CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.eu01.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"212354677",accountID:"3196970",trustKey:"3196970",xpid:"VwcOV19UCBACVVNRAgUCUlc=",licenseKey:"NRJS-0940f7eaf4cb46e1cfe",applicationID:"212354543"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>g,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A4:()=>s,OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>h,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>f,m:()=>u,mw:()=>c,sb:()=>l});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s="complete"===a?.document?.readyState,c=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),u=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),l=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,f=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),h=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=g(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",p)}function p(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),h(a.gm,f),h(c.prototype,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(3969),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},3962:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AM:()=>o,O2:()=>s,Qu:()=>c,TZ:()=>a,ih:()=>u,tC:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i=["click","keydown","submit"],o="api",a=n.K7.softNav,s={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},c={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},u={IP:"in progress",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},7378:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$p:()=>x,BR:()=>b,Kp:()=>R,L3:()=>y,Lc:()=>c,NC:()=>o,SG:()=>d,TZ:()=>i,U6:()=>p,UT:()=>m,d3:()=>w,dT:()=>f,e5:()=>A,gx:()=>v,l9:()=>l,oW:()=>h,op:()=>g,rw:()=>u,tH:()=>E,uP:()=>s,wW:()=>T,xq:()=>a});var n=r(384);const i=r(860).K7.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=(0,n.dV)().o.ST,w="-start",R="-end",x="-body",T="cb"+R,A="jsTime",E="fetch"},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},425:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>j});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),h=r(384),p=r(6344);const g=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),w=r(3785),R=r(2646),x=r(3434);function T(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,x.YM)(i),a=new R.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function A(){const e=(0,h.pV)();g.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const E={};var S=r(9417),N=r(5603),O=r(5284);const _=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let I=!1;function j(e,t={},g,R){let{init:x,info:j,loader_config:P,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=g;const L=(0,h.pV)();j||(x=L.init,j=L.info,P=L.loader_config),(0,S.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,x||{}),(0,N.a)(e.agentIdentifier,P||{}),j.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(j.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,j);const H=(0,S.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),D=[j.beacon,j.errorBeacon];I||(H.proxy.assets&&(_(H.proxy.assets),D.push(H.proxy.assets)),H.proxy.beacon&&D.push(H.proxy.beacon),A(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===H.soft_navigations.enabled&&H.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...H.ajax.deny_list||[],...H.ajax.block_internal?D:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const g={};var R=s.ee.get(e),x=R.get("tracer");E[e]=b.g.OFF,R.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{E[e]=t}));var A="api-",S=A+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(A,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function O(){}g.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,w.R)(R,e,t,r)},g.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),T(R,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{g[e]=I(A,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=I(A,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(A,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},g.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),R.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},g[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g.interaction=function(e){return(new O).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const _=O.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),h||(0,a.p)(S+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,R),function(){if(x.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw x.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{x.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,v.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,R),r?void 0:this}}function j(){r.e(478).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),R.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{_[e]=I(S,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),g.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(S,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(A,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),g.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!E[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,R)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>j()),!0):j(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,R,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),I=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({212:"nr-spa-compressor",249:"nr-spa-recorder",478:"nr-spa"}[e]+"-1.274.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={478:"sha512-1vUqEfJPB8Pihje9mv5CfYgkitO1FWcS+UQb84DbXqP8oYctRv4/lzl/MzNLPlRhcY1WVDBGL20I8vm6s2VV7g==",249:"sha512-Y/BeZAh6VSTmUtUNmS5XdyKxL92s30Fyyj8xVW76HSPxcKItL4+x2+kGMZc8pMJnUpZDz1L4eftZQAJh3D8NnA==",212:"sha512-Gn2tQ3qog5Yhrx/gRutkSTYPp+7nkKFt4/mIXg99LxcNpMDAYJZDBYmAACdoHNM86+iq1F3cBcQotFNzjIX8bw=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={38:0,788:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(425);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),p=i(6154),g=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,g.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class w extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(384);var x=i(9908),T=i(2843),A=i(3878),E=i(782),S=i(1863);class N extends b{static featureName=E.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,E.T,t),p.RI&&((0,T.u)((()=>(0,x.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,A.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,x.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var O=i(3969);class _ extends b{static featureName=O.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,O.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),j=i(3304);class P{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,j.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return H(e)?e:new P(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(H(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function L(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new P(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return H(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function H(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class D extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,S.t)(),!0,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),p.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[k(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),p.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[L(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var M=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===p.gm?0:(0,M.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,j.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=p.gm.MutationObserver,s=p.gm.Promise,c=p.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(g?g.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var g=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",J=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=p.gm.Request,ee=p.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&p.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,J.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(p.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof p.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,j.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,R.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,R.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,x.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};p.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};pe(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=R,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){T(t,e)}),(0,A.jT)(!1)),p.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},pe(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,S.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function g(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,S.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,S.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&p.RI&&(t=""+p.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:p.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:p.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),pe(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function w(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,S.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,S.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function R(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,S.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCazptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):T(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function T(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,x.p)(O.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",g),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",w)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function pe(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const ge={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!p.RI||ge[t.debugId]++||(ge[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:we,d3:Re,Kp:xe,TZ:Te,Lc:Ae,uP:Ee,Rz:Se}=be;class Ne extends b{static featureName=Te;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Te,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Ee,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,S.