mosque, Durrës">Fatih Mosque</a> in Durrës.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_denominations_and_sects">Muslim denominations and sects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamization_of_Albania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Muslim denominations and sects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides those associated with <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Islam, the Muslims of Albania during the Ottoman period belonged to several <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> Orders.<sup id="cite_ref-Clayer3336_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayer3336-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiri</a> order spread within urban areas of the seventeenth century and was linked with <a href="/wiki/Futuwwa" title="Futuwwa">guilds</a> of urban workers while in the 18th century, the Qadiri had spread into central Albania and in particular the mountainous Dibër region.<sup id="cite_ref-Clayer3336_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayer3336-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qadiri contributed to the economic, and in the Dibër area, the socio-political milieu where they were based.<sup id="cite_ref-Clayer3336_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayer3336-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Halveti</a> order who competed with the Bektashis for adherents and based in the south and northeast of Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-Clayer3336_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayer3336-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Sufi orders were the <a href="/wiki/Rufai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufai">Rufai</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mevlevi_Order" title="Mevlevi Order">Melami</a> and so on. The most prominent of these in Albania were and still are the <a href="/wiki/Bektashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi">Bektashis</a>, a mystic <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">Dervish</a> order belonging to Shia Islam that came to Albania during the Ottoman period, brought first by the <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissaries</a> in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Skendi1013_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skendi1013-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spread of Bektashism amongst the Albanian population though occurred during the 18th and mainly early 19th centuries, especially in the domains of Ali Pasha who is thought to have been a Bektashi himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Skendi1013_43-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skendi1013-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norris123137155160_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris123137155160-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doja9498_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doja9498-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gawrych2122_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gawrych2122-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sufi <a href="/wiki/Dervishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dervishes">dervishes</a> from places afar like <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> arrived, proselytized, gained disciples and in time a network of tekkes was established that became centres of Sufism in regions such as Skrapar and Devoll.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris123137155160_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris123137155160-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most prominent tekkes in Albania were in settlements such as Gjirokastër, Melçan, Krujë and Frashër.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris123137155160_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris123137155160-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the Bektashi order by the early 20th century, Albanians formed a sizable amount of its dervishes outside the Balkans, even at the <a href="/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli_Complex" title="Haji Bektash Veli Complex">tekke</a> of Sufi saint <a href="/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Haji Bektash</a> in Anatolia and in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris212218_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris212218-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hasluck97_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasluck97-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sufi orders, in particular the Bektashis, associate Christian saints and their local shrines with Sufi holy men, creating a synthesis and syncretism of religious observance and presence.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris123137155160_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris123137155160-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Babuna290291_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babuna290291-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hasluck106119_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasluck106119-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Albanian converts to Islam, Bektashism with its greater religious freedoms and syncretism was viewed at times as a more appealing option than Sunni Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Skendi1013_43-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skendi1013-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Babuna290291_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babuna290291-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hasluck106119_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasluck106119-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bektashi sect is considered heretical by conservative Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Giakoumis8991_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giakoumis8991-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally Bektashis are found in sizable numbers within southern Albania and to a lesser extent in central Albania, while the rest<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2017)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Islamization_of_Albania#Dubious" title="Talk:Islamization of Albania">discuss</a></i>]</sup> of the Muslim population belongs to Sunni Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Skendi1013_43-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skendi1013-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Halveti_Teqe_Berat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Teqe in Berat of the Sufi Halveti order (built 1782)."><img alt="Teqe in Berat of the Sufi Halveti order (built 1782)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Halveti_Teqe_Berat.jpg/120px-Halveti_Teqe_Berat.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Halveti_Teqe_Berat.jpg/180px-Halveti_Teqe_Berat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Halveti_Teqe_Berat.jpg/240px-Halveti_Teqe_Berat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="797" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Halveti_Teqe,_Berat" class="mw-redirect" title="Halveti Teqe, Berat">Teqe</a> in Berat of the Sufi Halveti order (built 1782).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_on_the_Halveti-Tekke_in_Berat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arabic script inscription above door at Halveti teqe, Berat."><img alt="Arabic script inscription above door at Halveti teqe, Berat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Inscription_on_the_Halveti-Tekke_in_Berat.jpg/90px-Inscription_on_the_Halveti-Tekke_in_Berat.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Inscription_on_the_Halveti-Tekke_in_Berat.jpg/135px-Inscription_on_the_Halveti-Tekke_in_Berat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Inscription_on_the_Halveti-Tekke_in_Berat.jpg/180px-Inscription_on_the_Halveti-Tekke_in_Berat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arabic script inscription above door at Halveti teqe, Berat.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teqe_of_Frash%C3%ABr_-_Mapillary_(xBfC8aYNkqSGJl5Wg2Avng).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bektashi Teqe in Frashër."><img alt="Bektashi Teqe in Frashër." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Teqe_of_Frash%C3%ABr_-_Mapillary_%28xBfC8aYNkqSGJl5Wg2Avng%29.jpg/120px-Teqe_of_Frash%C3%ABr_-_Mapillary_%28xBfC8aYNkqSGJl5Wg2Avng%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Teqe_of_Frash%C3%ABr_-_Mapillary_%28xBfC8aYNkqSGJl5Wg2Avng%29.jpg/180px-Teqe_of_Frash%C3%ABr_-_Mapillary_%28xBfC8aYNkqSGJl5Wg2Avng%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Teqe_of_Frash%C3%ABr_-_Mapillary_%28xBfC8aYNkqSGJl5Wg2Avng%29.jpg/240px-Teqe_of_Frash%C3%ABr_-_Mapillary_%28xBfC8aYNkqSGJl5Wg2Avng%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="1047" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bektashi <a href="/wiki/Teqe_of_Frash%C3%ABr" class="mw-redirect" title="Teqe of Frashër">Teqe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frash%C3%ABr" title="Frashër">Frashër</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teqeja_e_Melanit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Melani teqe of the Bektashi in Gjirokastër."><img alt="Melani teqe of the Bektashi in Gjirokastër." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Teqeja_e_Melanit.jpg/120px-Teqeja_e_Melanit.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Teqeja_e_Melanit.jpg/180px-Teqeja_e_Melanit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Teqeja_e_Melanit.jpg/240px-Teqeja_e_Melanit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Melani teqe of the Bektashi in <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pamje_e_jashtme_nga_Teqeja_e_Dollmes,_Kruje.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dollma Teqe in Krujë."><img alt="Dollma Teqe in Krujë." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pamje_e_jashtme_nga_Teqeja_e_Dollmes%2C_Kruje.JPG/120px-Pamje_e_jashtme_nga_Teqeja_e_Dollmes%2C_Kruje.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pamje_e_jashtme_nga_Teqeja_e_Dollmes%2C_Kruje.JPG/180px-Pamje_e_jashtme_nga_Teqeja_e_Dollmes%2C_Kruje.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pamje_e_jashtme_nga_Teqeja_e_Dollmes%2C_Kruje.JPG/240px-Pamje_e_jashtme_nga_Teqeja_e_Dollmes%2C_Kruje.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dollma Teqe in <a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB" title="Krujë">Krujë</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_Teqja_e_Dollm%C3%ABs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Dollma teqe with Sufi saints tombs in background, Krujë."><img alt="Interior of Dollma teqe with Sufi saints tombs in background, Krujë." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Inside_Teqja_e_Dollm%C3%ABs.jpg/120px-Inside_Teqja_e_Dollm%C3%ABs.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Inside_Teqja_e_Dollm%C3%ABs.jpg/180px-Inside_Teqja_e_Dollm%C3%ABs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Inside_Teqja_e_Dollm%C3%ABs.jpg/240px-Inside_Teqja_e_Dollm%C3%ABs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3141" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of <a href="/wiki/Teqe_of_Dollme" class="mw-redirect" title="Teqe of Dollme">Dollma teqe</a> with Sufi saints tombs in background, Krujë.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_cultural_change">Social and cultural change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamization_of_Albania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social and cultural change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xhamia_e_Iljaz_Bej_Mirahorit,_Korce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Xhamia_e_Iljaz_Bej_Mirahorit%2C_Korce.jpg/100px-Xhamia_e_Iljaz_Bej_Mirahorit%2C_Korce.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Xhamia_e_Iljaz_Bej_Mirahorit%2C_Korce.jpg/150px-Xhamia_e_Iljaz_Bej_Mirahorit%2C_Korce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Xhamia_e_Iljaz_Bej_Mirahorit%2C_Korce.jpg/200px-Xhamia_e_Iljaz_Bej_Mirahorit%2C_Korce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Mirahori Mosque in Korçë</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ottoman conquest also brought social, cultural and linguistic changes into the Albanian-speaking world. From the fifteenth century onward words from Ottoman Turkish entered the Albanian language.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris6181_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris6181-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A corpus of poets and other Muslim Albanian authors wrote in Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Persian or in the Albanian language in Arabic script (<a href="/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">aljamiado</a>) encompassing narrative prose, poetry, reflective works on religion and socio-political situations and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris6181_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris6181-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elsie289305_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsie289305-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent amongst these authors were <a href="/wiki/Yahya_bey_Dukagjini" title="Yahya bey Dukagjini">Yahya bey Dukagjini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haxhi_Shehreti" class="mw-redirect" title="Haxhi Shehreti">Haxhi Shehreti</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Bejtexhinj" class="mw-redirect" title="Bejtexhinj">bejtexhinj</a></i> poets like <a href="/wiki/Nezim_Frakulla" title="Nezim Frakulla">Nezim Frakulla</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhamet_Ky%C3%A7yku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhamet Kyçyku (page does not exist)">Muhamet Kyçyku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulejman_Naibi" title="Sulejman Naibi">Sulejman Naibi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Zyko_Kamberi" title="Hasan Zyko Kamberi">Hasan Zyko Kamberi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haxhi_Ymer_Kashari" title="Haxhi Ymer Kashari">Haxhi Ymer Kashari</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris6181_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris6181-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from Elbasan founded (1466) around a fortress, towns and cities in Albania underwent change as they adopted Ottoman architectural and cultural elements.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergo3435_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ergo3435-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nurja193_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nurja193-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some settlements with the construction of buildings related to religion, education and social purposes like mosques, madrassas, imarets and so on by the Ottoman Muslim Albanian elite became new urban centres like Korçë, Tiranë and Kavajë.<sup id="cite_ref-Nurja193_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nurja193-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, older urban centres such as Berat attained mosques, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">hamams</a> (Ottoman bathhouses), madrasas (Muslim religious schools), coffee houses, tekes and became known for poets, artists and scholarly pursuits.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris6181_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris6181-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Kosovo or Macedonia, architecturally Albania's Ottoman Muslim heritage was more modest in number, though prominent structures are the <a href="/wiki/Iljaz_Mirahori_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Iljaz Mirahori Mosque">Mirahori Mosque</a> in Korçë (built 1495–96), <a href="/wiki/Bazaar_Mosque" title="Bazaar Mosque">Murad Bey Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB" title="Krujë">Krujë</a> (1533–34), <a href="/wiki/Lead_Mosque,_Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Lead Mosque, Shkodër">Lead Mosque</a> in Shkodër (1773–74), <a href="/wiki/Et%27hem_Bey_Mosque" title="Et'hem Bey Mosque">Et'hem Bey Mosque</a> in Tiranë (begun 1791–94; finished 1820–21) and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris56_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris56-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ManahasaKolay7079b_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ManahasaKolay7079b-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversion from Christianity to Islam for Albanians also marked a transition from <i><a href="/wiki/Rum_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">Rum</a></i> (Christian) to <i>Muslim</i> confessional communities within the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Millet_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Millet system">millet system</a> that collectively divided and governed peoples according to their religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Anscombe88107_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anscombe88107-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans were nonetheless aware of the existence of Muslim Albanians and used terms like <i>Arnavud</i> (اروانيد) extensively as an ethnic marker to address the shortcomings of the usual millet religious terminology to identify people in Ottoman state records.<sup id="cite_ref-Anscombe88107_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anscombe88107-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anscombe2006b_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anscombe2006b-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ottoman Turkish, the country was referred to as <i>Arnavudluk</i> (آرناوودلق).<sup id="cite_ref-Anscombe2006b_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anscombe2006b-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also a new and generalised response by Albanians based on ethnic and linguistic consciousness to this new and different Ottoman world emerging around them was a change in ethnonym.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloshi277_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloshi277-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Misha35_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misha35-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ethnic demonym <i>Shqiptarë</i>, derived from Latin connoting clear speech and verbal understanding gradually replaced <i>Arbëresh/Arbënesh</i> amongst Albanian speakers between the late 17th and early 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloshi277_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloshi277-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamization_of_Albania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albanian_societal_views_of_the_Islamisation_of_Albania">Albanian societal views of the Islamisation of Albania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamization_of_Albania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Albanian societal views of the Islamisation of Albania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Et%27hem_Bey_Mosque_Tirana_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Et%27hem_Bey_Mosque_Tirana_2.JPG/150px-Et%27hem_Bey_Mosque_Tirana_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Et%27hem_Bey_Mosque_Tirana_2.JPG/225px-Et%27hem_Bey_Mosque_Tirana_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Et%27hem_Bey_Mosque_Tirana_2.JPG/300px-Et%27hem_Bey_Mosque_Tirana_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="3030" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a> within richly decorated interior of <a href="/wiki/Et%27hem_Bey_Mosque" title="Et'hem Bey Mosque">Et'hem Bey Mosque</a>, Tiranë.