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[r]" accesskey="r">Perubahan terbaru</a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik">Artikel pilihan</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini">Peristiwa terkini</a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru">Halaman baru</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x">Halaman sembarang</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi">Warung Kopi</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu">Portal komunitas</a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan.">Bantuan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal">Tentang Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar">Pancapilar</a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman">Kebijakan</a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami">Hubungi kami</a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir">Bak pasir</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Pencarian </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Tampilan </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class="">Menyumbang</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Kanker+paru-paru" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class="">Buat akun baru</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Kanker+paru-paru" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Masuk log</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Perkakas pribadi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id">Menyumbang</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Kanker+paru-paru" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"> Buat akun baru</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Kanker+paru-paru" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"> Masuk log</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting">pelajari lebih lanjut</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y">Kontribusi</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n">Pembicaraan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Tanda-tanda_dan_gejala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanda-tanda_dan_gejala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Tanda-tanda dan gejala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanda-tanda_dan_gejala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penyebab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyebab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Penyebab </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Penyebab-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Penyebab </button> <ul id="toc-Penyebab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Merokok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merokok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Merokok </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merokok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas_radon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_radon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Gas radon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_radon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asbestos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asbestos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Asbestos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asbestos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polusi_udara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polusi_udara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Polusi udara </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polusi_udara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Genetik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penyebab_lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyebab_lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Penyebab lain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyebab_lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Patogenesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Diagnosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Diagnosis </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Klasifikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasifikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Klasifikasi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klasifikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kanker_paru_bukan-sel-kecil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanker_paru_bukan-sel-kecil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Kanker paru bukan-sel-kecil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanker_paru_bukan-sel-kecil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanker_paru_sel_kecil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanker_paru_sel_kecil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Kanker paru sel kecil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanker_paru_sel_kecil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lain-lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lain-lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Lain-lain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lain-lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metastasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metastasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Metastasis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metastasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stadium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stadium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Stadium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stadium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pencegahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pencegahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Pencegahan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pencegahan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Pencegahan </button> <ul id="toc-Pencegahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penapisan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penapisan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Penapisan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penapisan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penanganan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penanganan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Penanganan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Penanganan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Penanganan </button> <ul id="toc-Penanganan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pembedahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembedahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Pembedahan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembedahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radioterapi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radioterapi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Radioterapi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radioterapi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kemoterapi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kemoterapi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Kemoterapi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kemoterapi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perawatan_paliatif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perawatan_paliatif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Perawatan paliatif </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perawatan_paliatif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Prognosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Epidemiologi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sejarah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Referensi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Pranala luar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gulingkan daftar isi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kanker paru-paru</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 93 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" > 93 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A9" title="سرطان الرئة – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرطان الرئة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%87" title="سرطان الرئه – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سرطان الرئه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ncanu_de_pulm%C3%B3n" title="Cáncanu de pulmón – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cáncanu de pulmón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9Fciy%C9%99r_x%C9%99r%C3%A7%C9%99ngi" title="Ağciyər xərçəngi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ağciyər xərçəngi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%BA%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="آغ‌جییر سرطانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آغ‌جییر سرطانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рак лёгкага – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рак лёгкага" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85" title="Рак лёгкіх – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рак лёгкіх" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Рак на белия дроб – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рак на белия дроб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ফুসফুসের ক্যান্সার – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফুসফুসের ক্যান্সার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_plu%C4%87a" title="Rak pluća – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rak pluća" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0ncer_de_pulm%C3%B3" title="Càncer de pulmó – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Càncer de pulmó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شێرپەنجەی سییەکان – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شێرپەنجەی سییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karcinom_plic" title="Karcinom plic – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karcinom plic" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%B2%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%C4%95" title="Ӳпке ракĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ӳпке ракĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canser_yr_ysgyfaint" title="Canser yr ysgyfaint – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Canser yr ysgyfaint" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungekr%C3%A6ft" title="Lungekræft – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lungekræft" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchialkarzinom" title="Bronchialkarzinom – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bronchialkarzinom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%AA%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%95%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%AD%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ފުއްޕާމޭގެ ކެންސަރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފުއްޕާމޭގެ ކެންސަރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%80%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Καρκίνος του πνεύμονα – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρκίνος του πνεύμονα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Lung cancer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulma_kancero" title="Pulma kancero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pulma kancero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ncer_de_pulm%C3%B3n" title="Cáncer de pulmón – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cáncer de pulmón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopsuv%C3%A4hk" title="Kopsuvähk – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kopsuvähk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birikako_minbizi" title="Birikako minbizi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Birikako minbizi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="سرطان ریه – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرطان ریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuhkosy%C3%B6p%C3%A4" title="Keuhkosyöpä – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keuhkosyöpä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_du_poumon" title="Cancer du poumon – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cancer du poumon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancro_de_pulm%C3%B3n" title="Cancro de pulmón – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cancro de pulmón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%C3%A3vev%C3%BAi_akyt%C3%A3%27ai" title="Ñe'ãvevúi akytã'ai – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ãvevúi akytã'ai" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon_Huhun_Daji" title="Ciwon Huhun Daji – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ciwon Huhun Daji" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94" title="סרטן הריאה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרטן הריאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="फुफ्फुस कैन्सर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फुफ्फुस कैन्सर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_plu%C4%87a" title="Rak pluća – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rak pluća" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCd%C5%91r%C3%A1k" title="Tüdőrák – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tüdőrák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%AB_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Թոքի քաղցկեղ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թոքի քաղցկեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungnakrabbamein" title="Lungnakrabbamein – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lungnakrabbamein" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma_del_polmone" title="Carcinoma del polmone – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carcinoma del polmone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="肺癌 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="肺癌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangker_paru" title="Kangker paru – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kangker paru" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Өкпе обыры – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өкпе обыры" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಶ್ವಾಸಕೋಶದ ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶ್ವಾಸಕೋಶದ ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%90%EC%95%94" title="폐암 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폐암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_pulmonis" title="Cancer pulmonis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cancer pulmonis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%94" title="ມະເຮັງປອດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະເຮັງປອດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plau%C4%8Di%C5%B3_v%C4%97%C5%BEys" title="Plaučių vėžys – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plaučių vėžys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plau%C5%A1u_v%C4%93zis" title="Plaušu vēzis – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plaušu vēzis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Рак на белите дробови – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рак на белите дробови" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="ശ്വാസകോശാർബുദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശ്വാസകോശാർബുദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="फुफ्‍फुसाचा कर्करोग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फुफ्‍फुसाचा कर्करोग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barah_peparu" title="Barah peparu – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Barah peparu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="फोक्सो क्यान्सर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फोक्सो क्यान्सर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longkanker" title="Longkanker – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Longkanker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungekreft" title="Lungekreft – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lungekreft" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungekreft" title="Lungekreft – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lungekreft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ats%CA%BCiis_naa%C5%82dzid" title="Atsʼiis naałdzid – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Atsʼiis naałdzid" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%9F" title="ଫୁସଫୁସ କର୍କଟ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଫୁସଫୁସ କର୍କଟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0" title="ਫੇਫੜੇ ਦਾ ਕੈਂਸਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫੇਫੜੇ ਦਾ ਕੈਂਸਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_p%C5%82uca" title="Rak płuca – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rak płuca" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B3%DA%96%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="د سږو سرطان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د سږو سرطان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ncer_de_pulm%C3%A3o" title="Câncer de pulmão – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Câncer de pulmão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surq%27an_phiru_unquy" title="Surq'an phiru unquy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Surq'an phiru unquy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_pulmonar" title="Cancer pulmonar – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cancer pulmonar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Рак лёгкого – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рак лёгкого" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanseri_yo_mu_bihaha" title="Kanseri yo mu bihaha – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kanseri yo mu bihaha" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geahpesboras" title="Geahpesboras – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Geahpesboras" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_plu%C4%87a" title="Rak pluća – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rak pluća" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F" title="පෙනහළු පිළිකා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෙනහළු පිළිකා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lung cancer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karcin%C3%B3m_p%C4%BE%C3%BAc" title="Karcinóm pľúc – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karcinóm pľúc" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plju%C4%8Dni_rak" title="Pljučni rak – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pljučni rak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanceri_n%C3%AB_mushk%C3%ABri" title="Kanceri në mushkëri – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kanceri në mushkëri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_plu%C4%87a" title="Rak pluća – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Rak pluća" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangker_bayah" title="Kangker bayah – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kangker bayah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungcancer" title="Lungcancer – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lungcancer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratani_ya_mapafu" title="Saratani ya mapafu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Saratani ya mapafu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="நுரையீரல் புற்றுநோய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நுரையீரல் புற்றுநோய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಶ್ವಾಸಕೋಸದ ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಶ್ವಾಸಕೋಸದ ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="ఊపిరితిత్తుల కాన్సర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఊపిరితిత్తుల కాన్సర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="มะเร็งปอด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มะเร็งปอด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanser_sa_baga" title="Kanser sa baga – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kanser sa baga" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akci%C4%9Fer_kanseri" title="Akciğer kanseri – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akciğer kanseri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BF%D0%BA%D3%99_%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Үпкә яман шеше – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үпкә яман шеше" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Рак легені – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рак легені" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%BE%DA%BE%DA%91%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پھیپھڑوں کا سرطان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پھیپھڑوں کا سرطان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBpka_saratoni" title="Oʻpka saratoni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻpka saratoni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ung_th%C6%B0_ph%E1%BB%95i" title="Ung thư phổi – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ung thư phổi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanser_han_baga" title="Kanser han baga – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kanser han baga" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="肺癌 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="肺癌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="לונגען קענסער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לונגען קענסער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizcwng_Bwt" title="Aizcwng Bwt – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Aizcwng Bwt" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="肺癌 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肺癌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AC-g%C3%A2m" title="Hì-gâm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hì-gâm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="肺癌 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="肺癌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47912#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kanker_paru-paru" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c">Halaman</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Kanker_paru-paru" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t">Pembicaraan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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/></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Artikel ini memberikan informasi dasar tentang topik kesehatan. Informasi dalam artikel ini hanya boleh digunakan untuk penjelasan ilmiah; bukan untuk diagnosis diri dan tidak dapat menggantikan diagnosis medis. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penyangkalan_medis" title="Wikipedia:Penyangkalan medis">Wikipedia tidak memberikan konsultasi medis</a>. Jika Anda perlu bantuan atau hendak berobat, berkonsultasilah dengan tenaga kesehatan profesional.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Kanker Paru-paru</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:LungCACXR.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/LungCACXR.PNG/300px-LungCACXR.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/LungCACXR.PNG/450px-LungCACXR.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/LungCACXR.PNG/600px-LungCACXR.PNG 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="940" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Sebuah <a href="/wiki/Radiograf_dada" title="Radiograf dada">Radiograf dada</a> menunjukkan <a href="/wiki/Tumor" title="Tumor">tumor</a> di paru-paru (ditandai dengan panah)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Informasi umum</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nama lain</th><td class="infobox-data">Karsinoma Paru-paru</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spesialisasi_(kedokteran)" title="Spesialisasi (kedokteran)">Spesialisasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Onkologi" title="Onkologi">Onkologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonologi" title="Pulmonologi">Pulmonologi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tipe</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karsinoma_sel_kecil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karsinoma sel kecil (halaman belum tersedia)">Karsinoma sel kecil</a> (SCLC), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru_bukan_sel_kecil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanker paru-paru bukan sel kecil (halaman belum tersedia)">Kanker paru-paru bukan sel kecil</a> (NSCLC)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Faktor risiko</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pengisapan_tembakau" title="Pengisapan tembakau">Pengisapan tembakau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a></li><li>Mutagen lingkungan lainnya</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Aspek klinis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gejala dan tanda</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Batuk" title="Batuk">Batuk</a> (termasuk <a href="/wiki/Batuk_darah" title="Batuk darah">Batuk darah</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dispnea" title="Dispnea">Dispnea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyeri_dada" title="Nyeri dada">Nyeri dada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awal muncul</th><td class="infobox-data">Setelah usia 40;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornIams2022"Epidemiology"-1">[1]</a> Rata-rata 70 Tahun<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadeDela_Cruz2020"Age"-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_(medis)" title="Diagnosis (medis)">Diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pencitraan_medis" title="Pencitraan medis">Pencitraan medis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biopsi" title="Biopsi">Biopsi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Tata laksana</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pencegahan</th><td class="infobox-data">Hindari merokok dan mutagen lingkungan lainnya</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perawatan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bedah" title="Bedah">Operasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemoterapi" title="Kemoterapi">Kemoterapi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radioterapi" title="Radioterapi">Radioterapi</a>, Terapi molekuler, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imunoterapi_kanker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imunoterapi kanker (halaman belum tersedia)">Imunoterapi kanker</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelangsungan_hidup_lima_tahun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelangsungan hidup lima tahun (halaman belum tersedia)">Kelangsungan hidup lima tahun</a>: 10 to 20% (sebagian besar negara)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESungFerlaySiegelLaversanne2021"Lung_cancer"-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Distribusi dan frekuensi</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevalensi</th><td class="infobox-data">2.2 juta (2020)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESungFerlaySiegelLaversanne2021"Lung_cancer"-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kematian</th><td class="infobox-data">1.8 juta (2020)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESungFerlaySiegelLaversanne2021"Lung_cancer"-3">[3]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Kanker paru-paru merupakan penyakit dengan ciri khas adanya <a href="/wiki/Pertumbuhan_sel" title="Pertumbuhan sel">pertumbuhan sel</a> yang tidak terkontrol pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaringan_(biologis)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaringan (biologis) (halaman belum tersedia)">jaringan</a> <a href="/wiki/Paru-paru" title="Paru-paru">paru-paru</a>. Bila tidak dirawat, pertumbuhan sel ini dapat menyebar ke luar dari paru-paru melalui suatu proses yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a> ke jaringan yang terdekat atau bagian tubuh yang lainnya. Sebagian besar kanker yang mulai di paru-paru, yang dikenal sebagai kanker paru primer, adalah <a href="/wiki/Karsinoma" title="Karsinoma">karsinoma</a> yang berasal dari sel <a href="/wiki/Epitelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Epitelium">epitelium</a>. Jenis kanker paru yang utama adalah SCLC (kanker paru sel kecil), atau disebut juga kanker sel gandum, dan NSCLC (kanker paru non-sel-kecil). <a href="/wiki/Gejala" class="mw-redirect" title="Gejala">Gejala</a> paling umum adalah batuk (termasuk <a href="/wiki/Hemoptisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemoptisis">batuk darah</a>), berat badan turun dan sesak napas.