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){(0,x.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,S.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Se+Re,(function(e){this.time=(0,S.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Se+xe,(function(e){(0,x.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,x.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:we,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var Oe=i(2614);class _e extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(Oe.H3,"_").concat(Oe.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,g.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,x.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.ERROR)||(0,g.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(478),i.e(249)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(Oe.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=Oe.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=Oe.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3962);class je extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,Ie.TZ,t),!p.RI||!(0,R.dV)().o.MO)return;const r=ve(this.ee);Ie.tC.forEach((e=>{(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>{a(e)}),!0)}));const n=()=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[(0,S.t)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);r.on("pushState-end",n),r.on("replaceState-end",n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}(0,A.sp)("popstate",(e=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let i=!1;const o=new((0,R.dV)().o.MO)(((e,t)=>{i||(i=!0,requestAnimationFrame((()=>{(0,x.p)("newDom",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),i=!1})))})),a=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),o.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0})}),100,{leading:!0});this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),o.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator(e,{domObserver:o})}}var Pe=i(7378);const Ce={},ke=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function Le(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!p.RI||Ce[t.debugId])return t;Ce[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(o),n=r[1];return a(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,ke,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const He={};function De(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(He[t.debugId])return t;He[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,n=(0,W.YM)(t),i=p.gm.Promise;return i&&function(){function e(r){var o=t.context(),a=n(r,"executor-",o,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(i,[a],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return o},s}p.gm.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return i.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,i),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=i.prototype;const o=i.prototype.then;i.prototype.then=function(...e){var i=this,a=r(i);a.promise=i,e[0]=n(e[0],"cb-",a,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"cb-",a,null,!1);const s=o.apply(this,e);return a.nextPromise=s,t.emit("propagate",[i,!0],s,!1,!1),s},i.prototype.then[W.Jt]=o,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=n(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const Me={},Ke="setTimeout",Ue="setInterval",Ve="clearTimeout",Ge="-start",Fe=[Ke,"setImmediate",Ue,Ve,"clearImmediate"];function Be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(Me[t.debugId]++)return t;Me[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,W.YM)(t);return r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(0,2),Ke+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(2,3),Ue+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(3),Ve+"-"),t.on(Ue+Ge,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ke+Ge,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const We={};function ze(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!p.RI||We[t.debugId])return t;We[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=p.gm.MutationObserver;return n&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof n?new n(r(e,"fn-")):n.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=n.prototype),t}const{TZ:qe,d3:Ze,Kp:Ye,$p:Xe,wW:Je,e5:Qe,tH:$e,uP:et,rw:tt,Lc:rt}=Pe;class nt extends b{static featureName=qe;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,qe,t),!p.RI)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,n=0;const i=this.ee.get("tracer"),o=Le(this.ee),a=De(this.ee),s=Be(this.ee),c=Z(this.ee),u=this.ee.get("events"),d=ne(this.ee),l=ve(this.ee),f=ze(this.ee);function h(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function g(){n++,r=window.location.hash,this[et]=(0,S.t)()}function m(){n--,window.location.hash!==r&&h(0,!0);var e=(0,S.t)();this[Qe]=~~this[Qe]+e-this[et],this[rt]=e}function v(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,S.t)()}))}this.ee.on(et,g),a.on(tt,g),o.on(tt,g),this.ee.on(rt,m),a.on(Je,m),o.on(Je,m),this.ee.on("fn-err",((...t)=>{t[2]?.__newrelic?.[e.agentIdentifier]||(0,x.p)("function-err",[...t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.buffer([et,rt,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),u.buffer([et],this.featureName),s.buffer(["setTimeout"+Ye,"clearTimeout"+Ze,et],this.featureName),c.buffer([et,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Ze],this.featureName),d.buffer([$e+Ze,$e+"-done",$e+Xe+Ze,$e+Xe+Ye],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),f.buffer([et],this.featureName),a.buffer(["propagate",tt,Je,"executor-err","resolve"+Ze],this.featureName),i.buffer([et,"no-"+et],this.featureName),o.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),v(d,$e+Ze),v(d,$e+"-done"),v(o,"new-jsonp"),v(o,"jsonp-end"),v(o,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",h),l.on("replaceState-end",h),window.addEventListener("hashchange",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){h(0,n>1)}),(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var it=i(3333);class ot extends b{static featureName=it.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,it.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled];p.RI&&e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(it.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),it.qN.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)))))),r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var at=i(993),st=i(3785);class ct extends b{static featureName=at.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,at.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,st.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,R.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(w),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[he,w,N,Ne,_e,_,D,ot,ct,je,nt],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/fonts/ivar/AlfredSerifText-Regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/fonts/alfred/AlfredSans-Regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <script>(function(html){html.className = html.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement);</script> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <title>Award ceremony speech - NobelPrize.org</title> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NobelPrize.org" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.nobelprize.org/#website","url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/","name":"NobelPrize.org","description":"The official website of the Nobel Prize","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.nobelprize.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.nobelprize.org' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.6.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #2e2a25;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--black-400: #969492;--wp--preset--color--grey-500: #8a8a8d;--wp--preset--color--grey-400: #c8c8c8;--wp--preset--color--grey-100: #f1f1f1;--wp--preset--color--nobel-gold: #cc9b40;--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale: #f2f0ee;--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke: #f9f5ed;--wp--preset--color--blue-700: #004b87;--wp--preset--color--blue-500: #3880c3;--wp--preset--color--blue-400: #a0c5d8;--wp--preset--color--blue-300: #c2ced9;--wp--preset--color--blue-100: #ebf2f8;--wp--preset--color--red: #bc1836;--wp--preset--color--green-100: #eaefed;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: clamp(14px, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 0.682), 20px);--wp--preset--font-size--large: clamp(22.041px, 1.378rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 1.586), 36px);--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: clamp(25.014px, 1.563rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 1.93), 42px);--wp--preset--font-size--14: 0.875rem;--wp--preset--font-size--15: clamp(0.875rem, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.115), 0.938rem);--wp--preset--font-size--16: clamp(0.875rem, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.227), 1rem);--wp--preset--font-size--18: clamp(0.875rem, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.455), 1.125rem);--wp--preset--font-size--22: clamp(0.915rem, 0.915rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.836), 1.375rem);--wp--preset--font-size--24: clamp(0.984rem, 0.984rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.938), 1.5rem);--wp--preset--font-size--32: clamp(1.5rem, 1.5rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.909), 2rem);--wp--preset--font-size--48: clamp(2rem, 2rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1.818), 3rem);--wp--preset--font-size--100: clamp(4rem, 4rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 4.091), 6.25rem);--wp--preset--font-family--primary: 'Alfred Sans Regular', 'Helvetica Neue', 'Arial', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--secondary: 'Alfred Serif Regular', 'Times', 'Times New Roman', serif;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 2.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 3rem;--wp--preset--spacing--10: 0.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--90: 3.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--100: 4rem;--wp--preset--spacing--110: 4.