charles dickens - Why does David Copperfield say he is born on a Friday rather than a Saturday?

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record that I was born (as I have been informed and believe) on a Friday, at twelve o'clock at night. It was remarked that the clock began to strike, and I began to cry, simultaneously.</p> <p><sub>Dickens, Charles. <em>David Copperfield</em>. 1850. Introduction by David Gates. Notes by Nitin Govil. New York: Modern Library, 2000. p. 3.</sub></p> </blockquote> <p>I assumed this meant that the eponymous hero was born on a Thursday night going into Friday. But later in the chapter the first-person narrator describes what has happened during "the afternoon of ... that eventful and important Friday" (<em>ibid.</em>, p. 5): his great-aunt, Betsey Trotwood, has come to visit his mother for the first time. The narration makes clear that Miss Trotwood arrives on Friday afternoon, and that David is born the ensuing midnight.</p> <p>Since he is born at 12 am on a Friday going into Saturday, wouldn't that make his birthday the Saturday rather than the Friday?</p> </div> <div class="mt24 mb12"> <div class="post-taglist d-flex gs4 gsy fd-column"> <div class="d-flex ps-relative fw-wrap"> <ul class='ml0 list-ls-none js-post-tag-list-wrapper d-inline'><li class='d-inline mr4 js-post-tag-list-item'><a href="/questions/tagged/charles-dickens" class="s-tag post-tag" title="show questions tagged 'charles-dickens'" aria-label="show questions tagged 'charles-dickens'" rel="tag" aria-labelledby="tag-charles-dickens-tooltip-container" data-tag-menu-origin="Unknown">charles-dickens</a></li><li class='d-inline mr4 js-post-tag-list-item'><a href="/questions/tagged/david-copperfield" class="s-tag post-tag" title="show questions tagged 'david-copperfield'" aria-label="show questions tagged 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flex--item"> <div class="user-info user-hover "> <div class="d-flex "> <div class="user-action-time fl-grow1"> asked <span title='2024-12-16 10:04:04Z' class='relativetime'>yesterday</span> </div> </div> <div class="user-gravatar32"> <a href="/users/289/verbose"><div class="gravatar-wrapper-32"><img src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/84c1d5157acabf63e53136322bda723f?s=64&d=identicon&r=PG" alt="verbose's user avatar" width="32" height="32" class="bar-sm"></div></a> </div> <div class="user-details" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a href="/users/289/verbose">verbose</a><span class="d-none" itemprop="name">verbose</span> <div class="-flair"> <span class="reputation-score" title="reputation score 31,783" dir="ltr">31.8k</span><span title="2 gold badges" aria-hidden="true"><span class="badge1"></span><span class="badgecount">2</span></span><span class="v-visible-sr">2 gold badges</span><span title="74 silver badges" aria-hidden="true"><span 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js-comment-edit-hide"> <span title="number of 'useful comment' votes received" class="cool">1</span> </div> </div> <div class="comment-text js-comment-text-and-form"> <div class="comment-body js-comment-edit-hide"> <span class="comment-copy">I think your assumption is quite unusual. “On a Friday, at twelve o’clock at night” pretty unambiguously means Friday night going into Saturday; I cannot fathom anyone using the words ‘Friday’ and ‘at night’ like that if they actually meant Thursday night or Friday morning – it would have been phrased differently in that case.</span> <div class="d-inline-flex ai-center"> – <a href="/users/18264/janus-bahs-jacquet" title="101 reputation" class="comment-user">Janus Bahs Jacquet</a> </div> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"> <span class="v-visible-sr">Commented</span> <span title='2024-12-17 18:17:59Z, License: CC BY-SA 4.0' class='relativetime-clean'>15 hours ago</span> </span> </div> </div> </li> <li id="comment-43506" class="comment js-comment " data-comment-id="43506" data-comment-owner-id="11675" data-comment-score="0"> <div class="js-comment-actions comment-actions"> <div class="comment-score js-comment-score js-comment-edit-hide"> </div> </div> <div class="comment-text js-comment-text-and-form"> <div class="comment-body js-comment-edit-hide"> <span class="comment-copy">Perhaps he is just being sloppy and hasn't thought through the fact that he isn't communicating clearly? That's what I'd think if someone said that today; not sure (even after reading the proposed answer) whether meanings were different back then in a way that's relevant.