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<li id="toc-Neolithic_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Neolithic age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Early Bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Late Bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greek_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Greek migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Archaic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Classical period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Hellenistic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Roman_period_(129_BC–395_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Roman_period_(129_BC–395_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Classical Roman period (129 BC–395 AD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Roman_period_(129_BC–395_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Roman_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Roman_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>The Roman population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Roman_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Roman_period_(395–1308)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Roman_period_(395–1308)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Byzantine Roman period (395–1308)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Roman_period_(395–1308)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Ottoman_period_(1304–1390)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Ottoman_period_(1304–1390)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Pre-Ottoman period (1304–1390)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Ottoman_period_(1304–1390)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Ottoman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ephesus_and_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ephesus_and_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ephesus and Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ephesus_and_Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ephesus and Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ephesus_and_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seven_Sleepers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seven_Sleepers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Seven Sleepers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seven_Sleepers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Main sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ephesus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efese" title="Efese – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Efese" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesos" title="Ephesos – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ephesos" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%8D%8C%E1%88%B6%E1%8A%95" title="ኤፌሶን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤፌሶን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephese" title="Ephese – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ephese" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%B3" title="أفسس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أفسس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88f%C3%A8so" title="Èfèso – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Èfèso" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89fesu" title="Éfesu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Éfesu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efes" title="Efes – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Efes" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="এফেসাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এফেসাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Эфес (горад) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эфес (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D1%8D%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Эфэс (горад) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эфэс (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Ефес – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ефес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efes" title="Efes – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Efes" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesos" title="Efesos – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Efesos" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efes" title="Efes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Efes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efez" title="Efez – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Efez" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effesus" title="Effesus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Effesus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesos" title="Efesos – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Efesos" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesos" title="Ephesos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ephesos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesos" title="Ephesos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ephesos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Έφεσος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έφεσος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89feso" title="Éfeso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Éfeso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efezo" title="Efezo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Efezo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89fesu" title="Éfesu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Éfesu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeso" title="Efeso – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Efeso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1)" title="افسوس (شهر) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="افسوس (شهر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesus" title="Efesus – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Efesus" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ph%C3%A8se" title="Éphèse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éphèse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89feso" title="Éfeso – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Éfeso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐌰𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AE-fut-s%C3%B3" title="Yî-fut-só – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yî-fut-só" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%8E%98%EC%86%8C%EC%8A%A4" title="에페소스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에페소스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%83%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Եփեսոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եփեսոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="इफिसुस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इफिसुस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efez" title="Efez – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Efez" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesus_(kota)" title="Efesus (kota) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Efesus (kota)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesos" title="Efesos – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efesos" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeso" title="Efeso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Efeso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אפסוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפסוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesus" title="Efesus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Efesus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D" title="ეფესო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეფესო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeso" title="Efeso – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Efeso" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesos" title="Efesos – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Efesos" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ephesus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesa" title="Efesa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Efesa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesas" title="Efesas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Efesas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epheszosz" title="Epheszosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Epheszosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Ефес – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ефес" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efes%C3%B4sy" title="Efesôsy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Efesôsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesu" title="Efesu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Efesu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="इफेसूस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इफेसूस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3" title="افسوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="افسوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesos" title="Ephesos – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ephesos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AA-h%C3%B3k-s%C5%AB" title="Ī-hók-sū – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ī-hók-sū" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeze" title="Efeze – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Efeze" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B9" title="エフェソス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エフェソス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesos" title="Efesos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Efesos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesos" title="Efesos – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Efesos" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ef%C3%A8s" title="Efès – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Efès" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efes" title="Efes – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Efes" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efez" title="Efez – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Efez" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89feso" title="Éfeso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Éfeso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efes" title="Efes – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Efes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Эфес (город) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эфес (город)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesos" title="Ephesos – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ephesos" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88fesu" title="Èfesu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Èfesu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ephesus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efez" title="Efez – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Efez" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efez" title="Efez – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Efez" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Ефес – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ефес" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efes" title="Efes – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Efes" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesos" title="Efesos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Efesos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesos" title="Efesos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Efesos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeso" title="Efeso – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Efeso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="எபேசஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எபேசஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="เอฟิซัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอฟิซัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efes" title="Efes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Efes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Ефес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ефес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%B3" title="افسس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="افسس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88fezo" title="Èfezo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Èfezo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ephesus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeze" title="Efeze – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Efeze" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ephesus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%BC%97%E6%89%80" title="以弗所 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="以弗所" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%8F%B2%E7%B4%A2%E6%96%AF" title="艾菲索斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="艾菲索斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%BC%97%E6%89%80" title="以弗所 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="以弗所" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47611#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Greek city in Anatolia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient city in Anatolia. For the town in the southern United States, see <a href="/wiki/Ephesus,_Georgia" title="Ephesus, Georgia">Ephesus, Georgia</a>. For homonyms of the Turkish word Efes, see <a href="/wiki/Efes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Efes (disambiguation)">Efes</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ephesian" redirects here. For the New Testament book, see <a href="/wiki/Ephesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesians">Ephesians</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ephesus</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἔφεσος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Éphesos</i></span>)<br /><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Efes</i></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The roof of the Library of Celsus has collapsed, but its large façade is still intact." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/220px-Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/330px-Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/440px-Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9163" data-file-height="7100" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Celsus" title="Library of Celsus">Library of Celsus</a> in Ephesus</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:275px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:275px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:275px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="#Asia"><img alt="#Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/275px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/413px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/550px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="677" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.127%;left:9.908%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ephesus"><img alt="#Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Turkey</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Turkey</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:275px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:275px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:275px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="#Asia"><img alt="#Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/275px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/413px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/550px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.84%;left:7.696%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ephesus"><img alt="#Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Ephesus (Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Sel%C3%A7uk" title="Selçuk">Selçuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Province" title="İzmir Province">İzmir Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ephesus&params=37_56_28_N_27_20_31_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°56′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">27°20′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.94111°N 27.34194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.94111; 27.34194</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> settlement</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">Wall circuit: 415 ha (1,030 acres)<br />Occupied: 224 ha (550 acres)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Builder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionian</a> Greeks</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">10th century BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">15th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a> to <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1863–1869, 1895</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Turtle_Wood" title="John Turtle Wood">John Turtle Wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Benndorf" title="Otto Benndorf">Otto Benndorf</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muze.gov.tr/en/museums/ephesus-archaeological-site">www<wbr />.muze<wbr />.gov<wbr />.tr<wbr />/en<wbr />/museums<wbr />/ephesus-archaeological-site</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47611#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: iii, iv, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1018">1018</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2015 (39th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">662.62 ha</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Buffer zone</th><td class="infobox-data category">1,246.3 ha</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ephesus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olausson2006_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olausson2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἔφεσος</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">translit.</a></small> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><i>Éphesos</i></i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Efes</i>; may ultimately derive from <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a>: <span lang="hit">𒀀𒉺𒊭</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Hittite-language romanization"><i lang="hit-Latn">Apaša</i></span>) was a city in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gagarin2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gagarin2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramirez-Faria2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramirez-Faria2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) southwest of present-day <a href="/wiki/Sel%C3%A7uk" title="Selçuk">Selçuk</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Province" title="İzmir Province">İzmir Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. It was built in the 10th century BC on the site of Apasa, the former <a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawan</a> capital,<sup id="cite_ref-BritishMuseum_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritishMuseum-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SteadmanMcMahon2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SteadmanMcMahon2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionian</a> Greek colonists. During the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greek</a> era, it was one of twelve cities that were members of the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a>. The city came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 129 BC. </p><p>The city was famous in its day for the nearby <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Temple of Artemis</a> (completed around 550 BC), which has been designated one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its many monumental buildings included the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Celsus" title="Library of Celsus">Library of Celsus</a> and a theatre capable of holding 24,000 spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-Ring_1995_217_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ring_1995_217-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ephesus was a recipient city of one of the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> and one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_churches_of_Asia" title="Seven churches of Asia">seven churches of Asia</a> addressed in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> may have been written there,<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was the site of several 5th-century Christian Councils (<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a>). The city was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> in 263. Although it was afterwards rebuilt, its importance as a port and commercial centre declined as the harbour was slowly silted up by the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCkmenderes_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Küçükmenderes River">Küçükmenderes River</a>. In 614, it was partially destroyed by an earthquake. </p><p>Today, the <a href="/wiki/Ruins" title="Ruins">ruins</a> of Ephesus are a favourite international and local tourist attraction, being accessible from <a href="/wiki/Adnan_Menderes_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Adnan Menderes Airport">Adnan Menderes Airport</a> and from the resort town <a href="/wiki/Ku%C5%9Fadas%C4%B1" title="Kuşadası">Kuşadası</a>. In 2015, the ruins were designated a <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic_age">Neolithic age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Neolithic age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Humans had begun inhabiting the area surrounding Ephesus by the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Age">Neolithic Age</a> (about 6000 BC), as shown by evidence from excavations at the nearby <i>höyük</i> (artificial mounds known as <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tells</a>) of <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvalya_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" class="extiw" title="tr:Arvalya Höyük">Arvalya</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukuri%C3%A7i_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çukuriçi Höyük">Cukurici</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Bronze">Early Bronze</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Bronze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Excavations in recent years have unearthed settlements from the early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ayasuluk_Hill" title="Ayasuluk Hill">Ayasuluk Hill</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Bronze">Late Bronze</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late Bronze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> sources, the capital of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a> (another independent state in Western and Southern Anatolia/Asia Minor<sup id="cite_ref-Akurgal_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akurgal-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was Apasa (or <i>Abasa</i>), and some scholars suggest that this is the same place the Greeks later called Ephesus.