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--120: 5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--130: 5.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--140: 6rem;--wp--preset--spacing--150: 6.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--160: 7rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--custom--image-ratio--regular: 3/2;--wp--custom--image-ratio--landscape: 16/9;--wp--custom--image-ratio--portrait: 2/3;--wp--custom--line-height--xs: 1;--wp--custom--line-height--s: 1.125;--wp--custom--line-height--sm: 1.25;--wp--custom--line-height--m: 1.3;--wp--custom--line-height--l: 1.4;--wp--custom--line-height--xl: 1.5;--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--1--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--48);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--1--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--xs);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--1--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--2--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--32);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--2--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--s);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--2--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--3--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--24);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--3--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--s);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--3--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--4--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--18);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--4--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--sm);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--4--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--5--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--16);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--5--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--m);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--5--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--6--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--15);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--6--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--xl);--wp--custom--font-variant--heading--6--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--xsmall--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--14);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--xsmall--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--l);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--xsmall--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--secondary);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--small--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--16);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--small--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--l);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--small--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--secondary);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--medium--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--18);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--medium--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--m);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--medium--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--secondary);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--large--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--22);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--large--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--m);--wp--custom--font-variant--paragraph--large--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--secondary);--wp--custom--font-variant--button--small--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--14);--wp--custom--font-variant--button--small--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--sm);--wp--custom--font-variant--button--small--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--button--large--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--16);--wp--custom--font-variant--button--large--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--sm);--wp--custom--font-variant--button--large--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--info--counters--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--100);--wp--custom--font-variant--info--counters--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--xs);--wp--custom--font-variant--info--counters--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);--wp--custom--font-variant--info--legal--font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--14);--wp--custom--font-variant--info--legal--line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--l);--wp--custom--font-variant--info--legal--font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary);}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content{--wp--preset--color--grey-100: #f1f1f1;--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale: #f2f0ee;--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke: #f9f5ed;--wp--preset--color--blue-100: #ebf2f8;--wp--preset--color--green-100: #eaefed;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-400-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black-400) !important;}.has-grey-500-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-500) !important;}.has-grey-400-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-400) !important;}.has-grey-100-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-100) !important;}.has-nobel-gold-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-gold) !important;}.has-nobel-pale-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale) !important;}.has-nobel-smoke-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke) !important;}.has-blue-700-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-700) !important;}.has-blue-500-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-500) !important;}.has-blue-400-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-400) !important;}.has-blue-300-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-300) !important;}.has-blue-100-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-100) !important;}.has-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-green-100-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--green-100) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-400-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black-400) !important;}.has-grey-500-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-500) !important;}.has-grey-400-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-400) !important;}.has-grey-100-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-100) !important;}.has-nobel-gold-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-gold) !important;}.has-nobel-pale-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale) !important;}.has-nobel-smoke-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke) !important;}.has-blue-700-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-700) !important;}.has-blue-500-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-500) !important;}.has-blue-400-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-400) !important;}.has-blue-300-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-300) !important;}.has-blue-100-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-100) !important;}.has-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-green-100-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--green-100) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-400-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black-400) !important;}.has-grey-500-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-500) !important;}.has-grey-400-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-400) !important;}.has-grey-100-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-100) !important;}.has-nobel-gold-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-gold) !important;}.has-nobel-pale-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale) !important;}.has-nobel-smoke-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke) !important;}.has-blue-700-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-700) !important;}.has-blue-500-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-500) !important;}.has-blue-400-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-400) !important;}.has-blue-300-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-300) !important;}.has-blue-100-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-100) !important;}.has-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-green-100-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--green-100) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-14-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--14) !important;}.has-15-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--15) !important;}.has-16-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--16) !important;}.has-18-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--18) !important;}.has-22-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--22) !important;}.has-24-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--24) !important;}.has-32-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--32) !important;}.has-48-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--48) !important;}.has-100-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--100) !important;}.has-primary-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--primary) !important;}.has-secondary-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--secondary) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-grey-100-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-nobel-pale-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-nobel-smoke-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-blue-100-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-green-100-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--green-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-grey-100-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-nobel-pale-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-nobel-smoke-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-blue-100-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-green-100-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--green-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-grey-100-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-nobel-pale-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-pale) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-nobel-smoke-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--nobel-smoke) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-blue-100-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue-100) !important;}.wp-block-nobel-prize-queried-content.has-green-100-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--green-100) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: clamp(0.984em, 0.984rem + ((1vw - 0.2em) * 0.938), 1.5em);line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='nobelprize_block_library_admin-css' href='https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/plugins/nobelprize-block-library/dist/css/frontend.css?ver=caaa306ca540657ccbf9' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='styles-css' href='https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/dist/css/frontend.css?ver=876a6e0119578e9b1801' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="loadjs-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fallback = {"path":"\/var\/www\/html\/wp-content\/themes\/nobelprize\/\/assets\/js\/frontend\/lib\/respimg\/ls.respimg.min.js"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/js/frontend/lib/loadjs.js?ver=1731929817" id="loadjs-js"></script> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <link type="text/plain" rel="author" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/humans.txt" /> <script> window.VIDEOJS_NO_BASE_THEME = true; window.VIDEOJS_NO_DYNAMIC_STYLE = true; </script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/consent/d75760b8-7732-445e-9a87-2de3e237d0fe/OtAutoBlock.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="d75760b8-7732-445e-9a87-2de3e237d0fe"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { } </script>   <script type="text/javascript">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WDHZ8W5');</script>   <meta name="twitter:title" content="The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972"> <meta itemprop="name" content="The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972" />   <meta name="twitter:description" content="The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 was awarded jointly to John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory""> <meta itemprop="description" content="The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 was awarded jointly to John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 was awarded jointly to John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"" />   <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bardeen-13240-landscape-medium.jpg" /> <meta itemprop="image" content="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bardeen-13240-landscape-medium.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/bardeen-13240-landscape-medium.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/cooper-13241-landscape-medium.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.nobelprize.org/images/schrieffer-13242-landscape-medium.jpg" />  <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/ceremony-speech/" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/08/Nobel-favicon-50x50.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/08/Nobel-favicon-232x232.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/08/Nobel-favicon-188x188.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/08/Nobel-favicon.png" /> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> .summit-event-nav .prizes-nav-top-tier li:last-of-type { border-right: 0; } .ot-sdk-show-settings:hover, .ot-sdk-show-settings { background-color: #CEA152 !important; border-color: #CEA152 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; } </style> </head> <body class="prize-content-type ">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WDHZ8W5" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content"> Skip to content </a> <header class="site-header" role="banner" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader"> <div class="site-header__wrapper container"> <div class="site-banner" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"> <div class="site-banner-logo" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"> <h1 class="site-logo" itemprop="logo"> <a itemprop="url" href="https://www.nobelprize.org" name="top" aria-label="The Nobel Prize"> <svg class="site-logo-icon site-logo-icon--big" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="77" height="60" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 77 60"><path d="M25.298 1.997h-4.631v14.66h-2.21V1.997h-4.674V0h11.515v1.997ZM42.126 0v16.657h-2.21V8.711h-9.179v7.946h-2.21V0h2.21v6.714h9.179V0h2.21Zm14.617 16.657V14.66h-7.691V8.711h7.011V6.714h-7.011V1.997h7.564V0h-9.731v16.657h9.858Zm-43.045 5.014V38.33h-1.53L2.225 25.41v12.918H.1V21.67h1.7l9.773 12.578V21.671h2.125Zm12.025-.34c-4.801 0-8.71 3.867-8.71 8.669 0 4.802 3.909 8.669 8.71 8.669 4.802 0 8.711-3.867 8.711-8.669 0-4.802-3.91-8.669-8.71-8.669Zm.043 2.083c3.527 0 6.459 2.932 6.459 6.586 0 3.654-2.932 6.586-6.46 6.586-3.526 0-6.458-2.932-6.458-6.586 0-3.654 2.932-6.586 6.459-6.586Zm23.116 9.943c0 2.932-2.125 4.972-5.227 4.972h-5.779V21.67h5.27c3.059 0 4.971 1.53 4.971 3.995 0 1.614-.85 2.89-2.252 3.527 1.87.68 3.017 2.167 3.017 4.164Zm-8.796-9.73v4.8h3.06c1.53 0 2.846-.934 2.846-2.506 0-1.573-1.232-2.295-2.847-2.295h-3.06Zm6.629 9.772c0-1.87-1.445-3.017-3.145-3.017h-3.484v6.034h3.484c1.7-.042 3.145-1.147 3.145-3.017Zm15.467 4.93V36.33h-7.649v-5.949h7.012v-1.997h-7.012V23.67h7.564V21.67h-9.773V38.33h9.858ZM76.29 36.33v1.998h-9.731V21.67h2.21v14.66h7.52Zm-65.057 15.85c2.89 0 4.93-1.784 4.93-4.419 0-2.592-2.04-4.42-4.972-4.42H5.41V60h2.21v-7.819h3.612Zm0-6.841c1.615 0 2.72.892 2.72 2.422 0 1.53-1.105 2.422-2.72 2.422H7.621V45.34h3.612Zm12.11 6.756h-1.742V60h-2.21V43.343h5.78c2.89 0 4.929 1.742 4.929 4.376 0 2.423-1.742 4.08-4.25 4.335l6.035 7.904H29.25l-5.906-7.862ZM21.602 50.1h3.612c1.657 0 2.72-.85 2.72-2.38 0-1.53-1.105-2.38-2.72-2.38h-3.612v4.76Zm15.17-6.756h-2.21V60h2.21V43.343Zm3.442 14.915L49.86 45.34h-8.71v-1.997h11.557v1.614l-9.73 13.046h9.985V60H40.213v-1.742ZM66.304 60v-1.997h-7.691v-5.95h7.011v-1.996h-7.011V45.34h7.564v-1.997h-9.731V60h9.858Z"/></svg> <svg class="site-logo-icon site-logo-icon--small" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="171" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 171 16"><path d="M10.3 2.222H6.256v12.684H4.344V2.222H.3V.494h9.963v1.728h.037ZM24.822.494v14.412H22.91V8.03h-7.94v6.875h-1.913V.494h1.912v5.809h7.941V.494h1.912Zm12.61 12.684v1.728h-8.53V.494h8.42v1.728h-6.544v4.081h6.066v1.728h-6.066v5.147h6.654ZM57.322.494v14.412h-1.324L47.397 3.729v11.177h-1.839V.494h1.47l8.457 10.883V.494h1.838ZM60.19 7.7c0-4.154 3.382-7.5 7.537-7.5 4.154 0 7.536 3.346 7.536 7.5s-3.382 7.5-7.537 7.5c-4.154 0-7.536-3.346-7.536-7.5Zm13.162 0c0-3.162-2.537-5.699-5.589-5.699-3.051 0-5.588 2.537-5.588 5.699s2.537 5.699 5.588 5.699c3.052 0 5.588-2.537 5.588-5.699Zm14.411 2.904c0 2.537-1.838 4.302-4.522 4.302h-5.037V.494h4.56c2.646 0 4.3 1.324 4.3 3.456 0 1.397-.735 2.5-1.948 3.051 1.655.589 2.647 1.875 2.647 3.603Zm-7.61-8.419V6.34H82.8c1.324 0 2.463-.81 2.463-2.17 0-1.36-1.066-1.985-2.463-1.985h-2.647Zm5.735 8.456c0-1.617-1.25-2.61-2.72-2.61h-3.015v5.22h3.015c1.47-.036 2.72-.992 2.72-2.61Zm13.383 2.537v1.728h-8.53V.494h8.42v1.728h-6.545v4.081h6.103v1.728h-6.066v5.147h6.618Zm12.206 0v1.728h-8.42V.494h1.912v12.684h6.508Zm15.514-8.86c0 2.28-1.765 3.823-4.265 3.823h-3.125v6.765h-1.911V.494h5c2.537 0 4.301 1.581 4.301 3.824Zm-1.912 0c0-1.324-.955-2.096-2.353-2.096h-3.125v4.191h3.125c1.398 0 2.353-.772 2.353-2.095Zm8.089 3.75h-1.508v6.838h-1.911V.494h5c2.5 0 4.264 1.507 4.264 3.787 0 2.095-1.507 3.53-3.676 3.75l5.22 6.838h-2.279l-5.11-6.801Zm-1.471-1.728h3.125c1.434 0 2.353-.736 2.353-2.06 0-1.323-.956-2.058-2.353-2.058h-3.125V6.34ZM142.91.494h1.912v14.412h-1.912V.494ZM147.8 13.4l8.346-11.177h-7.537V.494h10v1.397l-8.419 11.287h8.639v1.728H147.8v-1.508Zm22.537-.221v1.728h-8.53V.494h8.42v1.728h-6.545v4.081h6.067v1.728h-6.067v5.147h6.655Z"/></svg> </a> </h1> </div> <div class="mobile-actions"> <div class="mobile-search"> <button type="button" id="search-mobile-trigger-js"> <svg class="search-open" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" role="img" aria-labelledby="desktop-search-title desktop-search-description"> <title id="desktop-search-title">Close the search form</title> <desc id="desktop-search-description">A button that allows you to close the search form if needed</desc> <path fill="#2E2A25" d="m19.6 21-6.3-6.3A6.096 6.096 0 0 1 9.5 16c-1.817 0-3.354-.63-4.612-1.887C3.629 12.854 3 11.317 3 9.5c0-1.817.63-3.354 1.888-4.612C6.146 3.629 7.683 3 9.5 3c1.817 0 3.354.63 4.613 1.888C15.37 6.146 16 7.683 16 9.5a6.096 6.096 0 0 1-1.3 3.8l6.3 6.3-1.4 1.4ZM9.5 14c1.25 0 2.313-.438 3.188-1.313C13.562 11.813 14 10.75 14 9.5c0-1.25-.438-2.313-1.313-3.188C11.813 5.438 10.75 5 9.5 5c-1.25 0-2.313.438-3.188 1.313S5 8.25 5 9.5c0 1.25.438 2.313 1.313 3.188C7.188 13.562 8.25 14 9.5 14Z"/> </svg> <svg class="search-close" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="#2E2A25" role="img" aria-labelledby="desktop-search-title desktop-search-description"> <title id="desktop-search-title">Close the search form</title> <desc id="desktop-search-description">A button that allows you to close the search form if needed</desc> <path d="M6.4 19 5 17.6l5.6-5.6L5 6.4 6.4 5l5.6 5.6L17.6 5 19 6.4 13.4 12l5.6 5.6-1.4 1.4-5.6-5.6L6.4 19Z"/> </svg> </button>  <noscript> <a id="mobile-close-js" class="toggle-close" href="#"> <span>Close Mobile Menu</span> </a> </noscript> </div> <div class="mobile-nav"> <a id="mobile-nav-js" href="#main-navigation-js" class="toggle"> <span> Toggle Mobile Menu </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <nav id="main-navigation-js" class="site-main-navigation" role="navigation" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" aria-label="Main