</figcaption></figure> <p>Islam and the Ottoman legacy has also been a topic of conversation among wider Albanian society. Islam and the Ottomans are viewed by many Albanians as the outcome of <i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a></i>, <i>anti-Christian violence</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></i> and within those discourses Albania's sociopolitical problems are attributed as the outcome of that legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Endresen4748_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endresen4748-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some members from the Muslim community, while deemphasizing the Ottoman past, have responded to these views by criticizing what they perceive as prejudice toward Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Endresen4748_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endresen4748-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among Albanian intellectuals and other notable Albanians in the wider Balkans, discussions and at times debates about Islam, its legacy and role within Albania have occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Brisku181183_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brisku181183-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within these discourses, controversial Orientalist, racist and biological terminology has been used by some Albanian intellectuals when discussing Islam, its legacy and contemporary role among Albanians.<sup id="cite_ref-Sulstarova6872_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sulstarova6872-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ElbasaniRoy465_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElbasaniRoy465-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ismail_Kadare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ismail_Kadare.jpg/180px-Ismail_Kadare.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ismail_Kadare.jpg/270px-Ismail_Kadare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ismail_Kadare.jpg/360px-Ismail_Kadare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Kadare" title="Ismail Kadare">Ismail Kadare</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Prominent in those discussions were written exchanges in newspaper articles and books between novelist <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Kadare" title="Ismail Kadare">Ismail Kadare</a> of Gjirokastër and literary critic <a href="/wiki/Rexhep_Qosja" title="Rexhep Qosja">Rexhep Qosja</a>, an Albanian from the former Yugoslavia in the mid-2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-Brisku184186_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brisku184186-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SchmidtNeke15_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchmidtNeke15-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kadare asserted that Albania's future lay with Europe due to its ancient European roots and Christian traditions, while Qosja contended that Albanian identity was both a blend of Western (Christian) and Eastern (Islam) cultures and often adaptable to historical contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-Brisku184186_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brisku184186-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SchmidtNeke15_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchmidtNeke15-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Piro Misha wrote that the Islamisation of Albanians during the 17th and 18th centuries as being "two of the darkest centuries in the modern history of Albania".<sup id="cite_ref-Misha35_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misha35-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Misha also maintained that due to that experience "Albania was more influenced by Turco-Oriental culture than perhaps any other country in the region",<sup id="cite_ref-Misha_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misha-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though he notes that Albanian Muslims were only Muslim group "in European Turkey who made common cause with their Christian compatriots to fight against the government in Constantinople."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2005 speech given in Britain by Albanian President <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moisiu" title="Alfred Moisiu">Alfred Moisiu</a>, he referred to Islam in Albania as having a "European face" since it is "shallow" and "if you dig a bit in every Albanian, he can discover his Christian core".<sup id="cite_ref-Brisku187_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brisku187-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim Forum of Albania responded to those and Kadare's comments and referred to them as "racist" containing "<a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a>" and being "deeply offensive".<sup id="cite_ref-Brisku187_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brisku187-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following trends dating back from the communist regime, the post-communist Albanian political establishment continues to approach Islam as the faith of the Ottoman "invader".<sup id="cite_ref-Barbullushi158_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbullushi158-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Albanian writers have also claimed that the Albanian dedication to Islam was superficial and those arguments have been popular within the Orthodox and Catholic Albanian communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Malcolm86_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malcolm86-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In debates over Albanian school textbooks during which some historians have asked for offensive content regarding Turks to be removed, some Christian Albanian historians countered angrily by referring to negative experiences of the Ottoman period and wanting Turkey to seek redress for the "invasion" of Albania and the Islamisation of Albanians.<sup id="cite_ref-Jazexhi14_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi14-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_establishment_views_of_the_Islamisation_of_Albania">Religious establishment views of the Islamisation of Albania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamization_of_Albania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religious establishment views of the Islamisation of Albania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official religious Christian and Muslim establishments and their clergy hold diverging views of the Ottoman period and conversion of Islam by Albanians. Both Catholic and the Orthodox clergy interpret the Ottoman era as a repressive one that contained anti-Christian discrimination and violence,<sup id="cite_ref-Endresen237_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endresen237-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Islam is viewed as <i>foreign</i> challenging Albanian tradition and cohesion.<sup id="cite_ref-Endresen241_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endresen241-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conversion to Islam by Albanians is viewed by both Catholic and Orthodox clergy as <i>falsification</i> of Albanian identity, though Albanian Muslims are interpreted as <i>innocent victims</i> of Islamisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Endresen241_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endresen241-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albanian Sunni Muslim clergy however views the conversion of Albanians as a <i>voluntary</i> process, while sidelining religious controversies associated with the Ottoman era.<sup id="cite_ref-Endresen237_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endresen237-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sufi Islam in Albania interprets the Ottoman era as promoting a distorted form of Islam that was corrupted within a Sunni Ottoman polity that persecuted them.<sup id="cite_ref-Endresen241242_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endresen241242-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian clergy consider Muslim Albanians as part of the wider Albanian nation and Muslim clergy do not express derision to people who did not become Muslim in Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-Endresen241_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endresen241-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian identities in Albania have been forged on being in a minority position, at times with experiences of discrimination they have had historically in relation to the Muslim majority.<sup id="cite_ref-Endresen250_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endresen250-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Muslim clergy in Albania highlight the change of fortune the demise of the Ottoman Empire brought with the political empowerment of Balkan Christians making Muslims a religious minority<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in contemporary times.<sup id="cite_ref-Endresen250_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endresen250-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamisation_of_Albania_within_scholarship">Islamisation of Albania within scholarship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamization_of_Albania&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Islamisation of Albania within scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Albania" title="Historiography of Albania">Historiography of Albania</a></div> <p>Within scholarship in contemporary times, the conversion of Albanians and the legacy of Islam within Albania is a contested topic. Communist era and contemporary Albanian scholars with nationalist perspectives interpret the Ottoman period as negative and downplay the conversion to Islam as having had barely any benefits to Albanians in a sociocultural and religious sense.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsie34_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsie34-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, Hasan Kaleshi challenged these mainly "negative" views of the period of Islamization.<sup id="cite_ref-Clayer135_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayer135-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaleshi's position, later supported by Elsie and Schmidt-Neke,<sup id="cite_ref-SchmidtNeke15_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchmidtNeke15-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elsie34_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsie34-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was that the Ottoman conquest and conversion to Islam by Albanians averted Hellenization and Slavification the same way that the Slavic invasions of the 6th century halted the <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">romanization</a> process of the progenitors of the Albanians.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsie34_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsie34-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SchmidtNeke15_96-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchmidtNeke15-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clayer135_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayer135-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He maintained that though recognised within the millet system as Muslims only, the partial Islamisation of the population halted the assimilation process occurring through churches and the influence of landlords of the Greeks, Latins and Slavs.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsie34_107-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsie34-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clayer135_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayer135-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the Islamisation of Albanians also resulted in the extension of the Balkan Albanian settlement area through either population movements or the assimilation of other Muslim non-Albanian elements during Ottoman rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsie34_107-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsie34-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clayer135_108-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayer135-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaleshi's thesis has, over time, been distorted by some Albanians who argue that Albanians converted to Islam with the aim of keeping their national and ethnic identity, instead of Albanian identity being preserved as a consequence of Islamisation and Ottoman rule; this has been called an "inversion" of Kaleshi's argument.<sup id="cite_ref-Clayer135_108-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayer135-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamization_of_Albania&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Community_of_Albania" title="Muslim Community of Albania">Muslim Community of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism and folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ottoman Albania">History of Ottoman Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Religion in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Albania" title="Christianity in Albania">Christianity in Albania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamization_of_Albania&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamization_of_Albania&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ramet209-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet209_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet209_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet209_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet209_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamet1998">Ramet 1998</a>, p. 209. "The Ottomans first invaded Albania in 1385. A second Ottoman force was sent to Albania 1394-96, occupying the country. Given both the Ottoman disposition to tolerate religious diversity among loyal subjects and the generally bellicose traditions of the Albanians, Ottoman authorities adopted a conciliatory policy toward Albanian Christians in the early decades of occupation. Still, although conversion to Islam was not required, a Christian Albanian lord could count on winning favor if he converted. If the Ottomans did not believe that religious reasons could compel a Christian to convert to Islam, they nonetheless looked askance when a Muslim converted (or reconverted) to Christianity. This happened in 1443 when Gjergj Kastrioti (called Skenderbeg), who had been reared as a Muslim in the sultan's palace, abandoned the Islamic faith and publicly reverted to the creed of his forefathers. But this conversion was not merely a public gesture of defiance. It was the first act in a revolutionary drama. For, after changing his religious allegiance, Skenderbeg demanded that Muslim colonists and converts alike embrace Christianity on pain of death, declaring a kind of holy war against the sultan/caliph."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhelyaz-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhelyaz_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhelyaz_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhelyaz_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhelyazkova, Antonina. ‘’Albanian Identities’’. Sofia, 2000: International Center for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations. Page 15-16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bieber-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bieber_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFlorian_Bieber2010" class="citation news cs1">Florian Bieber (19 August 2010). "Muslim identity in the Balkans before the establishment of nation states". <i>Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity</i>. pp. 15–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers%3A+The+Journal+of+Nationalism+and+Ethnicity&rft.atitle=Muslim+identity+in+the+Balkans+before+the+establishment+of+nation+states&rft.pages=15-19&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft.au=Florian+Bieber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fine209-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fine209_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine209_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine209_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFineFine1994" class="citation book cs1">Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&q=Albanian+revolts+Ottomans&pg=PA535"><i>The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. p. 535. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5"><bdi>978-0-472-08260-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.pages=535&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08260-5&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+V.+A.&rft.au=Fine%2C+John+Van+Antwerp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvVbRrH1QBgC%26q%3DAlbanian%2Brevolts%2BOttomans%26pg%3DPA535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ergo22-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ergo22_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErgo2010">Ergo 2010</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marinescu182-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marinescu182_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarinescu1994">Marinescu 1994</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inalcik327-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Inalcik327_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInalcik1989">Inalcik 1989</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2016" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Stanford J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kcy-DAAAQBAJ&q=The+Jews+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+the+Turkish+Republic"><i>The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic</i></a>. Springer. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12235-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12235-6"><bdi>978-1-349-12235-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+the+Turkish+Republic&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-12235-6&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Stanford+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKcy-DAAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BJews%2Bof%2Bthe%2BOttoman%2BEmpire%2Band%2Bthe%2BTurkish%2BRepublic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span> In Albania, the important trade center Valona had a large number of Jewish immigrants from the Iberian peninsula... though the subsequent Christian Albanian revolt against the Ottomans, led by Scanderbeg, massacred most of the area's Muslims and Jews and forced the remainder to flee, mostly to Istanbul or Italy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasse-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nasse_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasse1964">Nasse 1964</a>, pp. 24–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreptow1992" class="citation book cs1">Treptow, Kurt W. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=slVpAAAAMAAJ&q=Albanian+revolts+Ottomans"><i>From Zalmoxis to Jan Palach: Studies in East European History</i></a>. Eastern European Monographs. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-225-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-225-5"><bdi>978-0-88033-225-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Zalmoxis+to+Jan+Palach%3A+Studies+in+East+European+History&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Eastern+European+Monographs&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-225-5&rft.aulast=Treptow&rft.aufirst=Kurt+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DslVpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DAlbanian%2Brevolts%2BOttomans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treptow182190-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Treptow182190_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreptow1991" class="citation journal cs1">Treptow, Kurt W. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9U5pAAAAMAAJ&q=Albanian+">"The Ottoman Invasion of Italy and the Albanian Rebellion, 1480-1481"</a>. <i>The Ukrainian Quarterly</i>. <b>47</b> (2): 182–190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ukrainian+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Ottoman+Invasion+of+Italy+and+the+Albanian+Rebellion%2C+1480-1481&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=182-190&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Treptow&rft.aufirst=Kurt+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9U5pAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DAlbanian%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhelyazkova, Antonina, ‘’Albanian identities’’, page 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhelyazkova, Antonina. ‘’Albanian Identities’’. Pages 15-16, 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MinkovDemographics-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MinkovDemographics_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MinkovDemographics_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MinkovDemographics_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MinkovDemographics_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MinkovDemographics_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnton_Minkov" class="citation book cs1">Anton Minkov. <i>Conversion to Islam in the Balkans</i>. pp. 41–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversion+to+Islam+in+the+Balkans&rft.pages=41-42&rft.au=Anton+Minkov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris3637-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norris3637_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris1993">Norris 1993</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ergo18-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ergo18_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErgo2010">Ergo 2010</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nurja197198-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nurja197198_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nurja197198_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nurja197198_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNurja2012">Nurja 2012</a>, pp. 197–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ergo3435-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ergo3435_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ergo3435_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErgo2010">Ergo 2010</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vryonis-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vryonis_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vryonis, Spyros. <i>Religious Changes and Patterns in the Balkans, 14th-16th centuries</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2014/09/21/fr_lombardi_papal_journey_a_blessing_for_all_albanians/1107019">http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2014/09/21/fr_lombardi_papal_journey_a_blessing_for_all_albanians/1107019</a>, ..."a silver portrait of Pope Clement XI – who belonged to the Albani family, so was traditionally of Albanian origin."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malcolm12-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malcolm12_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malcolm12_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalcolm2015">Malcolm 2015</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet209210-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramet209210_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamet1998">Ramet 1998</a>, pp. 209–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ergo8-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ergo8_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErgo2010">Ergo 2010</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet210-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet210_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet210_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet210_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamet1998">Ramet 1998</a>, p. 210. "Then, in 1644, war broke out between Venice and the Ottoman empire. At the urging of the clergy, many Albanian Catholics sided with Venice. The Ottomans responded with severe repressions, which in turn drove many Catholics to embrace Islam (although a few elected to join the Orthodox Church instead)... Within the span of twenty-two years (1649-71) the number of Catholics in the diocese of Alessio fell by more than 50 percent, while in the diocese of Pulati (1634-71) the number of Catholics declined from more than 20,000 to just 4,045. In general, Albanian insurrections during the Ottoman-Venetian wars of 1644-69 resulted in stiff Ottoman reprisals against Catholics in northern Albania and significantly accelerated Islamization... In general, a pattern emerged. When the, Ottoman empire was attacked by Catholic powers, local Catholics were pressured to convert, and when the attack on the Ottoman empire came from Orthodox Russia, the pressure was on local Orthodox to change faith. In some cases Islamization was only superficial, however, and in the nineteenth century many villages and some entire districts remained "crypto-Catholic" in spite of the adopting the externals of Islamic culture."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skendi235242-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skendi235242_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skendi235242_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skendi235242_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkendi1967b">Skendi 1967b</a>, pp. 235–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lederer333334-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lederer333334_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lederer333334_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lederer333334_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lederer333334_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lederer333334_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lederer333334_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLederer1994">Lederer 1994</a>, pp. 333–334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raspasani-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raspasani_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raspasani_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm1998" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm, Noel (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GGQ_AQAAIAAJ&q=Toma+Raspasani"><i>Kosovo: a short history</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-66612-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-66612-8"><bdi>978-0-333-66612-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+a+short+history&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-333-66612-8&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGGQ_AQAAIAAJ%26q%3DToma%2BRaspasani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pahumi-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pahumi_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pahumi, Nevila (2007). "The Consolidation of Albanian Nationalism". Page 18: "The pasha of Ipek forcibly removed Catholic inhabitants of northern Albania into the plains of southern Serbia after a failed Serb revolt in 1689 and the flight of many Serbs to the Habsburg Empire. The transferred villagers were forced to convert over to Islam."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doja60-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doja60_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doja60_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoja2008">Doja 2008</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frazee-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frazee_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrazee2006">Frazee 2006</a>, pp. 167–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stavrianos498-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stavrianos498_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stavrianos498_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stavrianos498_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStavrianos2000">Stavrianos 2000</a>, p. 498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wallaby.vu.edu.au-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wallaby.vu.edu.au_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108131821/http://wallaby.vu.edu.au/adt-VVUT/uploads/approved/adt-VVUT20060426.160820/public/02ch1.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wallaby.vu.edu.au/adt-VVUT/uploads/approved/adt-VVUT20060426.160820/public/02ch1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwallaby.vu.edu.au%2Fadt-VVUT%2Fuploads%2Fapproved%2Fadt-VVUT20060426.160820%2Fpublic%2F02ch1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TKGM, TD № 55 (412), (Defter sandžaka Prizren iz 1591. godine).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pistrick78-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pistrick78_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pistrick78_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPistrick2013">Pistrick 2013</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skendi1956316318320-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skendi1956316318320_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skendi1956316318320_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skendi1956316318320_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skendi1956316318320_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkendi1956">Skendi 1956</a>, pp. 316, 318–320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet203-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet203_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet203_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet203_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet203_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet203_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet203_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamet1998">Ramet 1998</a>, p. 203. "The Ottoman conquest between the end of the fourteenth century and the mid-fifteenth century introduced a third religion – Islam - but the Turks did not at first use force in its expansion, and it was only in the 1600s that large-scale conversion to Islam began – chiefly, at first, among Albanian Catholics."; p.204. "The Orthodox community enjoyed broad toleration at the hands of the Sublime Porte until the late eighteenth century."; p. 204. "In the late eighteenth century Russian agents began stirring up the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman empire against the Sublime Porte. In the Russo-Turkish wars of 1768-74 and 1787-91 Orthodox Albanians rose against the Turks. In the course of the second revolt the "New Academy" in Voskopoje was destroyed (1789), and at the end of the second Russo-Turkish war more than a thousand Orthodox fled to Russia on Russian warships. As a result of these revolts, the Porte now applied force to Islamicize the Albanian Orthodox population, adding economic incentives to provide positive stimulus. In 1798 Ali Pasha of Janina led Ottoman forces against Christian believers assembled in their churches to celebrate Easter in the villages of Shen Vasil and Nivica e Bubarit. The bloodbath unleashed against these believers frightened Albanian Christians in other districts and inspired a new wave of mass conversions to Islam."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ergo26-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ergo26_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErgo2010">Ergo 2010</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ergo37-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ergo37_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ergo37_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErgo2010">Ergo 2010</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giakoumis7981-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Giakoumis7981_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiakoumis2010">Giakoumis 2010</a>, pp. 79–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winnifrith107-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winnifrith107_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinnifrith2002">Winnifrith 2002</a>, p. 107."But the difficult archbishops of Ohrid must have produced some difference in their flocks. Less contentious faiths were available. It so happens that converting to Islam in central Albania was eased by the strength there of the Bektashi cult, a mystical faith, designed to appeal to all, demanding little in the way of strict rules of observance."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giakoumis84-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giakoumis84_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giakoumis84_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiakoumis2010">Giakoumis 2010</a>, p. 84. On Durres: "At the end of the 16th century, conversion to Islam had so much penetrated into central Albania, that a Greek traveller in Durrës in 1580 reported that ―in the region of Durrës there are no Greeks‖ (that is, Orthodox Christians)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ergo38-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ergo38_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErgo2010">Ergo 2010</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skendi1013-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skendi1013_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skendi1013_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skendi1013_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skendi1013_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skendi1013_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skendi1013_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skendi1013_43-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skendi1013_43-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skendi1013_43-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkendi1967a">Skendi 1967a</a>, pp. 10–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skendi1956321323-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skendi1956321323_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skendi1956321323_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkendi1956">Skendi 1956</a>, pp. 321–323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickers16-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers16_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vickers16_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVickers2011">Vickers 2011</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koti1617-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koti1617_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koti1617_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koti1617_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoti2010">Koti 2010</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kallivretakis233-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kallivretakis233_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKallivretakis2003">Kallivretakis 2003</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammond30-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond30_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond30_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1967">Hammond 1967</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anscombe88107-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anscombe88107_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anscombe88107_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anscombe88107_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnscombe2006">Anscombe 2006</a>, p. 88. "This Albanian participation in brigandage is easier to track than for many other social groups in Ottoman lands, because Albanian (<i>Arnavud</i>) was one of the relatively few ethnic markers regularly added to the usual religious (Muslim-Zimmi) tags used to identify people in state records. These records show that the magnitude of banditry involving Albanians grew through the 1770s and 1780s to reach crisis proportions in the 1790s and 1800s."; p.107. "In light of the recent violent troubles in Kosovo and Macedonia and the strong emotions tied to them, readers are urged most emphatically not to draw either of two unwarranted conclusions from this article: that Albanians are somehow inherently inclined to banditry, or that the extent of Ottoman "Albania" or <i>Arnavudluk</i> (which included parts of present-day northern Greece, western Macedonia, southern Montenegro, Kosovo, and southern Serbia) gives any historical "justification" for the creation of a "Greater Albania" today."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammond197662-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond197662_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond197662_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond197662_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1976">Hammond 1976</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koukoudis2003-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koukoudis2003_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koukoudis2003_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koukoudis2003_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoukoudis2003">Koukoudis 2003</a>, pp. 321–322. "Particularly interesting is the case of Vithkuq, south of Moschopolis, which seems to have shared closely in the town's evolution, though it is far from clear whether it was inhabited by Vlachs [Aromanians] in the glory days before 1769. It may well have had Vlach inhabitants before 1769, though the Arvanites were certainly far more numerous, if not the largest population group. This is further supported by the linguistic identity of the refugees who fled Vithkuq and accompanied the waves of departing Vlachs. Today it is inhabited by Arvanites and Vlachs, though the forebears of the modern Vlach residents arrived after the village had been abandoned by its previous inhabitants and are mainly of Arvanitovlach descent. They are former pastoral nomads who settled permanently in Vithkuq."; p. 339. "As the same time as, or possibly shortly before or after, these events in Moschopolis, unruly Arnauts also attacked the smaller Vlach and Arvanitic communities round about. The Vlach inhabitants of Llengë, Niçë, Grabovë, Shipckë, and the Vlach villages on Grammos, such as Nikolicë, Linotopi, and Grammousta, and the inhabitants of Vithkuq and even the last Albanian speaking Christian villages on Opar found themselves at the mercy of the predatory Arnauts, whom no-one could withstand. For them too, the only solution was to flee... During this period, Vlach and Arvanite families from the surrounding ruined market towns and villages settled alongside the few Moscopolitans who had returned. Refugee families came from Dushar and other villages in Opar, from Vithkuq, Grabovë, Nikolicë, Niçë, and Llengë and from Kolonjë."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jorgaqi3839-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jorgaqi3839_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jorgaqi3839_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jorgaqi3839_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJorgaqi2005">Jorgaqi 2005</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winnifrith109-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winnifrith109_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinnifrith2002">Winnifrith 2002</a>, p. 109. "Of these Vithkuq... All these villages have a Vlach [Aromanian] element in their population, and it is Vlach tradition that they were large and important... This culture was of course Greek culture...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giakoumis8991-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giakoumis8991_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giakoumis8991_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giakoumis8991_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiakoumis2010">Giakoumis 2010</a>, pp. 89–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie5960-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elsie5960_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elsie5960_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2001">Elsie 2001</a>, pp. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie200048-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elsie200048_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2000">Elsie 2000</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackridge5859-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mackridge5859_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackridge2009">Mackridge 2009</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giakoumis8687-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giakoumis8687_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giakoumis8687_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giakoumis8687_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiakoumis2010">Giakoumis 2010</a>, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris4748-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norris4748_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris1993">Norris 1993</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myhill232-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Myhill232_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyhill2006">Myhill 2006</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pistrick7981-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pistrick7981_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPistrick2013">Pistrick 2013</a>, pp. 79–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duijzings16-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duijzings16_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuijzings2000">Duijzings 2000</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeSotoBeddiesGedeshi7-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeSotoBeddiesGedeshi7_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_SotoBeddiesGedeshi2005">De Soto, Beddies & Gedeshi 2005</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowe196-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crowe196_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowe1996">Crowe 1996</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordan1582-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jordan1582_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan2015">Jordan 2015</a>, p. 1582.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ManahasaKolay7079-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ManahasaKolay7079_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ManahasaKolay7079_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManahasaKolay2015">Manahasa & Kolay 2015</a>, pp. 70, 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris123137155160-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norris123137155160_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris123137155160_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris123137155160_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris123137155160_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris123137155160_67-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris1993">Norris 1993</a>, pp. 123–137, 155–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammond217-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hammond217_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1967">Hammond 1967</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Babuna290291-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Babuna290291_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babuna290291_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babuna290291_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBabuna2004">Babuna 2004</a>, pp. 290–291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ergo23-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ergo23_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErgo2010">Ergo 2010</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris101-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norris101_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris1993">Norris 1993</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlumiKrasniqi480482-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BlumiKrasniqi480482_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlumiKrasniqi2014">Blumi & Krasniqi 2014</a>, pp. 480–482.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doja9193100102-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doja9193100102_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoja2006">Doja 2006</a>, pp. 91–93, 100–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doja8687-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doja8687_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoja2006">Doja 2006</a>, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawShaw1976" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E9-YfgVZDBkC&pg=PA69"><i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280-1808</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29163-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29163-7"><bdi>978-0-521-29163-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Modern+Turkey%3A+Volume+1%2C+Empire+of+the+Gazis%3A+The+Rise+and+Decline+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+1280-1808&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29163-7&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Stanford+J.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Ezel+Kural&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE9-YfgVZDBkC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malcolm82-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malcolm82_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalcolm2002">Malcolm 2002</a>, p. 82. "Modern historians would also think it necessary to refer to the many examples of cooperation (sometimes to mutual advantage) between inhabitants of the Albanian lands and their foreign rulers - above all, in the case of the Ottomans, with their innumerable soldiers and officials of Albanian origin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayer3336-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer3336_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer3336_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer3336_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer3336_77-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClayer2007">Clayer 2007</a>, pp. 33–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doja9498-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doja9498_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoja2006">Doja 2006</a>, pp. 94–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gawrych2122-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gawrych2122_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris212218-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norris212218_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris1993">Norris 1993</a>, pp. 212–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasluck97-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hasluck97_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasluck1913">Hasluck 1913</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasluck106119-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hasluck106119_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hasluck106119_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasluck1913">Hasluck 1913</a>, pp. 106–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris6181-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norris6181_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris6181_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris6181_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris6181_83-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris1993">Norris 1993</a>, pp. 61–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie289305-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elsie289305_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie1992">Elsie 1992</a>, pp. 289–305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nurja193-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nurja193_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nurja193_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNurja2012">Nurja 2012</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris56-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norris56_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris1993">Norris 1993</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ManahasaKolay7079b-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ManahasaKolay7079b_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManahasaKolay2015">Manahasa & Kolay 2015</a>, pp. 70–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anscombe2006b-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anscombe2006b_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anscombe2006b_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnscombe2006b">Anscombe 2006b</a>, p. 772. "In this case, however, Ottoman records contain useful information about the ethnicities of the leading actors in the story. In comparison with ‘Serbs’, who were not a meaningful category to the Ottoman state, its records refer to ‘Albanians’ more frequently than to many other cultural or linguistic groups. The term ‘Arnavud’ was used to denote persons who spoke one of the dialects of Albanian, came from mountainous country in the western Balkans (referred to as ‘Arnavudluk’, and including not only the area now forming the state of Albania but also neighbouring parts of Greece, Macedonia, Kosovo, and Montenegro), organized society on the strength of blood ties (family, clan, tribe), engaged predominantly in a mix of settled agriculture and livestock herding, and were notable fighters — a group, in short, difficult to control. Other peoples, such as Georgians, Ahkhaz, Circassians, Tatars, Kurds, and Bedouin Arabs who were frequently identified by their ethnicity, shared similar cultural traits."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lloshi277-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lloshi277_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lloshi277_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLloshi1999">Lloshi 1999</a>, p. 277. "They called themselves arbënesh, arbëresh, the country Arbëni, Arbëri, and the language arbëneshe, arbëreshe. In the foreign languages, the Middle Ages denominations of these names survived, but for the Albanians they were substituted by shqiptarë, Shqipëri and shqipe. The primary root is the adverb shqip, meaning "clearly, intelligibly". There is a very close semantic parallel to this in the German noun Deutsche, "the Germans" and "the German language" (Lloshi 1984) Shqip spread out from the north to the south, and Shqipni/Shqipëri is probably a collective noun, following the common pattern of Arbëni, Arbëri. The change happened after the Ottoman conquest because of the conflict in the whole line of the political, social, economic, religious, and cultural spheres with a totally alien world of the Oriental type. A new and more generalised ethnic and linguistic consciousness of all these people responded to this."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Misha35-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Misha35_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Misha35_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMisha2002">Misha 2002</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Endresen4748-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen4748_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen4748_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEndresen2011">Endresen 2011</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brisku181183-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brisku181183_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrisku2013">Brisku 2013</a>, pp. 181–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sulstarova6872-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sulstarova6872_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulstarova2013">Sulstarova 2013</a>, pp. 68–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElbasaniRoy465-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ElbasaniRoy465_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElbasaniRoy2015">Elbasani & Roy 2015</a>, p. 465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brisku184186-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brisku184186_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brisku184186_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrisku2013">Brisku 2013</a>, pp. 184–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchmidtNeke15-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SchmidtNeke15_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchmidtNeke15_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchmidtNeke15_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchmidtNeke15_96-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt-Neke2014">Schmidt-Neke 2014</a>, p. 15. "Hasan Kaleshi who argued that the islamization of the majority of the Albanians saved them from assimilation into Greeks and Slavs (Kaleshi 1975)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Misha-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Misha_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMisha2002">Misha 2002</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMisha2002">Misha 2002</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brisku187-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brisku187_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brisku187_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrisku2013">Brisku 2013</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbullushi158-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barbullushi158_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarbullushi2010">Barbullushi 2010</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malcolm86-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malcolm86_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalcolm2002">Malcolm 2002</a>, p. 86. "Even more confusing was his deployment of another standard argument, using the evidence of syncretistic folk-religion to suggest that the Albanian commitment to Islam was only superficial: ‘The Albanian Moslem has never forgotten... his former religion to some of the saints of which he still pays tribute, such as St. George... and St. Demeter. This argument (understandably popular among Catholic and Orthodox Albanians, but, in view of the use made of it by Slav and Greek propagandists, a dangerous one for Albanian interests) raised a potentially awkward question. If the Albanians had been so devoted to Christianity (which was at one stage their national religion), why had so many of them converted to Islam?"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jazexhi14-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jazexhi14_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJazexhi2012">Jazexhi 2012</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Endresen237-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen237_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen237_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEndresen2010">Endresen 2010</a>, p. 237 "The Muslim leaders advocate the view that the Albanians' embracing of Islam was voluntary. The Christians, conversely, characterise the Ottoman rule as anti-Christian and oppressive."; pp. 238-239; p. 241. "In Christian narratives, by contrast, Islam represents a foreign element disrupting Albanian unity and tradition."; pp. 240-241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Endresen241-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen241_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen241_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen241_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEndresen2010">Endresen 2010</a>, p. 241. "The Christians’ view that the historical conversion to Islam presents a kind of falsification of national identity has interesting similarities with Serbian nationalist interpretations of Slavic conversions to Islam, though the Albanian clergy distinguish between Islam and local Muslims and not consider their compatriots’ conversion as treason to the same extent. Although the Christian leaders do place Islam on the wrong side of history, its Albanian adherents are portrayed as innocent victims of the cruel polities of foreign intruders. Moreover, the Christian clergy do not exclude Albanian Muslims from the national community, and by the same token none of the Muslim leaders seem to nurture any resentment towards those who did not embrace Islam."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Endresen241242-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Endresen241242_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEndresen2010">Endresen 2010</a>, pp. 241–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Endresen250-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen250_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endresen250_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEndresen2010">Endresen 2010</a>, p. 250. "Myths of martyrdom and "unjust treatment" in the sense that the national and/or the religious community is a "victim of aggression", run like a thread through the clerics’ discourse. These are partly based on the historical fact that in one way or another each community is or has been under threat: since the second half of the 19th Century, Albania and Albanians in the Balkans have been in the firing line of Christian neighbours with territorial claims, which have made efforts to assimilate, expel or even kill the population in disputed areas. This is reflected in the Communities’ constructions of the national community. Orthodox and Catholic identities are shaped by the fact that Christianity is a minority religion in Albania, and that the country’s Christians have a long history as second class citizens under various forms of Muslim pressures, either as imperial, Islamist polity or under authoritarian leadership dominated by leaders with a Muslim background (Zogu and Hoxha). Conversely, the Muslim clerics focus on how the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire has given the Balkans’s Christians the upper hand politically. Islam is also a minority religion in Europe with a historical reputation as demonic and with a modern image problem in the West related to the rise of Islamic fundamentalism and global terrorist networks."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie34-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elsie34_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elsie34_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elsie34_107-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elsie34_107-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elsie34_107-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2005">Elsie 2005</a>, p. 34. "Modern Albanian scholars tend to view the consequences of these centuries of Turkish rule as completely negative, in terms of wild Asiatic hordes ravaging and plundering a country which might otherwise have flourished in the cradle of European civilization... Scholar Hasan Kaleshi (1922–1976) has convincingly suggested that the Turkish occupation of the Balkans had at least the one positive consequence. It saved the Albanians from ethnic assimilation by the Slavs, just as the Slavic invasion of the Balkans in the sixth century had put an end to the process of Romanization which had threatened to assimilate the non-Latin-speaking ancestors of the Albanians a thousand years earlier. Although not recognized by the Turks as an ethnic minority (the population of the Ottoman Empire was divided according to religion, not according to nationality), the Albanians managed to survive as a people and indeed substantially expand their areas of settlement under Turkish rule."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayer135-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer135_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer135_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer135_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer135_108-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer135_108-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClayer1997">Clayer 1997</a>, pp. 135.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamization_of_Albania&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnscombe2006" class="citation book cs1">Anscombe, Frederick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125223702/http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/578/1/578">"Albanians and "mountain bandits"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. In Anscombe, Frederick (ed.). <i>The Ottoman Balkans, 1750–1830</i>. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 87–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558763838" title="Special:BookSources/9781558763838"><bdi>9781558763838</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/578/1/578">the original</a> on 2016-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albanians+and+%22mountain+bandits%22&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Balkans%2C+1750%E2%80%931830&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=87-113&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781558763838&rft.aulast=Anscombe&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.bbk.ac.uk%2F578%2F1%2F578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnscombe2006b" class="citation journal cs1">Anscombe, Frederick (2006b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924173521/https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/576/1/Binder1.pdf">"The Ottoman Empire in Recent International Politics - II: The Case of Kosovo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 758–793. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2006.9641103">10.1080/07075332.2006.9641103</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40109813">40109813</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154724667">154724667</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/576/1/Binder1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Ottoman+Empire+in+Recent+International+Politics+-+II%3A+The+Case+of+Kosovo&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=758-793&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154724667%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40109813%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2006.9641103&rft.aulast=Anscombe&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.bbk.ac.uk%2F576%2F1%2FBinder1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabuna2004" class="citation journal cs1">Babuna, Aydin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233460310">"The Bosnian Muslims and Albanians: Islam and Nationalism"</a>. <i>Nationalities Papers</i>. <b>32</b> (2): 287–321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0090599042000230250">10.1080/0090599042000230250</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162218149">162218149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Bosnian+Muslims+and+Albanians%3A+Islam+and+Nationalism&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=287-321&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0090599042000230250&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162218149%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Babuna&rft.aufirst=Aydin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F233460310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbullushi2010" class="citation book cs1">Barbullushi, Odeta (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=va-DDAAAQBAJ&q=Albanian+national+identity&pg=PA145">"The Politics of 'Religious Tolerance' in Post-Communist Albania: Ideology, Security and Euro-Atlantic Integration"</a>. In Pace, Michelle (ed.). <i>Europe, the USA and political Islam: Strategies for engagement</i>. Springer. pp. 140–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230298156" title="Special:BookSources/9780230298156"><bdi>9780230298156</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+%E2%80%98Religious+Tolerance%E2%80%99+in+Post-Communist+Albania%3A+Ideology%2C+Security+and+Euro-Atlantic+Integration&rft.btitle=Europe%2C+the+USA+and+political+Islam%3A+Strategies+for+engagement&rft.pages=140-160&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780230298156&rft.aulast=Barbullushi&rft.aufirst=Odeta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dva-DDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DAlbanian%2Bnational%2Bidentity%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumiKrasniqi2014" class="citation book cs1">Blumi, Isa; Krasniqi, Gëzim (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=82PDBAAAQBAJ&q=bektashi+census+2011+disputed&pg=PA480">"Albanians' Islam"</a>. In Cesari, Jocelyne (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of European Islam</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 475–516. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191026409" title="Special:BookSources/9780191026409"><bdi>9780191026409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albanians%E2%80%99+Islam&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+European+Islam&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=475-516&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780191026409&rft.aulast=Blumi&rft.aufirst=Isa&rft.au=Krasniqi%2C+G%C3%ABzim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D82PDBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbektashi%2Bcensus%2B2011%2Bdisputed%26pg%3DPA480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrisku2013" class="citation book cs1">Brisku, Adrian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TPUAAAAQBAJ&q=Bittersweet+Europe:+Albanian+and+Georgian+Discourses+on+Europe,+1878-2008+Rexhep+Meidani&pg=PA183"><i>Bittersweet Europe: Albanian and Georgian Discourses on Europe, 1878–2008</i></a>. 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New York: St Martin's Griffin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349606719" title="Special:BookSources/9781349606719"><bdi>9781349606719</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Gypsies+of+Eastern+Europe+and+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781349606719&rft.aulast=Crowe&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMe8YDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DA%2BHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BGypsies%2Bof%2BEastern%2BEurope%2Band%2BRussia%2BCygan%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_SotoBeddiesGedeshi2005" class="citation book cs1">De Soto, Hermine; Beddies, Sabine; Gedeshi, Ilir (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eLDiHsezD8EC&q=mixed+marriages+Albania&pg=PA16"><i>Roma and Egyptians in Albania: From social exclusion to social inclusion</i></a>. 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"Instrumental Borders of Gender and Religious Conversion in the Balkans". <i>Religion, State & Society</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 55–63. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.366.8652">10.1.1.366.8652</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09637490701809738">10.1080/09637490701809738</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9464280">9464280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion%2C+State+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Instrumental+Borders+of+Gender+and+Religious+Conversion+in+the+Balkans&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-63&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.366.8652%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9464280%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09637490701809738&rft.aulast=Doja&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuijzings2000" class="citation book cs1">Duijzings, Gerlachlus (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aJRYkzl5YC4C&q=Islam+Albania+communist+persecution&pg=PA164"><i>Religion and the politics of identity in Kosovo</i></a>. London: Hurst & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850654315" title="Special:BookSources/9781850654315"><bdi>9781850654315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+politics+of+identity+in+Kosovo&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781850654315&rft.aulast=Duijzings&rft.aufirst=Gerlachlus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaJRYkzl5YC4C%26q%3DIslam%2BAlbania%2Bcommunist%2Bpersecution%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElbasaniRoy2015" class="citation journal cs1">Elbasani, Arolda; Roy, Olivier (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/853344">"Islam in the post-Communist Balkans: Alternative pathways to God"</a>. <i>Southeast European and Black Sea Studies</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 457–471. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14683857.2015.1050273">10.1080/14683857.2015.1050273</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143368513">143368513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+European+and+Black+Sea+Studies&rft.atitle=Islam+in+the+post-Communist+Balkans%3A+Alternative+pathways+to+God&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=457-471&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14683857.2015.1050273&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143368513%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Elbasani&rft.aufirst=Arolda&rft.au=Roy%2C+Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F853344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie1992" class="citation journal cs1">Elsie, Robert (1992). 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London: Hurst & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850655701" title="Special:BookSources/9781850655701"><bdi>9781850655701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+Albanian+religion%2C+mythology%2C+and+folk+culture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781850655701&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN_IXHrXIsYkC%26q%3DA%2BDictionary%2Bof%2BAlbanian%2BReligion%2C%2BMythology%2Band%2BFolk%2BCulture%2Brespected%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2005" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert (2005). <i>Albanian literature: A short history</i>. 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Albania's post-Communist clergy on nation and religion"</a>. In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). <i>Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]</i>. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 233–258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631602959" title="Special:BookSources/9783631602959"><bdi>9783631602959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E2%80%9CDo+not+look+to+church+and+mosque%E2%80%9D%3F+Albania%E2%80%99s+post-Communist+clergy+on+nation+and+religion&rft.btitle=Religion+und+Kultur+im+albanischsprachigen+S%C3%BCdosteuropa+%26%2391%3BReligion+and+culture+in+Albanian-speaking+southeastern+Europe%26%2393%3B&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pages=233-258&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783631602959&rft.aulast=Endresen&rft.aufirst=Cecilie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaCdYHU9PtiIC%26q%3D%25E2%2580%259CDo%2Bnot%2Blook%2Bto%2Bchurch%2Band%2Bmosque%25E2%2580%259D%253F%2BAlbania%25E2%2580%2599s%2Bpost-Communist%2Bclergy%2Bon%2Bnation%2Band%2Breligion%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndresen2011" class="citation book cs1">Endresen, Cecilie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SY1KtsDAtnMC&q=Images+of+Imperial+Legacy+Shqypni&pg=PA39">"Diverging images of the Ottoman legacy in Albania"</a>. In Hartmuth, Maximilian (ed.). <i>Images of imperial legacy: Modern discourses on the social and cultural impact of Ottoman and Habsburg rule in Southeast Europe</i>. Berlin: Lit Verlag. pp. 37–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643108500" title="Special:BookSources/9783643108500"><bdi>9783643108500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diverging+images+of+the+Ottoman+legacy+in+Albania&rft.btitle=Images+of+imperial+legacy%3A+Modern+discourses+on+the+social+and+cultural+impact+of+Ottoman+and+Habsburg+rule+in+Southeast+Europe&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=37-52&rft.pub=Lit+Verlag&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9783643108500&rft.aulast=Endresen&rft.aufirst=Cecilie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSY1KtsDAtnMC%26q%3DImages%2Bof%2BImperial%2BLegacy%2BShqypni%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErgo2010" class="citation book cs1">Ergo, Dritan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aCdYHU9PtiIC&q=Islam+in+the+Albanian+lands+(XVth-XVIIth+Century)&pg=PA13">"Islam in the Albanian lands (XVth-XVIIth Century)"</a>. In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). <i>Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]</i>. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 13–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631602959" title="Special:BookSources/9783631602959"><bdi>9783631602959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam+in+the+Albanian+lands+%28XVth-XVIIth+Century%29&rft.btitle=Religion+und+Kultur+im+albanischsprachigen+S%C3%BCdosteuropa+%26%2391%3BReligion+and+culture+in+Albanian-speaking+southeastern+Europe%26%2393%3B&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pages=13-52&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783631602959&rft.aulast=Ergo&rft.aufirst=Dritan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaCdYHU9PtiIC%26q%3DIslam%2Bin%2Bthe%2BAlbanian%2Blands%2B%28XVth-XVIIth%2BCentury%29%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazee2006" class="citation book cs1">Frazee, Charles (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X6DM4szwUpEC&q=Vincenzo+Zmajevic+Albani&pg=PA168"><i>Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521027007" title="Special:BookSources/9780521027007"><bdi>9780521027007</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholics+and+Sultans%3A+The+Church+and+the+Ottoman+Empire+1453%E2%80%931923&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521027007&rft.aulast=Frazee&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX6DM4szwUpEC%26q%3DVincenzo%2BZmajevic%2BAlbani%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGawrych2006" class="citation book cs1">Gawrych, George (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC&q=The+crescent+and+the+eagle:+Ottoman+rule,+Islam+and+the+Albanians,+1874-1913+lexicon&pg=PA21"><i>The crescent and the eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913</i></a>. London: IB Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845112875" title="Special:BookSources/9781845112875"><bdi>9781845112875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+crescent+and+the+eagle%3A+Ottoman+rule%2C+Islam+and+the+Albanians%2C+1874%E2%80%931913&rft.place=London&rft.pub=IB+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781845112875&rft.aulast=Gawrych&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwPOtzk-unJgC%26q%3DThe%2Bcrescent%2Band%2Bthe%2Beagle%3A%2BOttoman%2Brule%2C%2BIslam%2Band%2Bthe%2BAlbanians%2C%2B1874-1913%2Blexicon%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1967" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gI5QjgEACAAJ&q=mohamet"><i>Epirus: the Geography, the Ancient Remains, the History and Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198142539" title="Special:BookSources/9780198142539"><bdi>9780198142539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epirus%3A+the+Geography%2C+the+Ancient+Remains%2C+the+History+and+Topography+of+Epirus+and+Adjacent+Areas&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780198142539&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Geoffrey+Lempri%C3%A8re&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgI5QjgEACAAJ%26q%3Dmohamet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1976" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O9saAAAAYAAJ&q=The+conditions+which+attented+the+collapse+of+the+Byzantine+Empire+recurred+in+the+late+eighteenth+century+and+therafter+when+the+Turks+were+losing+control+of+their+Balkan+dependencies+more+and+more%2C+until+Albania+became+free+in+1912-13.+Throughout+this+period+bands+of+Albanians+raiders+pillaged+and+destroyed+the+villages+of+the+Vlachs+and+the+Greeks+in+Epirus%2C"><i>Migrations and invasions in Greece and adjacent areas</i></a>. Park Ridge: Noyes Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815550471" title="Special:BookSources/9780815550471"><bdi>9780815550471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migrations+and+invasions+in+Greece+and+adjacent+areas&rft.place=Park+Ridge&rft.pub=Noyes+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780815550471&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Geoffrey+Lempri%C3%A8re&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO9saAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DThe%2Bconditions%2Bwhich%2Battented%2Bthe%2Bcollapse%2Bof%2Bthe%2BByzantine%2BEmpire%2Brecurred%2Bin%2Bthe%2Blate%2Beighteenth%2Bcentury%2Band%2Btherafter%2Bwhen%2Bthe%2BTurks%2Bwere%2Blosing%2Bcontrol%2Bof%2Btheir%2BBalkan%2Bdependencies%2Bmore%2Band%2Bmore%252C%2Buntil%2BAlbania%2Bbecame%2Bfree%2Bin%2B1912-13.%2BThroughout%2Bthis%2Bperiod%2Bbands%2Bof%2BAlbanians%2Braiders%2Bpillaged%2Band%2Bdestroyed%2Bthe%2Bvillages%2Bof%2Bthe%2BVlachs%2Band%2Bthe%2BGreeks%2Bin%2BEpirus%252C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiakoumis2010" class="citation book cs1">Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237149085">"The Orthodox Church in Albania Under the Ottoman Rule 15th-19th Century"</a>. In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). <i>Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]</i>. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 69–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631602959" title="Special:BookSources/9783631602959"><bdi>9783631602959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Orthodox+Church+in+Albania+Under+the+Ottoman+Rule+15th-19th+Century&rft.btitle=Religion+und+Kultur+im+albanischsprachigen+S%C3%BCdosteuropa+%26%2391%3BReligion+and+culture+in+Albanian-speaking+southeastern+Europe%26%2393%3B&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pages=69-110&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783631602959&rft.aulast=Giakoumis&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F237149085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInalcik1989" class="citation book cs1">Inalcik, Halil (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKaPrQPFIAMC&q=Elbasan+sultan&pg=PA327">"The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1451–1522"</a>. In Hazard, Harry; Zacour, Norman (eds.). <i>A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 222–275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299107444" title="Special:BookSources/9780299107444"><bdi>9780299107444</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ottoman+Turks+and+the+Crusades%2C+1451%E2%80%931522&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%3A+The+Impact+of+the+Crusades+on+Europe&rft.pages=222-275&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780299107444&rft.aulast=Inalcik&rft.aufirst=Halil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTKaPrQPFIAMC%26q%3DElbasan%2Bsultan%26pg%3DPA327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasluck1913" class="citation journal cs1">Hasluck, Frederick (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2488715">"Ambiguous Sanctuaries and Bektashi Propaganda"</a>. <i>The Annual of the British School at Athens</i>. <b>20</b>: 94–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0068245400009424">10.1017/s0068245400009424</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30096467">30096467</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159705807">159705807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annual+of+the+British+School+at+Athens&rft.atitle=Ambiguous+Sanctuaries+and+Bektashi+Propaganda&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=94-119&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159705807%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30096467%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0068245400009424&rft.aulast=Hasluck&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2488715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJazexhi2012" class="citation book cs1">Jazexhi, Olsi (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MwzsW6k6pzAC&q=neo-ottoman+Albania&pg=PA14">"Albania"</a>. In Nielsen, Jørgen; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašić, Ahmet; Racius, Egdunas (eds.). <i>Yearbook of Muslims in Europe: Volume 4</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004225213" title="Special:BookSources/9789004225213"><bdi>9789004225213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albania&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+Muslims+in+Europe%3A+Volume+4&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=1-16&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789004225213&rft.aulast=Jazexhi&rft.aufirst=Olsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMwzsW6k6pzAC%26q%3Dneo-ottoman%2BAlbania%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJazexhi2013" class="citation book cs1">Jazexhi, Olsi (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ia5AAQAAQBAJ&q=yearbook+islam+europa+albania&pg=PA351">"Albania"</a>. In Nielsen, Jørgen; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašić, Ahmet; Racius, Egdunas (eds.). <i>Yearbook of Muslims in Europe: Volume 5</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 21–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004255869" title="Special:BookSources/9789004255869"><bdi>9789004255869</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albania&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+Muslims+in+Europe%3A+Volume+5&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=21-36&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004255869&rft.aulast=Jazexhi&rft.aufirst=Olsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dia5AAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dyearbook%2Bislam%2Beuropa%2Balbania%26pg%3DPA351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJazexhi2014" class="citation book cs1">Jazexhi, Olsi (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NTBQAAQBAJ&q=Catholic+Muslim+Albania&pg=PA19">"Albania"</a>. In Nielsen, Jørgen; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašić, Ahmet; Racius, Egdunas (eds.). <i>Yearbook of Muslims in Europe: Volume 6</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 19–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004283053" title="Special:BookSources/9789004283053"><bdi>9789004283053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albania&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+Muslims+in+Europe%3A+Volume+6&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=19-34&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789004283053&rft.aulast=Jazexhi&rft.aufirst=Olsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da-NTBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DCatholic%2BMuslim%2BAlbania%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2015" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, Peter (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CGh-BgAAQBAJ&q=Albanian+national+identity&pg=PA1585">"An exception in the Balkans: Albania's multi confessional identity"</a>. In Brunn, Stanley D. (ed.). <i>The changing world religion map: Sacred places, identities, practices and politics</i>. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 1577–1598. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401793766" title="Special:BookSources/9789401793766"><bdi>9789401793766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+exception+in+the+Balkans%3A+Albania%27s+multi+confessional+identity&rft.btitle=The+changing+world+religion+map%3A+Sacred+places%2C+identities%2C+practices+and+politics&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=1577-1598&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789401793766&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCGh-BgAAQBAJ%26q%3DAlbanian%2Bnational%2Bidentity%26pg%3DPA1585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorgaqi2005" class="citation book cs1">Jorgaqi, Nasho (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nmxkjwEACAAJ&q=Jeta+e+Fan+Nolit"><i>Jeta e Fan S. Nolit: Vëllimi 1. 1882–1924 [The life of Fan S. Noli: Volume 1. 1882–1924]</i></a>. Tiranë: Ombra GVG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789994384303" title="Special:BookSources/9789994384303"><bdi>9789994384303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jeta+e+Fan+S.+Nolit%3A+V%C3%ABllimi+1.+1882%E2%80%931924+%26%2391%3BThe+life+of+Fan+S.+Noli%3A+Volume+1.+1882%E2%80%931924%26%2393%3B&rft.place=Tiran%C3%AB&rft.pub=Ombra+GVG&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789994384303&rft.aulast=Jorgaqi&rft.aufirst=Nasho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnmxkjwEACAAJ%26q%3DJeta%2Be%2BFan%2BNolit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKallivretakis2003" class="citation book cs1">Kallivretakis, Leonidas (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://helios-eie.ekt.gr/EIE/bitstream/10442/7651/1/N02.018.08.pdf">"Νέα Πικέρνη Δήμου Βουπρασίων: το χρονικό ενός οικισμού της Πελοποννήσου τον 19ο αιώνα (και η περιπέτεια ενός πληθυσμού) [Nea Pikerni of Demos Vouprassion: The chronicle of a 19th century Peloponnesian settlement (and the adventures of a population)]"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Panagiotopoulos, Vasilis; Kallivretakis, Leonidas; Dimitropoulos, Dimitris; Kokolakis, Mihalis; Olibitou, Eudokia (eds.). <i>Πληθυσμοί και οικισμοί του ελληνικού χώρου: ιστορικά μελετήματα [Populations and settlements of the Greek villages: historical essays]</i>. Athens: Institute for Neohellenic Research. pp. 221–242. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1105-0845">1105-0845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%B1+%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7+%CE%94%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD%3A+%CF%84%CE%BF+%CF%87%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C+%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82+%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85+%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD+19%CE%BF+%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1+%28%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%B7+%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82+%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B8%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%29+%26%2391%3BNea+Pikerni+of+Demos+Vouprassion%3A+The+chronicle+of+a+19th+century+Peloponnesian+settlement+%28and+the+adventures+of+a+population%29%26%2393%3B&rft.btitle=%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B8%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%AF+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%AF+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CF%87%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%3A+%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC+%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1+%26%2391%3BPopulations+and+settlements+of+the+Greek+villages%3A+historical+essays%26%2393%3B&rft.place=Athens&rft.pages=221-242&rft.pub=Institute+for+Neohellenic+Research&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1105-0845&rft.aulast=Kallivretakis&rft.aufirst=Leonidas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhelios-eie.ekt.gr%2FEIE%2Fbitstream%2F10442%2F7651%2F1%2FN02.018.08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopanski1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kopanski, Atuallah Bogdan (1997). "Islamization of Albanians in the Middle Ages: The primary sources and the predicament of the modern historiography". <i>Islamic Studies</i>. <b>36</b> (2/3): 191–208. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23076194">23076194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Islamization+of+Albanians+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+The+primary+sources+and+the+predicament+of+the+modern+historiography&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=191-208&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23076194%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kopanski&rft.aufirst=Atuallah+Bogdan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoti2010" class="citation book cs1">Koti, Dhori (2010). <i>Monografi për Vithkuqin dhe Naum Veqilharxhin [A monograph of Vithkuq and Naum Veqilharxhi]</i>. 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Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 272–299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447039390" title="Special:BookSources/9783447039390"><bdi>9783447039390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albanian&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+S%C3%BCdosteuropa-Linguistik&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=272-299&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9783447039390&rft.aulast=Lloshi&rft.aufirst=Xhevat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPhyvk2tPaYQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackridge2009" class="citation book cs1">Mackridge, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MZcCA4hkwscC&q=Kosmas+controversial+Albania&pg=PA59"><i>Language and national identity in Greece, 1766–1976</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199599059" title="Special:BookSources/9780199599059"><bdi>9780199599059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+national+identity+in+Greece%2C+1766%E2%80%931976&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199599059&rft.aulast=Mackridge&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMZcCA4hkwscC%26q%3DKosmas%2Bcontroversial%2BAlbania%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm2002" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm, Noel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DfahkLLXvtsC&q=Albanian+Identities:+Myth+and+History">"Myths of Albanian national identity: Some key elements"</a>. 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Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788472832763" title="Special:BookSources/9788472832763"><bdi>9788472832763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+politique+orientale+d%27Alfonse+V+d%27Arag%C3%B3n%2C+roi+de+Naples+%281416-1458%29&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Institut+d%27Estudis+Catalans&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788472832763&rft.aulast=Marinescu&rft.aufirst=Constantin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9IPtrh4LbXQC%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisha2002" class="citation book cs1">Misha, Piro (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oRASDq3rc-YC&pg=PA46">"Invention of a Nationalism: Myth and Amnesia"</a>. In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.). <i>Albanian Identities: Myth and History</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 33–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253341891" title="Special:BookSources/9780253341891"><bdi>9780253341891</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Invention+of+a+Nationalism%3A+Myth+and+Amnesia&rft.btitle=Albanian+Identities%3A+Myth+and+History&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=33-48&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780253341891&rft.aulast=Misha&rft.aufirst=Piro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoRASDq3rc-YC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyhill2006" class="citation book cs1">Myhill, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dJK3YxI1NM8C&q=Albanian+national+identity&pg=PT241"><i>Language, religion and national identity in Europe and the Middle East: A historical study</i></a>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027227119" title="Special:BookSources/9789027227119"><bdi>9789027227119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+religion+and+national+identity+in+Europe+and+the+Middle+East%3A+A+historical+study&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789027227119&rft.aulast=Myhill&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdJK3YxI1NM8C%26q%3DAlbanian%2Bnational%2Bidentity%26pg%3DPT241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasse1964" class="citation book cs1">Nasse, George Nicholas (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VjArAAAAYAAJ&q=The+Italo-Albanian+Villages+of+Southern+Italy"><i>The Italo-Albanian Villages of Southern Italy</i></a>. Washington, District of Columbia: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598204004" title="Special:BookSources/9780598204004"><bdi>9780598204004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italo-Albanian+Villages+of+Southern+Italy&rft.place=Washington%2C+District+of+Columbia&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences-National+Research+Council&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=9780598204004&rft.aulast=Nasse&rft.aufirst=George+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVjArAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BItalo-Albanian%2BVillages%2Bof%2BSouthern%2BItaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris1993" class="citation book cs1">Norris, Harry Thirlwall (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminbalkansre00norr"><i>Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world</i></a></span>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminbalkansre00norr/page/n89">62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780872499775" title="Special:BookSources/9780872499775"><bdi>9780872499775</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+Balkans%3A+religion+and+society+between+Europe+and+the+Arab+world&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780872499775&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Harry+Thirlwall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislaminbalkansre00norr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNurja2012" class="citation book cs1">Nurja, Ermal (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qQwBwAAQBAJ&q=Albania+mosque+communists&pg=PA205">"The rise and destruction of Ottoman Architecture in Albania: A brief history focused on the mosques"</a>. In Furat, Ayşe Zişan; Er, Hamit (eds.). <i>Balkans and Islam Encounter, Transformation, Discontinuity, Continuity</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 191–207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443842839" title="Special:BookSources/9781443842839"><bdi>9781443842839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+rise+and+destruction+of+Ottoman+Architecture+in+Albania%3A+A+brief+history+focused+on+the+mosques&rft.btitle=Balkans+and+Islam+Encounter%2C+Transformation%2C+Discontinuity%2C+Continuity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=191-207&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781443842839&rft.aulast=Nurja&rft.aufirst=Ermal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qQwBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAlbania%2Bmosque%2Bcommunists%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPistrick2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pistrick, Eckehard (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263482722">"Interreligious Cultural Practice as Lived Reality: The Case of Muslim and Orthodox Shepherds in Middle Albania"</a>. <i>Anthropological Journal of European Cultures</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 72–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Fajec.2013.220205">10.3167/ajec.2013.220205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Journal+of+European+Cultures&rft.atitle=Interreligious+Cultural+Practice+as+Lived+Reality%3A+The+Case+of+Muslim+and+Orthodox+Shepherds+in+Middle+Albania&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=72-90&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Fajec.2013.220205&rft.aulast=Pistrick&rft.aufirst=Eckehard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F263482722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet1998" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TrcnAAAAYAAJ"><i>Nihil obstat: religion, politics, and social change in East-Central Europe and Russia</i></a>. Durham: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822320708" title="Special:BookSources/9780822320708"><bdi>9780822320708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nihil+obstat%3A+religion%2C+politics%2C+and+social+change+in+East-Central+Europe+and+Russia&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780822320708&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTrcnAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt-Neke2014" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt-Neke, Michael (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNqnBAAAQBAJ&q=Serbian+historiography+Islamization&pg=PA15">"A burden of Legacies: The transformation of Albanian's political system"</a>. In Pichler, Robert (ed.). <i>Legacy and Change: Albanian Transformation from Multidisciplinary Perspectives</i>. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 13–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643905666" title="Special:BookSources/9783643905666"><bdi>9783643905666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+burden+of+Legacies%3A+The+transformation+of+Albanian%27s+political+system&rft.btitle=Legacy+and+Change%3A+Albanian+Transformation+from+Multidisciplinary+Perspectives&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pages=13-30&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783643905666&rft.aulast=Schmidt-Neke&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlNqnBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DSerbian%2Bhistoriography%2BIslamization%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkendi1956" class="citation journal cs1">Skendi, Stavro (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/69374b2aeb4f4380ae1364da4d940882/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1817218">"Religion in Albania during the Ottoman rule"</a>. <i>Südost Forschungen</i>. <b>15</b>: 311–327.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCdost+Forschungen&rft.atitle=Religion+in+Albania+during+the+Ottoman+rule&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=311-327&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Skendi&rft.aufirst=Stavro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F69374b2aeb4f4380ae1364da4d940882%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D1817218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkendi1967a" class="citation book cs1">Skendi, Stavro (1967a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8QPWCgAAQBAJ&q=The+Albanian+National+Awakening&pg=PR15"><i>The Albanian national awakening</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400847761" title="Special:BookSources/9781400847761"><bdi>9781400847761</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Albanian+national+awakening&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9781400847761&rft.aulast=Skendi&rft.aufirst=Stavro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8QPWCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BAlbanian%2BNational%2BAwakening%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkendi1967b" class="citation journal cs1">Skendi, Stavro (1967b). "Crypto-Christianity in the Balkan Area under the Ottomans". <i>Slavic Review</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 227–246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2492452">10.2307/2492452</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2492452">2492452</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163987636">163987636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Crypto-Christianity+in+the+Balkan+Area+under+the+Ottomans&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-246&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163987636%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2492452%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2492452&rft.aulast=Skendi&rft.aufirst=Stavro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStavrianos2000" class="citation book cs1">Stavrianos, Leften Stavros (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xcp7OXQE0FMC"><i>The Balkans Since 1453</i></a>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850655510" title="Special:BookSources/9781850655510"><bdi>9781850655510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+Since+1453&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781850655510&rft.aulast=Stavrianos&rft.aufirst=Leften+Stavros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxcp7OXQE0FMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulstarova2013" class="citation book cs1">Sulstarova, Enis (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RtcwBwAAQBAJ&q=Islam+Albania+communism&pg=PA71">"I am Europe! The meaning of Europe in the discourse of Intellectuals in transitional Albania"</a>. In Beshku, Klodiana; Malltezi, Orinda (eds.). <i>Albania and Europe in a Political Regard</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 63–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443852609" title="Special:BookSources/9781443852609"><bdi>9781443852609</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I+am+Europe%21+The+meaning+of+Europe+in+the+discourse+of+Intellectuals+in+transitional+Albania&rft.btitle=Albania+and+Europe+in+a+Political+Regard&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=63-74&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781443852609&rft.aulast=Sulstarova&rft.aufirst=Enis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRtcwBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DIslam%2BAlbania%2Bcommunism%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers2011" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Miranda (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vtQABAAAQBAJ&q=The+Albanians:+A+Modern+History+hapless&pg=PA83"><i>The Albanians: a modern history</i></a>. London: IB Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857736550" title="Special:BookSources/9780857736550"><bdi>9780857736550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Albanians%3A+a+modern+history&rft.place=London&rft.pub=IB+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780857736550&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvtQABAAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BAlbanians%3A%2BA%2BModern%2BHistory%2Bhapless%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinnifrith2002" class="citation book cs1">Winnifrith, Tom (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dkRoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Badlands-borderlands: a history of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania</i></a>. London: Duckworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780715632017" title="Special:BookSources/9780715632017"><bdi>9780715632017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Badlands-borderlands%3A+a+history+of+Northern+Epirus%2FSouthern+Albania&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780715632017&rft.aulast=Winnifrith&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdkRoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamization_of_Albania&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaleshi1975" class="citation book cs1">Kaleshi, Hasan (1975). "Das Türkische Vordringen auf dem Balkan und die Islamisierung. Faktoren fur die Erhaltung der ethnischen und nationalen Existenz des Albanischen Volkes". In Bartl, Peter; Glassl, Horst (eds.). <i>Südosteuropa unter dem Halbmond. Untersuchungen über Geschichte und Kultur der sudosteuropaischen Völker während der Türkenzeit</i>. Munich: Trofenik. pp. 125–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87828-075-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87828-075-0"><bdi>978-3-87828-075-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Das+T%C3%BCrkische+Vordringen+auf+dem+Balkan+und+die+Islamisierung.