</span> <div class="d-inline-flex ai-center"> – <a href="/users/11675/don-hatch" title="101 reputation" class="comment-user">Don Hatch</a> </div> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"> <span class="v-visible-sr">Commented</span> <span title='2024-12-18 06:15:59Z, License: CC BY-SA 4.0' class='relativetime-clean'>3 hours ago</span> </span> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="comments-link-28371" data-rep=50 data-anon=true> <a class="js-add-link comments-link disabled-link" title="Use comments to ask for more information or suggest improvements. 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36"><path d="m6 14 8 8L30 6v8L14 30l-8-8z"/></svg> </div> </div> <a class="js-post-issue flex--item s-btn s-btn__unset c-pointer py6 mx-auto" href="/posts/28376/timeline" data-shortcut="T" data-ks-title="timeline" data-controller="s-tooltip" data-s-tooltip-placement="right" title="Show activity on this post." aria-label="Timeline"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="mln2 mr0 svg-icon iconHistory" width="19" height="18" viewBox="0 0 19 18"><path d="M3 9a8 8 0 1 1 3.73 6.77L8.2 14.3A6 6 0 1 0 5 9l3.01-.01-4 4-4-4zm7-4h1.01L11 9.36l3.22 2.1-.6.93L10 10z"/></svg></a> </div> </div> <div class="answercell post-layout--right"> <div class="s-prose js-post-body" itemprop="text"> <p>My first instinct is that <strong>if he began to cry when the clock began to strike, that means he was born before midnight</strong>. Firstly because the birth comes before the crying, and secondly because the first <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_chime" rel="noreferrer">chimes</a> of the clock would be before the hour. This depends on exactly what's meant by "began to strike", since the twelve notes of the quarter bells might be referred to as chiming rather than striking, but the actual moment of the hour is supposed to be on the first note of the big bell that comes after the quarter bells. (Source: I grew up setting my watch according to the sound of Big Ben, heard on BBC Radio 4 every 6 and 12 o'clock.)</p> <p>Secondly, <strong>days weren't always measured from midnight</strong>. Even today, informally, we'd refer to Friday as "today" if we were speaking in the small hours just after midnight of the night between Friday and Saturday. Historically (as well as in different cultures around the world up to this day), the definition of the transition point from one day to the next has varied:</p> <ul> <li> <blockquote> <p>Although days are now measured from midnight to midnight, this has not always been so. Astronomers, for instance, from about the 2nd century ce until 1925, counted days from noon to noon.</p> <p><sub>-- <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/calendar" rel="noreferrer">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></sub></p> </blockquote> </li> <li> <blockquote> <p>For astronomical purposes, Greenwich Mean Time was reckoned until 1925 by the 24-hour clock commencing at noon; since then (in accordance with a hope expressed at the Washington conference) it has been reckoned from midnight, on a notional prime meridian a few metres away from the brass line.</p> <p><sub>-- <a href="https://academic.oup.com/book/883/chapter-abstract/135476492?redirectedFrom=fulltext" rel="noreferrer">Leofranc Holford-Strevens, <em>The History of Time: a Very Short Introduction</em>, Chapter 1: "The Day"</a></sub></p> </blockquote> </li> <li> <blockquote> <p>Up to late 1805 the Royal Navy used three days: nautical, civil (or "natural"), and astronomical. For example, a nautical day of 10 July, would commence at noon on 9 July civil reckoning and end noon on 10 July civil reckoning, with pm coming before am. The astronomical day of 10 July, would commence at noon of 10 July civil reckoning and ended at noon on 11 July. The astronomical day was brought into use following the introduction of The Nautical Almanac in 1767, and the British Admiralty issued an order ending the use of the nautical day on 11 October 1805.