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The famous [[Roman-Germanic Museum]] features art and architecture from the city's distant past; the [[Museum Ludwig]] houses one of the most important collections of [[modern art]] in Europe, including a [[Picasso]] collection matched only by the museums in [[Museu Picasso|Barcelona]] and [[Musée Picasso|Paris]]. The [[Museum Schnütgen]] of religious art is partly housed in St.&nbsp;Cecilia, one of Cologne's [[Twelve Romanesque churches of Cologne|Twelve Romanesque churches]]. Many art galleries in Cologne enjoy a worldwide reputation like e.g. [[Galerie Karsten Greve]], one of the leading galleries for postwar and contemporary art. Cologne has more than 60 music venues and the third-highest density of music venues of Germany's four largest cities, after Munich and Hamburg and ahead of Berlin.<ref name="Faze Magazin-2021">{{Cite web |url=https://www.fazemag.de/clubstudie-2021-initiative-musik-legt-einzelauswertungen-der-bundeslaender-vor/ |title=Clubstudie 2021: Initiative Musik legt Einzelauswertungen der Bundesländer vor |trans-title=Club Study 2021: Initiative Musik presents individual evaluations of the German federal states |work=Faze Magazin |language=German |date=20 September 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103024902/https://www.fazemag.de/clubstudie-2021-initiative-musik-legt-einzelauswertungen-der-bundeslaender-vor/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="clubstudy_2021">{{Cite web |url=https://www.initiative-musik.de/clubstudie/clubstudie-bundeslaender |title=Clubstudie 2021: Einzelauswertungen der Bundesländer |trans-title=Club Study 2021: Individual evaluations of the German federal states |work=Initiative Musik |language=German |date=20 September 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103211440/https://www.initiative-musik.de/clubstudie/clubstudie-bundeslaender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Several orchestras are active in the city, among them the [[Gürzenich Orchestra]], which is also the orchestra of the [[Cologne Opera]] and the [[WDR Symphony Orchestra Cologne]] (''German State Radio Orchestra''), both based at the Cologne Philharmonic Orchestra Building ([[Kölner Philharmonie]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koelner-philharmonie.de/en/00_home/00_home.php?Style=eb281b060898acfab42beae0870f44f6 |title=Kölner Philharmonie |date=11 December 2007 |access-date=8 August 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071211142559/http://www.koelner-philharmonie.de/en/00_home/00_home.php?Style=eb281b060898acfab42beae0870f44f6 |archive-date = 11 December 2007}}</ref> Other orchestras are the [[Musica Antiqua Köln]], the [[WDR Rundfunkorchester Köln]] and [[WDR Big Band]], and several choirs, including the [[WDR Rundfunkchor Köln]]. Cologne was also an important hotbed for electronic music in the 1950s (Studio für elektronische Musik, [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]]) and again from the 1990s onward. The public radio and TV station [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk|WDR]] was involved in promoting musical movements such as [[Krautrock]] in the 1970s; the influential [[Can (band)|Can]] was formed there in 1968. There are several centres of nightlife, among them the ''Kwartier Latäng'' (the student quarter around the Zülpicher Straße) and the nightclub-studded areas around [[Hohenzollernring]], Friesenplatz and Rudolfplatz. [[File:Water feature in Cologne, Germany.jpg|thumb|left|Water feature in Cologne, summer 2017]] {{anchor|lit.COLOGNE|Silberschweinpreis|phil.cologne}}The large annual literary festival {{ill|lit.COLOGNE|de}} with its {{ill|Silberschweinpreis|de}} features regional and international authors. The main literary figure connected with Cologne is the writer [[Heinrich Böll]], winner of the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]]. Since 2012, there is also an annual international festival of philosophy called {{ill|phil.cologne|de}}. The city also has the most pubs per capita in Germany.<ref name="Nightlife">{{cite web|title=Nightlife|url=http://www.cologne.de/what-to-do/nightlife|publisher=KölnTourismus|access-date=13 September 2017|archive-date=13 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913011256/http://www.cologne.de/what-to-do/nightlife|url-status=live}}</ref> Cologne is well known for its beer, called [[Kölsch (beer)|Kölsch]]. [[Colognian dialect|Kölsch]] is also the name of the local dialect. This has led to the common joke of Kölsch being the only language one can drink. Cologne is also famous for [[Eau de Cologne]] (German: ''Kölnisch Wasser''; lit: "Water of Cologne"), a perfume created by Italian expatriate [[Johann Maria Farina]] at the beginning of the 18th century. During the 18th century, this perfume became increasingly popular, was exported all over Europe by the Farina family and ''Farina'' became a household name for ''Eau de Cologne''. In 1803 Wilhelm Mülhens entered into a contract with an unrelated person from Italy named Carlo Francesco Farina who granted him the right to use his family name and Mühlens opened a small factory at Cologne's Glockengasse. In later years, and after various court battles, his grandson [[Ferdinand Mülhens]] was forced to abandon the name ''Farina'' for the company and their product. He decided to use the house number given to the factory at Glockengasse during the French occupation in the early 19th century, [[4711 (brand)|4711]]. Today, original Eau de Cologne is still produced in Cologne by both the [[Johann Maria