<sup id="cite_ref-BritishMuseum_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritishMuseum-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins1998_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954, a burial ground from the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> era (1500–1400 BC), which contained ceramic pots, was discovered close to the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John" title="Basilica of St. John">basilica of St. John</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-C._Özgünel_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C._Özgünel-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the period of the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> expansion, when the <i><a href="/wiki/Ahhiyawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahhiyawa">Ahhiyawa</a></i> began settling in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, a process that continued into the 13th century BC. The names <i>Apasa</i> and <i>Ephesus</i> appear to be cognate,<sup id="cite_ref-Puhvel1984_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puhvel1984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recently found inscriptions seem to pinpoint the places in the Hittite record.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins2009_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GarstangandGurney1959_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GarstangandGurney1959-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek_migration">Greek migration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Greek migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo-Artemisa-Efeso-2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Templo-Artemisa-Efeso-2017.jpg/220px-Templo-Artemisa-Efeso-2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Templo-Artemisa-Efeso-2017.jpg/330px-Templo-Artemisa-Efeso-2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Templo-Artemisa-Efeso-2017.jpg/440px-Templo-Artemisa-Efeso-2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3250" data-file-height="2566" /></a><figcaption>Site of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Temple of Artemis</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/Sel%C3%A7uk" title="Selçuk">Selçuk</a>, near Ephesus.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ephesus was founded as an Attic-Ionian colony in the 10th century BC on a hill (now known as the Ayasuluk Hill), three kilometers (1.9 miles) from the centre of ancient Ephesus (as attested by excavations at the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuk</a> castle during the 1990s). The mythical founder of the city was a prince of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Androklos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Androklos (page does not exist)">Androklos</a>, who had to leave his country after the death of his father, King Kodros. According to the legend, he founded Ephesus on the place where the oracle of <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> became reality ("A fish and a boar will show you the way"). He was a successful warrior, and as a king he was able to join the twelve cities of <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a> together into the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a>. During his reign the city began to prosper. He died in a battle against the Carians when he came to the aid of <a href="/wiki/Priene" title="Priene">Priene</a>, another city of the Ionian League.<sup id="cite_ref-Pausanias_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pausanias-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Androklos and his dog are depicted on the Hadrian temple frieze, dating from the 2nd century. Later, Greek historians such as <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herodotos" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodotos">Herodotos</a> and the poet Kallinos reassigned the city's mythological foundation to Ephos, queen of the <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a>. </p><p>The Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> and the great Anatolian goddess <a href="/wiki/Kybele" class="mw-redirect" title="Kybele">Kybele</a> were identified together as <i>Artemis of Ephesus</i>. The many-breasted "Lady of Ephesus", identified with Artemis, was venerated in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Temple of Artemis</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the World</a> and the largest building of the ancient world according to Pausanias (4.31.8). Pausanias mentions that the temple was built by Ephesus, son of the river god <a href="/wiki/Caystrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caystrus">Caystrus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before the arrival of the Ionians. Of this structure, scarcely a trace remains. </p><p>Ancient sources seem to indicate that an older name of the place was <b>Alope</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀλόπη</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Alópē</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Archaic_period">Archaic period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Archaic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephesus_street_scene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ephesus_street_scene.jpg/300px-Ephesus_street_scene.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ephesus_street_scene.jpg/450px-Ephesus_street_scene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ephesus_street_scene.jpg/600px-Ephesus_street_scene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption>Street scene at the archeological excavations at Ephesus.</figcaption></figure> <p>About 650 BC, Ephesus was attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a> who razed the city, including the temple of Artemis. After the Cimmerians had been driven away, the city was ruled by a series of tyrants. Following a revolt by the people, Ephesus was ruled by a council. The city prospered again under a new rule, producing a number of important historical figures such as the <a href="/wiki/Elegiac" title="Elegiac">elegiac</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Callinus" title="Callinus">Callinus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Callinus_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callinus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Iambus_(genre)" title="Iambus (genre)">iambic</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a>, the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a>, the great painter <a href="/wiki/Parrhasius_(painter)" title="Parrhasius (painter)">Parrhasius</a> and later the grammarian <a href="/wiki/Zenodotos" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenodotos">Zenodotos</a> and physicians <a href="/wiki/Soranus_(Greek_physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soranus (Greek physician)">Soranus</a> and Rufus. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephesos_620-600_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ephesos_620-600_BC.jpg/220px-Ephesos_620-600_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ephesos_620-600_BC.jpg/330px-Ephesos_620-600_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ephesos_620-600_BC.jpg/440px-Ephesos_620-600_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a> coin from Ephesus, 620–600 BC. Obverse: Forepart of stag. Reverse: Square incuse punch.</figcaption></figure> <p>About 560 BC, Ephesus was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Lydians" title="Lydians">Lydians</a> under king <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a>, who, though a harsh ruler, treated the inhabitants with respect and even became the main contributor to the reconstruction of the temple of Artemis.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His signature has been found on the base of one of the columns of the temple (now on display in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>). Croesus made the populations of the different settlements around Ephesus regroup (<i><a href="/wiki/Synoikismos" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoikismos">synoikismos</a></i>) in the vicinity of the Temple of Artemis, enlarging the city. </p><p>Later in the same century, the Lydians under Croesus invaded Persia. The Ionians refused a peace offer from <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, siding with the Lydians instead. After the Persians defeated Croesus, the Ionians offered to make peace, but Cyrus insisted that they surrender and become part of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were defeated by the Persian army commander <a href="/wiki/Harpagos" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpagos">Harpagos</a> in 547 BC. The Persians then incorporated the Greek cities of Asia Minor into the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. Those cities were then ruled by <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satraps</a>. </p><p>Ephesus has intrigued archaeologists because for the Archaic Period there is no definite location for the settlement. There are numerous sites to suggest the movement of a settlement between the Bronze Age and the Roman period, but the silting up of the natural harbours as well as the movement of the Kayster River meant that the location never remained the same. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_period">Classical period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Classical period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:311px;max-width:311px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Statue_of_Artemis_at_Ephesus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_Statue_of_Artemis_at_Ephesus.jpg/130px-The_Statue_of_Artemis_at_Ephesus.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_Statue_of_Artemis_at_Ephesus.jpg/195px-The_Statue_of_Artemis_at_Ephesus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_Statue_of_Artemis_at_Ephesus.jpg/260px-The_Statue_of_Artemis_at_Ephesus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Artemis Statue, 1st century AD, <a href="/wiki/Ephesus_Archaeological_Museum" title="Ephesus Archaeological Museum">Ephesus Archaeological Museum</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Efes_M%C3%BCzesi,_2019_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Efes_M%C3%BCzesi%2C_2019_10.jpg/173px-Efes_M%C3%BCzesi%2C_2019_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Efes_M%C3%BCzesi%2C_2019_10.jpg/260px-Efes_M%C3%BCzesi%2C_2019_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Efes_M%C3%BCzesi%2C_2019_10.jpg/346px-Efes_M%C3%BCzesi%2C_2019_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Lady of Ephesus, 2nd century AD, <a href="/wiki/Ephesus_Archaeological_Museum" title="Ephesus Archaeological Museum">Ephesus Archaeological Museum</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Ephesus continued to prosper, but when taxes were raised under <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambyses II of Persia">Cambyses II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius the Great of Persia">Darius</a>, the Ephesians participated in the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">Ionian Revolt</a> against Persian rule in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ephesus_(498_BC)" title="Battle of Ephesus (498 BC)">Battle of Ephesus (498 BC)</a>, an event which instigated the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Persian wars">Greco-Persian wars</a>. In 479 BC, the Ionians, together with <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, were able to oust the Persians from the shores of Asia Minor. In 478 BC, the Ionian cities with Athens entered into the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> against the Persians. Ephesus did not contribute ships but gave financial support. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>, Ephesus was first allied to Athens<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in a later phase, called the Decelean War, or the Ionian War, sided with Sparta, which also had received the support of the Persians. As a result, rule over the cities of Ionia was ceded again to Persia. </p><p>These wars did not greatly affect daily life in Ephesus. The Ephesians were surprisingly modern in their social relations:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they allowed strangers to integrate and education was valued. In later times, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> mentioned having seen at Ephesus a representation of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a> by <a href="/wiki/Timarete" title="Timarete">Timarete</a>, the daughter of a painter.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 356 BC the temple of Artemis was burnt down, according to legend, by a lunatic called <a href="/wiki/Herostratus" title="Herostratus">Herostratus</a>. The inhabitants of Ephesus at once set about restoring the temple and even planned a larger and grander one than the original. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_period">Hellenistic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hellenistic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Ephesos_MKL1888.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Karte_Ephesos_MKL1888.png/220px-Karte_Ephesos_MKL1888.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Karte_Ephesos_MKL1888.png/330px-Karte_Ephesos_MKL1888.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Karte_Ephesos_MKL1888.png/440px-Karte_Ephesos_MKL1888.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Historical map of Ephesus, from <i><a href="/wiki/Meyers_Konversationslexikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Meyers Konversationslexikon">Meyers Konversationslexikon</a></i>, 1888</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> defeated the Persian forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Granicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Granicus">Battle of Granicus</a> in 334 BC, the Greek cities of Asia Minor were liberated. The pro-Persian tyrant Syrpax and his family were stoned to death, and Alexander was greeted warmly when he entered Ephesus in triumph. When Alexander saw that the temple of Artemis was not yet finished, he proposed to finance it and have his name inscribed on the front. But the inhabitants of Ephesus demurred, claiming that it was not fitting for one god to build a temple to another. After Alexander's death in 323 BC, Ephesus in 290 BC came under the rule of one of Alexander's generals, <a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a>. </p><p>As the river <a href="/wiki/Cayster" class="mw-redirect" title="Cayster">Cayster</a> (Grk. name Κάϋστρος) silted up the old harbour, the resulting marshes caused malaria and many deaths among the inhabitants. Lysimachus forced the people to move from the ancient settlement around the temple of Artemis to the present site two kilometres (1.2 miles) away, when as a last resort the king flooded the old city by blocking the sewers.