menu" aria-expanded="false"> <ul id="menu-header_top" class="main-menu" role="menu"><li id="menu-item-28259" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-28259" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/">Nobel Prizes & laureates</a> <ul class="sub-menu" role="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <li id="menu-item-175174" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-175174" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes/">All Nobel Prizes</a></li> <li id="menu-item-222451" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-222451" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/all-nobel-prizes-2024/">All Nobel Prizes 2024</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48853" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48853" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/physics/">Physics prize</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48854" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48854" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/chemistry/">Chemistry prize</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48855" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48855" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/medicine/">Medicine prize</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48856" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48856" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/literature/">Literature prize</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48857" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48857" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/peace/">Peace prize</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48858" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48858" role="menuitem"><a href="/prizes/economic-sciences/">Prize in economic sciences</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-28260" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-28260" role="menuitem"><a href="/about/">About</a> <ul class="sub-menu" role="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <li id="menu-item-43405" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43405" role="menuitem"><a href="/about-the-nobel-prize/">About the prize</a></li> <li id="menu-item-43408" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43408" role="menuitem"><a href="/alfred-nobel">Alfred Nobel</a></li> <li id="menu-item-43407" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43407" role="menuitem"><a href="/about/nobel-prize-award-ceremonies/">Award ceremonies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-43409" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43409" role="menuitem"><a href="/nomination">Nomination</a></li> <li id="menu-item-43406" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43406" role="menuitem"><a href="/the-nobel-prize-organisation">Organisation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-28261" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28261" role="menuitem"><a href="/stories/">Stories</a></li> <li id="menu-item-28262" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28262" role="menuitem"><a href="/educational/">Educational</a></li> <li id="menu-item-219562" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-219562" role="menuitem"><a href="/events-museums/">Events & museums</a></li> <li role="menuitem" class="searchform"> <button type="button" id="search-trigger-js"> <svg class="search-open" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" role="img" aria-labelledby="desktop-search-title desktop-search-description"> <title id="desktop-search-title">Close the search form</title> <desc id="desktop-search-description">A button that allows you to close the search form if needed</desc> <path fill="#2E2A25" d="m19.6 21-6.3-6.3A6.096 6.096 0 0 1 9.5 16c-1.817 0-3.354-.63-4.612-1.887C3.629 12.854 3 11.317 3 9.5c0-1.817.63-3.354 1.888-4.612C6.146 3.629 7.683 3 9.5 3c1.817 0 3.354.63 4.613 1.888C15.37 6.146 16 7.683 16 9.5a6.096 6.096 0 0 1-1.3 3.8l6.3 6.3-1.4 1.4ZM9.5 14c1.25 0 2.313-.438 3.188-1.313C13.562 11.813 14 10.75 14 9.5c0-1.25-.438-2.313-1.313-3.188C11.813 5.438 10.75 5 9.5 5c-1.25 0-2.313.438-3.188 1.313S5 8.25 5 9.5c0 1.25.438 2.313 1.313 3.188C7.188 13.562 8.25 14 9.5 14Z"></path> </svg> <svg class="search-close" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="#2E2A25" role="img" aria-labelledby="desktop-search-title desktop-search-description"> <title id="desktop-search-title">Close the search form</title> <desc id="desktop-search-description">A button that allows you to close the search form if needed</desc> <path d="M6.4 19 5 17.6l5.6-5.6L5 6.4 6.4 5l5.6 5.6L17.6 5 19 6.4 13.4 12l5.6 5.6-1.4 1.4-5.6-5.6L6.4 19Z"></path> </svg> </button> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="header-search-form" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="container"> <form class="searchform -header" method="GET" action="/search/" > <label for="search-form-input-header" class="screen-reader-text"> Header Search </label> <input type="search" class="input" name="s" id="search-form-input-header" placeholder="Enter your search here" value="" > <button type="submit"> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="#2E2A25" role="img" aria-labelledby="submit-search-title-header submit-search-description-header"> <title id="submit-search-title-header">Submit a search term</title> <desc id="submit-search-description-header">Allows users to submit a search term</desc> <path d="m19.6 21-6.3-6.3A6.096 6.096 0 0 1 9.5 16c-1.817 0-3.354-.63-4.612-1.887C3.629 12.854 3 11.317 3 9.5c0-1.817.63-3.354 1.888-4.612C6.146 3.629 7.683 3 9.5 3c1.817 0 3.354.63 4.613 1.888C15.37 6.146 16 7.683 16 9.5a6.096 6.096 0 0 1-1.3 3.8l6.3 6.3-1.4 1.4ZM9.5 14c1.25 0 2.313-.438 3.188-1.313C13.562 11.813 14 10.75 14 9.5c0-1.25-.438-2.313-1.313-3.188C11.813 5.438 10.75 5 9.5 5c-1.25 0-2.313.438-3.188 1.313S5 8.25 5 9.5c0 1.25.438 2.313 1.313 3.188C7.188 13.562 8.25 14 9.5 14Z"/> </svg> </button> </form> </div> </div> </header> <main id="content" role="main" class="nobel-content"> <noscript id="noscript-list"> <h3> Enhanced Page Navigation </h3> <ol> <li> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/ceremony-speech/" title="Award ceremony speech" data-related="0" > Award ceremony speech </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/summary/" title="The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972" data-related="0" > The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/press-release/" title="Press release: The 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics" data-related="1" > Press release: The 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics </a> </li> </ol> </noscript> <div id="pjax-well" class="container page-content-area"> <div class="pjax-container"> <section class="page-section biographical"> <aside class="page-aside border-top"> <header class="header"> <h5 class="heading"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/summary/"> The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 </a> </h5> </header> <nav class="aside-navigation aside-navigation--desktop" aria-label="In Page Navigation"> <ul class="aside-navigation__list"><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/summary/" aria-current="false" > Summary </a> </li><li class="aside-navigation__list-item">Laureates<ul class="aside-navigation__list"><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/bardeen/facts/" aria-current="false" > John Bardeen </a> </li><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/cooper/facts/" aria-current="false" > Leon N. Cooper </a> </li><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/schrieffer/facts/" aria-current="false" > Robert Schrieffer </a> </li></ul></li><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/press-release/" aria-current="false" > Press release </a> </li><li class="aside-navigation__list-item"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/ceremony-speech/" aria-current="page" > Award ceremony speech </a> </li></ul></nav> <footer class="footer"> <div class="share-this"> <h6 class="heading"> Share this </h6> <ul class="socialicons" aria-label="Social sharing links"> <li class="socialicon" data-social="facebook"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1972%2Fceremony-speech%2F&t=Award+ceremony+speech" data-target="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/ceremony-speech/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path d="M14.526 34h-3.96A4.572 4.572 0 0 1 6 29.43V10.57C6 8.051 8.051 6 10.571 6H29.43A4.577 4.577 0 0 1 34 10.57v18.854c0 2.52-2.051 4.57-4.571 4.57h-3.492a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.571V22.305c0-.314.257-.571.571-.571h2.229l.405-3.228h-2.634a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.571v-3.28c0-.314.257-.57.571-.57h2.709v-3.229h-4.892a1.62 1.62 0 0 0-1.617 1.617v5.462a.573.573 0 0 1-.571.571h-2.709v3.228h2.709c.314 0 .571.257.571.571v11.118a.59.59 0 0 1-.166.406c-.148.148-.171.171-7.44.171h-.005ZM10.57 7.143a3.43 3.43 0 0 0-3.428 3.427v18.854a3.43 3.43 0 0 0 3.423 3.428h10.423V22.87H18.28a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572v-4.37c0-.314.257-.571.571-.571h2.709v-4.89c0-1.52 1.24-2.76 2.76-2.76h5.462c.315 0 .572.257.572.571v4.37a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572h-2.708v2.137h2.708a.56.56 0 0 1 .429.194c.109.126.16.286.137.451l-.548 4.37a.573.573 0 0 1-.566.504h-2.16v9.975h2.92a3.43 3.43 0 0 0 3.428-3.428V10.57a3.43 3.43 0 0 0-3.428-3.427H10.57Z"/></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Facebook </span> </a> </li> <li class="socialicon" data-social="twitter"> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Award+ceremony+speech&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1972%2Fceremony-speech%2F" data-target="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/ceremony-speech/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.143 6h17.714A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 34 11.143v17.714A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 28.857 34H11.143A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 6 28.857V11.143A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 11.143 6Zm17.714 