Farina gegenüber dem Jülichs-Platz|Farina family]], in the eighth generation, and by [[Mäurer & Wirtz]] who bought the 4711 brand in 2006. ===Carnival=== The [[Cologne carnival]] is one of the largest street festivals in Europe. In Cologne, the carnival season officially starts on 11 November at 11 minutes past 11&nbsp;a.m. with the proclamation of the new Carnival Season, and continues until [[Ash Wednesday]]. However, the so-called "Tolle Tage" (crazy days) do not start until ''Weiberfastnacht'' (Women's Carnival) or, in dialect, ''Wieverfastelovend'', the Thursday before Ash Wednesday, which is the beginning of the street carnival. Zülpicher Strasse and its surroundings, Neumarkt square, Heumarkt and all bars and pubs in the city are crowded with people in costumes dancing and drinking in the streets. Hundreds of thousands of visitors flock to Cologne during this time. Generally, around a million people celebrate in the streets on the Thursday before Ash Wednesday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stadt-koeln.de/en/koelntourismus/karneval/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125230206/http://www.stadt-koeln.de/en/koelntourismus/karneval/ |archive-date=25 January 2008 |title=Carnival – Cologne's "fifth season" – Cologne Sights & Events – Stadt Köln |date=26 January 2008 |access-date=24 July 2009}}</ref> ===Rivalry with Düsseldorf=== {{main|Rivalry between Cologne and Düsseldorf}} Cologne and [[Düsseldorf]] have a "[[Rivalry between Cologne and Düsseldorf|fierce regional rivalry]]",<ref name="Rivalry">{{cite news|title=Giving Beer A Home in the Rhineland|url=http://www.thelocal.de/society/20110728-36597.html|access-date=28 July 2011|newspaper=[[The Local]]|date=28 July 2011|archive-date=28 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028121120/http://www.thelocal.de/society/20110728-36597.html|url-status=live}}</ref> which includes [[Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria|carnival]] parades, [[ice hockey]], [[Association football|football]], and beer.<ref name="Rivalry"/> People in Cologne prefer [[Kölsch (beer)|Kölsch]] while people in Düsseldorf prefer [[Altbier]] ("Alt").<ref name="Rivalry"/> Waiters and patrons will "scorn" and make a "mockery" of people who order Alt beer in Cologne or Kölsch in Düsseldorf.<ref name="Rivalry"/> The rivalry has been described as a "love–hate relationship".<ref name="Rivalry"/> The Köln Guild of Brewers was established in 1396. The Kölsch beer style first appeared in the 1800s and in 1986 the breweries established an appellation under which only breweries in the city are allowed to use the term Kölsch.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 August 2009|title=A Quick Visit to Cologne: Kolsch Anyone?|url=http://lyke2drink.blogspot.com/2009/08/quick-visit-to-cologne-kolsch-anyone.html|url-status=live|website=Lyke2Drink|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104203549/http://lyke2drink.blogspot.com/2009/08/quick-visit-to-cologne-kolsch-anyone.html |archive-date=4 November 2011 }}</ref> ===Museums=== {{Main|List of museums in Cologne}} [[File:Museum Ludwig Köln - Südeingang - Schriftzug.jpg|thumb|The Museum Ludwig houses one of the most important collections of [[modern art]].]] [[File:Dionysusmozaïek 17-02-2009 10-51-23.JPG|thumb|Roman [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavation]] in Cologne: [[Dionysus]] Mosaic on display at Römisch-Germanisches Museum]] * [[Fragrance Museum|Farina Fragrance Museum]] – birthplace of [[Eau de Cologne]] * [[Romano-Germanic Museum|Römisch-Germanisches Museum]] (Roman-Germanic Museum) – ancient Roman and Germanic culture * [[Wallraf-Richartz Museum]] – European painting from the 13th to the early 20th century * [[Museum Ludwig]] – modern art * [[Museum Schnütgen]] – medieval art * [[Museum für Angewandte Kunst (Cologne)|Museum für Angewandte Kunst]] – [[applied art]] * [[Kolumba|Kolumba Kunstmuseum des Erzbistums Köln]] ([[art museum]] of the Archbishopric of Cologne) – modern art museum built around medieval ruins of [[St. Kolumba, Cologne]], completed 2007 * Cathedral Treasury "Domschatzkammer" – historic underground vaults of the Cathedral * [[EL-DE Haus]] – former local headquarters of the [[Gestapo]] houses a museum documenting [[Nazi]] rule in Cologne with a special focus on the persecution of political dissenters and minorities * German Sports and Olympic Museum – exhibitions about sports from antiquity until the present * [[Imhoff-Schokoladenmuseum]] – Chocolate Museum * Geomuseum of the University of Cologne – the exhibition includes fossils (such as dinosaur bones and the skeleton of an [[Eryops]]), [[Rock (geology)|stones]] and [[minerals]] * Forum for Internet Technology in Contemporary Art – collections of Internet-based art, corporate part of (NewMediaArtProjectNetwork):cologne, the experimental platform for art and New Media * [[Flora und Botanischer Garten Köln]] – the city's formal park and main [[botanical garden]] * [[Forstbotanischer Garten Köln]] – an [[arboretum]] and woodland [[botanical garden]] ===Music fairs and festivals=== The city was home to the internationally famous [[Ringfest]], and now to the C/o pop festival.<ref name="C/o pop">{{cite web | url=http://www.c-o-pop.de/home.4.en.html | title=C/o Pop Official Website | access-date=2 May 2010 | archive-date=13 December 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213161504/http://c-o-pop.de/home.4.en.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> In addition, Cologne enjoys a thriving 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