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-4">[4]</a> <a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Penyebab paling umum kanker paru adalah paparan dalam jangka waktu yang lama terhadap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokok_tembakau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rokok tembakau (halaman belum tersedia)">asap tembakau</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Merck-6">[6]</a> yang menyebabkan 80–90% kanker paru.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-4">[4]</a> Bukan perokok mencapai angka 10–15% dari kasus kanker paru,<a href="#cite_note-Thun-7">[7]</a> dan kasus ini biasanya disebabkan oleh kombinasi antara <a href="/wiki/Genetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetik">faktor genetik</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MurrayNadel46-8">[8]</a> gas <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MurrayNadel46-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-O'Reilly-9">[9]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Polusi_udara" class="mw-redirect" title="Polusi udara">polusi udara</a><a href="#cite_note-MurrayNadel46-8">[8]</a> termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merokok_pasif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merokok pasif (halaman belum tersedia)">asap rokok pasif</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF1-11">[11]</a> Kanker paru dapat dilihat melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foto_rontgen_dada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foto rontgen dada (halaman belum tersedia)">foto rontgen dada</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomografi_komputer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomografi komputer (halaman belum tersedia)">tomografi komputer</a> (CT scan). <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_medis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnosis medis">diagnosis</a> dapat dipastikan dengan <a href="/wiki/Biopsi" title="Biopsi">biopsi</a><a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-12">[12]</a> yang biasanya dilakukan melalui prosedur <a href="/wiki/Bronkoskopi" title="Bronkoskopi">bronkoskopi</a> atau dipandu dengan CT. Perawatan dan hasil dalam jangka panjang tergantung pada tipe kanker, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium_(patologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stadium (patologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">stadium</a> (tingkat penyebaran), dan keadaan kesehatan pasien secara keseluruhan, diukur berdasarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kondisi_umum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kondisi umum (halaman belum tersedia)">kondisi umum</a>. Perawatan biasanya meliputi <a href="/wiki/Pembedahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembedahan">pembedahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemoterapi" title="Kemoterapi">kemoterapi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Terapi_radiasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Terapi radiasi">radioterapi</a>. NSCLC biasanya ditangani melalui pembedahan, sedangkan SCLC umumnya memberikan respons yang lebih baik terhadap kemoterapi dan radioterapi.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Secara keseluruhan, 15% dari penduduk di Amerika Serikat terdiagnosis kanker paru <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tingkat_harapan_hidup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tingkat harapan hidup (halaman belum tersedia)">mencapai harapan hidup</a> lima tahun setelah diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-Collins-14">[14]</a> Secara global, <a href="/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker">kanker</a> paru merupakan penyebab utama kematian karena kanker pada laki-laki dan perempuan, dan bertanggung jawab untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Kematian_karena_kanker_paru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Kematian karena kanker paru (halaman belum tersedia)">1,38 juta kematian</a> setiap tahunnya, hingga tahun 2008.<a href="#cite_note-GLOBOCAN-15">[15]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r14851226">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tanda-tanda_dan_gejala">Tanda-tanda dan gejala</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Tanda-tanda dan gejala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tanda-tanda dan gejala">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Tanda-tanda dan gejala yang menunjukkan adanya kanker paru adalah:<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-4">[4]</a> <ul><li>gejala pada saluran napas: <a href="/wiki/Batuk" title="Batuk">batuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemoptisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemoptisis">batuk darah</a>, mengi atau <a href="/wiki/Dispnea" title="Dispnea">napas pendek</a></li> <li>gejala sistemik: berat badan turun, <a href="/wiki/Demam" title="Demam">demam</a>, gada pada kuku jari, atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelelahan_(fisik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelelahan (fisik) (halaman belum tersedia)">kelelahan</a></li> <li>gejala karena tekanan di daerah lokal: <a href="/wiki/Nyeri_dada" title="Nyeri dada">nyeri dada</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyeri_tulang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyeri tulang (halaman belum tersedia)">nyeri tulang</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Obstruksi_vena_cava_superior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obstruksi vena cava superior (halaman belum tersedia)">obstruksi vena cava superior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disfagia" title="Disfagia">kesulitan menelan</a></li></ul> Bila kanker tumbuh di sekitar <a href="/wiki/Saluran_napas" title="Saluran napas">saluran napas</a>, keadaan ini dapat menghambat aliran udara, menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Dispnea" title="Dispnea">sesak napas</a>. Hambatan ini dapat menyebabkan adanya akumulasi sekret di belakang sumbatan, dan menyebabkan terjadinya <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-4">[4]</a> Bergantung pada jenis tumornya, <a href="/wiki/Sindrom_paraneoplastik" title="Sindrom paraneoplastik">fenomena paraneoplastik</a> mungkin adalah yang pertama kali menarik perhatian mengenai adanya penyakit ini.<a href="#cite_note-Honnorat-17">[17]</a> Pada kanker paru, fenomena ini dapat meliputi Sindrom Lambert–Eaton myastenik (lemah otot yang disebabkan oleh autoantibodi), <a href="/wiki/Hiperkalsemia" title="Hiperkalsemia">hiperkalsemia</a>, atau sindrom dari ketidakstabilan hormon antidiuretik (SIADH). Tumor pada bagian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pucuk_paru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pucuk paru (halaman belum tersedia)">pucuk paru</a>, dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumor_Pancoast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tumor Pancoast (halaman belum tersedia)">Tumor Pancoast</a>, dapat menginvasi bagian lokal dari <a href="/wiki/Sistem_saraf_simpatik" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem saraf simpatik">sistem saraf simpatik</a>, sehingga menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Sindrom_Horner" title="Sindrom Horner">Sindrom Horner</a> (jatuhnya kelopak mata dan pupil kecil pada sisi tersebut), dan juga menyebabkan kerusakan pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleksus_brakhialis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pleksus brakhialis (halaman belum tersedia)">pleksus brakhialis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-4">[4]</a> Kebanyakan gejala kanker paru (hilang nafsu makan, berat badan turun, demam, kelelahan) tidak spesifik.<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-12">[12]</a> Pada kebanyakan orang, kanker telah menyebar dari lokasi awalnya saat timbul gejala dan datang ke dokter. Lokasi umum penyebarannya termasuk otak, tulang, <a href="/wiki/Kelenjar_adrenal" title="Kelenjar adrenal">kelenjar adrenal</a>, paru sebelahnya, hati, <a href="/wiki/Perikardium" title="Perikardium">perikardium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Ginjal" title="Ginjal">ginjal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ajcc-18">[18]</a> Sekitar 10% dari penderita kanker paru tidak mengalami gejala saat diagnosis; kanker ini ditemukan secara tidak sengaja pada pemeriksaan foto rontgen dada.<a href="#cite_note-Collins-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penyebab">Penyebab</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Penyebab" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penyebab">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Kanker berkembang mengikuti kerusakan genetik pada <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>. Kerusakan genetik ini mempengaruhi fungsi normal sel, termasuk proliferasi sel, pemrograman kematian sel (<a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>), dan perbaikan DNA. Ketika lebih banyak kerusakan terakumulasi, risiko terhadap kanker makin bertambah.<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei8-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merokok">Merokok</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Merokok" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Merokok">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cancer_smoking_lung_cancer_correlation_from_NIH.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cancer_smoking_lung_cancer_correlation_from_NIH.svg/220px-Cancer_smoking_lung_cancer_correlation_from_NIH.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cancer_smoking_lung_cancer_correlation_from_NIH.svg/330px-Cancer_smoking_lung_cancer_correlation_from_NIH.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cancer_smoking_lung_cancer_correlation_from_NIH.svg/440px-Cancer_smoking_lung_cancer_correlation_from_NIH.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Grafik menunjukkan bagaimana peningkatan penjualan produk tembakau di AS pada empat dekade pertama pada abad ke-20 (rokok per orang per tahun) menyebabkan kenaikan yang cepat pada penderita kanker paru selama tahun 1930an, 40an dan 50an (kematian karena kanker paru per 100,000 populasi laki-laki per tahun)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pathology_of_the_lung_(cancer).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Pathology_of_the_lung_%28cancer%29.jpg/220px-Pathology_of_the_lung_%28cancer%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Pathology_of_the_lung_%28cancer%29.jpg/330px-Pathology_of_the_lung_%28cancer%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Pathology_of_the_lung_%28cancer%29.jpg/440px-Pathology_of_the_lung_%28cancer%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Penampang melintang dari paru-paru manusia: Area berwarna putih di bagian lobus atas adalah kanker; area berwarna hitam adalah perubahan warna yang terjadi karena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merokok_tembakau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merokok tembakau (halaman belum tersedia)">merokok</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokok_tembakau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rokok tembakau (halaman belum tersedia)">Merokok</a>, khususnya <a href="/wiki/Sigaret" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigaret">sigaret</a>, secara umum merupakan penyumbang utama kanker paru.<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF5-20">[20]</a> Rokok sigaret mengandung lebih dari 60 jenis <a href="/wiki/Karsinogen" title="Karsinogen">karsinogen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hecht-21">[21]</a> termasuk di antaranya <a href="/wiki/Radioisotop" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotop">radioisotop</a> dari peluruhan sekuens <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrosamin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrosamin (halaman belum tersedia)">nitrosamin</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benzopiren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benzopiren (halaman belum tersedia)">benzopiren</a>. Selain itu, nikotin menekan respons imun terhadap pertumbuhan kanker pada jaringan yang terpapar.<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF6-22">[22]</a> Di seluruh negara maju, 90% dari kematian karena kanker paru pada laki-laki selama tahun 2000 disebabkan oleh merokok (70% untuk perempuan).<a href="#cite_note-Peto-23">[23]</a> Merokok bertanggung jawab terhadap 80–90% kasus kanker paru.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merokok_pasif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merokok pasif (halaman belum tersedia)">Merokok pasif</a>—proses inhalasi asap dari perokok lain—merupakan penyebab kanker paru pada bukan perokok. Perokok pasif dapat digolongkan sebagai seseorang yang hidup atau bekerja bersama perokok. Penelitian dari AS,<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF7-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberg-26">[26]</a> Eropa,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Inggris,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> dan Australia<a href="#cite_note-NHMRC-29">[29]</a> telah secara konsisten menunjukkan adanya peningkatan risiko yang signifikan di antara mereka yang terpapar asap rokok pasif.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-30">[30]</a> Mereka yang hidup dengan perokok memiliki risiko yang lebih tinggi sebesar 20–30% sedangkan mereka yang bekerja pada lingkungan perokok mempunyai risiko 16–19% lebih tinggi.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Penelitian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asap_aliran_sisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asap aliran sisi (halaman belum tersedia)">asap aliran sisi</a> menunjukkan bahwa hal ini lebih berbahaya dari merokok langsung.<a href="#cite_note-Schick-32">[32]</a> Merokok pasif menyebabkan 3, 400 kematian karena kanker paru setiap tahun di AS.<a href="#cite_note-Alberg-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gas_radon">Gas radon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Gas radon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Gas radon">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> yang tidak berwarna dan tidak berbau dihasilkan dari penguraian radioaktif <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>, yang merupakan produk dari peluruhan <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, yang ditemukan di lapisan <a href="/wiki/Kerak_(geologi)" title="Kerak (geologi)">kerak</a> bumi. Produk peluruhan radiasi meng <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> kan materi genetika, sehingga menyebabkan mutasi yang kadang menjadi bersifat kanker. Radon merupakan penyebab kanker paru paling banyak kedua di AS, setelah rokok.<a href="#cite_note-Alberg-26">[26]</a> Risikonya meningkat hinggga 8–16% untuk setiap peningkatan konsentrasi radon sebesar 100 <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">Bq</a>/<a href="/wiki/Meter_kubik" title="Meter kubik">m³</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Tingkat gas radon bervariasi tergantung pada lokasi dan komposisi tanah dan batuan di bawahnya. Sebagai contoh, di wilayah seperti <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> di Inggris (yang mengandung <a href="/wiki/Granit" title="Granit">granit</a> sebagai substrata), gas radon merupakan masalah utama, dan bangunan harus memiliki ventilasi aktif dengan kipas untuk menurunkan konsentrasi gas radon. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) memperkirakan satu dari 15 rumah di AS memiliki tingkat radon lebih tinggi dari tingkat rekomendasi 4 <a href="/wiki/Picocurie" class="mw-redirect" title="Picocurie">picocurie</a> per liter (pCi/l) (148 Bq/m³).<a href="#cite_note-EPA_radon-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asbestos">Asbestos</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Asbestos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Asbestos">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a> dapat menyebabkan berbagai penyakit paru-paru, termasuk kanker paru. Merokok tembakau dan asbestos memberikan efek sinergis dalam pembentukan kanker paru.<a href="#cite_note-O'Reilly-9">[9]</a> Asbestos juga dapat menyebabkan kanker pada pleura, yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Mesotelioma" title="Mesotelioma">mesotelioma</a> (yang berbeda dari kanker paru).<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polusi_udara">Polusi udara</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Polusi udara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Polusi udara">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Polusi udara di luar rumah hanya memberikan efek yang kecil dalam meningkatkan risiko kanker paru.<a href="#cite_note-MurrayNadel46-8">[8]</a> Bahan partikulat atmosfer (PM2.5) halus dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeorosol_sulfur_stratosferik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aeorosol sulfur stratosferik (halaman belum tersedia)">aerosol sulfat</a>, yang berasal dari pelepasan asap kendaraan bermotor di jalanan, dihubungkan sedikit meningkatkan risiko.<a href="#cite_note-MurrayNadel46-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Untuk <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioksida" title="Nitrogen dioksida">nitrogen dioksida</a>, kenaikan bertahan hingga 10 <a href="/wiki/Bagian_per_miliar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagian per miliar">bagian per miliar</a> meningkatkan risiko kanker paru hingga 14%.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Polusi udara luar diperkirakan bertanggung jawab terhadap 1–2% kejadian kanker paru.<a href="#cite_note-MurrayNadel46-8">[8]</a> Bukti tentatif mendukung adanya kenaikan risiko kanker paru dari polusi dalam ruang yang berhubungan dengan pembakaran kayu, batubara, residu bahan bakar kotoran dan sisa sampah yang dipakai untuk memasak dan pemanas ruang.<a href="#cite_note-Lim2012-38">[38]</a> Wanita yang terpapar asap pembakaran batubara memiliki risiko dua kali lebih tinggi dan sejumlah produk sampingan dari pembakaran tanaman organik diketahui atau dicurigai bersifat karsinogen.<a href="#cite_note-Sood2012-39">[39]</a> Risiko ini memengaruhi kurang lebih 2.4 miliar orang di seluruh dunia,<a href="#cite_note-Lim2012-38">[38]</a> dan dipercaya menyebabkan 1.5% kematian karena kanker paru.<a href="#cite_note-Sood2012-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetik">Genetik</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Genetik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Genetik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Diperkirakan bahwa 8 hingga 14% dari kanker paru disebabkan oleh faktor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keturunan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keturunan (halaman belum tersedia)">diturunkan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Pada orang dengan saudara yang terkena kanker paru, risiko meningkat hingga 2.4 kali. Hal ini disebabkan oleh adanya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polimorfisme_genetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polimorfisme genetik (halaman belum tersedia)">kombinasi gen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fishman1802-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penyebab_lain">Penyebab lain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Penyebab lain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penyebab lain">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Sejumlah zat, pekerjaan, dan paparan lingkungan lain juga dihubungkan dengan kanker paru. <a href="/wiki/Badan_Penelitian_Kanker_Internasional" title="Badan Penelitian Kanker Internasional">Badan Penelitian Kanker Internasional</a> (IARC) menyatakan ada "bukti yang cukup" untuk menunjukkan bahwa sejumlah hal berikut karsinogenik untuk paru-paru:<a href="#cite_note-WHOListLungCancer-42">[42]</a> <ul><li>Sejumlah jenis logam (produk aluminium, <a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">kadmium</a> dan senyawa kadmium, senyawa <a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">kromium</a>(VI), <a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">berilium</a> dan senyawa berilium, peleburan besi dan baja, senyawa nikel, <a href="/wiki/Arsenik" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenik">arsenik</a> dan senyawa arsenik inorganik, tambang <a href="/wiki/Hematit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematit">hematit</a> bawah tanah)</li> <li>Sejumlah produk pembakaran (pembakaran tidak sempurna), arang batu (emisi dalam ruangan dari pembakaran arang batu rumah tangga), gasifikasi batu bara, aspal, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Produk_kokas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Produk kokas (halaman belum tersedia)">produk kokas</a>, jelaga, gas buang mesin disel)</li> <li>Radiasi ionisasi (radiasi sinar-X, radon-222 dan produk peluruhannya, <a href="/wiki/Radiasi_gamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiasi gamma">radiasi gamma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>)</li> <li>Sejumlah gas beracun (metil eter (kadar teknis), Bis-(klorometil) eter, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur_mustard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfur mustard (halaman belum tersedia)">sulfur mustard</a>, MOPP (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustargen_Oncovin_Procarbazine_Prednisone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustargen Oncovin Procarbazine Prednisone (halaman belum tersedia)">campuran vinkristina-prednison-nitrogen mustard-procarbazin</a>), uap pengecatan)</li> <li>Produk karet dan kristalin <a href="/wiki/Silikon_dioksida" title="Silikon dioksida">debu silika</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patogenesis">Patogenesis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Patogenesis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Patogenesis">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Karsinogenesis" title="Karsinogenesis">Karsinogenesis</a></div> Seperti jenis kanker lainnya, kanker paru diinisiasi oleh aktivasi <a href="/wiki/Onkogen" title="Onkogen">onkogen</a> atau inaktivasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen_supresor_tumor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gen supresor tumor (halaman belum tersedia)">gen supresor tumor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fong-43">[43]</a> Onkogen diyakini menjadikan orang lebih rentan terhadap kanker. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-onkogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proto-onkogen (halaman belum tersedia)">Proto-onkogen</a> diyakini berubah menjadi onkogen ketika terpapar karsinogen tertentu.<a href="#cite_note-Salgia-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutasi" title="Mutasi">Mutasi</a> pada proto-onkogen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ras_(protein)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ras (protein) (halaman belum tersedia)">K-ras</a> bertanggung jawab atas 10–30% adenokarsinoma paru.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-molecular-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aviel-Ronen-46">[46]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reseptor_faktor_pertumbuhan_epidermal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reseptor faktor pertumbuhan epidermal (halaman belum tersedia)">Reseptor faktor pertumbuhan epidermal</a> (EGFR) mengatur proliferasi sel, <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">angiogenesis</a>, dan invasi tumor.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-molecular-45">[45]</a> Mutasi dan amplifikasi EGFR biasa ditemukan pada kanker paru bukan-sel-kecil dan memberikan dasar pengobatan menggunakan inhibitor-EGFR. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Her2/neu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Her2/neu (halaman belum tersedia)">Her2/neu</a> lebih jarang terpengaruh.