</p> <p><sub>-- <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_time" rel="noreferrer">Wikipedia, "Nautical time"</a> (found thanks to our friends at <a href="https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/30249/why-does-clock-time-start-in-the-middle-of-the-night">History SE</a>)</sub></p> </blockquote> </li> </ul> <p>Even today, <a href="https://www.quora.com/If-youre-born-at-exactly-midnight-is-your-birthday-today-or-tomorrow" rel="noreferrer">confusion</a> exists <a href="https://www.netmums.com/coffeehouse/becoming-mum-pregnancy-996/netmums-52/322961-d-o-b-if-born-near-midnight.html" rel="noreferrer">about</a> what <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/NoStupidQuestions/comments/2jon0q/if_half_of_the_baby_is_out_of_the_vagina_at/" rel="noreferrer">happens</a> when a baby is born around midnight, and which day should be "officially" considered their birthday. In <a href="https://erinhorakova.wordpress.com/2017/02/12/david-copperfield-timeline-of-events/" rel="noreferrer">1820</a>, in an era of less widespread pedantry and less precise timekeeping, it makes sense that Friday night would be considered as Friday (according to popular parlance) even if a key event took place on the point of midnight.</p> </div> <div class="mt24"> <div class="d-flex fw-wrap ai-start jc-end gs8 gsy"> <time itemprop="dateCreated" datetime="2024-12-16T10:56:38"></time> <div class="flex--item mr16" style="flex: 1 1 100px;"> <div class="js-post-menu pt2" data-post-id="28376" data-post-type-id="2"> <div class="d-flex gs8 s-anchors s-anchors__muted fw-wrap"> <div class="flex--item"> <a href="/a/28376" rel="nofollow" itemprop="url" class="js-share-link js-gps-track" title="Short permalink to this answer" data-gps-track="post.click({ item: 2, priv: 0, post_type: 2 })" data-controller="se-share-sheet" data-se-share-sheet-title="Share a link to this answer" 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class="badgecount">530</span></span><span class="v-visible-sr">530 bronze badges</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span class="d-none" itemprop="commentCount">4</span> <div class="post-layout--right js-post-comments-component"> <div id="comments-28376" class="comments js-comments-container bt bc-black-200 mt12 " data-post-id="28376" data-min-length="15"> <ul class="comments-list js-comments-list" data-remaining-comments-count="0" data-canpost="false" data-cansee="true" data-comments-unavailable="false" data-addlink-disabled="true"> <li id="comment-43487" class="comment js-comment " data-comment-id="43487" data-comment-owner-id="16135" data-comment-score="7"> <div class="js-comment-actions comment-actions"> <div class="comment-score js-comment-score js-comment-edit-hide"> <span title="number of 'useful comment' votes received" class="warm">7</span> </div> </div> <div class="comment-text js-comment-text-and-form"> <div class="comment-body js-comment-edit-hide"> <span class="comment-copy">On today's episode of "Why programmers hate dealing with dates and times". 😆</span> <div class="d-inline-flex ai-center"> – <a href="/users/16135/vilx" title="101 reputation" class="comment-user">Vilx-</a> </div> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"> <span class="v-visible-sr">Commented</span> <span title='2024-12-17 06:02:17Z, License: CC BY-SA 4.0' class='relativetime-clean'>yesterday</span> </span> </div> </div> </li> <li id="comment-43494" class="comment js-comment " data-comment-id="43494" data-comment-owner-id="1517" data-comment-score="1"> <div class="js-comment-actions comment-actions"> <div class="comment-score js-comment-score js-comment-edit-hide"> <span title="number of 'useful comment' votes received" class="cool">1</span> </div> </div> <div class="comment-text js-comment-text-and-form"> <div class="comment-body js-comment-edit-hide"> <span class="comment-copy">Don't forget the Jewish calendar, where days begin at sundown, not midnight.</span> <div class="d-inline-flex ai-center"> – <a href="/users/1517/barmar" title="231 reputation" class="comment-user">Barmar</a> </div> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"> <span class="v-visible-sr">Commented</span> <span title='2024-12-17 15:55:18Z, License: CC BY-SA 4.0' class='relativetime-clean'>18 hours ago</span> </span> </div> </div> </li> <li id="comment-43501" class="comment js-comment " data-comment-id="43501" data-comment-owner-id="16479" data-comment-score="1"> <div class="js-comment-actions comment-actions"> <div class="comment-score js-comment-score js-comment-edit-hide"> <span title="number of 'useful comment' votes received" class="cool">1</span> </div> </div> <div class="comment-text js-comment-text-and-form"> <div class="comment-body js-comment-edit-hide"> <span class="comment-copy">Add to this the poetic belief that the hour doesn't "officially" end until the last chime has been struck. I wouldn't be surprised at all if Dickens bought into that.