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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="اللغة التبتية القديمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة التبتية القديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B" title="གནའ་བོའི་བོད་སྐད་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གནའ་བོའི་བོད་སྐད་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alttibetisch" title="Alttibetisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alttibetisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tib%C3%A9tain_ancien" title="Tibétain ancien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tibétain ancien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tibet_Kuno" title="Bahasa Tibet Kuno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tibet Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tibetana_antica" title="Lingua tibetana antica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua tibetana antica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tib%C3%A8t_Kuna" title="Tibèt Kuna – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tibèt Kuna" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="प्राचीन तिब्बती भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्राचीन तिब्बती भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammeltibetansk" title="Gammeltibetansk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gammeltibetansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Старотибетский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Старотибетский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eski_Tibet%C3%A7e" title="Eski Tibetçe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eski Tibetçe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="中古藏語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中古藏語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7085214#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Old Tibetan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Turfan_fragment_tibt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="paper fragment with Tibetan writing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Turfan_fragment_tibt.jpg/200px-Turfan_fragment_tibt.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Turfan_fragment_tibt.jpg/300px-Turfan_fragment_tibt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Turfan_fragment_tibt.jpg/400px-Turfan_fragment_tibt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1049" data-file-height="327" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">7th–11th centuries, after which it became <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Classical Tibetan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Old Tibetan</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/otb" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:otb">otb</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/otb">otb</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Old Tibetan</b> refers to the earliest attested form of <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetan language</a>, reflected in documents from the adoption of writing by the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> in the mid-7th century to the early 9th century. In 816 CE, during the reign of Tibetan King <a href="/wiki/Sadnalegs" title="Sadnalegs">Sadnalegs</a>, literary Tibetan underwent comprehensive standardization, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Classical Tibetan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge1993vii_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge1993vii-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Tibetan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old Tibetan is characterised by many features that are lost in Classical Tibetan, including <i>my-</i> rather than <i>m-</i> before the vowels <i>-i-</i> and <i>-e-</i>, the cluster <i>sts-</i> which simplifies to <i>s-</i> in Classical Tibetan, and a reverse form of the "i" vowel letter (<i>gi-gu</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010a117–118_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2010a117–118-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aspiration was not phonemic and many words were written indiscriminately with consonants from the aspirated or unaspirated series. Most consonants could be palatalized, and the palatal series from the Tibetan script represents palatalized coronals. The sound conventionally transcribed with the letter འ (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: 'a) was a voiced velar fricative, while the voiceless rhotic and lateral are written with digraphs ཧྲ <span class="nowrap">⟨hr⟩</span> and ལྷ <span class="nowrap">⟨lh⟩</span>. The following table is based on Hill's analysis of Old Tibetan:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010a113–120,_122_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2010a113–120,_122-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of Old Tibetan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010a122_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2010a122-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">མ</span>⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ན</span>⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ṅ⟩</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ང</span>⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">པ</span>⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཏ</span>⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཀ</span>⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བ</span>⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ད</span>⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ག</span>⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཙ</span>⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཛ</span>⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ས</span>⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཧ</span>⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཟ</span>⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨'⟩</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">འ</span>⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨hr⟩</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཧྲ</span>⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ར</span>⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral approximant">l̥</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨lh⟩</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ལྷ</span>⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ལ</span>⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཡ</span>⟩</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Old Tibetan, the glide <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> occurred as a medial, but not as an initial. The Written Tibetan letter ཝ <i>w</i> was originally a digraph representing two Old Tibetan consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɦw</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010a114_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2010a114-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable_structure">Syllable structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Tibetan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Syllable structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Old Tibetan, syllables can be quite complex with up to three consonants in the onset, two glides, and two coda consonants. This structure can be represented as <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="bo-Latn"><b>(C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>)C<sub>3</sub>(G<sub>1</sub>G<sub>2</sub>)V(C<sub>4</sub>C<sub>5</sub>)</b></span></span>, with all positions except <b>C<sub>3</sub></b> and <b>V</b> optional. This allows for complicated syllables like བསྒྲིགས <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">bsgrigs</i></span> "arranged" and འདྲྭ <i>'drwa</i> "web", for which the pronunciations <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[βzɡriks]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣdrʷa]</span> can be reconstructed. </p><p>A voicing contrast only exists in slot <b>C<sub>3</sub></b> and spreads to <b>C<sub>1</sub></b> and <b>C<sub>2</sub></b> so སྒོ <i>sgo</i> "door" would be realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zɡo]</span> while སྐུ <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">sku</i></span> "body" would be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sku]</span>. Final consonants are always voiceless e.g. འཛིནད་ <i>'dzind</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣd͡zint]</span> and གཟུགས་ <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">gzugs</i></span> [<span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">gzuks</i></span>]. The phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span> in <b>C<sub>1</sub></b> was likely realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>]</span> (or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>]</span> when <b>C<sub>3</sub></b> is voiced) e.g. བསྒྲེ <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">bsgre</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[βzɡre]</span> and བརྩིས <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">brtsis</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɸrtˢis]</span>. The features of <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">i̯</a>/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[Cʲ]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialization</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[Cʷ]</span> can be considered separate phonemes, realized as glides in <b>G<sub>1</sub></b> and <b>G<sub>2</sub></b> respectively. Only certain consonants are permitted in some syllable slots, as summarized below:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010a121–122_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2010a121–122-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>C<sub>1</sub> </th> <th>C<sub>2</sub> </th> <th>C<sub>3</sub> </th> <th>G<sub>1</sub> </th> <th>G<sub>2</sub> </th> <th>V </th> <th>C<sub>4</sub> </th> <th>C<sub>5</sub> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span><sup>§</sup><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span><sup>§</sup><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span><br /> </td> <td>all consonants </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">i̯</a></span><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span></span>(?)<br /> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨'⟩</span><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span><br /> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup>§</sup> In <b>C<sub>2</sub></b> position, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span> are in complementary distribution: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> appears before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral approximant">l̥</a>/</span> in <b>C<sub>3</sub></b>, while <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> appears before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> in <b>C<sub>3</sub></b>. Additionally, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> is written <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l̥/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palatalization">Palatalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Tibetan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Palatalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palatalization <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/Cʲ/</span> was phonemically distinct from the onset cluster <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/Cj/</span>. This produces a contrast between གཡ <span class="nowrap">⟨g.y⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡj/</span> and གྱ <span class="nowrap">⟨gy⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡʲ/</span>, demonstrated by the minimal pair གཡང་ <i>g.yaṅ</i> "sheep" and གྱང་ <i>gyaṅ</i> "also, and".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2012b_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2012b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sounds written with the palatal letters ཅ c, ཇ j, ཉ ny, ཞ zh, and ཤ sh were palatalized counterparts of the phonemic sounds ཙ ts, ཛ dz, ན n, ཟ z, and ས s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010a118_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2010a118-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Tibetan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominal">Nominal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Tibetan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nominal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Case</a> markers are affixed to entire noun phrases, not to individual words (i.e. <i>Gruppenflexion</i>). Old Tibetan distinguishes the same ten cases as <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Classical Tibetan</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2012a_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2012a-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">absolutive</a> (morphologically unmarked)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> (གི་ -<i>gi</i>, གྱི་ -<i>kyi</i>, ཀྱི་ -<span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">gyi</i></span>, འི་ <i>-'i</i>, ཡི་ -<i>yi</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agentive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Agentive case">agentive</a> (གིས་ -<i>gis</i>, གྱིས་ -<i>kyis</i>, ཀྱིས་ -<span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">gyis</i></span>, ས་ -<i>sa</i>, ཡིས་ -<i>yis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> (ན་ -<i>na</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">allative</a> (ལ་ -<i>la</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">terminative</a> (རུ་ -<i>ru</i>, སུ་ -<i>su</i>, ཏུ་ -<i>tu</i>, དུ་ -<i>du</i>, ར་ -<i>ra</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">comitative</a> (དང་ -<i>dang</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a> (ནས་ -<i>nas</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elative_case" title="Elative case">elative</a> (ལས་ -<i>las</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_case" title="Comparative case">comparative</a> (བས་ -<i>bas</i>)</li></ul> <p>However, whereas the locative, allative, and terminative gradually fell together in Classical Tibetan (and are referred to the indigenous grammatical tradition as the <i>la don bdun</i>), in Old Tibetan these three cases are clearly distinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional Tibetan grammarians do not distinguish case markers in this manner, but rather distribute these case morphemes (excluding <i>-dang</i> and <i>-bas</i>) into the eight cases of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbal">Verbal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Tibetan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Verbal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old Tibetan transitive verbs were inflected for up to four stems, while intransitive verbs only had one or two stems. In the <a href="/wiki/Active_voice" title="Active voice">active voice</a>, there was an <a href="/wiki/Imperfective" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperfective">imperfective</a> stem and a <a href="/wiki/Perfective" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfective">perfective</a> stem, corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Classical Tibetan</a> present and past stems respectively. Transitive verbs also may have two <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a> stems, a dynamic stem and stative stem. These two stems in turn correspond to the Classical future and imperative stems.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Tibetan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old Tibetan has three first person singular pronouns <span title="Old Tibetan-language text"><span lang="otb">ང</span></span>་ <i>ṅa</i>, <span title="Old Tibetan-language text"><span lang="otb">བདག</span></span>་ <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">bdag</i></span>, and <span title="Old Tibetan-language text"><span lang="otb">ཁོ་བོ</span></span>་ <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">kho-bo</i></span>, and three first-person plural pronouns <span title="Old Tibetan-language text"><span lang="otb">ངེད</span></span>་ <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">nged</i></span>, <span title="Old Tibetan-language text"><span lang="otb">བདག་ཅག</span></span>་ <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">bdag-cag</i></span>, and <span title="Old Tibetan-language text"><span lang="otb">འོ་སྐོལ་</span></span> <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">'o-skol</i></span>. The second person pronouns include two singulars <span title="Old Tibetan-language text"><span lang="otb">ཁྱོད་</span></span> <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">khyod</i></span> and <span title="Old Tibetan-language text"><span lang="otb">ཁྱོ(ན)་འདའ་</span></span> <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">khyo(n)</i></span>-'da' and a plural <span title="Old Tibetan-language text"><span lang="otb">ཁྱེད་</span></span> <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">khyed</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010b_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2010b-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Tibetan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Tibetan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge1993vii-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge1993vii_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodge1993">Hodge 1993</a>, p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2010a117–118-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010a117–118_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2010a">Hill 2010a</a>, pp. 117–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2010a113–120,_122-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010a113–120,_122_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2010a">Hill 2010a</a>, pp. 113–120, 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2010a122-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010a122_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2010a">Hill 2010a</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2010a114-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010a114_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2010a">Hill 2010a</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2010a121–122-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010a121–122_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2010a">Hill 2010a</a>, pp. 121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2012b-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2012b_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2012b">Hill 2012b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2010a118-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010a118_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2010a">Hill 2010a</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2012a-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2012a_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2012a">Hill 2012a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2011-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2011_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2011">Hill 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBialek2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bialek, Joanna (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5m40995x">"Old Tibetan verb morphology and semantics: An attempt at a reconstruction"</a>. <i>Himalayan Linguistics</i>. <b>19</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5070%2FH919145017">10.5070/H919145017</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225424677">225424677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Himalayan+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Old+Tibetan+verb+morphology+and+semantics%3A+An+attempt+at+a+reconstruction&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5070%2FH919145017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225424677%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bialek&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F5m40995x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2010b-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010b_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2010b">Hill 2010b</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Tibetan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2010a" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_W._Hill" title="Nathan W. Hill">Hill, Nathan W.</a> (2010a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/8964/1/Hill_2010_overview_of_Old_Tibetan_phonology.pdf">"Overview of Old Tibetan synchronic phonology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Transactions of the Philological Society</i>, <b>108</b> (2): 110–125, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-968X.2010.01234.x">10.1111/j.1467-968X.2010.01234.x</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728192422/http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/8964/1/Hill_2010_overview_of_Old_Tibetan_phonology.