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-molecular-45">[45]</a> Kerusakan <a href="/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom">kromosomal</a> bisa menyebabkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilangnya_heterozigositas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilangnya heterozigositas (halaman belum tersedia)">hilangnya heterozigositas</a>. Hal ini bisa menyebabkan inaktivasi gen supresor tumor. Kerusakan pada kromosom 3p, 5q, 13q, dan 17p secara spesifik ditemukan pada kanker bukan-sel-kecil. Gen supresor tumor <a href="/wiki/P53" title="P53">p53</a>, yang terdapat di kromosom 17p, terpengaruh pada 60-75% kasus. Gen-gen lain yang sering dimutasi atau dikuatkan adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=C-MET&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-MET (halaman belum tersedia)">c-MET</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=NKX2-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NKX2-1 (halaman belum tersedia)">NKX2-1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LKB1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LKB1 (halaman belum tersedia)">LKB1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PIK3CA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PIK3CA (halaman belum tersedia)">PIK3CA</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=BRAF_(gen)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BRAF (gen) (halaman belum tersedia)">BRAF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-molecular-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Diagnosis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Diagnosis">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Thorax_CT_peripheres_Brronchialcarcinom_li_OF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Thorax_CT_peripheres_Brronchialcarcinom_li_OF.jpg/220px-Thorax_CT_peripheres_Brronchialcarcinom_li_OF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Thorax_CT_peripheres_Brronchialcarcinom_li_OF.jpg/330px-Thorax_CT_peripheres_Brronchialcarcinom_li_OF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Thorax_CT_peripheres_Brronchialcarcinom_li_OF.jpg/440px-Thorax_CT_peripheres_Brronchialcarcinom_li_OF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/CT_scan" class="mw-redirect" title="CT scan">CT scan</a> menunjukkan tumor yang mengandung sel-sel kanker di paru-paru kiri</figcaption></figure> Melakukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foto_rontgen_dada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foto rontgen dada (halaman belum tersedia)">foto rontgen dada</a> adalah salah satu langkah pemeriksaan awal jika seseorang melaporkan gejala-gejala yang mengarah pada kanker paru. Upaya ini bisa menunjukkan adanya massa yang jelas, pelebaran <a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a> (yang menunjukkan penyebaran ke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nodus_limfatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nodus limfatik (halaman belum tersedia)">nodus limfatik</a>), <a href="/wiki/Atelektasis" title="Atelektasis">atelektasis</a> (kolaps), konsolidasi (<a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>), atau <a href="/wiki/Efusi_pleura" title="Efusi pleura">efusi pleura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merck-6">[6]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomografi_x-ray_terkomputerisasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomografi x-ray terkomputerisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Pencitraan CT</a> umumnya digunakan untuk memberi informasi tambahan tentang jenis dan perluasan penyakit. <a href="/wiki/Bronkoskopi" title="Bronkoskopi">Bronkoskopi</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Biopsi" title="Biopsi">biopsi</a> dipandu-CT kerap dipakai dalam pengambilan sampel tumor untuk pemeriksaan <a href="/wiki/Histopatologi" title="Histopatologi">histopatologi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collins-14">[14]</a> Kanker paru sering tampak sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nodul_paru_soliter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nodul paru soliter (halaman belum tersedia)">nodul paru soliter</a> dalam foto rontgen dada. Tetapi, <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_diferensial" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnosis diferensial">diagnosis diferensialnya</a> luas. Banyak penyakit lain yang menunjukkan tampilan seperti itu, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Tuberkulosis" title="Tuberkulosis">tuberkulosis</a>, infeksi jamur, kanker metastatik, atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumonia_terkelompok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pneumonia terkelompok (halaman belum tersedia)">pneumonia terkelompok</a>. Penyebab nodul paru soliter yang lebih jarang ditemukan termasuk <a href="/wiki/Hamartoma" title="Hamartoma">hamartoma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kista_bronkogenik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kista bronkogenik (halaman belum tersedia)">kista bronkogenik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenoma" title="Adenoma">adenoma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malformasi_arteriovena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malformasi arteriovena (halaman belum tersedia)">malformasi arteriovena</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekuestrasi_paru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekuestrasi paru (halaman belum tersedia)">sekuestrasi paru</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nodul_reumatoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nodul reumatoid (halaman belum tersedia)">nodul reumatoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granulomatosis_Wegener" title="Granulomatosis Wegener">granulomatosis Wegener</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Limfoma" title="Limfoma">limfoma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Kanker paru juga bisa berupa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Incidentaloma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incidentaloma (halaman belum tersedia)">temuan insidental</a>, sebagai nodul paru soliter dalam sebuah foto rontgen dada atau CT scan yang dilakukan untuk tujuan yang tidak berkaitan.<a href="#cite_note-Fishman1815-48">[48]</a> Diagnosis definitif kanker paru didasarkan pada pemeriksaan <a href="/wiki/Histopatologi" title="Histopatologi">histologi</a> jaringan yang meragukan dalam konteks ciri klinis dan radiologi.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klasifikasi">Klasifikasi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Klasifikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Klasifikasi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;width:45%;margin-left:1em"> <caption style="background:#E5AFAA;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insiden/kejadian_(epidemiologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Insiden/kejadian (epidemiologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kejadian</a> kanker paru berdasar-usia menurut jenis histologi<a href="#cite_note-MurrayNadel46-8">[8]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background: #E5AFAA;text-align:center;font-size:90%;"> <th abbr="Tipe">Tipe histologi </th> <th abbr="Frekuensi">Kejadian per 100, 000 per tahun </th></tr> <tr> <td>Semua jenis </td> <td>66.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adenokarsinoma </td> <td>22.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karsinoma skuamosa </td> <td>14.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karsinoma sel kecil </td> <td>9.8 </td></tr></tbody></table> Kanker paru diklasifikasikan berdasarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Histopathologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Histopathologi (halaman belum tersedia)">tipe histologi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-12">[12]</a> Klasifikasi ini penting untuk menentukan manajemen dan memprediksi keluaran penyakit. Mayoritas besar kanker paru adalah <a href="/wiki/Karsinoma" title="Karsinoma">karsinoma</a>—keganasan yang timbul dari <a href="/wiki/Sel_epitelial" class="mw-redirect" title="Sel epitelial">sel epitelial</a>. Kanker paru dikategorikan menurut ukuran dan tampakan sel-sel ganas yang dilihat oleh ahli histopatologi melalui <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskop</a>. Dua kelas besarnya adalah kanker paru bukan-sel-kecil dan sel kecil.<a href="#cite_note-Robbins-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kanker_paru_bukan-sel-kecil">Kanker paru bukan-sel-kecil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Kanker paru bukan-sel-kecil" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kanker paru bukan-sel-kecil">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Squamous_carcinoma_lung_2_cytology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Squamous_carcinoma_lung_2_cytology.jpg/220px-Squamous_carcinoma_lung_2_cytology.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Squamous_carcinoma_lung_2_cytology.jpg/330px-Squamous_carcinoma_lung_2_cytology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Squamous_carcinoma_lung_2_cytology.jpg/440px-Squamous_carcinoma_lung_2_cytology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikrografi" title="Mikrografi">Mikrografi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karsinoma_skuamosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karsinoma skuamosa (halaman belum tersedia)">karsinoma skuamosa</a>, satu tipe kanker bukan-sel-kecil, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesimen_FNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spesimen FNA (halaman belum tersedia)">spesimen FNA</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pewarnaan_Pap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pewarnaan Pap (halaman belum tersedia)">Pewarnaan Pap</a></figcaption></figure> Tiga subtipe utama NSCLC adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenokarsinoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adenokarsinoma (halaman belum tersedia)">adenokarsinoma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karsinoma_paru_sel_skuamosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karsinoma paru sel skuamosa (halaman belum tersedia)">karsinoma paru sel skuamosa</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karsinoma_paru_sel_besar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karsinoma paru sel besar (halaman belum tersedia)">karsinoma paru sel besar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-4">[4]</a> Hampir 40% kanker paru adalah adenokarsinoma, yang biasanya bermula di jaringan paru perifer.<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-12">[12]</a> Kebanyakan kasus adenokarsinoma dihubungkan dengan kebiasaan merokok; namun, di antara orang-orang yang merokok kurang dari 100 rokok sepanjang hidup mereka ("tidak pernah merokok"),<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-4">[4]</a> adenokarsinoma merupakan jenis kanker paru yang paling umum.<a href="#cite_note-Subramanian-50">[50]</a> Satu subtipe adenokarsinoma, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karsinoma_bronkioloalveolar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karsinoma bronkioloalveolar (halaman belum tersedia)">karsinoma bronkioloalveolar</a>, lebih umum ditemukan pada wanita yang tidak pernah merokok, dan penderitanya dapat memiliki daya tahan hidup yang lebih baik. Karsinoma sel skuamosa menjadi penyebab sekitar 30% kanker paru. Jenis ini khususnya timbul di saluran napas besar. Rongga berlubang dan <a href="/wiki/Nekrosis" title="Nekrosis">kematian sel</a> yang berkaitan umumnya ditemukan di pusat tumor. Sekitar 9% kanker paru adalah karsinoma sel besar. Disebut demikian karena sel-sel kanker tersebut besar, memiliki <a href="/wiki/Sitoplasma" title="Sitoplasma">sitoplasma</a> berlebihan, <a href="/wiki/Nukleus_sel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleus sel">nuklei</a> besar dan <a href="/wiki/Nukleolus" title="Nukleolus">nukleoli</a> kelihatan jelas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kanker_paru_sel_kecil">Kanker paru sel kecil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Kanker paru sel kecil" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kanker paru sel kecil">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lung_small_cell_carcinoma_(1)_by_core_needle_biopsy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lung_small_cell_carcinoma_%281%29_by_core_needle_biopsy.jpg/220px-Lung_small_cell_carcinoma_%281%29_by_core_needle_biopsy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lung_small_cell_carcinoma_%281%29_by_core_needle_biopsy.jpg/330px-Lung_small_cell_carcinoma_%281%29_by_core_needle_biopsy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lung_small_cell_carcinoma_%281%29_by_core_needle_biopsy.jpg/440px-Lung_small_cell_carcinoma_%281%29_by_core_needle_biopsy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Kanker paru sel kecil (gambar mikroskopik biopsi jarum besar)</figcaption></figure> Pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karsinoma_paru_sel_kecil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karsinoma paru sel kecil (halaman belum tersedia)">karsinoma paru sel kecil</a> (SCLC), sel kanker mengandung granul neurosekretori padat (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vesikel_(biologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vesikel (biologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">vesikel</a> yang mengandung <a href="/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon">hormon</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroendokrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuroendokrin (halaman belum tersedia)">neuroendokrin</a>), yang memberi tumor ini suatu asosiasi endokrin/sindrom paraneoplastik.<a href="#cite_note-Rosti-51">[51]</a> Sebagian besar kasus muncul di saluran napas besar (<a href="/wiki/Bronkus" title="Bronkus">bronki</a> primer dan sekunder).<a href="#cite_note-Collins-14">[14]</a> Kanker ini berkembang cepat dan menyebar di tahap awal perkembangan penyakit. Enam puluh sampai tujuh puluh persen memiliki penyakit metastatik pada saat penyakit mulai memberikan gejala. Kanker paru jenis ini sangat berkaitan dengan kebiasaan merokok.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lain-lain">Lain-lain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Lain-lain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lain-lain">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Empat subtipe histologi utama telah diketahui, meskipun sejumlah kanker mungkin mengandung kombinasi beberapa subtipe yang berbeda.<a href="#cite_note-Robbins-49">[49]</a> Subtipe yang jarang termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_kelenjar_ludah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanker kelenjar ludah (halaman belum tersedia)">tumor kelenjar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karsinoid_paru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karsinoid paru (halaman belum tersedia)">tumor karsinoid</a>, dan karsinoma tak terdiferensiasi.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metastasis">Metastasis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Metastasis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Metastasis">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;width:45%;margin-left:1em"> <caption style="background:#E5AFAA;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunostain_(pewarnaan_imunologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immunostain (pewarnaan imunologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Immunostain (pewarnaan imunologi)</a> tipikal pada kanker paru<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-4">[4]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background: #E5AFAA;text-align:center;font-size:90%;"> <th abbr="Tipe">Tipe histologi </th> <th abbr="Frekuensi">Immunostain (pewarnaan imunologi) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Karsinoma sel skuamosa </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitokeratin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sitokeratin (halaman belum tersedia)">CK</a>5/6 positif <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keratin_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keratin 7 (halaman belum tersedia)">CK7</a> negatif </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adenokarsinoma </td> <td>CK7 positif <a href="/w/index.php?title=NK2_homeobox_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NK2 homeobox 1 (halaman belum tersedia)">TTF-1</a> positif </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karsinoma sel besar </td> <td>TTF-1 negatif </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kanker sel kecil </td> <td>TTF-1 positif <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesi_molekul_sel_neural&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adhesi molekul sel neural (halaman belum tersedia)">CD56</a> positif <a href="/w/index.php?title=Granin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granin (halaman belum tersedia)">Kromogranin</a> positif <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinaptofisin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinaptofisin (halaman belum tersedia)">Sinaptofisin</a> positif </td></tr></tbody></table> Paru-paru merupakan tempat yang umum untuk persebaran tumor dari bagian tubuh yang lain. Kanker sekunder diklasifikasikan menurut tempat asalnya, misalnya kanker payudara yang telah menyebar ke paru-paru disebut kanker payudara metastatik. Metastasis kerapkali mempunyai tampilan bulat yang khas dalam foto rontgen dada.<a href="#cite_note-Seo-52">[52]</a> Kanker paru primer sendiri kerapkali bermetastasis ke otak, tulang, hati dan <a href="/wiki/Kelenjar_adrenal" title="Kelenjar adrenal">kelenjar adrenal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-12">[12]</a> Metode biopsi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunostain_(pewarnaan_imunologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immunostain (pewarnaan imunologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">immunostain (pewarnaan imunologi)</a> sering kali bermanfaat untuk menentukan sumber kanker.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18784820-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stadium">Stadium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Stadium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Stadium">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahapan_kanker_paru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahapan kanker paru (halaman belum tersedia)">Tahapan kanker paru</a></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium_kanker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stadium kanker (halaman belum tersedia)">Stadium kanker</a> paru adalah pengkajian tingkat penyebaran kanker dari sumber asalnya. Langkah ini merupakan salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi <a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">prognosis</a> dan penanganan potensial kanker paru.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-4">[4]</a> Evaluasi awal dari pentahapan kanker paru bukan-sel-kecil (NSCLC) menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_penetapan_stadium_dengan_TNM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem penetapan stadium dengan TNM (halaman belum tersedia)">klasifikasi TNM</a>. Cara ini didasarkan pada ukuran tumor primer, keterlibatan nodus limfatik, dan metastasis jauh. Setelah ini, dengan menggunakan deskriptor TNM, ditentukan satu grup, berkisar mulai dari kanker yang tersembunyi, sampai stadium 0, IA (satu-A), IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB dan IV (empat). Kelompok stadium ini membantu pemilihan metode penangangan dan estimasi prognosis.<a href="#cite_note-Rami-Porta-54">[54]</a> Kanker paru sel kecil (SCLC) umumnya diklasifikasikan sebagai 'stadium terbatas' (terbatas pada separuh dada dan dalam cakupan satu bidang <a href="/wiki/Radioterapi" title="Radioterapi">radioterapi</a> yang dapat ditoleransi) atau 'stadium ekstensif' (penyakit lebih meluas).<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-4">[4]</a> Namun, klasifikasi TNM dan pengelompokan bermanfaat untuk estimasi prognosis.<a href="#cite_note-Rami-Porta-54">[54]</a> Baik untuk NSCLC maupun SCLC, dua jenis evaluasi penentuan stadium adalah stadium klinis dan stadium bedah. Stadium klinis dilakukan sebelum pembedahan definitif. Tindakan ini didasarkan pada hasil kajian pencitraan (seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomografi_x-ray_terkomputerisasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomografi x-ray terkomputerisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">CT scan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tomografi_emisi_positron" title="Tomografi emisi positron">PET scan</a>) dan hasil biopsi. Stadium bedah dievaluasi baik selama maupun setelah operasi, dan didasarkan atas gabungan hasil-hasil temuan dalam pembedahan dan klinis, termasuk contoh sampel nodus limfatik dada yang diambil dalam pembedahan.<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pencegahan">Pencegahan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Pencegahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pencegahan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Larangan_merokok" title="Larangan merokok">Larangan merokok</a></div> Pencegahan adalah cara paling murah untuk mengurangi perkembangan kanker paru. Meskipun di berbagai negara, karsinogen industri dan rumah tangga telah diidentifikasi dan dilarang, kebiasaan merokok masih dilakukan secara luas. Menghilangkan kebiasaan merokok adalah tujuan utama langkah pencegahan kanker paru, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berhenti_merokok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berhenti merokok (halaman belum tersedia)">berhenti merokok</a> merupakan salah satu pencegahan yang penting dalam proses ini.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Intervensi kebijakan pengurangan dampak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merokok_pasif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merokok pasif (halaman belum tersedia)">merokok pasif</a> di ruang publik seperti restoran dan tempat kerja semakin banyak dilakukan di sejumlah negara barat.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> telah menerapkan larangan merokok sejak 2005<a href="#cite_note-Bhutan-57">[57]</a> dan India mengeluarkan larangan merokok di area publik pada Oktober 2008.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Kesehatan_Dunia" title="Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia">Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia</a> (WHO) telah menyerukan kepada pemerintah untuk menerapkan larangan penuh pada iklan rokok dalam upaya mencegah kaum muda mencoba merokok. Mereka menilai bahwa larangan tersebut mampu mengurangi konsumsi tembakau sampai sekitar 16% jika larangan tersebut diberlakukan.<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF10-59">[59]</a> Penggunaan jangka panjang suplemen vitamin A,<a href="#cite_note-Fabricius-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> vitamin C,<a href="#cite_note-Fabricius-60">[60]</a> vitamin D,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> atau vitamin E<a href="#cite_note-Fabricius-60">[60]</a> tidak mengurangi risiko kanker paru. Beberapa penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa orang yang mengonsumsi makanan dengan proporsi sayur dan buah lebih tinggi cenderung memiliki risiko yang lebih rendah,<a href="#cite_note-Alberg-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Key-63">[63]</a> namun hal ini kemungkinan karena adanya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerancuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerancuan (halaman belum tersedia)">kerancuan</a>. Penelitian yang lebih cermat belum menunjukkan hubungan yang jelas.<a href="#cite_note-Key-63">[63]</a> Selain itu, penggunaan produk tembakau alternatif sebagai upaya untuk mengurangi risiko kesehatan akibat rokok telah lama menjadi pembahasan. Penelitian dari Public Health England (PHE) mengungkapkan bahwa produk tembakau alternatif seperti produk tembakau yang dipanaskan bukan dibakar dan rokok elektrik memiliki potensi risiko kesehatan 95 persen lebih rendah dibandingkan rokok. Sudah ada beberapa penelitian, salah satunya yakni dari American Cancer Society yang mengatakan bahwa perokok yang mengalami kesulitan atau tidak mau berhenti harus didorong untuk beralih ke produk tembakau alternatif dengan potensi risiko kesehatan yang lebih rendah. Namun, tentu masih diperlukan penelitian yang lebih dalam dan komprehensif untuk meyakinkan dampak produk ini dalam jangka panjang.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penapisan">Penapisan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Penapisan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penapisan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penapisan_Kanker_Paru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penapisan Kanker Paru (halaman belum tersedia)">Penapisan Kanker Paru</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Penapisan_(kedokteran)" title="Penapisan (kedokteran)">Penapisan</a> merujuk pada penggunaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tes_kesehatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tes kesehatan (halaman belum tersedia)">tes kesehatan</a> untuk mendeteksi penyakit pada orang tanpa gejala. Tes penapisan yang mungkin untuk kanker paru meliputi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitopatologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sitopatologi (halaman belum tersedia)">sitologi</a> <a href="/wiki/Dahak" title="Dahak">dahak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foto_rontgen_dada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foto rontgen dada (halaman belum tersedia)">foto rontgen dada</a> (CXR), dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomografi_komputer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomografi komputer (halaman belum tersedia)">tomografi komputer</a> (CT). Program penapisan yang menggunakan CXR atau sitologi belum menunjukkan adanya manfaat.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Melakukan penapisan pada orang-orang dengan risiko tinggi (misal, orang berusia 55-79 tahun yang sudah merokok lebih dari 30  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pak_tiap_tahun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pak tiap tahun (halaman belum tersedia)">pak tiap tahun</a> atau mereka yang sebelumnya memiliki kanker paru) setiap tahun dengan pindai tomografi komputer (CT) dosis rendah dapat mengurangi peluang kematian akibat kanker paru dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penurunan_risiko_absolut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penurunan risiko absolut (halaman belum tersedia)">nilai mutlak</a> sebesar 0, 3% (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Penurunan_risiko_relatif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penurunan risiko relatif (halaman belum tersedia)">nilai relatif</a> sebesar 20%).<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Akan tetapi, ada sejumlah besar pindai positif palsu yang dapat menyebabkan prosedur invasif yang tidak diperlukan maupun biaya yang cukup besar.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Untuk setiap pindai positif yang sejati, ada lebih dari 19 positif palsu.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Pajanan radiasi merupakan potensi bahaya lain dari penapisan menggunakan X-Ray dan CT-Scan.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Foto rontgen terkadang tidak mendapatkan hasil sama sekali, karena untuk jenis kanker sel kecil (small cells) yang masih sedikit dan tersebar, maka foto rontgen tidak akan menampakkannya. Menggunakan CT Scan biayanya mahal, dan radiatif. <a href="/wiki/Penapis_tumor" title="Penapis tumor">Penapis tumor</a> untuk kanker paru-paru yang biasanya digunakan adalah NSE, SCC dan Cyfra 21.1; biasanya dilakukan sekaligus, karena hampir semua penapis tumor tidak memiliki spesifitas dan sensitivitas yang tinggi, oleh karenanya dengan melakukan beberapa penapis tumor sekaligus akan didapat perpotongan (intersection) yang meyakinkan dugaan adanya tumor tertentu pada area tertentu (bukan diagnosis, diagnosis hanya dengan <a href="/wiki/Biopsi" title="Biopsi">biopsi</a>). Yang terakhir masuk ke Indonesia adalah <a href="/wiki/Penapis_tumor_M2-PK" title="Penapis tumor M2-PK">penapis tumor M2-PK</a>, di mana sebenarnya penapis tumor ini tadinya diperuntukkan untuk menapis <a href="/wiki/Kanker_usus_besar" title="Kanker usus besar">kanker usus besar</a>, dapat mendeteksi polip yang belum menjadi tumor atau kanker dengan tingkat spesifisitas di atas 90 persen dan tingkat sensitivitas yang tinggi juga. Tidak memiliki negatip palsu dan berarti, jika negatip pasti negatip. Pada penelitian lebih lanjut, ternyata penapis tumor M2-PK juga dapat digunakan untuk menapis kanker paru-paru, bahkan lebih baik daripada NSE dan SCC, yang berarti lebih murah untuk digunakan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penanganan">Penanganan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Penanganan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penanganan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penanganan_Kanker_Paru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penanganan Kanker Paru (halaman belum tersedia)">Penanganan Kanker Paru</a></div> Pengobatan untuk kanker paru tergantung pada jenis sel khusus kanker tersebut, seberapa jauh sel tersebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium_kanker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stadium kanker (halaman belum tersedia)">menyebar</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kondisi_umum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kondisi umum (halaman belum tersedia)">kondisi umum</a> orang tersebut. Pengobatan umum meliputi <a href="/wiki/Perawatan_paliatif" title="Perawatan paliatif">perawatan paliatif</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pembedahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembedahan">pembedahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemoterapi" title="Kemoterapi">kemoterapi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Terapi_radiasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Terapi radiasi">terapi radiasi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembedahan">Pembedahan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Pembedahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pembedahan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembedahan_Kanker_Paru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembedahan Kanker Paru (halaman belum tersedia)">Pembedahan Kanker Paru</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lung_cancer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lung_cancer.jpg/220px-Lung_cancer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lung_cancer.jpg/330px-Lung_cancer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Lung_cancer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>Contoh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumonektomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pneumonektomi (halaman belum tersedia)">pneumonektomi</a> yang mengandung <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karsinoma_sel-skuamosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karsinoma sel-skuamosa (halaman belum tersedia)">karsinoma sel-skuamosa</a>, terlihat sebagai daerah putih di dekat bronkus</figcaption></figure> Jika pemeriksaan mengonfirmasi adanya kanker paru bukan-sel-kecil (NSCLC), penilaian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium_kanker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stadium kanker (halaman belum tersedia)">stadium</a> dilakukan untuk menentukan apakah penyakit tersebut termasuk lokal dan dapat dilakukan pembedahan atau jika sel tersebut telah menyebar ke titik di mana tidak dapat ditangani dengan jalan pembedahan. Pindai tomografi komputer (CT scan) dan <a href="/wiki/Tomografi_emisi_positron" title="Tomografi emisi positron">tomografi emisi positron</a> digunakan untuk penentuan ini.