<sup id="cite_ref-Strabo_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new settlement was officially called <i>Arsinoea</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀρσινόεια</span><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Ἀρσινοΐα<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or <b>Arsinoe</b> (Ἀρσινόη),<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the king's second wife, <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe II of Egypt">Arsinoe II of Egypt</a>. After Lysimachus had destroyed the nearby cities of <a href="/wiki/Lebedos" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebedos">Lebedos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(city)" title="Colophon (city)">Colophon</a> in 292 BC, he relocated their inhabitants to the new city. </p><p>Ephesus revolted after the treacherous death of <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_(son_of_Lysimachus)" title="Agathocles (son of Lysimachus)">Agathocles</a>, giving the Hellenistic king of Syria and Mesopotamia <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a> an opportunity for removing and killing Lysimachus, his last rival, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corupedium" title="Battle of Corupedium">Battle of Corupedium</a> in 281 BC. After the death of Lysimachus the town again was named Ephesus. </p><p>Thus Ephesus became part of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>. After the murder of king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II Theos</a> and his Egyptian wife in 246 BC, pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy III">Ptolemy III</a> invaded the Seleucid Empire and the Egyptian fleet swept the coast of Asia Minor. Ephesus was betrayed by its governor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sophron_of_Ephesus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sophron of Ephesus (page does not exist)">Sophron</a> into the hands of the Ptolemies who ruled the city for half a century until 197 BC. </p><p>The Seleucid king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a> tried to regain the Greek cities of Asia Minor and recaptured Ephesus in 196 BC but he then came into conflict with Rome. After a series of battles, he was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Asiaticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Scipio Asiaticus">Scipio Asiaticus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnesia" title="Battle of Magnesia">Battle of Magnesia</a> in 190 BC. As a result of the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Apamea" title="Treaty of Apamea">Treaty of Apamea</a>, Ephesus came under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Eumenes_II" title="Eumenes II">Eumenes II</a>, the Attalid king of <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a>, (ruled 197–159 BC). When his grandson <a href="/wiki/Attalus_III" title="Attalus III">Attalus III</a> died in 133 BC without male children of his own, he left his kingdom to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, on condition that the city of Pergamon be kept free and autonomous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Roman_period_(129_BC–395_AD)"><span id="Classical_Roman_period_.28129_BC.E2.80.93395_AD.29"></span>Classical Roman period (129 BC–395 AD)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Classical Roman period (129 BC–395 AD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Temple_of_Hadrian_(16127691050).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Temple_of_Hadrian_%2816127691050%29.jpg/220px-The_Temple_of_Hadrian_%2816127691050%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Temple_of_Hadrian_%2816127691050%29.jpg/330px-The_Temple_of_Hadrian_%2816127691050%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Temple_of_Hadrian_%2816127691050%29.jpg/440px-The_Temple_of_Hadrian_%2816127691050%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The Temple of Hadrian</figcaption></figure> <p>Ephesus, as part of the kingdom of Pergamon, became a subject of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 129 BC after the revolt of <a href="/wiki/Eumenes_III" title="Eumenes III">Eumenes III</a> was suppressed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephesos_amphitheatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ephesos_amphitheatre.jpg/220px-Ephesos_amphitheatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ephesos_amphitheatre.jpg/330px-Ephesos_amphitheatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ephesos_amphitheatre.jpg/440px-Ephesos_amphitheatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The Theatre of Ephesus with harbour street. Due to ancient and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> (mostly by goat herds), <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil degradation">soil degradation</a>, the Mediterranean coast is now 3–4 km (2–2 mi) away from the site, <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> having filled the plain and the coast. In the background can be seen the muddy remains of the former harbour, barren hill ridges and <a href="/wiki/Maquis_shrubland" title="Maquis shrubland">maquis shrubland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turcja,_Efez,_Nike_(Aw58).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Turcja%2C_Efez%2C_Nike_%28Aw58%29.JPG/220px-Turcja%2C_Efez%2C_Nike_%28Aw58%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Turcja%2C_Efez%2C_Nike_%28Aw58%29.JPG/330px-Turcja%2C_Efez%2C_Nike_%28Aw58%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Turcja%2C_Efez%2C_Nike_%28Aw58%29.JPG/440px-Turcja%2C_Efez%2C_Nike_%28Aw58%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Stone carving of the goddess Nike</figcaption></figure> <p>The city felt Roman influence at once; taxes rose considerably, and the treasures of the city were systematically plundered. Hence in 88 BC Ephesus welcomed <a href="/wiki/Archelaus_(Pontic_army_officer)" title="Archelaus (Pontic army officer)">Archelaus</a>, a general of <a href="/wiki/Mithradates_VI_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithradates VI of Pontus">Mithridates</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>, when he conquered Asia (the Roman name for western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>). From Ephesus, Mithridates ordered every Roman citizen in the province to be killed which led to the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Vespers" title="Asiatic Vespers">Asiatic Vespers</a>, the slaughter of 80,000 Roman citizens in Asia, or any person who spoke with a Latin accent. Many had lived in Ephesus, and statues and monument of Roman citizens in Ephesus were also destroyed. But when they saw how badly the people of <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a> had been treated by Zenobius, a general of Mithridates, they refused entry to his army. Zenobius was invited into the city to visit <a href="/wiki/Philopoemen" title="Philopoemen">Philopoemen</a>, the father of <a href="/wiki/Monime" title="Monime">Monime</a>, the favourite wife of Mithridates, and the overseer of Ephesus. As the people expected nothing good of him, they threw him into prison and murdered him. Mithridates took revenge and inflicted terrible punishments. However, the Greek cities were given freedom and several substantial rights. Ephesus became, for a short time, self-governing. When Mithridates was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First Mithridatic War</a> by the Roman consul <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Lucius Cornelius Sulla</a>, Ephesus came back under Roman rule in 86 BC. Sulla imposed a huge indemnity, along with five years of back taxes, which left Asian cities heavily in debt for a long time to come.