</span> <div class="d-inline-flex ai-center"> – <a href="/users/16479/jbh" title="101 reputation" class="comment-user">JBH</a> </div> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"> <span class="v-visible-sr">Commented</span> <span title='2024-12-17 22:33:28Z, License: CC BY-SA 4.0' class='relativetime-clean'>11 hours ago</span> </span> </div> </div> </li> <li id="comment-43512" class="comment js-comment " data-comment-id="43512" data-comment-owner-id="12939" data-comment-score="0"> <div class="js-comment-actions comment-actions"> <div class="comment-score js-comment-score js-comment-edit-hide"> </div> </div> <div class="comment-text js-comment-text-and-form"> <div class="comment-body js-comment-edit-hide"> <span class="comment-copy">@JBH that way my thought exactly, especially in that time period and even later, I can think of instances where there was a race to finish something before the clock had finished chiming for it to "count".</span> <div class="d-inline-flex ai-center"> – <a href="/users/12939/michael" title="101 reputation" class="comment-user">Michael</a> </div> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"> <span class="v-visible-sr">Commented</span> <span title='2024-12-18 09:11:46Z, License: CC BY-SA 4.0' class='relativetime-clean'>50 mins ago</span> </span> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="comments-link-28376" data-rep=50 data-anon=true> <a class="js-add-link comments-link disabled-link" title="Use comments to ask for more information or suggest improvements. 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User Account: "+t.tgt_acct),googletag.pubads().setTargeting("user-acct",t.tgt_acct.company_name),googletag.pubads().setTargeting("user_acct_top",t.tgt_acct.company_name),googletag.pubads().setTargeting("user_industry",t.tgt_acct.industry),googletag.pubads().setTargeting("user_employee_count",t.tgt_acct.employee_range)):e.cM("-> targeting - User Account: Not Found"),t&&Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(t,"is_high_rep_earner")?(e.cM("-> targeting - High Rep Earner: "+t.is_high_rep_earner),googletag.pubads().setTargeting("IsHighRepEarner",t.is_high_rep_earner?"true":"false")):e.cM("-> targeting - High Rep Earner: not found")}if(localStorage){e.cM('Checking local storage for "jobs-last-clicked" key.');let t=localStorage.getItem("jobs-last-clicked")?"true":"false";e.cM(`-> targeting - jobs_clicked: ${t}`),googletag.pubads().setTargeting("jobs_clicked",t)}}}appendAdblockDetector(){const e=document.createElement("div");e.className="adsbox",e.id="clc-abd",e.style.position="absolute",e.style.pointerEvents="none",e.innerHTML=" ",document.body.appendChild(e)}onSlotRendered(s){try{const i=s.slot.getSlotElementId();let r=[];i||r.push("id=0");const d=document.getElementById(i);if(i&&!d&&r.push("el=0"),0!==r.length)return void this.stalled(r.join("&"));const{path:l,sizes:c,zone:g}=(0,n.Z7)(i);if(this.collapsed[g]&&s.isEmpty)return e.cM(`No line item for the element #${d.id}... collapsing.`),void(0,o.wo)(d);if(this.slotsRenderedEvents.push(s),s.lineItemId||s.creativeId||!s.isEmpty){e.cM(`Rendered ad for element #${d.id} [line item #${s.lineItemId}]`),e.cM(s);var a=d.parentElement;if(a.classList.contains("js-zone-container")){switch((0,o.cf)(a),i){case"dfp-tlb":this.opt.tlb_position===t.Above?a.classList.add("mb8"):a.classList.add("mt16");break;case"dfp-tag":a.classList.add("mb8");break;case"dfp-msb":a.classList.add("mt16");break;case"dfp-mlb":case"dfp-smlb":case"dfp-bmlb":a.classList.add("my8");break;case"dfp-isb":a.classList.add("mt24");break;case"dfp-m-aq":a.classList.add("my12"),a.classList.add("mx-auto")}(0,o.$Z)(a),(0,o.$Z)(d)}else e.cM(`No ad for element #${d.id}, collapsing`),e.cM(s),(0,o.wo)(d)}}catch(t){e.cM("Exception thrown onSlotRendered"),e.cM(t),this.stalled("e=1")}}stalled(e){(new Image).src=`https://${this.clc_options.h}/stalled.gif?${e}`}defineSlot(t,s){"dfp-isb"===t&&(e.cM("-> targeting - 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charles dickens - Why does David Copperfield say he is born on a Friday rather than a Saturday? - Literature Stack Exchange