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-4">[4]</a> Jika dicurigai adanya keterlibatan kelenjar limfa mediastinum, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediastinoskopi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mediastinoskopi (halaman belum tersedia)">mediastinoskopi</a> dapat digunakan untuk mengambil sampel nodus dan membantu penentuan stadium.<a href="#cite_note-Fishman1853-72">[72]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tes_darah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tes darah (halaman belum tersedia)">Tes darah</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uji_fungsi_paru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uji fungsi paru (halaman belum tersedia)">uji fungsi paru</a> digunakan untuk menilai apakah seseorang cukup sehat untuk melakukan pembedahan.<a href="#cite_note-Collins-14">[14]</a> Jika uji fungsi paru menunjukkan cadangan pernapasan yang rendah, pembedahan tidak mungkin dilakukan.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-4">[4]</a> Pada sebagian besar kasus kanker paru bukan-sel-kecil (NSCLC) stadium awal, pembuangan lobus paru (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobektomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lobektomi (halaman belum tersedia)">lobektomi</a>) merupakan penanganan bedah pilihan. Pada orang-orang yang tidak siap untuk lobektomi total, eksisi sublobar yang lebih kecil (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksisi_baji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksisi baji (halaman belum tersedia)">eksisi baji</a>) dapat dilakukan. Akan tetapi, eksisi baji memiliki risiko kambuh yang lebih besar daripada lobektomi.<a href="#cite_note-Fishman1855-73">[73]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brakiterapi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brakiterapi (halaman belum tersedia)">Brakiterapi</a> <a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin">iodin</a> radioaktif di bagian tepi eksisi baji dapat mengurangi risiko kambuh.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Jarang sekali dilakukan pembuangan semua paru-paru (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumonektomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pneumonektomi (halaman belum tersedia)">pneumonektomi</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Fishman1855-73">[73]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembedahan_torakoskopi_berbantu_video_(VATS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembedahan torakoskopi berbantu video (VATS) (halaman belum tersedia)">Pembedahan torakoskopi berbantu video (VATS)</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobektomi_VATS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lobektomi VATS (halaman belum tersedia)">lobektomi VATS</a> menggunakan pendekatan invasif yang minimal pada pembedahan kanker paru.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Lobektomi VATS sama efektifnya jika dibandingkan dengan lobektomi terbuka konvensional, dengan rasa sakit pascabedah yang lebih ringan.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Penanganan kanker paru sel kecil (SCLC), biasanya menggunakan kemoterapi dan/atau radioterapi.<a href="#cite_note-SimonTurrisi-77">[77]</a> Akan tetapi, peran pembedahan dalam kanker paru sel kecil (SCLC) perlu dipertimbangkan kembali. Pembedahan mungkin meningkatkan keberhasilan jika ditambahkan pada kemoterapi dan radiasi dalam kanker paru sel kecil (SCLC) tahap awal.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radioterapi">Radioterapi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Radioterapi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Radioterapi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Terapi_radiasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Terapi radiasi">Radioterapi</a> sering diberikan bersama dengan kemoterapi, dan dapat digunakan dengan maksud pengobatan pada orang dengan kanker paru bukan-sel-kecil (NSCLC) yang tidak memenuhi syarat untuk pembedahan. Bentuk radioterapi berintensitas tinggi ini disebut radioterapi radikal.<a href="#cite_note-OTO-79">[79]</a> Penyempurnaan teknik ini berupa radioterapi yang dipercepat dan dengan hiperfraksinasi berkelanjutan (continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy/CHART), yaitu saat dosis tinggi radioterapi diberikan dalam jangka waktu pendek.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Biasanya radioterapi dada pascabedah tidak digunakan setelah pembedahan yang bertujuan pengobatan untuk NSCLC.<a href="#cite_note-PORT_Meta-analysis_Trialists_Group-81">[81]</a> Beberapa orang dengan keterlibatan kelenjar limfa mediastinum N2 mendapatkan manfaat setelah radioterapi pascabedah.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Untuk kasus SCLC yang berpotensi dapat disembuhkan, radioterapi dada sering disarankan selain kemoterapi.<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-12">[12]</a> Jika pertumbuhan kanker menyumbat bagian pendek bronkus, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brakiterapi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brakiterapi (halaman belum tersedia)">brakiterapi</a> (radioterapi lokal) dapat diberikan langsung di dalam saluran napas untuk membuka saluran tersebut.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Dibandingkan dengan radioterapi pancaran eksternal, brakiterapi memungkinkan pengurangan waktu pengobatan dan mengurangi pajanan radiasi pada staf kesehatan.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Iradiasi kranial profilaktik (Prophylactic cranial irradiation/PCI) adalah jenis radioterapi untuk otak, yang digunakan untuk mengurangi risiko <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a>. PCI sangat berguna dalam SCLC. Pada penyakit stadium-terbatas, PCI meningkatkan tiga tahun masa kelangsungan hidup mulai dari 15% hingga 20%; pada penyakit ekstensif, satu tahun masa kelangsungan hidup meningkat mulai dari 13% hingga 27%.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Kemajuan terbaru dalam menjangkau sasaran dan membuat pencitraan telah mengarah pada pengembangan radiasi stereotaktik dalam pengobatan kanker paru stadium awal. Pada radioterapi dalam bentuk ini, dosis tinggi diberikan dalam sejumlah kecil sesi menggunakan teknik penargetan stereotaktik. Penggunaan teknik ini terutama diberikan pada pasien yang bukan calon pasien bedah karena <a href="/wiki/Komorbiditas" title="Komorbiditas">komorbiditas</a> medis.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Untuk kedua jenis pasien NSCLC dan SCLC, dosis radiasi yang lebih kecil pada dada dapat digunakan untuk kontrol gejala (radioterapi <a href="/wiki/Perawatan_paliatif" title="Perawatan paliatif">paliatif</a>).<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kemoterapi">Kemoterapi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Kemoterapi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kemoterapi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Panduan <a href="/wiki/Kemoterapi" title="Kemoterapi">kemoterapi</a> tergantung pada jenis tumor.<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-12">[12]</a> Kanker paru sel kecil (SCLC), meski penyakit relatif pada stadium awal, penting ditangani dengan kemoterapi dan radiasi.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Pada SCLC, kemoterapi yang paling sering digunakan yaitu <a href="/wiki/Sisplatin" title="Sisplatin">sisplatin</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etoposida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etoposida (halaman belum tersedia)">etoposid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Murray-89">[89]</a> Kombinasi antara <a href="/wiki/Karboplatin" title="Karboplatin">karboplatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemsitabin" title="Gemsitabin">gemsitabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paklitaksel" title="Paklitaksel">paklitaksel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinorelbin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vinorelbin (halaman belum tersedia)">vinorelbin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Topotekan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topotekan (halaman belum tersedia)">topotekan</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irinotecan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irinotecan (halaman belum tersedia)">irinotecan</a> juga digunakan.<a href="#cite_note-Azim-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacCallum-91">[91]</a> Pada kanker paru bukan-sel-kecil (NSCLC) tahap lanjut, kemoterapi meningkatkan masa hidup dan digunakan sebagai pengobatan urutan pertama, yang diberikan jika seseorang cukup kuat untuk pengobatan tersebut.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18678835-92">[92]</a> Biasanya, pengobatan ini menggunakan dua obat, yang salah satunya sering berupa obat berbasis platina (baik <a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisplatin">cisplatin</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Karboplatin" title="Karboplatin">karboplatin</a>). Obat lain yang biasa digunakan adalah <a href="/wiki/Gemsitabin" title="Gemsitabin">gemsitabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paklitaksel" title="Paklitaksel">paklitaksel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doksetaksel" class="mw-redirect" title="Doksetaksel">doksetaksel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Fishman1876-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clegg-94">[94]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemetreksed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemetreksed (halaman belum tersedia)">pemetreksed</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid20446853-95">[95]</a> etoposid, atau vinorelbin.<a href="#cite_note-Clegg-94">[94]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemoterapi_adjuvan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemoterapi adjuvan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kemoterapi adjuvan</a> merujuk pada penggunaan kemoterapi setelah melakukan pembedahan kuratif untuk menyempurnakan hasilnya. Dalam NSCLC, sampel diambil di dekat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nodus_limfatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nodus limfatik (halaman belum tersedia)">nodus limfatik</a> selama pembedahan untuk membantu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penentuan_stadium_kanker_paru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penentuan stadium kanker paru (halaman belum tersedia)">penentuan stadium</a>. Jika terkonfirmasi penyakit stadium II atau III, kemoterapi adjuvan meningkatkan tingkat kelangsungan hidup sebesar 5% pada lima tahun.<a href="#cite_note-Carbone-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Le_Chevalier-97">[97]</a> Kombinasi vinorelbin dan cisplatin lebih efektif daripada pengobatan lama.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Chevalier-97">[97]</a> Kemoterapi adjuvan untuk penderita kanker stadium IB mengundang kontroversi, karena uji coba klinis belum menunjukkan manfaat yang jelas terhadap kelangsungan hidup.<a href="#cite_note-Horn-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wakelee-99">[99]</a> Uji coba pra-operasi kemoterapi (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemoterapi_neo-adjuvan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemoterapi neo-adjuvan (halaman belum tersedia)">kemoterapi neo-adjuvan</a>) dalam NSCLC yang dapat diangkat belum mencapai suatu kesimpulan.<a href="#cite_note-Clinical_evidence-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perawatan_paliatif">Perawatan paliatif</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Perawatan paliatif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perawatan paliatif">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Pada penderita dengan penyakit terminal, perawatan paliatif atau pengelolaan rawat akhir mungkin lebih tepat.<a href="#cite_note-Collins-14">[14]</a> Pendekatan ini memungkinkan diskusi tambahan tentang pilihan perawatan dan membuka kesempatan didapatkannya keputusan dari pertimbangan yang matang <a href="#cite_note-pmid20818881-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19856592-102">[102]</a> dan dapat menghindarkan perawatan yang tidak menolong tetapi mahal di akhir kehidupan.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19856592-102">[102]</a> Kemoterapi dapat digabungkan dengan perawatan paliatif dalam merawat NSCLC. Dalam kasus lanjut, kemoterapi yang tepat meningkatkan <a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">rerata</a> kelangsungan hidup melampaui perawatan dukungan saja, serta meningkatkan kualitas hidup.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7551923-103">[103]</a> Dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kondisi_umum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kondisi umum (halaman belum tersedia)">kebugaran fisik</a> yang cukup, mempertahankan kemoterapi dalam meringankan kanker paru memberikan perpanjangan hidup 1,5 hingga 3 bulan, mengurangi gejala, dan peningkatan kualitas hidup, dengan hasil yang lebih baik tampak pada obat-obatan yang lebih baru.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11441939-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12065068-105">[105]</a> NSCLC Meta-Analyses Collaborative Group menyarankan jika penderita menginginkan dan dapat menerima perawatan ini, maka kemoterapi harus dipertimbangkan pada kasus NSCLC lanjut.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18678835-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20464750-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Prognosis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Prognosis">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_cancer_staging&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lung cancer staging (halaman belum tersedia)">Lung cancer staging</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_score&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manchester score (halaman belum tersedia)">Manchester score</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;width:45%;margin-left:1em"> <caption style="background:#E5AFAA;">Hasil kanker paru menurut stadium klinisnya<a href="#cite_note-Rami-Porta-54">[54]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background: #E5AFAA;text-align:center;font-size:90%;"> <th abbr="Jenis" rowspan="2">Stadium klinis </th> <th abbr="5 tahun" colspan="2">Kelangsungan hidup lima tahun (%) </th></tr> <tr style="background: #E5AFAA;text-align:center;font-size:90%;"> <th abbr="NSCLC">Kanker paru bukan-sel-kecil </th> <th abbr="SCLC">Kanker paru sel kecil </th></tr> <tr> <td>IA </td> <td>50 </td> <td>38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IB </td> <td>47 </td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IIA </td> <td>36 </td> <td>38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IIB </td> <td>26 </td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IIIA </td> <td>19 </td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IIIB </td> <td>7 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IV </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> Prognosis umumnya buruk. Dari semua penderita kanker paru, 15% bertahan selama 5 tahun setelah prognosis.<a href="#cite_note-Merck-6">[6]</a> Sering terjadi stadium sudah lanjut pada saat diagnosis. Pada presentasi, 30–40% kasus NSCLC ada pada stadium IV, dan 60% SCLC ditemukan pada stadium IV.<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-12">[12]</a> Faktor prognostik dalam NSCLC termasuk ada atau tidak adanya gejala paru, ukuran <a href="/wiki/Tumor" title="Tumor">tumor</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Histologi" title="Histologi">histologi</a>) jenis sel, derajat penyebaran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium_(patologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stadium (patologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">(stadium)</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a> ke beberapa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nodus_limfatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nodus limfatik (halaman belum tersedia)">nodus limfatik</a>, serta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasi_pembuluh_darah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Invasi pembuluh darah (halaman belum tersedia)">invasi pembuluh darah</a>. Untuk penderita dengan penyakit yang tidak dapat dioperasi, hasilnya lebih buruk bagi yang memiliki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kondisi_umum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kondisi umum (halaman belum tersedia)">kondisi umum</a> buruk dan kehilangan berat badan lebih dari 10%.<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF17-107">[107]</a> Faktor prognostik dalam kanker paru sel kecil termasuk kondisi umum, <a href="/wiki/Jenis_kelamin" title="Jenis kelamin">jenis kelamin</a>, stadium penyakit, dan keterlibatan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_saraf_pusat" title="Sistem saraf pusat">sistem saraf pusat</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_hati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organ hati (halaman belum tersedia)">organ hati</a> pada saat diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF18-108">[108]</a> Untuk NSCLC, prognosis terbaik didapatkan dengan reseksi bedah lengkap penyakit stadium IA, dengan tingkat kelangsungan hidup lima tahun sebesar 70%.<a href="#cite_note-OTM-109">[109]</a> Untuk SCLC, keseluruhan tingkat kelangsungan hidup lima tahunnya sekitar 5%.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-4">[4]</a> Penderita SCLC tingkat ekstensif mempunyai rerata tingkat kelangsungan hidup lima tahun kurang dari 1%. Rerata waktu kelangsungan hidup untuk penyakit stadium terbatas adalah 20 tahun, dengan tingkat kelangsungan hidup lima tahun sebesar 20%.<a href="#cite_note-Merck-6">[6]</a> Menurut data yang disediakan oleh <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a>, usia median pada diagnosis kanker paru di Amerika Serikat adalah 70 tahun,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> dan usia median saat kematian adalah 72 tahun.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Di AS, orang yang memiliki asuransi kesehatan cenderung mempunyai hasil yang lebih baik.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiologi">Epidemiologi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Epidemiologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Epidemiologi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Trachea,_bronchus,_lung_cancers_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Trachea%2C_bronchus%2C_lung_cancers_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg/220px-Trachea%2C_bronchus%2C_lung_cancers_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Trachea%2C_bronchus%2C_lung_cancers_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg/330px-Trachea%2C_bronchus%2C_lung_cancers_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Trachea%2C_bronchus%2C_lung_cancers_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg/440px-Trachea%2C_bronchus%2C_lung_cancers_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Kematian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbaku_usia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berbaku usia (halaman belum tersedia)">berbaku usia</a> dari kanker trakea, bronki, dan paru-paru per 100, 000 penduduk di 2004<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF20-113">[113]</a> <div> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background-color:transparent;table-layout:fixed;"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td><div style="margin-right:20px;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r19202607">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  no data</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend">  ≤ 5</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend">  5-10</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend">  10-15</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend">  15-20</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend">  20-25</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend">  25-30</div> </div> </td> <td><div style="margin-right: 20px;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend">  30-35</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend">  35-40</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend">  40-45</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend">  45-50</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend">  50-55</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend">  ≥ 55</div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lung_cancer_US_distribution.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lung_cancer_US_distribution.gif/220px-Lung_cancer_US_distribution.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lung_cancer_US_distribution.gif/330px-Lung_cancer_US_distribution.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lung_cancer_US_distribution.gif/440px-Lung_cancer_US_distribution.gif 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Distribusi kanker paru di <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a></figcaption></figure> Di seluruh dunia, kanker paru merupakan kanker paling umum dari segi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Insiden/Kejadian_(epidemiologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Insiden/Kejadian (epidemiologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">insiden</a> dan mortalitas. Pada 2008, terdapat 1,61 juta kasus baru, dan 1,38 juta kematian akibat kanker paru. Tingkat tertinggi ada di Eropa dan Amerika Utara.<a href="#cite_note-GLOBOCAN-15">[15]</a> Segmen populasi yang paling mungkin menderita kanker paru adalah orang berusia di atas 50 tahun yang mempunyai riwayat merokok. Berlawanan dengan tingkat mortalitas pria, yang mulai menurun lebih dari 20 tahun yang lalu, tingkat mortalitas kanker paru wanita telah meningkat dalam dekade terakhir, dan baru saja mulai stabil.<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF22-114">[114]</a> Di AS, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Risiko_seumur_hidup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Risiko seumur hidup (halaman belum tersedia)">risiko seumur hidup</a> untuk terkena kanker paru adalah 8% pada pria dan 6% pada wanita.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-4">[4]</a> Untuk setiap 3–4 juta rokok yang diisap, akan terjadi satu kematian karena kanker paru.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Pengaruh dari "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Tobacco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Big Tobacco (halaman belum tersedia)">Big Tobacco</a>" memainkan peranan penting dalam budaya merokok.<a href="#cite_note-Lum-116">[116]</a> Orang muda bukan perokok yang melihat iklan tembakau punya kecenderungan untuk mulai merokok.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Peran dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merokok_pasif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merokok pasif (halaman belum tersedia)">merokok pasif</a> makin diakui sebagai faktor risiko kanker paru,<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-30">[30]</a> yang memunculkan intervensi kebijakan untuk menurunkan paparan yang tidak dikehendaki para non-perokok terhadap asap tembakau orang lain.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Buangan dari mobil, pabrik, dan instalasi pembangkit listrik juga punya risiko potensial.<a href="#cite_note-MurrayNadel46-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eropa_Timur" title="Eropa Timur">Eropa Timur</a> mempunyai angka mortalitas tertinggi di kalangan pria, sedangkan Eropa utara dan AS mempunyai angka mortalitas tertinggi di kalangan wanita. Di Amerika Serikat, pria dan wanita kulit hitam mempunyai insiden lebih tinggi.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Tingkat kanker paru saat ini lebih rendah pada negara berkembang.<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF23-120">[120]</a> Dengan meningkatnya kebiasaan merokok di negara berkembang, diduga tingkat kanker ini akan naik dalam beberapa tahun ke depan, khususnya di negara Cina<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> dan India.<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF25-122">[122]</a> Sejak 1960-an, tingkat adenokarsinoma paru mulai meningkat relatif terhadap jenis kanker paru yang lain. Hal ini sebagian disebabkan karena munculnya sigaret filter. Penggunaan filter menghilangkan partikel-partikel besar dari asap tembakau, sehingga mengurangi deposisi pada saluran pernapasan besar. Namun, perokok harus menghisap lebih dalam untuk mendapatkan nikotin dalam jumlah yang sama, meningkatkan deposisi partikel dalam saluran pernapasan kecil tempat adenokarsinoma cenderung muncul.<a href="#cite_note-Charloux-123">[123]</a> Insiden adenokarsinoma paru terus meningkat.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Kanker paru jarang dijumpai sebelum ditemukannya kebiasaan merokok; bahkan belum dikenali sebagai suatu penyakit khusus hingga tahun 1761.<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF27-125">[125]</a> Berbagai aspek berbeda dari kanker paru dijelaskan lebih jauh pada tahun 1810.<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF28-126">[126]</a> Jumlah kanker paru ganas hanya sebanyak 1% dari semua kanker yang ditemukan pada autopsi pada tahun 1878, tetapi telah meningkat 10–15% di awal 1900-an.<a href="#cite_note-Witschi-127">[127]</a> Laporan kasus dalam literatur kedokteran hanya sebanyak 374 di seluruh dunia pada tahun 1912,<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF29-128">[128]</a> tetapi kajian pada hasil autopsi menunjukkan bahwa insiden kanker paru telah meningkat dari 0, 3% pada 1852 menjadi 5, 66% pada 1952.<a href="#cite_note-Grannis-129">[129]</a> Di <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> pada 1929, dokter Fritz Lickint menemukan hubungan antara kebiasaan merokok dengan kanker paru,<a href="#cite_note-Witschi-127">[127]</a> yang menjadi penyebab munculnya <a href="/wiki/Gerakan_anti-tembakau_di_Nazi_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerakan anti-tembakau di Nazi Jerman">kampanye antirokok</a> yang agresif.<a href="#cite_note-Proctor-130">[130]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Doctors_Study&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Doctors Study (halaman belum tersedia)">British Doctors Study</a>, yang dipublikasikan pada 1950-an, merupakan bukti kuat <a href="/wiki/Epidemiologi" title="Epidemiologi">epidemiologis</a> hubungan antara kanker paru dengan kebiasaan merokok.