26.857c2.205 0 4-1.795 4-4V11.143c0-2.205-1.795-4-4-4H11.143c-2.205 0-4 1.795-4 4v17.714c0 2.205 1.795 4 4 4h17.714Zm-.995-22.384a.572.572 0 0 1 .847.768l-6.933 7.65 6.977 9.923a.572.572 0 0 1-.468.9h-3.714a.571.571 0 0 1-.468-.243l-5.205-7.404-6.76 7.46a.57.57 0 0 1-.808.04.572.572 0 0 1-.04-.808l6.934-7.65-6.977-9.923a.572.572 0 0 1 .468-.9h3.714c.186 0 .36.09.467.243l5.206 7.404 6.76-7.46Zm-15.047.956L24.869 28.57h2.317L15.132 11.43h-2.317Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> X </span> </a> </li> <li class="socialicon" data-social="linkedin"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1972%2Fceremony-speech%2F&title=Award+ceremony+speech" data-target="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/ceremony-speech/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" > <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.909 14.251a2.557 2.557 0 0 1-2.555-2.554 2.56 2.56 0 0 1 2.555-2.554 2.56 2.56 0 0 1 2.554 2.554 2.56 2.56 0 0 1-2.554 2.554Zm0-3.965c-.778 0-1.412.634-1.412 1.411s.634 1.412 1.412 1.412c.777 0 1.411-.635 1.411-1.412 0-.777-.634-1.411-1.411-1.411Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/><path d="M28.771 28.211c0 .315.258.572.572.572l-.006-.006a.573.573 0 0 0 .572-.571v-7.292c0-3.605-2.509-4.891-4.852-4.891-1.457 0-2.497.383-3.44 1v-.532a.573.573 0 0 0-.571-.571h-3.612a.573.573 0 0 0-.571.571v11.715c0 .314.257.571.571.571a.573.573 0 0 0 .572-.571V17.063h2.468v1.108a.574.574 0 0 0 .943.44c1.057-.891 2.034-1.44 3.646-1.44 1.114 0 3.708.366 3.708 3.749v7.291ZM14.611 28.783a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572V17.07h-2.543V28.21a.573.573 0 0 1-.571.572.573.573 0 0 1-.572-.572V16.497c0-.314.257-.571.572-.571h3.685c.315 0 .572.257.572.571v11.714a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572Z"/><path d="M25.657 28.783a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572V22.83c0-1.286-.412-1.738-1.577-1.738-1.252 0-1.886.458-1.886 1.355v5.765a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572v-5.765c0-1.56 1.131-2.497 3.029-2.497 1.897 0 2.72.971 2.72 2.88v5.382a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572Z"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.143 34h17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 34 28.857V11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 28.857 6H11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 6 11.143v17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 11.143 34Zm-4-22.857c0-2.206 1.794-4 4-4h17.714c2.206 0 4 1.794 4 4v17.714c0 2.206-1.794 4-4 4H11.143c-2.206 0-4-1.794-4-4V11.143Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> LinkedIn </span> </a> </li> <li class="socialicon" data-social="email"> <a data-target="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/ceremony-speech/" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#241b5751464e4147501962564b490116146a4b46414874564d5e410a4b56431e011614655345564001161447415641494b4a5d01161457544141474c020714171c1f464b405d194c505054571e0b0b5353530a4a4b46414854564d5e410a4b56430b54564d5e41570b544c5d574d47570b151d13160b47415641494b4a5d0957544141474c0b" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.229 14.02A1.37 1.37 0 0 0 11 15.384v9.84a1.37 1.37 0 0 0 1.37 1.37h15.26a1.37 1.37 0 0 0 1.37-1.37V15.37A1.37 1.37 0 0 0 27.63 14H12.37a.5.5 0 0 0-.141.02Zm.256.98a.504.504 0 0 1-.114.013.37.37 0 0 0-.371.37v9.841a.37.37 0 0 0 .37.37h15.26a.37.37 0 0 0 .37-.37V15.37a.37.37 0 0 0-.37-.37H12.485Zm.288.88a.5.5 0 0 1 .699-.107L20 20.577l6.528-4.804a.5.5 0 0 1 .593.805l-6.825 5.023a.5.5 0 0 1-.592 0l-6.825-5.023a.5.5 0 0 1-.106-.699Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M28.857 6H11.143A5.148 5.148 0 0 0 6 11.143v17.714A5.148 5.148 0 0 0 11.143 34h17.714A5.148 5.148 0 0 0 34 28.857V11.143A5.148 5.148 0 0 0 28.857 6Zm4 22.857c0 2.205-1.795 4-4 4H11.143c-2.205 0-4-1.795-4-4V11.143c0-2.205 1.795-4 4-4h17.714c2.205 0 4 1.795 4 4v17.714Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Email this page </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </footer> </aside> <article class=" page-content border-top entry-content"> <header> <h1> Award ceremony speech </h1> </header> <select class="aside-navigation aside-navigation--mobile js-aside-navigation--mobile" name="Go to laureate page"> <option value="" selected disabled>Navigate to:</option> <option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/summary/"> Summary</option><optgroup label=" Laureates"><option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/bardeen/facts/">- John Bardeen</option><option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/cooper/facts/">- Leon N. Cooper</option><option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/schrieffer/facts/">- Robert Schrieffer</option></optgroup><option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/press-release/"> Press release</option><option value="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/ceremony-speech/" disabled selected> Award ceremony speech</option></select> <p class="smalltext">Presentation Speech by professor Stig Lundqvist, Chalmers University of Technology</p> <p> <i>Translation from the Swedish text</i></p> <p>Your Royal Highnesses, Ladies and Gentlemen,</p> <p> The 1972 Nobel Prize for physics has been awarded to Drs John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper and J. Robert Schrieffer for their theory of superconductivity, usually referred to as the BCS-theory.</p> <p>Superconductivity is a peculiar phenomenon occurring in many metallic materials. Metals in their normal state have a certain electrical resistance, the magnitude of which varies with temperature. When a metal is cooled its resistance is reduced. In many metallic materials it happens that the electrical resistance not only decreases but also suddenly disappears when a certain critical temperature is passed which is a characteristic property of the material.</p> <p>This phenomenon was discovered as early as 1911 by the Dutch physicist <a href="/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1913/index.html">Kamerlingh Onnes</a>, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1913 for his discoveries.</p> <p>The term superconductivity refers to the complete disappearance of the electrical resistance, which was later verified with an enormous accuracy. A lead ring carrying a current of several hundred amp猫res was kept cooled for a period of 2 1/2 years with no measurable change in the current.</p> <p>An important discovery was made in the thirties, when it was shown that an external magnetic field cannot penetrate a superconductor. If you place a permanent magnet in a bowl of superconducting material, the magnet will hover in the air above the bowl, literally floating on a cushion of its own magnetic field lines. This effect may be used as an example for the construction of friction-free bearings.</p> <p>Many of the properties of a metal change when it becomes superconducting and new effects appear which have no equivalent in the former’s normal state. Numerous experiments have clearly shown that a fundamentally new state of the metal is involved.</p> <p>The transition to the superconductive state occurs at extremely low temperatures, characteristically only a few degrees above absolute zero. For this reason practical applications of the phenomenon have been rare in the past and superconductivity has been widely considered as a scientifically interesting but exclusive curiosity confined to the low temperature physics laboratories. This state of affairs is rapidly changing and the use of superconducting devices is rapidly increasing. Superconducting magnets are often used for example in particle accelerators. Superconductivity research has in recent years resulted in substantial advances in measuring techniques and an extensive used in the computer field is also highly probable. Advanced plans for the use of superconductivity in heavy engineering are also in existence. By way of an example, it may be mentioned that the transport of electric energy to the major cities of the world with the use of superconductive lines is being planned. Looking further ahead one can see, for example, the possibility of building ultrarapid trains that run on superconducting tracks.</p> <p>Superconductivity has been studied experimentally for more than sixty years. However, the central problem, the question of the physical mechanism responsible for the phenomenon remained a mystery until the late fifties. Many famous physicists tackled the problem with little success. The difficulties were related to the very special nature of the mechanism sought. In a normal metal the electrons more around individually at random, somewhat similar to the atoms in a gas, and the theory is, in principle, fairly simple. In superconductive metals the experiments suggested the existence of a collective state of the conduction electrons-a state in which the electrons are strongly coupled and their motion correlated so that there is a gigantic coherent state of macroscopic dimension containing an enormous number of electrons. The physical mechanism responsible for such a coupling remained unknown for a long time. An important step towards the solution was taken in 1950 when it was discovered simultaneously on theoretical and experimental grounds that superconductivity must be connected with the coupling of the electrons to the vibrations of the atoms in the crystal lattice. The conduction electrons are coupled to each other via these vibrations. Starting from this fundamental coupling of the electrons Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer developed their theory of superconductivity, published in 1957, which gave a complete theoretical explanation of the phenomenon of superconductivity.</p> <p>According to their theory the coupling of the electrons to the lattice oscillations leads to the formation of bound pairs of electrons. These pairs play a fundamental role in the theory. The complete picture of the mechanism of superconductivity appeared when Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer showed that the motion of the different pairs is very strongly correlated and that this leads to the formation of a gigantic coherent state in which a large number of electrons participate. It is this ordered motion of the electrons in the superconductive state in contrast to the random individual motion in a normal crystal that gives superconductivity its special properties.