<sup id="cite_ref-Mithridatic_War_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mithridatic_War-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Auletes</a> of Egypt retired to Ephesus in 57 BC, passing his time in the sanctuary of the temple of Artemis when the Roman Senate failed to restore him to his throne.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> was welcomed by Ephesus for periods when he was proconsul<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 33 BC with <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a> when he gathered his fleet of 800 ships before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">battle of Actium</a> with <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> became emperor in 27 BC, the most important change was when he made Ephesus the capital of <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">proconsular Asia</a> (which covered western Asia Minor) instead of <a href="/wiki/Pergamum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pergamum">Pergamum</a>. Ephesus then entered an era of prosperity, becoming both the seat of the governor and a major centre of commerce. According to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, it was second in importance and size only to Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city and temple were destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> in 263 AD. This marked the decline of the city's splendour. However, emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> rebuilt much of the city and erected new public baths. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Roman_population">The Roman population</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Roman population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephesus_Terrace_Houses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ephesus_Terrace_Houses.jpg/220px-Ephesus_Terrace_Houses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ephesus_Terrace_Houses.jpg/330px-Ephesus_Terrace_Houses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ephesus_Terrace_Houses.jpg/440px-Ephesus_Terrace_Houses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>The 'terrace houses' at Ephesus, showing how the wealthy lived during the Roman period. Eventually the harbour became silted up, and the city lost its natural resources.</figcaption></figure> <p>Until recently, the population of Ephesus in Roman times was estimated to number up to 225,000 people by Broughton.<sup id="cite_ref-pric18_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pric18-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hans253_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hans253-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent scholarship regards these estimates as unrealistic. Such a large estimate would require population densities seen in only a few ancient cities, or extensive settlement outside the city walls. This would have been impossible at Ephesus because of the mountain ranges, coastline and quarries which surrounded the city.<sup id="cite_ref-hans258_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hans258-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wall of Lysimachus has been estimated to enclose an area of 415 hectares (1,030 acres). Not all of this area was inhabited due to public buildings and spaces in the city center and the steep slope of the Bülbül Dağı mountain, which was enclosed by the wall. Ludwig Burchner estimated this area with the walls at 1000 acres. <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Murphy-O%27Connor" title="Jerome Murphy-O'Connor">Jerome Murphy-O'Connor</a> uses an estimate of 345 hectares for the inhabited land or 835 acres (Murphey cites Ludwig Burchner). He cites Josiah Russell using 832 acres and Old Jerusalem in 1918 as the yardstick estimated the population at 51,068 at 148.5 persons per hectare. Using 510 persons per hectare, he arrives at a population between 138,000 and 172,500 .<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> J.W. Hanson estimated the inhabited space to be smaller, at 224 hectares (550 acres). He argues that population densities of 150~250 people per hectare are more realistic, which gives a range of 33,600–56,000 inhabitants. Even with these much lower population estimates, Ephesus was one of the largest cities of Roman Asia Minor, ranking it as the largest city after <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Troas" title="Alexandria Troas">Alexandria Troas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hans252to257_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hans252to257-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanson and Ortman (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson-Ortman-2017_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson-Ortman-2017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> estimate an inhabited area to be 263 hectares and their demographic model yields an estimate of 71,587 inhabitants, with a population density of 276 inhabitants per hectare. By contrast, Rome within the walls encompassed 1,500 hectares and as over 400 built-up hectares were left outside the Aurelian Wall, whose construction was begun in 274 AD and finished in 279 AD, the total inhabited area plus public spaces inside the walls consisted of ca. 1,900 hectares. Imperial Rome had a population estimated to be between 750,000 and one million (Hanson and Ortman's (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson-Ortman-2017_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson-Ortman-2017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> model yields an estimate of 923,406 inhabitants), which imply in a population density of 395 to 526 inhabitants per hectare, including public spaces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_Roman_period_(395–1308)"><span id="Byzantine_Roman_period_.28395.E2.80.931308.29"></span>Byzantine Roman period (395–1308)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Byzantine Roman period (395–1308)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ephesus remained the most important city of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in Asia after <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in the 5th and 6th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Flavius Arcadius</a> raised the level of the street between the theatre and the harbour. The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John" title="Basilica of St. John">basilica of St. John</a> was built during the reign of emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> in the 6th century. </p><p>Excavations in 2022 indicate that large parts of the city were destroyed in 614/615 by a military conflict, most likely during the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">Sasanian War</a>, which initiated a drastic decline in the city's population and standard of living.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The importance of the city as a commercial centre further declined as the harbour, today 5 kilometres inland, was slowly silted up by the river (today, Küçük Menderes) despite repeated dredging during the city's history.