<a href="#cite_note-Doll-131">[131]</a> Akibatnya, pada 1964 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Surgeon_General_Amerika_Serikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surgeon General Amerika Serikat (halaman belum tersedia)">Surgeon General Amerika Serikat</a> menyarankan para perokok untuk berhenti merokok.<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF30-132">[132]</a> Hubungan dengan gas <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> pertama kali dijumpai di kalangan penambang di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegunungan_Ore_(Jerman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegunungan Ore (Jerman) (halaman belum tersedia)">Pegunungan Ore</a> di dekat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schneeberg,_Saxony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schneeberg, Saxony (halaman belum tersedia)">Schneeberg, Saxony</a>. <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> telah ditambang di sana sejak 1470, dan tambang ini kaya dengan <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, yang disertai <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>, dan gas radon.<a href="#cite_note-Greaves-133">[133]</a> Para penambang menderita jumlah penyakit paru-paru yang tak sebanding, yang kemudian dikenali sebagai kanker paru pada 1870-an.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Walaupun ada penemuan ini, penambangan tetap berlanjut hingga 1950-an, karena adanya permintaan uranium dari <a href="/wiki/Uni_Republik_Sosialis_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uni Republik Sosialis Soviet">Uni Republik Sosialis Soviet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greaves-133">[133]</a> Radon dikonfirmasi sebagai penyebab kanker paru pada tahun 1960-an.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumonektomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pneumonektomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Pneumonektomi</a> pertama yang sukses untuk kanker paru dilakukan pada 1933.<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF32-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radioterapi" title="Radioterapi">Radioterapi</a> paliatif telah digunakan sejak 1940-an.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards-137">[137]</a> Radioterapi radikal, yang mulai digunakan pada 1950-an, merupakan usaha untuk menggunakan dosis radiasi yang lebih besar pada pasien kanker paru dengan stadium yang relatif awal, tetapi yang tidak cocok untuk pembedahan.<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF33-138">[138]</a> Pada 1997, radioterapi dipercepat dengan hiperfraksionisasi dipandang sebagai perbaikan terhadap radioterapi radikal konvensional.<a href="#cite_note-Saunders-139">[139]</a> Untuk kanker paru sel kecil, upaya awal dilakukan pada 1960-an saat pembedahan<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF34-140">[140]</a> dan radioterapi radikal<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF35-141">[141]</a> tidak berhasil. Pada tahun 1970-an, dikembangkan perawatan kemoterapi yang sukses.<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF36-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=27" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornIams2022"Epidemiology"-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornIams2022"Epidemiology"_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHornIams2022">Horn & Iams 2022</a>, "Epidemiology". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadeDela_Cruz2020"Age"-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadeDela_Cruz2020"Age"_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBadeDela_Cruz2020">Bade & Dela Cruz 2020</a>, "Age". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESungFerlaySiegelLaversanne2021"Lung_cancer"-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESungFerlaySiegelLaversanne2021"Lung_cancer"_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESungFerlaySiegelLaversanne2021"Lung_cancer"_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESungFerlaySiegelLaversanne2021"Lung_cancer"_3-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSungFerlaySiegelLaversanne2021">Sung et al. 2021</a>, "Lung cancer". </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_4-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_4-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_4-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_4-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_4-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_4-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_4-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_4-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_4-19">t</a> <cite class="citation book">Horn, L (2012). "Chapter 89". Dalam Longo, DL; Kasper, DL; Jameson, JL; Fauci, AS; Hauser, SL; Loscalzo, J. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (edisi ke-18th). McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-07-174889-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-07-174889-X">0-07-174889-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+89&rft.btitle=Harrison%27s+Principles+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=0-07-174889-X&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Oke Dimas Asmara, Eric Daniel Tenda, Gurmeet Singh, Ceva Wicaksono Pitoyo, Cleopas Martin Rumende, Wulyo Rajabto, Nur Rahmi Ananda, Ika Trisnawati, Eko Budiyono, Harik Firman Thahadian, E. Christiaan Boerma, Achmad Faisal, David Hutagaol, Wuryantoro Soeharto, Fahmi Radityamurti, Erika Marfiani, Pradana Zaky Romadhon, Fathur Nur Kholis, Hendarsyah Suryadinata, Arto Yuwono Soeroto, Soehartati A. Gondhowiardjo, Wouter H. van Geffen, Lung Cancer in Indonesia, Journal of Thoracic Oncology, Volume 18, Issue 9, 2023, Pages 1134-1145, ISSN 1556-0864, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2023.06.010">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2023.06.010</a>. 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PLoS Medicine. 5 (9): e185. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0050185">10.1371/journal.pmed.0050185</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2531137">2531137</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18788891">18788891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLoS+Medicine&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer+occurrence+in+never-smokers%3A+an+analysis+of+13+cohorts+and+22+cancer+registry+studies&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e185&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2531137&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18788891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0050185&rft.aulast=Thun&rft.aufirst=MJ&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2531137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-MurrayNadel46-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MurrayNadel46_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MurrayNadel46_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MurrayNadel46_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MurrayNadel46_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MurrayNadel46_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MurrayNadel46_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MurrayNadel46_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MurrayNadel46_8-7">h</a> <cite class="citation book">Alberg AJ, Samet JM (2010). 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Saunders Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4160-4710-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4160-4710-0">978-1-4160-4710-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+46&rft.btitle=Murray+%26+Nadel%27s+Textbook+of+Respiratory+Medicine&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Saunders+Elsevier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-4710-0&rft.au=Alberg+AJ%2C+Samet+JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Reilly-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Reilly_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Reilly_9-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">O'Reilly, KM (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083111/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070301/683.html">"Asbestos-related lung disease"</a>. American Family Physician. 75 (5): 683–688. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17375514">17375514</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070301/683.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-09-29. Diakses tanggal 2014-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Asbestos-related+lung+disease&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=683-688&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17375514&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.aufirst=KM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aafp.org%2Fafp%2F20070301%2F683.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF-10"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF_10-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Carmona, RH (2006-06-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke">"The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General"</a>. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. <q>Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Health+Consequences+of+Involuntary+Exposure+to+Tobacco+Smoke%3A+A+Report+of+the+Surgeon+General&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft.date=2006-06-27&rft.au=Carmona%2C++RH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.surgeongeneral.gov%2Flibrary%2Fsecondhandsmoke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF1-11"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF1_11-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/volume83.pdf">"Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking"</a> (PDF). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer. 83. 2002. <q>There is sufficient evidence that involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) causes lung cancer in humans. ... 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"78: Cancer of the Lung". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hollandfreicance0000unse">Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine</a> (edisi ke-8th). People's Medical Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781607950141" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781607950141">9781607950141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=78%3A+Cancer+of+the+Lung&rft.btitle=Holland-Frei+Cancer+Medicine&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=People%27s+Medical+Publishing+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781607950141&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhollandfreicance0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Chapman, S (2009). 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9-780199-545162" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9-780199-545162">9-780199-545162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+31&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Respiratory+Medicine&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9-780199-545162&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_14-5">f</a> <cite class="citation journal">Collins, LG (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104510/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070101/56.html">"Lung cancer: diagnosis and management"</a>. American Family Physician. American Academy of Family Physicians. 75 (1): 56–63. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17225705">17225705</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070101/56.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-09-29. Diakses tanggal 2014-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer%3A+diagnosis+and+management&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56-63&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17225705&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=LG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aafp.org%2Fafp%2F20070101%2F56.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-GLOBOCAN-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GLOBOCAN_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GLOBOCAN_15-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ferlay, J (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.25516/full">"Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008"</a>. International Journal of Cancer. 127 (12): 2893–2917. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.25516">10.1002/ijc.25516</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21351269">21351269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.atitle=Estimates+of+worldwide+burden+of+cancer+in+2008%3A+GLOBOCAN+2008&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2893-2917&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fijc.25516&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21351269&rft.aulast=Ferlay&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fijc.25516%2Ffull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Oke Dimas Asmara, Eric Daniel Tenda, Gurmeet Singh, Ceva Wicaksono Pitoyo, Cleopas Martin Rumende, Wulyo Rajabto, Nur Rahmi Ananda, Ika Trisnawati, Eko Budiyono, Harik Firman Thahadian, E. 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BioMed Central. 2 (1): 22. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1750-1172-2-22">10.1186/1750-1172-2-22</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1868710">1868710</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17480225">17480225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orphanet+Journal+of+Rare+Diseases&rft.atitle=Paraneoplastic+neurological+syndromes&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1868710&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17480225&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1750-1172-2-22&rft.aulast=Honnorat&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ojrd.com%2Fcontent%2F2%2F1%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-ajcc-18"><a href="#cite_ref-ajcc_18-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Greene, Frederick L. 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People's Medical Publishing House USA. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1607950141" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1607950141">978-1607950141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8&rft.btitle=Holland-Frei+Cancer+Medicine&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=People%27s+Medical+Publishing+House+USA&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1607950141&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=KM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhollandfreicance0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF5-20"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF5_20-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Biesalski, HK (1998). 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Smoking is the major risk factor, accounting for about 90% of lung cancer incidence. 48 (3): 167–176; discussion 164–166. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3322%2Fcanjclin.48.3.167">10.3322/canjclin.48.3.167</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9594919">9594919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CA+Cancer+J+Clin&rft.atitle=European+Consensus+Statement+on+Lung+Cancer%3A+risk+factors+and+prevention.+Lung+Cancer+Panel&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=167-176%3B+discussion+164-166&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3322%2Fcanjclin.48.3.167&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9594919&rft.aulast=Biesalski&rft.aufirst=HK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Hecht-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Hecht_21-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hecht, S (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v3/n10/abs/nrc1190_fs.html">"Tobacco carcinogens, their biomarkers and tobacco-induced cancer"</a>. Nature Reviews Cancer. Nature Publishing Group. 3 (10): 733–744. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrc1190">10.1038/nrc1190</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14570033">14570033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Cancer&rft.atitle=Tobacco+carcinogens%2C++their+biomarkers+and+tobacco-induced+cancer&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=733-744&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrc1190&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14570033&rft.aulast=Hecht&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnrc%2Fjournal%2Fv3%2Fn10%2Fabs%2Fnrc1190_fs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF6-22"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF6_22-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Sopori, M (May 2002). "Effects of cigarette smoke on the immune system". Nature Reviews Immunology. 2 (5): 372–7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnri803">10.1038/nri803</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12033743">12033743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Immunology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+cigarette+smoke+on+the+immune+system&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=372-7&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnri803&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12033743&rft.aulast=Sopori&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Peto-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Peto_23-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Peto, R (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/~tobacco/">Mortality from smoking in developed countries 1950–2000: Indirect estimates from National Vital Statistics</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-262535-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-262535-7">0-19-262535-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mortality+from+smoking+in+developed+countries+1950%E2%80%932000%3A+Indirect+estimates+from+National+Vital+Statistics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-262535-7&rft.aulast=Peto&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctsu.ox.ac.uk%2F~tobacco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Oke Dimas Asmara, Eric Daniel Tenda, Gurmeet Singh, Ceva Wicaksono Pitoyo, Cleopas Martin Rumende, Wulyo Rajabto, Nur Rahmi Ananda, Ika Trisnawati, Eko Budiyono, Harik Firman Thahadian, E. Christiaan Boerma, Achmad Faisal, David Hutagaol, Wuryantoro Soeharto, Fahmi Radityamurti, Erika Marfiani, Pradana Zaky Romadhon, Fathur Nur Kholis, Hendarsyah Suryadinata, Arto Yuwono Soeroto, Soehartati A. Gondhowiardjo, Wouter H. van Geffen, Lung Cancer in Indonesia, Journal of Thoracic Oncology, Volume 18, Issue 9, 2023, Pages 1134-1145, ISSN 1556-0864, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2023.06.010">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2023.06.010</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1556086423006317">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1556086423006317</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF7-25"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF7_25-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">California Environmental Protection Agency (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/tobacco/caets/ets-main.htm">"Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. California Environmental Protection Agency"</a>. Tobacco Control. 6 (4): 346–353. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Ftc.6.4.346">10.1136/tc.6.4.346</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1759599">1759599</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9583639">9583639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tobacco+Control&rft.atitle=Health+effects+of+exposure+to+environmental+tobacco+smoke.+California+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=346-353&rft.date=1997&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1759599&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9583639&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Ftc.6.4.346&rft.au=California+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.druglibrary.org%2Fschaffer%2Ftobacco%2Fcaets%2Fets-main.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  * <cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5049a1.htm">"State-specific prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adults, and policies and attitudes about secondhand smoke—United States, 2000"</a>. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Atlanta, Georgia: CDC. 50 (49): 1101–1106. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11794619">11794619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Morbidity+and+Mortality+Weekly+Report&rft.atitle=State-specific+prevalence+of+current+cigarette+smoking+among+adults%2C+and+policies+and+attitudes+about+secondhand+smoke%E2%80%94United+States%2C+2000&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=49&rft.pages=1101-1106&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11794619&rft.au=CDC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmmwr%2Fpreview%2Fmmwrhtml%2Fmm5049a1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Lebih dari satu parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author1=</code> dan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|last=</code> yang digunakan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#redundant_parameters" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Alberg-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alberg_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberg_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberg_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberg_26-3">d</a> <cite class="citation journal">Alberg, AJ (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329053623/http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/132/3_suppl/29S.long">"Epidemiology of lung cancer"</a>. Chest. American College of Chest Physicians. 132 (S3): 29S–55S. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1378%2Fchest.07-1347">10.1378/chest.07-1347</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17873159">17873159</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/132/3_suppl/29S.long">versi asli</a> tanggal 2020-03-29. Diakses tanggal 2014-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chest&rft.atitle=Epidemiology+of+lung+cancer&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=S3&rft.pages=29S-55S&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1378%2Fchest.07-1347&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17873159&rft.aulast=Alberg&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchestjournal.chestpubs.org%2Fcontent%2F132%2F3_suppl%2F29S.long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jaakkola, MS (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/28/2/397.long">"Impact of smoke-free workplace legislation on exposures and health: possibilities for prevention"</a>. European Respiratory Journal. 28 (2): 397–408. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1183%2F09031936.06.00001306">10.1183/09031936.06.00001306</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16880370">16880370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Respiratory+Journal&rft.atitle=Impact+of+smoke-free+workplace+legislation+on+exposures+and+health%3A+possibilities+for+prevention&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=397-408&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1183%2F09031936.06.00001306&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16880370&rft.aulast=Jaakkola&rft.aufirst=MS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ferj.ersjournals.com%2Fcontent%2F28%2F2%2F397.long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Parkin, DM (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252064/?tool=pubmed">"Tobacco—attributable cancer burden in the UK in 2010"</a>. British Journal of Cancer. 105 (Suppl. 2): S6–S13. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fbjc.2011.475">10.1038/bjc.2011.475</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252064">3252064</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158323">22158323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.atitle=Tobacco%E2%80%94attributable+cancer+burden+in+the+UK+in+2010&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=Suppl.+2&rft.pages=S6-S13&rft.date=2011&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3252064&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22158323&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fbjc.2011.475&rft.aulast=Parkin&rft.aufirst=DM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3252064%2F%3Ftool%3Dpubmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-NHMRC-29"><a href="#cite_ref-NHMRC_29-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">National Health and Medical Research Council (April 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929025344/http://www.obpr.gov.au/publications/submission/healthef/index.html">"The health effects and regulation of passive smoking"</a>. Australian Government Publishing Service. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.obpr.gov.au/publications/submission/healthef/index.html">versi asli</a> tanggal September 29, 2007. Diakses tanggal 2007-08-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+health+effects+and+regulation+of+passive+smoking&rft.date=1994-04&rft.au=National+Health+and+Medical+Research+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.obpr.gov.au%2Fpublications%2Fsubmission%2Fhealthef%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_30-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Taylor, R (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/5/1048.long">"Meta-analysis of studies of passive smoking and lung cancer: effects of study type and continent"</a>. International Journal of Epidemiology. 36 (5): 1048–1059. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdym158">10.1093/ije/dym158</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17690135">17690135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Meta-analysis+of+studies+of+passive+smoking+and+lung+cancer%3A+effects+of+study+type+and+continent&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1048-1059&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fije%2Fdym158&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17690135&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fije.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F36%2F5%2F1048.long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/tobacco/research/secondhand_smoke/faq/en/index.html">"Frequently asked questions about second hand smoke"</a>. World Health Organization. Diakses tanggal 25 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Frequently+asked+questions+about+second+hand+smoke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Ftobacco%2Fresearch%2Fsecondhand_smoke%2Ffaq%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Schick-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Schick_32-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Schick, S (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1748121">"Philip Morris toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke: more toxic than mainstream smoke"</a>. Tobacco Control. 14 (6): 396–404. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Ftc.2005.011288">10.1136/tc.2005.011288</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1748121">1748121</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16319363">16319363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tobacco+Control&rft.atitle=Philip+Morris+toxicological+experiments+with+fresh+sidestream+smoke%3A+more+toxic+than+mainstream+smoke&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=396-404&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1748121&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16319363&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Ftc.2005.011288&rft.aulast=Schick&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1748121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Schmid K, Kuwert T, Drexler H (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2853156">"Radon in Indoor Spaces: An Underestimated Risk Factor for Lung Cancer in Environmental Medicine"</a>. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 107 (11): 181–6. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3238%2Farztebl.2010.0181">10.3238/arztebl.2010.0181</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2853156">2853156</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20386676">20386676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dtsch+Arztebl+Int&rft.atitle=Radon+in+Indoor+Spaces%3A+An+Underestimated+Risk+Factor+for+Lung+Cancer+in+Environmental+Medicine&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=181-6&rft.date=2010&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2853156&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20386676&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3238%2Farztebl.2010.0181&rft.au=Schmid+K%2C+Kuwert+T%2C+Drexler+H&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2853156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA_radon-34"><a href="#cite_ref-EPA_radon_34-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a> (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/radionuclides/radon.html">"Radiation information: radon"</a>. EPA. Diakses tanggal 2007-08-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radiation+information%3A+radon&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2006-10&rft.au=EPA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Frpdweb00%2Fradionuclides%2Fradon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Davies, RJO (2010). "18.19.3". Oxford Textbook Medicine (edisi ke-5th). OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0199204854" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0199204854">978-0199204854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=18.19.3&rft.btitle=Oxford+Textbook+Medicine&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0199204854&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=RJO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Chen, H (2008). "A systematic review of the relation between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and chronic diseases". Reviews on Environmental Health. 23 (4): 243–297. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19235364">19235364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+on+Environmental+Health&rft.atitle=A+systematic+review+of+the+relation+between+long-term+exposure+to+ambient+air+pollution+and+chronic+diseases&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=243-297&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19235364&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Clapp, RW (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791455/?tool=pubmed">"Environmental and Occupational Causes of Cancer New Evidence, 2005–2007"</a>. Reviews on Environmental Health. 23 (1): 1–37. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791455">2791455</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557596">18557596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+on+Environmental+Health&rft.atitle=Environmental+and+Occupational+Causes+of+Cancer+New+Evidence%2C+2005%E2%80%932007&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-37&rft.date=2008&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2791455&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18557596&rft.aulast=Clapp&rft.aufirst=RW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2791455%2F%3Ftool%3Dpubmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Lim2012-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lim2012_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lim2012_38-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lim, WY (2012 Jan). "Biomass fuels and lung cancer". Respirology (Carlton, Vic.). 17 (1): 20–31. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22008241">22008241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Respirology+%28Carlton%2C+Vic.%29&rft.atitle=Biomass+fuels+and+lung+cancer.&rft.chron=2012+Jan&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-31&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22008241&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=WY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Sood2012-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sood2012_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sood2012_39-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Sood, A (2012 Dec). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_clinics-in-chest-medicine_2012-12_33_4/page/649">"Indoor fuel exposure and the lung in both developing and developed countries: an update"</a>. Clinics in chest medicine. 33 (4): 649–65. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23153607">23153607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinics+in+chest+medicine&rft.atitle=Indoor+fuel+exposure+and+the+lung+in+both+developing+and+developed+countries%3A+an+update.&rft.chron=2012+Dec&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=649-65&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23153607&rft.aulast=Sood&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_clinics-in-chest-medicine_2012-12_33_4%2Fpage%2F649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Dudley, Joel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=arCnThIq9LcC&pg=PA25">Exploring Personal Genomics</a>. Oxford University Press. hlm. 25. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780199644483" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780199644483">9780199644483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Personal+Genomics&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199644483&rft.aulast=Dudley&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DarCnThIq9LcC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Fishman1802-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Fishman1802_41-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Kern JA, McLennan G (2008). Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders (edisi ke-4th). McGraw-Hill. hlm. 1802. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-07-145739-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-07-145739-9">0-07-145739-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishman%27s+Pulmonary+Diseases+and+Disorders&rft.pages=1802&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-07-145739-9&rft.au=Kern+JA%2C+McLennan+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-WHOListLungCancer-42"><a href="#cite_ref-WHOListLungCancer_42-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Cogliano, VJ (2011 Dec 21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920150724/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/Table4.pdf">"Preventable exposures associated with human cancers"</a> (PDF). Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 103 (24): 1827–39. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158127">22158127</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/Table4.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2012-09-20. Diakses tanggal 2014-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=Preventable+exposures+associated+with+human+cancers.&rft.chron=2011+Dec+21&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=1827-39&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22158127&rft.aulast=Cogliano&rft.aufirst=VJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonographs.iarc.fr%2FENG%2FClassification%2FTable4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Fong-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Fong_43-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fong, KM (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746489">"Lung cancer • 9: Molecular biology of lung cancer: clinical implications"</a>. Thorax. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. 58 (10): 892–900. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fthorax.58.10.892">10.1136/thorax.58.10.892</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746489">1746489</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14514947">14514947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thorax&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer+%E2%80%A2+9%3A+Molecular+biology+of+lung+cancer%3A+clinical+implications&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=892-900&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1746489&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14514947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fthorax.58.10.892&rft.aulast=Fong&rft.aufirst=KM&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1746489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Salgia-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Salgia_44-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Salgia, R (March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-oncology_1998-03_16_3/page/1207">"Molecular abnormalities in lung cancer"</a>. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 16 (3): 1207–1217. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9508209">9508209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Oncology&rft.atitle=Molecular+abnormalities+in+lung+cancer&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1207-1217&rft.date=1998-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9508209&rft.aulast=Salgia&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-clinical-oncology_1998-03_16_3%2Fpage%2F1207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-NEJM-molecular-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NEJM-molecular_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEJM-molecular_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEJM-molecular_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEJM-molecular_45-3">d</a> <cite class="citation journal">Herbst, RS (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/13/1367">"Lung cancer"</a>. New England Journal of Medicine. 359 (13): 1367–1380. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra0802714">10.1056/NEJMra0802714</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18815398">18815398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer&rft.volume=359&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1367-1380&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMra0802714&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18815398&rft.aulast=Herbst&rft.aufirst=RS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.nejm.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F359%2F13%2F1367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Aviel-Ronen-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Aviel-Ronen_46-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Aviel-Ronen, S (July 2006). "K-ras mutations in non-small-cell lung carcinoma: a review". Clinical Lung Cancer. Cancer Information Group. 8 (1): 30–38. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3816%2FCLC.2006.n.030">10.3816/CLC.2006.n.030</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16870043">16870043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Lung+Cancer&rft.atitle=K-ras+mutations+in+non-small-cell+lung+carcinoma%3A+a+review&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-38&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3816%2FCLC.2006.n.030&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16870043&rft.aulast=Aviel-Ronen&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Miller, WT (2008). Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders (edisi ke-4th). McGraw-Hill. hlm. 486. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-07-145739-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-07-145739-9">0-07-145739-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishman%27s+Pulmonary+Diseases+and+Disorders&rft.pages=486&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-07-145739-9&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=WT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Fishman1815-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Fishman1815_48-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Kaiser, LR (2008). Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders (edisi ke-4th). McGraw-Hill. hlm. 1815–1816. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-07-145739-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-07-145739-9">0-07-145739-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishman%27s+Pulmonary+Diseases+and+Disorders&rft.pages=1815-1816&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-07-145739-9&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=LR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Robbins-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robbins_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robbins_49-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Maitra, A (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (edisi ke-8th). Saunders Elsevier. hlm. 528–529. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4160-2973-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4160-2973-1">978-1-4160-2973-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robbins+Basic+Pathology&rft.pages=528-529&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Saunders+Elsevier&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1&rft.aulast=Maitra&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Subramanian-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_50-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Subramanian, J (2007). "Lung cancer in never smokers: a review". Journal of Clinical Oncology. American Society of Clinical Oncology. 25 (5): 561–570. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2006.06.8015">10.1200/JCO.2006.06.8015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17290066">17290066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Oncology&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer+in+never+smokers%3A+a+review&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=561-570&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1200%2FJCO.2006.06.8015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17290066&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosti-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosti_51-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Rosti, G (March 2006). "Small cell lung cancer". Annals of Oncology. 17 (Suppl. 2): 5–10. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fannonc%2Fmdj910">10.1093/annonc/mdj910</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16608983">16608983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Oncology&rft.atitle=Small+cell+lung+cancer&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=Suppl.+2&rft.pages=5-10&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fannonc%2Fmdj910&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16608983&rft.aulast=Rosti&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Seo-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Seo_52-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Seo, JB (1 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiographics.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/full/21/2/403">"Atypical pulmonary metastases: spectrum of radiologic findings"</a>. Radiographics. 21 (2): 403–417. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11259704">11259704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiographics&rft.atitle=Atypical+pulmonary+metastases%3A+spectrum+of+radiologic+findings&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=403-417&rft.date=2001-03-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11259704&rft.aulast=Seo&rft.aufirst=JB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiographics.rsnajnls.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F21%2F2%2F403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18784820-53"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18784820_53-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Tan D, Zander DS (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2480532">"Immunohistochemistry for Assessment of Pulmonary and Pleural Neoplasms: A Review and Update"</a>. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 1 (1): 19–31. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2480532">2480532</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784820">18784820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Clin+Exp+Pathol&rft.atitle=Immunohistochemistry+for+Assessment+of+Pulmonary+and+Pleural+Neoplasms%3A+A+Review+and+Update&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-31&rft.date=2008&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2480532&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18784820&rft.au=Tan+D%2C+Zander+DS&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2480532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Rami-Porta-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rami-Porta_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rami-Porta_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rami-Porta_54-2">c</a> <cite class="citation journal">Rami-Porta, R (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atcs.jp/pdf/2009_15_1/4.pdf">"The revised TNM staging system for lung cancer"</a> (PDF). Annals of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 15 (1): 4–9. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19262443">19262443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Thoracic+and+Cardiovascular+Surgery&rft.atitle=The+revised+TNM+staging+system+for+lung+cancer&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-9&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19262443&rft.aulast=Rami-Porta&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atcs.jp%2Fpdf%2F2009_15_1%2F4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Goodman, GE (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746232/pdf/v057p00994.pdf">"Lung cancer. 1: prevention of lung cancer"</a> (PDF). Thorax. 57 (11): 994–999. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746232">1746232</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12403886">12403886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thorax&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer.+1%3A+prevention+of+lung+cancer&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=994-999&rft.date=2002&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1746232&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12403886&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=GE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1746232%2Fpdf%2Fv057p00994.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">McNabola, A (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672352">"The control of environmental tobacco smoke: a policy review"</a>. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 6 (2): 741–758. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph6020741">10.3390/ijerph6020741</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672352">2672352</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19440413">19440413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=The+control+of+environmental+tobacco+smoke%3A+a+policy+review&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=741-758&rft.date=2009&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2672352&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19440413&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph6020741&rft.aulast=McNabola&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2672352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhutan-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Bhutan_57-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Pandey, G (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4305715.stm">"Bhutan's smokers face public ban"</a>. BBC. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bhutan%27s+smokers+face+public+ban&rft.date=2005-02&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F4305715.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Pandey, G (2 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7645868.stm">"Indian ban on smoking in public"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Diakses tanggal 2012-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indian+ban+on+smoking+in+public&rft.date=2008-10-02&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fsouth_asia%2F7645868.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF10-59"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF10_59-0">^</a> <cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=26857">"UN health agency calls for total ban on tobacco advertising to protect young"</a> (Siaran pers). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> News service. 30 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+health+agency+calls+for+total+ban+on+tobacco+advertising+to+protect+young&rft.pub=United+Nations+News+service&rft.date=2008-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fapps%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3FNewsID%3D26857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Fabricius-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fabricius_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fabricius_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fabricius_60-2">c</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fabricius, P (2003). "Diet and lung cancer". Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease. 59 (3): 207–211. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15065316">15065316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monaldi+Archives+for+Chest+Disease&rft.atitle=Diet+and+lung+cancer&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=207-211&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15065316&rft.aulast=Fabricius&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fritz, H (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3124481">"Vitamin A and Retinoid Derivatives for Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis"</a>. PLoS ONE. 6 (6): e21107. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0021107">10.1371/journal.pone.0021107</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3124481">3124481</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21738614">21738614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&rft.atitle=Vitamin+A+and+Retinoid+Derivatives+for+Lung+Cancer%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta+Analysis&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e21107&rft.date=2011&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3124481&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21738614&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0021107&rft.aulast=Fritz&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3124481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Herr, C (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3071319">"The role of vitamin D in pulmonary disease: COPD, asthma, infection, and cancer"</a>. Respiratory Research. 12 (1): 31. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1465-9921-12-31">10.1186/1465-9921-12-31</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3071319">3071319</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21418564">21418564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Respiratory+Research&rft.atitle=The+role+of+vitamin+D+in+pulmonary+disease%3A+COPD%2C++asthma%2C++infection%2C++and+cancer&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2011&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3071319&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21418564&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1465-9921-12-31&rft.aulast=Herr&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3071319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Key-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Key_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Key_63-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Key, TJ (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3039795">"Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk"</a>. British Journal of Cancer. 104 (1): 6–11. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bjc.6606032">10.1038/sj.bjc.6606032</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3039795">3039795</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21119663">21119663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.atitle=Fruit+and+vegetables+and+cancer+risk&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-11&rft.date=2011&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3039795&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21119663&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.bjc.6606032&rft.aulast=Key&rft.aufirst=TJ&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3039795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110253/https://koalisibebastar.com/article/2018/07/10/benarkah-produk-tembakau-alternatif-solusi-kurangi-risiko-kanker/25">"Salinan arsip"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koalisibebastar.com/article/2018/07/10/benarkah-produk-tembakau-alternatif-solusi-kurangi-risiko-kanker/25">versi asli</a> tanggal 2020-08-05. Diakses tanggal 2019-03-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salinan+arsip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkoalisibebastar.com%2Farticle%2F2018%2F07%2F10%2Fbenarkah-produk-tembakau-alternatif-solusi-kurangi-risiko-kanker%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Manser, RL (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001991.pub2/full">"Screening for lung cancer"</a>. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD001991. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD001991.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD001991.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14973979">14973979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Screening+for+lung+cancer&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=CD001991&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD001991.pub2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14973979&rft.aulast=Manser&rft.aufirst=RL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD001991.pub2%2Ffull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jaklitsch, MT (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-thoracic-and-cardiovascular-surgery_2012-07_144_1/page/33">"The American Association for Thoracic Surgery guidelines for lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography scans for lung cancer survivors and other high-risk groups"</a>. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 144 (1): 33–38. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtcvs.2012.05.060">10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.05.060</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22710039">22710039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Thoracic+and+Cardiovascular+Surgery&rft.atitle=The+American+Association+for+Thoracic+Surgery+guidelines+for+lung+cancer+screening+using+low-dose+computed+tomography+scans+for+lung+cancer+survivors+and+other+high-risk+groups&rft.volume=144&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-38&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jtcvs.2012.05.060&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22710039&rft.aulast=Jaklitsch&rft.aufirst=MT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-thoracic-and-cardiovascular-surgery_2012-07_144_1%2Fpage%2F33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bach, PB (2012). "Benefits and harms of CT screening for lung cancer: a systematic review". JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association. 