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Old+Tibetan+synchronic+phonology&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=110-125&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-968X.2010.01234.x&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Nathan+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F8964%2F1%2FHill_2010_overview_of_Old_Tibetan_phonology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2010b" class="citation cs2">—— (2010b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/11618/1/Hill_2010_personal_pronouns.pdf">"Personal pronouns in Old Tibetan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal Asiatique</i>, <b>298</b> (2): 549–571, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FJA.298.2.2062444">10.2143/JA.298.2.2062444</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801033716/http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/11618/1/Hill_2010_personal_pronouns.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Asiatique&rft.atitle=Personal+pronouns+in+Old+Tibetan&rft.volume=298&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=549-571&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FJA.298.2.2062444&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Nathan+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F11618%2F1%2FHill_2010_personal_pronouns.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2011" class="citation cs2">—— (2011), "The allative, locative, and terminative cases (<i>la-don</i>) in the Old Tibetan Annals", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/70589/1/Old+Tibatan3-01.pdf"><i>New Studies in the Old Tibetan Documents: Philology, History and Religion</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Old Tibetan Documents Online Monograph Series, vol. 3, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, pp. 3–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+allative%2C+locative%2C+and+terminative+cases+%28la-don%29+in+the+Old+Tibetan+Annals&rft.btitle=New+Studies+in+the+Old+Tibetan+Documents%3A+Philology%2C+History+and+Religion&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.series=Old+Tibetan+Documents+Online+Monograph+Series&rft.pages=3-38&rft.pub=Research+Institute+for+Languages+and+Cultures+of+Asia+and+Africa%2C+Tokyo+University+of+Foreign+Studies&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Nathan+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.tufs.ac.jp%2Fbitstream%2F10108%2F70589%2F1%2FOld%2BTibatan3-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2012a" class="citation cs2">—— (2012a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150909204400/http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14122/1/Hill_2012_las_nas_bas.pdf">"Tibetan <i>-las</i>, <i>-nas</i>, and <i>-bas</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale</i>, <b>41</b> (1): 3–38, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1960602812X00014">10.1163/1960602812X00014</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14122/1/Hill_2012_las_nas_bas.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+de+Linguistique+Asie+Orientale&rft.atitle=Tibetan+-las%2C+-nas%2C+and+-bas&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-38&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1960602812X00014&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Nathan+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F14122%2F1%2FHill_2012_las_nas_bas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2012b" class="citation cs2">—— (2012b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13994/1/Hill_2012_Tibetan_palatalization.pdf">"Tibetan palatalization and the gy versus g.y distinction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages IV</i>, Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region, Brill's Tibetan Studies Library, Brill, pp. 383–398</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tibetan+palatalization+and+the+gy+versus+g.y+distinction&rft.btitle=Medieval+Tibeto-Burman+Languages+IV&rft.series=Languages+of+the+Greater+Himalayan+Region%2C+Brill%27s+Tibetan+Studies+Library&rft.pages=383-398&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Nathan+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F13994%2F1%2FHill_2012_Tibetan_palatalization.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge1993" class="citation cs2">Hodge, Stephen (1993), <i>An Introduction to Classical Tibetan</i> (revised ed.), Warminster: Aris & Phillips, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85668-548-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85668-548-4"><bdi>978-0-85668-548-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Classical+Tibetan&rft.place=Warminster&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Aris+%26+Phillips&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-85668-548-4&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Tibetan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://otdo.aa-ken.jp/">Old Tibetan Documents Online</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_University_of_Foreign_Studies" title="Tokyo University of Foreign Studies">Tokyo University of Foreign Studies</a>: transliteration of selected Old Tibetan and Classical Tibetan texts.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720084858/http://idp.bl.uk/">International Dunhuang Project</a>: includes images of many of the texts.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tibetantranslations.com/">Translations of Tibetan texts, Tibetan language courses & publications by Erick Tsiknopoulos and the Trikāya Translation Committee.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibetan_language" title="Template:Tibetan language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibetan_language" title="Template talk:Tibetan language"><abbr title="Discuss 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a> (Drutsa, Bêtsug)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Regional (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Tibet_calligraphy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Tibet calligraphy (page does not exist)">Joyig, Monyig and Lhoyig</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_numerals" title="Tibetan numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Transcription: <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">Tibetan pinyin</a>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL Transcription</a></li> <li>Grammar (<a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Tibetan_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Tibetan grammar">Modern Standard Tibetan grammar</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic languages</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan plateau">Tibetan plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Tibetan&oldid=1236605360">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Tibetan&oldid=1236605360</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodic_languages" title="Category:Bodic 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