</p> <p>The theory developed by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer together with extensions and refinements of the theory, which followed in the years after 1957, succeeded in explaining in considerable detail the properties of superconductors. The theory also predicted new effects and it stimulated intense activity in theoretical and experimental research which opened up new areas. These latter developments have led to new important discoveries which are being used in a number of interesting ways especially in the sphere of measuring techniques.</p> <p>Developments in the field of superconductivity during the last fifteen years have been greatly inspired by the fundamental theory of superconductivity and have strikingly verified the validity and great range of the concepts and ideas developed by Bardeens, Cooper and Schrieffer.</p> <p>Drs. Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer,</p> <p> You have in your fundamental work given a complete theoretical explanation of the phenomenon of superconductivity. Your theory has also predicted new effects and stimulated an intensive activity in theoretical and experimental research. The further developments in the field of superconductivity have in a striking way confirmed the great range and validity of the concepts and ideas in your fundamental paper from 1957.</p> <p>On behalf of the Royal Academy of Sciences I wish to convey to you the warmest congratulations and I now ask you to receive your prizes from the Hands of His Royal Highness the Crown Prince.</p> <footer class="copyright"> <small class="lectures"> From <i><a href="/nobel_organizations/nobelfoundation/publications/lectures/index.html">Nobel Lectures</a>, Physics 1971-1980</i>, Editor Stig Lundqvist, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1992 </i></p> </small> </footer> <p class="smalltext">聽</p> <footer class="copyright"> <small class="global"> <span class="copy">Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1972</span> </small> </footer> <footer class="border-top pagecite" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/citation"> <p> To cite this section <br> MLA style: Award ceremony speech. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Sat. 23 Nov 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1972/ceremony-speech/> </p> </footer> <div class="back-to-top"> <a href="#content" class="back-top-link"> Back to top </a> <svg width="18px" height="15px" viewBox="0 0 20 17" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" role="image" aria-labelledby="back-to-top-title back-to-top-desc"> <title id="back-to-top-title">Back To Top</title> <desc id="back-to-top-desc">Takes users back to the top of the page</desc> <g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g transform="translate(-474.000000, -9998.000000)" fill="#2E2A25"> <g transform="translate(474.000000, 9998.000000)"> <g transform="translate(10.000000, 10.000000) rotate(45.000000) translate(-10.000000, -10.000000) translate(3.000000, 3.000000)"> <rect x="0" y="0" width="2" height="14"></rect> <rect x="0" y="0" width="14" height="2"></rect> </g> <rect x="9" y="3" width="2" height="14"></rect> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </article>  </section> <section class="article-grid featured-content featured-content__color--default var-half-width-a "> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3 class="section-header-h3">Nobel Prizes and laureates</h3> </header> <article class="article -halfwidth-a "> <div class="content-wrapper"> <header class="content"> <div class="title"> <h2 class="headline"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/all-nobel-prizes-2024/"> <p>Nobel Prizes 2024</p> </a> </h2> </div> </header> <div class="text"> <p>Six prizes were awarded for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. The 12 laureates' work and discoveries range from proteins' structures and machine learning to fighting for a world free of nuclear weapons.</p> <p>See them all presented here.</p> </div> </div> <figure class="featuredimage"> <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/all-nobel-prizes-2024/"><picture><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/nobelprizes_2024-992x656.jpg" media="(min-width: 220px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/nobelprizes_2024-1520x1008.jpg" media="(min-width: 900px)" /><source data-srcset="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/nobelprizes_2024-2048x1352.jpg" media="(min-width: 1400px)" /><img class="lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="Illustration" /><noscript><img src="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2024/10/nobelprizes_2024-1024x676.jpg" alt="Illustration" /></noscript></picture></a> </figure> </article> </section> <section class="explore-laureates page-section"> <header class="section-header border-top"> <h3> Explore prizes and laureates </h3> <div class="info"> Look for popular awards and laureates in different fields, and discover the history of the Nobel Prize. </div> </header> <form class="exploreform" id="674227ba3e1b7" method='GET' action=''> <div class="dropdown"> <label for="mobile-dropdown" class="screen-reader-text"> Select the category or categories you would like to filter by </label> <select id="mobile-dropdown" name="filtermobile"> <option value="physics" selected='selected' > Physics </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="medicine" > Medicine </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="peace" > Peace </option> <option value="economic-sciences" > Economic Sciences </option> </select> </div> <div class="selector"> <label class="screen-reader-text">Select the category or categories you would like to filter by</label> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="physics"> <input id="physics" name="filter" type="radio" checked='checked' value="physics" hidden> <span> Physics </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="chemistry"> <input id="chemistry" name="filter" type="radio" value="chemistry" hidden> <span> Chemistry </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="medicine"> <input id="medicine" name="filter" type="radio" value="medicine" hidden> <span> Medicine </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="literature"> <input id="literature" name="filter" type="radio" value="literature" hidden> <span> Literature </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="peace"> <input id="peace" name="filter" type="radio" value="peace" hidden> <span> Peace </span> </label> </div> <div class="labelbutton" tabindex="0"> <label for="economic-sciences"> <input id="economic-sciences" name="filter" type="radio" value="economic-sciences" hidden> <span> Economic Sciences </span> </label> </div> </div> <div class="incrementor"> <label for="increment-down" class="screen-reader-text"> Decrease the year by one </label> <button id="increment-down" class="increment-down" type="button"> - </button> <label for="increment-input" class="screen-reader-text"> Choose a year you would like to search in </label> <input id="increment-input" name="prize_year" type="text" maxlength="4" class="increment-input" placeholder="2023" value="1972"> <label for="increment-up" class="screen-reader-text"> Increase the year by one </label> <button id="increment-up" class="increment-up" type="button"> + </button> </div> <div class="submit"> <button type="submit"> Explore </button> </div> </form> </section> <div class="long-scroll-preloader prize-explorer-preloader" style="text-align: center; display: none" data-target="674227ba3e1b7"> <img style="display: inline-block" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/images/spinner.gif"> </div> <div class="prize-explorer-content container search-results" data-target="674227ba3e1b7"> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="container"> <section class="footer-information"> <h4 class="heading"> <a href="/the-nobel-prize-organisation/">About the Nobel Prize organisation</a> </h4> <div class="footer-sections"> <div class="footer-section"> <h5> <a href="/the-nobel-prize-organisation/the-nobel-foundation/">The Nobel Foundation</a> </h5> <p>Tasked with a mission to manage Alfred Nobel's fortune and has聽ultimate responsibility for fulfilling the intentions of Nobel's will.</p> </div> <div class="footer-section"> <h5> <a href="/the-nobel-prize-organisation/prize-awarding-institutions/">The prize-awarding institutions</a> </h5> <p>For more than a century, these academic institutions have worked independently to select Nobel Prize laureates.</p> </div> <div class="footer-section"> <h5> <a href="/the-nobel-prize-organisation/outreach-organisations/">Outreach organisations</a> </h5> <p>Several outreach organisations and activities have been developed to inspire generations and disseminate knowledge about the Nobel Prize.