307 (22): 2418–2429. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2012.5521">10.1001/jama.2012.5521</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22610500">22610500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA%3A+the+Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Benefits+and+harms+of+CT+screening+for+lung+cancer%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=307&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=2418-2429&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2012.5521&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22610500&rft.aulast=Bach&rft.aufirst=PB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Boiselle, PM (2013 Mar 20). "Computed tomography screening for lung cancer". JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association. 309 (11): 1163–70. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23512063">23512063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA+%3A+the+journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Computed+tomography+screening+for+lung+cancer.&rft.chron=2013+Mar+20&rft.volume=309&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1163-70&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23512063&rft.aulast=Boiselle&rft.aufirst=PM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bach PB, Mirkin JN, Oliver TK; et al. (2012). "Benefits and harms of CT screening for lung cancer: a systematic review". JAMA. 307 (22): 2418–29. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2012.5521">10.1001/jama.2012.5521</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22610500">22610500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Benefits+and+harms+of+CT+screening+for+lung+cancer%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=307&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=2418-29&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2012.5521&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22610500&rft.au=Bach+PB%2C++Mirkin+JN%2C++Oliver+TK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Aberle, DR (2013 Mar 10). "Computed tomography screening for lung cancer: has it finally arrived? Implications of the national lung screening trial". Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 31 (8): 1002–8. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23401434">23401434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+clinical+oncology+%3A+official+journal+of+the+American+Society+of+Clinical+Oncology&rft.atitle=Computed+tomography+screening+for+lung+cancer%3A+has+it+finally+arrived%3F+Implications+of+the+national+lung+screening+trial.&rft.chron=2013+Mar+10&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1002-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23401434&rft.aulast=Aberle&rft.aufirst=DR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ferrell, B (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_surgical-clinics-of-north-america_2011-04_91_2/page/403">"Palliative care in lung cancer"</a>. Surgical Clinics of North America. 91 (2): 403–417. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.suc.2010.12.003">10.1016/j.suc.2010.12.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21419260">21419260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgical+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Palliative+care+in+lung+cancer&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=403-417&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.suc.2010.12.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21419260&rft.aulast=Ferrell&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_surgical-clinics-of-north-america_2011-04_91_2%2Fpage%2F403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Fishman1853-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Fishman1853_72-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Kaiser LR (2008). Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders (edisi ke-4th). McGraw-Hill. hlm. 1853–1854. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-07-145739-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-07-145739-9">0-07-145739-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishman%27s+Pulmonary+Diseases+and+Disorders&rft.pages=1853-1854&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-07-145739-9&rft.au=Kaiser+LR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Fishman1855-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fishman1855_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fishman1855_73-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Kaiser LR (2008). Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders (edisi ke-4th). McGraw-Hill. hlm. 1855–1856. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-07-145739-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-07-145739-9">0-07-145739-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishman%27s+Pulmonary+Diseases+and+Disorders&rft.pages=1855-1856&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-07-145739-9&rft.au=Kaiser+LR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Odell, DD (2010). "Sublobar resection with brachytherapy mesh for stage I non-small cell lung cancer". Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 22 (1): 32–37. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.semtcvs.2010.04.003">10.1053/j.semtcvs.2010.04.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20813314">20813314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Thoracic+and+Cardiovascular+Surgery&rft.atitle=Sublobar+resection+with+brachytherapy+mesh+for+stage+I+non-small+cell+lung+cancer&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-37&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fj.semtcvs.2010.04.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20813314&rft.aulast=Odell&rft.aufirst=DD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Alam, N (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3015831">"Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy: the evidence base"</a>. Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons. 11 (3): 368–374. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3015831">3015831</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17931521">17931521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Laparoendoscopic+Surgeons&rft.atitle=Video-assisted+thoracic+surgery+%28VATS%29+lobectomy%3A+the+evidence+base&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=368-374&rft.date=2007&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3015831&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17931521&rft.aulast=Alam&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3015831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Rueth, NM (2010). "Is VATS lobectomy better: perioperatively, biologically and oncologically?". Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 89 (6): S2107–S2111. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.athoracsur.2010.03.020">10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.03.020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20493991">20493991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Thoracic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Is+VATS+lobectomy+better%3A+perioperatively%2C++biologically+and+oncologically%3F&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=S2107-S2111&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.athoracsur.2010.03.020&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20493991&rft.aulast=Rueth&rft.aufirst=NM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-SimonTurrisi-77"><a href="#cite_ref-SimonTurrisi_77-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Simon GR, Turrisi A (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/132/3_suppl/324S.long">"Management of small cell lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition)"</a>. Chest. 132 (3 Suppl): 324S–339S. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1378%2Fchest.07-1385">10.1378/chest.07-1385</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17873178">17873178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chest&rft.atitle=Management+of+small+cell+lung+cancer%3A+ACCP+evidence-based+clinical+practice+guidelines+%282nd+edition%29&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=3+Suppl&rft.pages=324S-339S&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1378%2Fchest.07-1385&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17873178&rft.au=Simon+GR%2C++Turrisi+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchestjournal.chestpubs.org%2Fcontent%2F132%2F3_suppl%2F324S.long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Goldstein, SD (2011). "Role of surgery in small cell lung cancer". Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America. 20 (4): 769–777. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.soc.2011.08.001">10.1016/j.soc.2011.08.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21986271">21986271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgical+Oncology+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Role+of+surgery+in+small+cell+lung+cancer&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=769-777&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.soc.2011.08.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21986271&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=SD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-OTO-79"><a href="#cite_ref-OTO_79-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Arriagada, R (2002). Oxford Textbook of Oncology (edisi ke-2nd). Oxford University Press. hlm. 2094. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-262926-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-262926-3">0-19-262926-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Textbook+of+Oncology&rft.pages=2094&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-262926-3&rft.aulast=Arriagada&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hatton, MQ (2010). "Continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) and non-conventionally fractionated radiotherapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a review and consideration of future directions". Clinical Oncology (Royal College of Radiologists). 22 (5): 356–364. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clon.2010.03.010">10.1016/j.clon.2010.03.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20399629">20399629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Oncology+%28Royal+College+of+Radiologists%29&rft.atitle=Continuous+hyperfractionated+accelerated+radiotherapy+%28CHART%29+and+non-conventionally+fractionated+radiotherapy+in+the+treatment+of+non-small+cell+lung+cancer%3A+a+review+and+consideration+of+future+directions&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=356-364&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.clon.2010.03.010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20399629&rft.aulast=Hatton&rft.aufirst=MQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-PORT_Meta-analysis_Trialists_Group-81"><a href="#cite_ref-PORT_Meta-analysis_Trialists_Group_81-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">PORT Meta-analysis Trialists Group (2005). Rydzewska, Larysa, ed. "Postoperative radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD002142. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD002142.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD002142.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846628">15846628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Postoperative+radiotherapy+for+non-small+cell+lung+cancer&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=CD002142&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD002142.pub2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15846628&rft.au=PORT+Meta-analysis+Trialists+Group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Le Péchoux, C (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3228187">"Role of postoperative radiotherapy in resected non-small cell lung cancer: a reassessment based on new data"</a>. Oncologist. 16 (5): 672–681. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1634%2Ftheoncologist.2010-0150">10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0150</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3228187">3228187</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21378080">21378080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oncologist&rft.atitle=Role+of+postoperative+radiotherapy+in+resected+non-small+cell+lung+cancer%3A+a+reassessment+based+on+new+data&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=672-681&rft.date=2011&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3228187&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21378080&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1634%2Ftheoncologist.2010-0150&rft.aulast=Le+P%C3%A9choux&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3228187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Cardona, AF (2008). "Palliative endobronchial brachytherapy for non-small cell lung cancer". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD004284. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004284.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD004284.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18425900">18425900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Palliative+endobronchial+brachytherapy+for+non-small+cell+lung+cancer&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=CD004284&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD004284.pub2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18425900&rft.aulast=Cardona&rft.aufirst=AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ikushima, H (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmi/57/1,">2/1/_pdf "Radiation therapy: state of the art and the future"</a> Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_url" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>). Journal of Medical Investigation. 57 (1–2): 1–11. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20299738">20299738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Investigation&rft.atitle=Radiation+therapy%3A+state+of+the+art+and+the+future&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20299738&rft.aulast=Ikushima&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fjmi%2F57%2F1%2C+2%2F1%2F_pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati">pranala nonaktif permanen</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Paumier, A (2011). "Prophylactic cranial irradiation in lung cancer". Cancer Treatment Reviews. 37 (4): 261–265. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ctrv.2010.08.009">10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.08.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20934256">20934256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Treatment+Reviews&rft.atitle=Prophylactic+cranial+irradiation+in+lung+cancer&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=261-265&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ctrv.2010.08.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20934256&rft.aulast=Paumier&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Girard, N (2011). "Stereotactic radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer: From concept to clinical reality. 2011 update". Cancer Radiothérapie. 15 (6–7): 522–526. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.canrad.2011.07.241">10.1016/j.canrad.2011.07.241</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21889901">21889901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Radioth%C3%A9rapie&rft.atitle=Stereotactic+radiotherapy+for+non-small+cell+lung+cancer%3A+From+concept+to+clinical+reality.+2011+update&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=6%E2%80%937&rft.pages=522-526&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.canrad.2011.07.241&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21889901&rft.aulast=Girard&rft.aufirst=N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fairchild, A (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/24/4001.full">"Palliative thoracic radiotherapy for lung cancer: a systematic review"</a>. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 26 (24): 4001–4011. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2007.15.3312">10.1200/JCO.2007.15.3312</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18711191">18711191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Oncology&rft.atitle=Palliative+thoracic+radiotherapy+for+lung+cancer%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=4001-4011&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1200%2FJCO.2007.15.3312&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18711191&rft.aulast=Fairchild&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjco.ascopubs.org%2Fcontent%2F26%2F24%2F4001.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hann CL, Rudin CM (2008-11-30). "Management of small-cell lung cancer: incremental changes but hope for the future". Oncology (Williston Park). 22 (13): 1486–92. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19133604">19133604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oncology+%28Williston+Park%29&rft.atitle=Management+of+small-cell+lung+cancer%3A+incremental+changes+but+hope+for+the+future&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1486-92&rft.date=2008-11-30&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19133604&rft.au=Hann+CL%2C++Rudin+CM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Murray_89-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Murray, N (March 2006). "A review of first-line treatment for small-cell lung cancer". Journal of Thoracic Oncology. 1 (3): 270–278. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17409868">17409868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Thoracic+Oncology&rft.atitle=A+review+of+first-line+treatment+for+small-cell+lung+cancer&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=270-278&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17409868&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Azim-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Azim_90-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Azim, HA (March 2007). "Treatment options for relapsed small-cell lung cancer". Anticancer drugs. 18 (3): 255–261. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FCAD.0b013e328011a547">10.1097/CAD.0b013e328011a547</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17264756">17264756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anticancer+drugs&rft.atitle=Treatment+options+for+relapsed+small-cell+lung+cancer&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=255-261&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FCAD.0b013e328011a547&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17264756&rft.aulast=Azim&rft.aufirst=HA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-MacCallum-91"><a href="#cite_ref-MacCallum_91-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">MacCallum, C (July 2006). "Second-line treatment of small-cell lung cancer". Current Oncology Reports. 8 (4): 258–264. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11912-006-0030-8">10.1007/s11912-006-0030-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17254525">17254525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Oncology+Reports&rft.atitle=Second-line+treatment+of+small-cell+lung+cancer&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=258-264&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11912-006-0030-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17254525&rft.aulast=MacCallum&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18678835-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18678835_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18678835_92-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">NSCLC Meta-Analyses Collaborative Group (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653127">"Chemotherapy in Addition to Supportive Care Improves Survival in Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data From 16 Randomized Controlled Trials"</a>. J. Clin. Oncol. 26 (28): 4617–25. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2008.17.7162">10.1200/JCO.2008.17.7162</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653127">2653127</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18678835">18678835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Clin.+Oncol.&rft.atitle=Chemotherapy+in+Addition+to+Supportive+Care+Improves+Survival+in+Advanced+Non%E2%80%93Small-Cell+Lung+Cancer%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis+of+Individual+Patient+Data+From+16+Randomized+Controlled+Trials&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=4617-25&rft.date=2008&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2653127&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18678835&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1200%2FJCO.2008.17.7162&rft.au=NSCLC+Meta-Analyses+Collaborative+Group&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2653127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Fishman1876-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Fishman1876_93-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Mehra R, Treat J (2008). Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders (edisi ke-4th). McGraw-Hill. hlm. 1876. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-07-145739-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-07-145739-9">0-07-145739-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishman%27s+Pulmonary+Diseases+and+Disorders&rft.pages=1876&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-07-145739-9&rft.au=Mehra+R%2C++Treat+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Clegg-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clegg_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clegg_94-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Clegg, A (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746188">"Clinical and cost effectiveness of paclitaxel, docetaxel, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine in non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review"</a>. Thorax. BMJ Publishing Group. 57 (1): 20–28. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fthorax.57.1.20">10.1136/thorax.57.1.20</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746188">1746188</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11809985">11809985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thorax&rft.atitle=Clinical+and+cost+effectiveness+of+paclitaxel%2C+docetaxel%2C+gemcitabine%2C+and+vinorelbine+in+non-small+cell+lung+cancer%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-28&rft.date=2002-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1746188&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11809985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fthorax.57.1.20&rft.aulast=Clegg&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1746188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20446853-95"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20446853_95-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fuld AD, Dragnev KH, Rigas JR (2010). "Pemetrexed in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 11 (8): 1387–402. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1517%2F14656566.2010.482560">10.1517/14656566.2010.482560</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20446853">20446853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Opin+Pharmacother&rft.atitle=Pemetrexed+in+advanced+non-small-cell+lung+cancer&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1387-402&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1517%2F14656566.2010.482560&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20446853&rft.au=Fuld+AD%2C++Dragnev+KH%2C++Rigas+JR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Carbone-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Carbone_96-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Carbone, DP (2011). "Adjuvant therapy in non-small cell lung cancer: future treatment prospects and paradigms". Clinical Lung Cancer. 12 (5): 261–271. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cllc.2011.06.002">10.1016/j.cllc.2011.06.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21831720">21831720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Lung+Cancer&rft.atitle=Adjuvant+therapy+in+non-small+cell+lung+cancer%3A+future+treatment+prospects+and+paradigms&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=261-271&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cllc.2011.06.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21831720&rft.aulast=Carbone&rft.aufirst=DP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Le_Chevalier-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Le_Chevalier_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Le_Chevalier_97-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Le Chevalier, T (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/suppl_7/vii196.long">"Adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable non-small-cell lung cancer: where is it going?"</a>. Annals of Oncology. 21 (Suppl. 7): vii196–198. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fannonc%2Fmdq376">10.1093/annonc/mdq376</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20943614">20943614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Oncology&rft.atitle=Adjuvant+chemotherapy+for+resectable+non-small-cell+lung+cancer%3A+where+is+it+going%3F&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=Suppl.+7&rft.pages=vii196-198&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fannonc%2Fmdq376&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20943614&rft.aulast=Le+Chevalier&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fannonc.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F21%2Fsuppl_7%2Fvii196.long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Horn-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Horn_98-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Horn, L (May 2007). "The rationale for adjuvant chemotherapy in stage I non-small cell lung cancer". Journal of Thoracic Oncology. 2 (5): 377–383. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.JTO.0000268669.64625.bb">10.1097/01.JTO.0000268669.64625.bb</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17473651">17473651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Thoracic+Oncology&rft.atitle=The+rationale+for+adjuvant+chemotherapy+in+stage+I+non-small+cell+lung+cancer&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=377-383&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.JTO.0000268669.64625.bb&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17473651&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Wakelee-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Wakelee_99-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Wakelee, HA (July 2006). "Current status of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage IB non-small-cell lung cancer: implications for the New Intergroup Trial". Clinical Lung Cancer. Cancer Information Group. 8 (1): 18–21. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3816%2FCLC.2006.n.028">10.3816/CLC.2006.n.028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16870041">16870041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Lung+Cancer&rft.atitle=Current+status+of+adjuvant+chemotherapy+for+stage+IB+non-small-cell+lung+cancer%3A+implications+for+the+New+Intergroup+Trial&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-21&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3816%2FCLC.2006.n.028&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16870041&rft.aulast=Wakelee&rft.aufirst=HA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Clinical_evidence-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Clinical_evidence_100-0">^</a> Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama <code>Clinical_evidence</code></li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20818881-101"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20818881_101-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kelley AS, Meier DE (2010). "Palliative care—a shifting paradigm". New England Journal of Medicine. 