+Faktoren+fur+die+Erhaltung+der+ethnischen+und+nationalen+Existenz+des+Albanischen+Volkes&rft.btitle=S%C3%BCdosteuropa+unter+dem+Halbmond.+Untersuchungen+%C3%BCber+Geschichte+und+Kultur+der+sudosteuropaischen+V%C3%B6lker+w%C3%A4hrend+der+T%C3%BCrkenzeit&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=125-138&rft.pub=Trofenik&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-3-87828-075-0&rft.aulast=Kaleshi&rft.aufirst=Hasan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamization+of+Albania" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)" title="Amantes (tribe)">Amantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantini" title="Amantini">Amantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaites" title="Balaites">Balaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Middle Ages</a><br />(1190–1385)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Arta" title="Despotate of Arta">Despotate of Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kastrioti" title="House of Kastrioti">House of Kastrioti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman period</a><br />(1385–1912)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Skanderbeg's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABni_Council" title="Arbëni Council">Arbëni Council</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamization of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Pashaliks" title="Albanian Pashaliks">Albanian Pashaliks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Albanian_Beys" title="Massacre of the Albanian Beys">Massacre of the Albanian Beys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolts_of_1833%E2%80%931839" title="Albanian revolts of 1833–1839">Revolts of 1833–1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara" title="Uprising of Dervish Cara">Uprising of Dervish Cara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Congress of Manastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">Revolt of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Malissori uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_meeting" title="Taksim meeting">Taksim meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimza_Government" title="Kimza Government">Kimza Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Independence</a><br />(1912–present)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himni_i_Flamurit" title="Himni i Flamurit">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Albania" title="Provisional Government of Albania">Provisional Government of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania during the Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Central_Albania" title="Republic of Central Albania">Republic of Central Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality of Albania (1914–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_Albania" title="World War I in Albania">World War I in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Autonomous Province of Korçë">Autonomous Province of Korçë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania" title="Italian protectorate over Albania">Italian protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mirdita" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Mirdita">Republic of Mirdita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931928)" title="Albanian Republic (1925–1928)">Albanian Republic (1925–1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Union with Italian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">German Nazi occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">The Holocaust in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albanian resistance during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Communist Albania (1946–91)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthography_Congress" title="Albanian Orthography Congress">Orthography Congress (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Post-Communist_Albania" title="History of Post-Communist Albania">Post-Communist Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest" title="1997 Albanian civil unrest">1997 Civil Unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Albania–NATO relations">NATO membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">EU Accession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Albanian_history" title="Timeline of Albanian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archives_in_Albania" title="List of archives in Albania">Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Landscape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Albania" title="List of mountains in Albania">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Albania" title="List of rivers of Albania">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Albania" title="List of lakes of Albania">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Albania" title="List of islands of Albania">Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Albania" title="Environment of Albania">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Albania" title="Climate of Albania">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Albania" title="Biodiversity of Albania">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Albania" title="Category:Fauna of Albania">Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Albania" title="Protected areas of Albania">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Albania)" title="Council of Ministers (Albania)">Government</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Category:Government_agencies_of_Albania" title="Category:Government agencies of Albania">agencies</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">Head of state</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Albania" title="List of heads of state of Albania">list</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Albania" title="Foreign relations of Albania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Albania" title="List of political parties in Albania">Political parties</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Albania" title="Category:Treaties of Albania">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Albania" title="Visa policy of Albania">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Albania" title="Judiciary of Albania">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vetting_Institutions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Vetting Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Appellate_College_(Albania)" title="Special Appellate College (Albania)">KPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Public_Commissioners_(Albania)" title="Institution of Public Commissioners (Albania)">IKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monitoring_Operation_(Albania)" title="International Monitoring Operation (Albania)">ONM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Qualification_Commission_(Albania)" title="Independent Qualification Commission (Albania)">KPK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Albania" title="Corruption in Albania">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EURALIUS" title="EURALIUS">EURALIUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPAK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPAK">SPAK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_General_(Albania)" title="Prosecutor General (Albania)">Prosecutor General</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Albania" title="Administrative divisions of Albania">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Albania" title="NUTS statistical regions of Albania">NUTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Albania" title="Counties of Albania">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Albania" title="Municipalities of Albania">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Albania" title="List of cities and towns in Albania">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Albania" title="Communes of Albania">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Albania" title="Villages of Albania">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maps of Albania">Maps</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Albania" title="Elections in Albania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Assembly</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Albania">speakers</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_members_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Category:Lists of members of the Parliament of Albania">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Albania)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Albania)">Opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Albania" title="Human rights in Albania">Human rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania" title="Abortion in Albania">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Albania" title="Capital punishment in Albania">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_in_Albania" title="List of assassinations in Albania">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Albania">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avokati_i_Popullit" title="Avokati i Popullit">Ombudsman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Police_(Albania)" title="State Police (Albania)">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_mafia" title="Albanian mafia">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Albania" title="Prisons in Albania">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_crossings_of_Albania" title="Border crossings of Albania">Border crossings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Albania" title="Banking in Albania">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_lek" title="Albanian lek">Lek <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Albania" title="Taxation in Albania">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Albania" title="Trade unions in Albania">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Supreme_Audit_(Albania)" title="State Supreme Audit (Albania)">State Supreme Audit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Albania" title="List of shopping malls in Albania">Shopping centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Albania" title="List of supermarket chains in Albania">Supermarkets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Albania" title="Agriculture in Albania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Albania" title="Healthcare in Albania">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Albania" title="List of companies of Albania">Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Operators" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Power_Corporation" title="Albanian Power Corporation">KESH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_System_Operator_(Albania)" title="Transmission System Operator (Albania)">OST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operatori_i_Shp%C3%ABrndarjes_s%C3%AB_Energjis%C3%AB_Elektrike" title="Operatori i Shpërndarjes së Energjisë Elektrike">OSHEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Regulatory_Authority_(Albania)" title="Energy Regulatory Authority (Albania)">ERE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Albania" title="List of power stations in Albania">Hydropower plants</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_and_gas_fields_in_Albania" title="List of oil and gas fields in Albania">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Albania" title="Category:Mining in Albania">Mining</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Albania" title="Highways in Albania">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Albania" title="List of airports in Albania">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Albania" title="List of ports in Albania">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Albania" title="Rail transport in Albania">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Albania" title="List of bridges in Albania">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tunnels_in_Albania" title="List of tunnels in Albania">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Albania" title="List of tallest buildings in Albania">Highrises</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Albania" title="List of tallest structures in Albania">structures</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posta_Shqiptare" title="Posta Shqiptare">Posta Shqiptare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Albania" title="Squatting in Albania">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Albania" title="Tourism in Albania">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monuments" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Albania" title="List of archaeological sites in Albania">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Albania" title="List of castles in Albania">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Albania" title="List of mosques in Albania">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tekkes_in_Albania" title="List of tekkes in Albania">Tekkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Albania" title="List of churches in Albania">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Albania" title="List of lighthouses in Albania">Lighthouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast">Adriatic Sea Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Ionian Sea Coast">Ionian Sea Coast</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Albanian_Riviera" title="Albanian Riviera">riviera</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Albania" title="List of beaches in Albania">Beaches</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:High-contrast-camera-photo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/17px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/26px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/34px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographs_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photographs of Albania">Images of Albania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Albania" title="Category:Society of Albania">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Albania" title="Demographics of Albania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Albania" title="Census in Albania">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">Noble families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Women</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">Art</a> <small><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_galleries_in_Albania" title="List of art galleries in Albania">(galleries)</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Albania" title="Architecture of Albania">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Albania" title="List of museums in Albania">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Albania" title="List of theatres in Albania">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_scripts" title="Category:Albanian scripts">scripts</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abetare" title="Abetare">Abetare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_Albania" title="Category:Research institutes in Albania">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Albania" title="List of libraries in Albania">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Albania" title="List of universities in Albania">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_publishing_companies_of_Albania" title="List of publishing companies of Albania">Publishers</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albanian_proverbs" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Albanian proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanology" title="Albanology">Albanology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Tradition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Folk beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_(Albania)" title="Oda (Albania)">Oda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Albania" title="Secularism in Albania">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevruz_in_Albania" title="Nevruz in Albania">Nevruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Sworn virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing" title="Traditional Albanian clothing">Costumes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhubleta" title="Xhubleta">Xhubleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brez_(clothing)" title="Brez (clothing)">Brez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinga" title="Opinga">Opinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhamadan" title="Xhamadan">Xhamadan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gjell%C3%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gjellë">Gjellë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav%C3%AB_kosi" title="Tavë kosi">Tavë kosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuni" title="Kabuni">Kabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Raki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer in Albania">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac_Sk%C3%ABnderbeu" title="Cognac Skënderbeu">Cognac Skënderbeu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Football</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania_national_football_team" title="Albania national football team">National