</p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="footer-nav"> <nav class="footer-menu" role="navigation" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"> <ul id="menu-footer_col_1" class="footer-column-items" role="menu"><li id="menu-item-28266" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28266" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/press-room/">Press</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42845" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-42845" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/contact">Contact</a></li> <li id="menu-item-28265" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28265" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/frequently-asked-questions/">FAQ</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="footer-menu" role="navigation" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"> <ul id="menu-footer_col_2" class="footer-column-items" role="menu"><li id="menu-item-28268" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28268" role="menuitem"><a href="/about/privacy-policy/">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-28269" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28269" role="menuitem"><a href="/about/technical-support/">Technical support</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42844" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-42844" role="menuitem"><a href="/about/terms-of-use/">Terms of use</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="footer-menu" role="navigation" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"> <ul id="menu-footer_col_3" class="footer-column-items" role="menu"><li id="menu-item-28272" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28272" role="menuitem"><a href="/about/developer-zone/">For developers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42843" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-42843" role="menuitem"><a href="/mediaplayer/">Media player</a></li> <li id="menu-item-224329" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-224329" role="menuitem"><a href="https://careers.nobelprize.org">Careers</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="footer-menu footer-social" role="navigation" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"> <h6> Join us </h6> <ul id="menu-footer_social" class="socialmenu"><li id="menu-item-28273" class="facebook menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28273" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/nobelprize/"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path d="M14.526 34h-3.96A4.572 4.572 0 0 1 6 29.43V10.57C6 8.051 8.051 6 10.571 6H29.43A4.577 4.577 0 0 1 34 10.57v18.854c0 2.52-2.051 4.57-4.571 4.57h-3.492a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.571V22.305c0-.314.257-.571.571-.571h2.229l.405-3.228h-2.634a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.571v-3.28c0-.314.257-.57.571-.57h2.709v-3.229h-4.892a1.62 1.62 0 0 0-1.617 1.617v5.462a.573.573 0 0 1-.571.571h-2.709v3.228h2.709c.314 0 .571.257.571.571v11.118a.59.59 0 0 1-.166.406c-.148.148-.171.171-7.44.171h-.005ZM10.57 7.143a3.43 3.43 0 0 0-3.428 3.427v18.854a3.43 3.43 0 0 0 3.423 3.428h10.423V22.87H18.28a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572v-4.37c0-.314.257-.571.571-.571h2.709v-4.89c0-1.52 1.24-2.76 2.76-2.76h5.462c.315 0 .572.257.572.571v4.37a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572h-2.708v2.137h2.708a.56.56 0 0 1 .429.194c.109.126.16.286.137.451l-.548 4.37a.573.573 0 0 1-.566.504h-2.16v9.975h2.92a3.43 3.43 0 0 0 3.428-3.428V10.57a3.43 3.43 0 0 0-3.428-3.427H10.57Z"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook</span> </a></li> <li id="menu-item-28274" class="twitter menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28274" role="menuitem"><a href="https://twitter.com/NobelPrize"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.143 6h17.714A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 34 11.143v17.714A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 28.857 34H11.143A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 6 28.857V11.143A5.148 5.148 0 0 1 11.143 6Zm17.714 26.857c2.205 0 4-1.795 4-4V11.143c0-2.205-1.795-4-4-4H11.143c-2.205 0-4 1.795-4 4v17.714c0 2.205 1.795 4 4 4h17.714Zm-.995-22.384a.572.572 0 0 1 .847.768l-6.933 7.65 6.977 9.923a.572.572 0 0 1-.468.9h-3.714a.571.571 0 0 1-.468-.243l-5.205-7.404-6.76 7.46a.57.57 0 0 1-.808.04.572.572 0 0 1-.04-.808l6.934-7.65-6.977-9.923a.572.572 0 0 1 .468-.9h3.714c.186 0 .36.09.467.243l5.206 7.404 6.76-7.46Zm-15.047.956L24.869 28.57h2.317L15.132 11.43h-2.317Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text">Twitter</span> </a></li> <li id="menu-item-43144" class="instagram menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43144" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/nobelprize_org/?hl=en"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M28.857 34H11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 1 6 28.857V11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 1 11.143 6h17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 1 34 11.143v17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 1 28.857 34ZM11.143 7.143c-2.206 0-4 1.794-4 4v17.714c0 2.206 1.794 4 4 4h17.714c2.206 0 4-1.794 4-4V11.143c0-2.206-1.794-4-4-4H11.143Zm8.857 20c-3.937 0-7.143-3.206-7.143-7.143s3.206-7.143 7.143-7.143 7.143 3.206 7.143 7.143-3.206 7.143-7.143 7.143ZM20 14c-3.309 0-6 2.691-6 6s2.691 6 6 6 6-2.691 6-6-2.691-6-6-6Zm6-2.286a2.285 2.285 0 1 0 4.57.001 2.285 2.285 0 0 0-4.57 0Zm1.143 0c0-.628.514-1.143 1.143-1.143.628 0 1.143.515 1.143 1.143 0 .629-.515 1.143-1.143 1.143a1.146 1.146 0 0 1-1.143-1.143Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text">Instagram</span> </a></li> <li id="menu-item-43145" class="youtube menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-43145" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/thenobelprize"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.143 34h17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 34 28.857V11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 28.857 6H11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 6 11.143v17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 11.143 34Zm-4-22.857c0-2.206 1.794-4 4-4h17.714c2.206 0 4 1.794 4 4v17.714c0 2.206-1.794 4-4 4H11.143c-2.206 0-4-1.794-4-4V11.143Zm20.2 15.143H12.65a2.753 2.753 0 0 1-2.748-2.749v-7.074a2.753 2.753 0 0 1 2.748-2.749h14.692a2.753 2.753 0 0 1 2.748 2.749v7.074a2.753 2.753 0 0 1-2.748 2.749ZM12.65 14.857c-.885 0-1.605.72-1.605 1.606v7.074c0 .886.72 1.606 1.605 1.606h14.692c.886 0 1.606-.72 1.606-1.606v-7.074c0-.886-.72-1.606-1.606-1.606H12.65Zm5.643 8.766a.753.753 0 0 1-.746-.749l-.022-5.748c0-.275.148-.526.383-.657a.753.753 0 0 1 .76.017l4.537 2.8a.746.746 0 0 1 .354.628.77.77 0 0 1-.337.64l-4.52 2.949a.766.766 0 0 1-.409.12Zm0 0h.003-.006.003Zm.375-5.794.017 4.32 3.394-2.218-3.411-2.108v.006Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text">Youtube</span> </a></li> <li id="menu-item-164548" class="linkedin menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-164548" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/nobelprize/"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.909 14.251a2.557 2.557 0 0 1-2.555-2.554 2.56 2.56 0 0 1 2.555-2.554 2.56 2.56 0 0 1 2.554 2.554 2.56 2.56 0 0 1-2.554 2.554Zm0-3.965c-.778 0-1.412.634-1.412 1.411s.634 1.412 1.412 1.412c.777 0 1.411-.635 1.411-1.412 0-.777-.634-1.411-1.411-1.411Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path><path d="M28.771 28.211c0 .315.258.572.572.572l-.006-.006a.573.573 0 0 0 .572-.571v-7.292c0-3.605-2.509-4.891-4.852-4.891-1.457 0-2.497.383-3.44 1v-.532a.573.573 0 0 0-.571-.571h-3.612a.573.573 0 0 0-.571.571v11.715c0 .314.257.571.571.571a.573.573 0 0 0 .572-.571V17.063h2.468v1.108a.574.574 0 0 0 .943.44c1.057-.891 2.034-1.44 3.646-1.44 1.114 0 3.708.366 3.708 3.749v7.291ZM14.611 28.783a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572V17.07h-2.543V28.21a.573.573 0 0 1-.571.572.573.573 0 0 1-.572-.572V16.497c0-.314.257-.571.572-.571h3.685c.315 0 .572.257.572.571v11.714a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572Z"></path><path d="M25.657 28.783a.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572V22.83c0-1.286-.412-1.738-1.577-1.738-1.252 0-1.886.458-1.886 1.355v5.765a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572.573.573 0 0 1-.571-.572v-5.765c0-1.56 1.131-2.497 3.029-2.497 1.897 0 2.72.971 2.72 2.88v5.382a.573.573 0 0 1-.572.572Z"></path><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.143 34h17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 34 28.857V11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 28.857 6H11.143A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 6 11.143v17.714A5.15 5.15 0 0 0 11.143 34Zm-4-22.857c0-2.206 1.794-4 4-4h17.714c2.206 0 4 1.794 4 4v17.714c0 2.206-1.794 4-4 4H11.143c-2.206 0-4-1.794-4-4V11.143Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text">LinkedIn</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> </section> <section class="colophon border-top"> <div class="footer-logo" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"> <p class="site-logo" itemprop="logo"> <a itemprop="url" href="https://www.nobelprize.org"> The Nobel Prize </a> </p> </div> <div class="copyright"> Copyright © Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024 </div> </section> </div> </footer> <button type="button" class="to-top" tabindex="-1"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Scroll to top </span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="45.999" height="26.001" viewBox="0 0 45.999 26.001"><path xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="#FFF" d="M5.905 24.997a3.484 3.484 0 0 1-4.893 0 3.403 3.403 0 0 1 0-4.845l19.54-19.149a3.486 3.486 0 0 1 4.895 0l19.538 19.15a3.4 3.4 0 0 1 0 4.845 3.485 3.485 0 0 1-4.893.001L22.999 9.294z"/></svg></button> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/plugins/nobelprize-block-library/dist/js/frontend.js?ver=caaa306ca540657ccbf9" id="nobelprize_block_library_frontend-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/dist/js/frontend.js?ver=876a6e0119578e9b1801" id="frontend-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/js/frontend/lib/bgset/ls.bgset.min.js?ver=1731929817" id="lazy-sizes-bg-set-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/js/frontend/lib/lazysizes/lazysizes.min.js?ver=1731929817" id="lazy-sizes-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/js/frontend/lib/objectfit/ls.object-fit.min.js?ver=1731929817" id="lazy-sizes-object-fit-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/plugins/nobelprize/assets/js/admin/lib/flickity/flickity.pkgd.js?ver=1731929817" id="flickity-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-content/themes/nobelprize/assets/js/frontend/lib/clamp/clamp.min.js?ver=1731929817" id="clamp-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202447.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"197939892\",\"post\":\"0\",\"tz\":\"1\",\"srv\":\"www.nobelprize.org\",\"j\":\"1:13.9.1\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "197939892", "0" ]); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.nobelprize.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.eu01.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-0940f7eaf4cb46e1cfe","applicationID":"212354543","transactionName":"MhBSZQoZXUZZB0UMCwtac0QLDFxYFyZdCgNFJVFWHQ==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":484,"atts":"HldFE0IDThkaBRNfHxgI","errorBeacon":"bam.eu01.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>