363 (8): 781–2. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMe1004139">10.1056/NEJMe1004139</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818881">20818881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Palliative+care%E2%80%94a+shifting+paradigm&rft.volume=363&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=781-2&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMe1004139&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20818881&rft.au=Kelley+AS%2C++Meier+DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19856592-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19856592_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19856592_102-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Prince-Paul M (2009). "When hospice is the best option: an opportunity to redefine goals". Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.). 23 (4 Suppl Nurse Ed): 13–7. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19856592">19856592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oncology+%28Williston+Park%2C++N.Y.%29&rft.atitle=When+hospice+is+the+best+option%3A+an+opportunity+to+redefine+goals&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4+Suppl+Nurse+Ed&rft.pages=13-7&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19856592&rft.au=Prince-Paul+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7551923-103"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7551923_103-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Souquet PJ, Chauvin F, Boissel JP, Bernard JP (1995). "Meta-analysis of randomised trials of systemic chemotherapy versus supportive treatment in non-resectable non-small cell lung cancer". Lung Cancer. 12 Suppl 1: S147–54. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0169-5002%2895%2900430-9">10.1016/0169-5002(95)00430-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7551923">7551923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lung+Cancer&rft.atitle=Meta-analysis+of+randomised+trials+of+systemic+chemotherapy+versus+supportive+treatment+in+non-resectable+non-small+cell+lung+cancer&rft.volume=12+Suppl+1&rft.pages=S147-54&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0169-5002%2895%2900430-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7551923&rft.au=Souquet+PJ%2C++Chauvin+F%2C++Boissel+JP%2C++Bernard+JP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11441939-104"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11441939_104-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Sörenson S, Glimelius B, Nygren P (2001). "A systematic overview of chemotherapy effects in non-small cell lung cancer". Acta Oncol. 40 (2–3): 327–39. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11441939">11441939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Oncol&rft.atitle=A+systematic+overview+of+chemotherapy+effects+in+non-small+cell+lung+cancer&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=327-39&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11441939&rft.au=S%C3%B6renson+S%2C++Glimelius+B%2C++Nygren+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12065068-105"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12065068_105-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Clegg A, Scott DA, Sidhu M, Hewitson P, Waugh N (2001). "A rapid and systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of paclitaxel, docetaxel, gemcitabine and vinorelbine in non-small-cell lung cancer". Health Technol Assess. 5 (32): 1–195. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12065068">12065068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Technol+Assess&rft.atitle=A+rapid+and+systematic+review+of+the+clinical+effectiveness+and+cost-effectiveness+of+paclitaxel%2C++docetaxel%2C++gemcitabine+and+vinorelbine+in+non-small-cell+lung+cancer&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=1-195&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12065068&rft.au=Clegg+A%2C++Scott+DA%2C++Sidhu+M%2C++Hewitson+P%2C++Waugh+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20464750-106"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20464750_106-0">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Cite_Cochrane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Cite Cochrane (halaman belum tersedia)">Templat:Cite Cochrane</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF17-107"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF17_107-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/non-small-cell-lung/HealthProfessional/page2">"Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment"</a>. PDQ for Health Professionals. National Cancer Institute. Diakses tanggal 2008-11-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PDQ+for+Health+Professionals&rft.atitle=Non-Small+Cell+Lung+Cancer+Treatment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fcancertopics%2Fpdq%2Ftreatment%2Fnon-small-cell-lung%2FHealthProfessional%2Fpage2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF18-108"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF18_108-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/small-cell-lung/healthprofessional">"Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment"</a>. PDQ for Health Professionals. National Cancer Institute. 2012. Diakses tanggal 2012-05-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PDQ+for+Health+Professionals&rft.atitle=Small+Cell+Lung+Cancer+Treatment&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fcancertopics%2Fpdq%2Ftreatment%2Fsmall-cell-lung%2Fhealthprofessional&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-OTM-109"><a href="#cite_ref-OTM_109-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Spiro, SG (2010). "18.19.1". Oxford Textbook Medicine (edisi ke-5th). OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0199204854" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0199204854">978-0199204854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=18.19.1&rft.btitle=Oxford+Textbook+Medicine&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0199204854&rft.aulast=Spiro&rft.aufirst=SG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> SEER data (SEER.cancer.gov)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2003/results_single/sect_01_table.11_2pgs.pdf">Median Age of Cancer Patients at Diagnosis 2002-2003</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> SEER data (SEER.cancer.gov)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2006/results_single/sect_01_table.13_2pgs.pdf">Median Age of Cancer Patients at Death 2002-2006</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Slatore, CG (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/182/9/1195.long">"An official American Thoracic Society systematic review: insurance status and disparities in lung cancer practices and outcomes"</a>. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 182 (9): 1195–1205. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1164%2Frccm.2009-038ST">10.1164/rccm.2009-038ST</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21041563">21041563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Respiratory+and+Critical+Care+Medicine&rft.atitle=An+official+American+Thoracic+Society+systematic+review%3A+insurance+status+and+disparities+in+lung+cancer+practices+and+outcomes&rft.volume=182&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1195-1205&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1164%2Frccm.2009-038ST&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21041563&rft.aulast=Slatore&rft.aufirst=CG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajrccm.atsjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F182%2F9%2F1195.long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF20-113"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF20_113-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html">"WHO Disease and injury country estimates"</a>. World Health Organization. 2009. Diakses tanggal November 11, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=WHO+Disease+and+injury+country+estimates&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fhealthinfo%2Fglobal_burden_disease%2Festimates_country%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF22-114"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF22_114-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jemal A, Tiwari RC, Murray T; et al. (2004). "Cancer statistics, 2004". CA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 54 (1): 8–29. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3322%2Fcanjclin.54.1.8">10.3322/canjclin.54.1.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14974761">14974761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CA%3A+a+Cancer+Journal+for+Clinicians&rft.atitle=Cancer+statistics%2C+2004&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-29&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3322%2Fcanjclin.54.1.8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14974761&rft.au=Jemal+A%2C+Tiwari+RC%2C+Murray+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Proctor, RN (2012). "The history of the discovery of the cigarette-lung cancer link: evidentiary traditions, corporate denial, global toll". Tobacco Control. 21 (2): 87–91. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Ftobaccocontrol-2011-050338">10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050338</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22345227">22345227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tobacco+Control&rft.atitle=The+history+of+the+discovery+of+the+cigarette-lung+cancer+link%3A+evidentiary+traditions%2C++corporate+denial%2C++global+toll&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=87-91&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Ftobaccocontrol-2011-050338&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22345227&rft.aulast=Proctor&rft.aufirst=RN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Lum-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Lum_116-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lum, KL (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/17/5/313">"Signed, sealed and delivered: "big tobacco" in Hollywood, 1927–1951"</a>. Tobacco Control. 17 (5): 313–323. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Ftc.2008.025445">10.1136/tc.2008.025445</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2602591">2602591</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18818225">18818225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tobacco+Control&rft.atitle=Signed%2C+sealed+and+delivered%3A+%22big+tobacco%22+in+Hollywood%2C+1927%E2%80%931951&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=313-323&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2602591&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18818225&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Ftc.2008.025445&rft.aulast=Lum&rft.aufirst=KL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftobaccocontrol.bmj.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F17%2F5%2F313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lovato, C (October 2011). 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Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (10): CD003439. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD003439.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD003439.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21975739">21975739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Impact+of+tobacco+advertising+and+promotion+on+increasing+adolescent+smoking+behaviours&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=CD003439&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD003439.pub2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21975739&rft.aulast=Lovato&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kemp, FB (2009). 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Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results. 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html#incidence-mortality">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF23-120"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF23_120-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/gender/documents/en/lungcancerlow.pdf">"Gender in lung cancer and smoking research"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. 2004. 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Respirology. 16 (8): 1165–1172. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1440-1843.2011.02062.x">10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02062.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21910781">21910781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Respirology&rft.atitle=Tobacco+smoking+in+China%3A+prevalence%2C++disease+burden%2C++challenges+and+future+strategies&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1165-1172&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1440-1843.2011.02062.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21910781&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF25-122"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF25_122-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Behera, D (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217024508/http://www.vpci.org.in/upload/Journals/pic130.pdf#page=27">"Lung cancer in India"</a> (PDF). Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences. 46 (4): 269–281. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15515828">15515828</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vpci.org.in/upload/Journals/pic130.pdf#page=27">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2008-12-17. Diakses tanggal 2014-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Chest+Diseases+and+Allied+Sciences&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer+in+India&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=269-281&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15515828&rft.aulast=Behera&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vpci.org.in%2Fupload%2FJournals%2Fpic130.pdf%23page%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Charloux-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Charloux_123-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Charloux, A (February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/26/1/14">"The increasing incidence of lung adenocarcinoma: reality or artefact? 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International Journal of Epidemiology. 26 (1): 14–23. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2F26.1.14">10.1093/ije/26.1.14</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9126499">9126499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=The+increasing+incidence+of+lung+adenocarcinoma%3A+reality+or+artefact%3F+A+review+of+the+epidemiology+of+lung+adenocarcinoma&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-23&rft.date=1997-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fije%2F26.1.14&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9126499&rft.aulast=Charloux&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fije.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F26%2F1%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kadara, H (2012). 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Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smokinglungs.com/cighist.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal July 18, 2007. Diakses tanggal 2007-08-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+cigarette+smoking+and+lung+cancer&rft.pub=smokinglungs.com&rft.aulast=Grannis&rft.aufirst=FW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smokinglungs.com%2Fcighist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Proctor-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Proctor_130-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Proctor, R (2000). The Nazi War on Cancer. Princeton University Press. hlm. 173–246. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-691-00196-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-691-00196-0">0-691-00196-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+War+on+Cancer&rft.pages=173-246&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-691-00196-0&rft.aulast=Proctor&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Doll-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Doll_131-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Doll, R (November 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2035864">"Lung Cancer and Other Causes of Death in Relation to Smoking"</a>. British Medical Journal. 2 (5001): 1071–1081. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.5001.1071">10.1136/bmj.2.5001.1071</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2035864">2035864</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13364389">13364389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Lung+Cancer+and+Other+Causes+of+Death+in+Relation+to+Smoking&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5001&rft.pages=1071-1081&rft.date=1956-11&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2035864&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13364389&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.5001.1071&rft.aulast=Doll&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2035864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF30-132"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF30_132-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">US Department of Health Education and Welfare (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/B/M/Q/_/nnbbmq.pdf">"Smoking and health: report of the advisory committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service"</a> (PDF). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smoking+and+health%3A+report+of+the+advisory+committee+to+the+Surgeon+General+of+the+Public+Health+Service&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1964&rft.au=US+Department+of+Health+Education+and+Welfare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2FNN%2FB%2FB%2FM%2FQ%2F_%2Fnnbbmq.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Greaves-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greaves_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greaves_133-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Greaves, M (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cancerevolutiona00grea">Cancer: the Evolutionary Legacy</a>. Oxford University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cancerevolutiona00grea/page/196">196</a>–197. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-262835-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-262835-6">0-19-262835-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cancer%3A+the+Evolutionary+Legacy&rft.pages=196-197&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-262835-6&rft.aulast=Greaves&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcancerevolutiona00grea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Greenberg, M (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-occupational-hygiene_1993-02_37_1/page/5">"Lung cancer in the Schneeberg mines: a reappraisal of the data reported by Harting and Hesse in 1879"</a>. Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 37 (1): 5–14. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8460878">8460878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Occupational+Hygiene&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer+in+the+Schneeberg+mines%3A+a+reappraisal+of+the+data+reported+by+Harting+and+Hesse+in+1879&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-14&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8460878&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_annals-of-occupational-hygiene_1993-02_37_1%2Fpage%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Samet, JM (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3073196">"Radiation and cancer risk: a continuing challenge for epidemiologists"</a>. Environmental Health. 10 (Suppl. 1): S4. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1476-069X-10-S1-S4">10.1186/1476-069X-10-S1-S4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3073196">3073196</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21489214">21489214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health&rft.atitle=Radiation+and+cancer+risk%3A+a+continuing+challenge+for+epidemiologists&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=Suppl.+1&rft.pages=S4&rft.date=2011&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3073196&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21489214&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1476-069X-10-S1-S4&rft.aulast=Samet&rft.aufirst=JM&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3073196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF32-136"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF32_136-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Horn, L (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317080747/https://ascopubs.org/cgi/pdf_extract/26/19/3268">"Evarts A. Graham and the first pneumonectomy for lung cancer"</a>. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 26 (19): 3268–3275. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2008.16.8260">10.1200/JCO.2008.16.8260</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18591561">18591561</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/pdf_extract/26/19/3268">versi asli</a> tanggal 2020-03-17. Diakses tanggal 2014-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Oncology&rft.atitle=Evarts+A.+Graham+and+the+first+pneumonectomy+for+lung+cancer&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=3268-3275&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1200%2FJCO.2008.16.8260&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18591561&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjco.ascopubs.org%2Fcgi%2Fpdf_extract%2F26%2F19%2F3268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards_137-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Edwards, AT (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1018207">"Carcinoma of the Bronchus"</a>. Thorax. 1 (1): 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fthx.1.1.1">10.1136/thx.1.1.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1018207">1018207</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20986395">20986395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thorax&rft.atitle=Carcinoma+of+the+Bronchus&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=1946&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1018207&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20986395&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fthx.1.1.1&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=AT&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1018207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF33-138"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF33_138-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kabela, M (1956). "Erfahrungen mit der radikalen Röntgenbestrahlung des Bronchienkrebses". Ceskoslovenská Onkológia (dalam bahasa German). 3 (2): 109–115. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13383622">13383622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ceskoslovensk%C3%A1+Onkol%C3%B3gia&rft.atitle=Erfahrungen+mit+der+radikalen+R%C3%B6ntgenbestrahlung+des+Bronchienkrebses&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-115&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13383622&rft.aulast=Kabela&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|trans_title=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Saunders-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Saunders_139-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Saunders, M (July 1997). "Continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) versus conventional radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomised multicentre trial". Lancet. Elsevier. 350 (9072): 161–165. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2897%2906305-8">10.1016/S0140-6736(97)06305-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9250182">9250182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Continuous+hyperfractionated+accelerated+radiotherapy+%28CHART%29+versus+conventional+radiotherapy+in+non-small-cell+lung+cancer%3A+a+randomised+multicentre+trial&rft.volume=350&rft.issue=9072&rft.pages=161-165&rft.date=1997-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2897%2906305-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9250182&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF34-140"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF34_140-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lennox, SC (November 1968). "Results of resection for oat-cell carcinoma of the lung". Lancet. Elsevier. 2 (7575): 925–927. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2868%2991163-X">10.1016/S0140-6736(68)91163-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4176258">4176258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Results+of+resection+for+oat-cell+carcinoma+of+the+lung&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=7575&rft.pages=925-927&rft.date=1968-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2868%2991163-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4176258&rft.aulast=Lennox&rft.aufirst=SC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF35-141"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF35_141-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Miller, AB (September 1969). "Five-year follow-up of the Medical Research Council comparative trial of surgery and radiotherapy for the primary treatment of small-celled or oat-celled carcinoma of the bronchus". Lancet. Elsevier. 2 (7619): 501–505. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2869%2990212-8">10.1016/S0140-6736(69)90212-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4184834">4184834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Five-year+follow-up+of+the+Medical+Research+Council+comparative+trial+of+surgery+and+radiotherapy+for+the+primary+treatment+of+small-celled+or+oat-celled+carcinoma+of+the+bronchus&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=7619&rft.pages=501-505&rft.date=1969-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2869%2990212-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4184834&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF36-142"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF36_142-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Cohen, M (1977). "Intensive chemotherapy of small cell bronchogenic carcinoma". Cancer Treatment Reports. 61 (3): 349–354. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/194691">194691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Treatment+Reports&rft.atitle=Intensive+chemotherapy+of+small+cell+bronchogenic+carcinoma&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=349-354&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F194691&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKanker+paru-paru" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> </ol> Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <code><ref></code> dengan nama "Clinical evidence" yang didefinisikan di <code><references></code> tidak digunakan pada teks sebelumnya.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanker_paru-paru&action=edit&section=28" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lung_cancers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lung cancers">Lung cancers</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Cancer/Lung/">Kanker paru-paru</a> di Curlie (dari <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a>)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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