team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Albania" title="List of football clubs in Albania">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albania_international_footballers" title="List of Albania international footballers">Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_Albania" title="List of stadiums in Albania">Stadiums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Weightlifting_Federation" title="Albanian Weightlifting Federation">Weightlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Athletics_Federation" title="Albanian Athletics Federation">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Cycling_Federation" title="Albanian Cycling Federation">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Basketball_Federation" title="Albanian Basketball Federation">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Volleyball_Federation" title="Albanian Volleyball Federation">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Swimming_Federation" title="Albanian Swimming Federation">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_at_the_Olympics" title="Albania at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas_in_Albania" title="List of indoor arenas in Albania">Indoor arenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Albania" title="Television in Albania">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Albania" title="List of radio stations in Albania">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Symbols_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Symbols of Albania">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_heraldry" title="Albanian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Albania" title="Flag of Albania">Flag</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_flags" title="List of Albanian flags">list</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania" title="Coat of arms of Albania">Coat of arms</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Albania" title="Armorial of Albania">armorial</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitaph_of_Gllavenica" title="Epitaph of Gllavenica">Epitaph of Gllavenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations_and_medals_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations and medals of Albania">Orders, decorations and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_passport" title="Albanian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.al" title=".al">.al</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Albania" title="Public holidays in Albania">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Albania" title="Smoking in Albania">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Albania" title="Copyright law of Albania">Copyright law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Albania" title="Bibliography of Albania">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albania" title="Category:Albania">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_Europe" title="Template:Islam in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Islam in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam in Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Islam in southern Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_of_the_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission of the Classics">Transmission of the Classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe">Cultural transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian views on Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_yoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar yoke">Tatar yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reception_of_Islam_in_early_modern_Europe" title="Reception of Islam in early modern Europe">Reception of Islam in early modern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_alliance" title="Anglo-Moroccan alliance">Anglo-Moroccan alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman wars in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_wars" title="Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamization of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism_in_early_modern_France" title="Orientalism in early modern France">Orientalism in early modern France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_the_Arctic_and_Subarctic_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in the Arctic and Subarctic regions">Islam in the Far North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Islam in the Soviet Union">Islam in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Arab_world" title="Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world">Nazi Germany and the Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Islam and secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Islam" title="European Islam">European Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_Europe" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe">Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">Religion in the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijab_and_burka_controversies_in_Europe" title="Hijab and burka controversies in Europe">Hijab and burka controversies in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadi_tourism" title="Jihadi tourism">Jihadi tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Andorra" title="Islam in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Austria" title="Islam in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus" title="Islam in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Croatia" title="Islam in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cyprus" title="Islam in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Islam in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark" title="Islam in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Estonia" title="Islam in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Finland" title="Islam in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hungary" title="Islam in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland" title="Islam in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Islam in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia" title="Islam in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liechtenstein" title="Islam in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lithuania" title="Islam in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Luxembourg" title="Islam in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malta" title="Islam in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova" title="Islam in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro" title="Islam in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Poland" title="Islam in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal" title="Islam in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovakia" title="Islam in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovenia" title="Islam in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sweden" title="Islam in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Switzerland" title="Islam in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ukraine" title="Islam in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Islam in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Albanians_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albanians_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template:Albanians under the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albanians_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template talk:Albanians under the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albanians_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albanians under the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Albanians_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Albanians under the Ottoman Empire</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">Background</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:right;;width:1%">Rebellion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Skanderbeg's rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_Italian_expedition" title="Skanderbeg's Italian expedition">Italian expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_Macedonian_campaign" title="Skanderbeg's Macedonian campaign">Macedonian campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_uprisings_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Albanian uprisings in the Ottoman Empire">Albanian revolts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1432%E2%80%931436" title="Albanian revolt of 1432–1436">1432 – 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara" title="Uprising of Dervish Cara">1843 – 44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1845" title="Albanian revolt of 1845">1845</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1847" title="Albanian revolt of 1847">1847</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">1912</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Venetian_War" title="Albanian–Venetian War">Albanian–Venetian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_of_Ioannina#Downfall" title="Ali Pasha of Ioannina">Ali Pasha's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballaban%27s_campaign_of_1465" title="Ballaban's campaign of 1465">Ballaban's campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Albanian_Beys" title="Massacre of the Albanian Beys">Massacre of the Albanian Beys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II%27s_first_Albanian_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed II's first Albanian campaign">Mehmed II's campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morea_revolt_of_1453%E2%80%931454" title="Morea revolt of 1453–1454">Morea revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Pasha_Bushatli#History" title="Mustafa Pasha Bushatli">Mustafa Pasha's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkodra_revolt_of_1854" title="Shkodra revolt of 1854">Shkodra revolt of 1854</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:right;;width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albulena" title="Battle of Albulena">Albulena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_De%C3%A7iq" title="Battle of Deçiq">Deçiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lopate" title="Battle of Lopate">Lopate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lum%C3%AB" title="Battle of Lumë">Lumë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martini%C4%87i_(1796)" title="Battle of Martinići (1796)">Martinići</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Me%C3%A7ad_(1465)" title="Battle of Meçad (1465)">Meçad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mokra_(1445)" title="Battle of Mokra (1445)">Mokra I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mokra_(July_1462)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mokra (July 1462)">Mokra II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Murino" title="Battle of Murino">Murino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nov%C5%A1i%C4%87e" title="Battle of Novšiće">Novšiće</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ohrid" title="Battle of Ohrid">Ohrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oranik_(1448)" title="Battle of Oranik (1448)">Oranik I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oranik_(1456)" title="Battle of Oranik (1456)">Oranik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otonet%C3%AB" title="Battle of Otonetë">Otonetë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Polog" title="Battle of Polog">Polog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savra" title="Battle of Savra">Savra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torvioll" title="Battle of Torvioll">Torvioll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulcinj_(1880)" title="Battle of Ulcinj (1880)">Ulcinj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vaikal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Vaikal">Vaikal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:right;;width:1%">Congregations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Dib%C3%ABr" title="Congress of Dibër">Dibër</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Dibra" title="Convention of Dibra">Dibra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Dukagjin" title="Convention of Dukagjin">Dukagjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Elbasan" title="Congress of Elbasan">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frash%C3%ABr_Assembly_(1880)" title="Frashër Assembly (1880)">Frashër</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Ku%C3%A7i" title="Convention of Kuçi">Kuçi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">Lezhë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Manastir I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Manastir" title="Second Congress of Manastir">Manastir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Mat" title="Convention of Mat">Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Peja" title="League of Peja">Peja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Preveza" title="Assembly of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">Prizren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:right;;width:1%">Sieges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Krujë <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1450)" title="Siege of Krujë (1450)">1450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1466%E2%80%931467)" title="Siege of Krujë (1466–1467)">1466 – 67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1467)" title="Siege of Krujë (1467)">1467</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1478)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Krujë (1478)">1477 – 78</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Berat_(1455)" title="Siege of Berat (1455)">Berat</a></li> <li>Shkodër <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra_(1474)" title="Siege of Shkodra (1474)">1474</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra" title="Siege of Shkodra">1478 – 79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">1912 – 13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Svetigrad_(1448)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Svetigrad (1448)">Svetigrad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:right;;width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armatoles" title="Armatoles">Armatoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashi-bazouk" title="Bashi-bazouk">Bashi-Bazouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ABsonj%C3%ABtorja" title="Mësonjëtorja">Mësonjëtorja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Albania" title="Albanian nationalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Kosovo" title="Albanian nationalism in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanian nationalism in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Albania" title="Partition of Albania">Partition of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li>Principalities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Dukagjini" title="Principality of Dukagjini">Dukagjini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kastrioti" title="Principality of Kastrioti">Kastrioti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Muzaka" title="Principality of Muzaka">Muzaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">Rum Millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_Skanderbeg" title="Myth of Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">Spahiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratioti" title="Stratioti">Stratioti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi script</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Eyalets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ioannina_Eyalet" title="Ioannina Eyalet">Ioannina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Pashaliks" title="Albanian Pashaliks">Pashaliks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Berat" title="Pashalik of Berat">Berat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Scutari" title="Pashalik of Scutari">Scutari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Yanina" title="Pashalik of Yanina">Yanina</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sanjaks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Albania" title="Sanjak of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Avlona" title="Sanjak of Avlona">Avlona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Delvina" title="Sanjak of Delvina">Delvina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Dibra" title="Sanjak of Dibra">Dibra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Elbasan" title="Sanjak of Elbasan">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_G%C3%B6rice" title="Sanjak of Görice">Görice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Ioannina" title="Sanjak of Ioannina">Ioannina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Monastir" title="Sanjak of Monastir">Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Ohrid" title="Sanjak of Ohrid">Ohrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Scutari" title="Sanjak of Scutari">Scutari</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vilayets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Vilayet" title="Albanian Vilayet">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janina_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janina Vilayet">Janina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manastir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manastir Vilayet">Manastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutari_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutari Vilayet">Scutari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:right;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_nobility" title="Category:Albanian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:right;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_people_from_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_Albanian_people" title="Category:15th-century Albanian people">15th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Albanian_people" title="Category:16th-century Albanian people">16th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_Albanian_people" title="Category:17th-century Albanian people">17th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_Albanian_people" title="Category:18th-century Albanian people">18th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Albanian_people" title="Category:19th-century Albanian people">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Albanian_people" title="Category:20th-century Albanian people">20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_Grand_Viziers_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Albanian Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire">Grand Viziers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Albanian_nobility" title="Category:Ottoman Albanian nobility">Ottoman – Albanian nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_Pashas" title="Category:Albanian Pashas">Pashas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:right;;width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Albanians in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Bulgaria" title="Albanians in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_of_Croatia" title="Albanians of Croatia">Croatia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbanasi_people" title="Arbanasi people">Arbanasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Egypt" title="Albanians in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Greece" title="Albanians in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians" title="Cham Albanians">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souliotes" title="Souliotes">Souliotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_of_Western_Thrace" title="Albanians of Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Italy" title="Albanians in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Syria" title="Albanians in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Turkey" title="Albanians in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Ukraine" title="Albanians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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