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loss of its harbour caused Ephesus to lose its access to the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>, which was important for trade. People started leaving the lowland of the city for the surrounding hills. The ruins of the temples were used as building blocks for new homes. Marble sculptures were ground to powder to make lime for plaster. </p><p>Sackings by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Arabs</a> first in the year 654–655 by <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Muawiyah I</a>, and later in 700 and 716 hastened the decline further. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuk Turks</a> conquered Ephesus in 1090,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was a small village. The Byzantines resumed control in 1097 and changed the name of the town to Hagios Theologos. Crusaders passing through were surprised that there was only a small village, called Ayasalouk, where they had expected a bustling city with a large seaport. Even the temple of Artemis was completely forgotten by the local population. </p><p>The Crusaders of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ephesus_(1147)" title="Battle of Ephesus (1147)">fought</a> the Seljuks just outside the town in December 1147. In 1206, the city came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Laskaris" title="Laskaris">Laskaris</a>. It was an important religious and intellectual center during the 13th century. <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Blemmydes" title="Nikephoros Blemmydes">Nikephoros Blemmydes</a>, a prominent intellectual of the time, taught in the city. However, the Byzantines lost control of the region by 1308.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Ottoman_period_(1304–1390)"><span id="Pre-Ottoman_period_.281304.E2.80.931390.29"></span>Pre-Ottoman period (1304–1390)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pre-Ottoman period (1304–1390)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0sa_Bey_Camii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/%C4%B0sa_Bey_Camii.jpg/220px-%C4%B0sa_Bey_Camii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/%C4%B0sa_Bey_Camii.jpg/330px-%C4%B0sa_Bey_Camii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/%C4%B0sa_Bey_Camii.jpg/440px-%C4%B0sa_Bey_Camii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3580" data-file-height="2387" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0sa_Bey_Mosque" title="İsa Bey Mosque">İsa Bey Mosque</a> constructed in 1374–75, is one of the oldest and most impressive remains from the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 24 October 1304, the town surrendered to Sasa Bey, a Turkish warlord of the <a href="/wiki/Mente%C5%9Fe_(beylik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menteşe (beylik)">Menteşoğulları</a> principality. Contrary to the terms of the surrender, the Turks pillaged the church of Saint John and, when a revolt seemed probable, deported most of the local population to <a href="/wiki/Thyrea,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyrea, Greece">Thyrea, Greece</a>. During these events, many of the remaining inhabitants were massacred.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly afterwards, Ephesus was ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Aydinids" title="Aydinids">Aydinid</a> principality that stationed a powerful navy in the harbour of <a href="/wiki/Sel%C3%A7uk" title="Selçuk">Ayasuluğ</a> (the present-day <a href="/wiki/Sel%C3%A7uk" title="Selçuk">Selçuk</a>, next to Ephesus). Ayasoluk became an important harbour, from which <a href="/wiki/Piratical" class="mw-redirect" title="Piratical">piratical</a> raids on the surrounding Christian regions were organised, some officially sanctioned by the state and some by private parties.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The town knew a short period of prosperity again during the 14th century under these new <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuk</a> rulers. They added important architectural works such as the <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0sa_Bey_Mosque" title="İsa Bey Mosque">İsa Bey Mosque</a>, caravansaries, and <a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">hamams</a> (bathhouses). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer,_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_43.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_43.jpg/220px-Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_43.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_43.jpg/330px-Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_43.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_43.jpg/440px-Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_43.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1692" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the baths at Ephesus, by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Mayer" title="Luigi Mayer">Luigi Mayer</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ottoman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ephesians were incorporated as vassals into the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> for the first time in 1390. The Central Asian warlord <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a> defeated the Ottomans in Anatolia in 1402, and the Ottoman sultan <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a> died in captivity. The region was restored to the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a>. After a period of unrest, the region was again incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1425. </p><p>Ephesus was completely abandoned by the 15th century. Nearby Ayasuluğ (<i>Ayasoluk</i> being a corrupted form of the original Greek name<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">turkified</a> to Selçuk in 1914. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ephesus_and_Christianity">Ephesus and Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ephesus and Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Ephesus" title="Metropolis of Ephesus">Metropolis of Ephesus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Early centers of Christianity in Anatolia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eustache_Le_Sueur_-_The_Preaching_of_St_Paul_at_Ephesus_-_WGA12613.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eustache_Le_Sueur_-_The_Preaching_of_St_Paul_at_Ephesus_-_WGA12613.jpg/220px-Eustache_Le_Sueur_-_The_Preaching_of_St_Paul_at_Ephesus_-_WGA12613.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eustache_Le_Sueur_-_The_Preaching_of_St_Paul_at_Ephesus_-_WGA12613.jpg/330px-Eustache_Le_Sueur_-_The_Preaching_of_St_Paul_at_Ephesus_-_WGA12613.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eustache_Le_Sueur_-_The_Preaching_of_St_Paul_at_Ephesus_-_WGA12613.jpg/440px-Eustache_Le_Sueur_-_The_Preaching_of_St_Paul_at_Ephesus_-_WGA12613.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption><i>The Preaching of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Saint Paul</a> at Ephesus</i>, <a href="/wiki/Eustache_Le_Sueur" title="Eustache Le Sueur">Eustache Le Sueur</a>, 1649</figcaption></figure> <p>Ephesus was an important centre for <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> from the AD 50s. From AD 52–54, the apostle <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> lived in Ephesus, working with the congregation and apparently organizing missionary activity into the hinterlands.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, according to the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, Paul attended the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish synagogue">Jewish synagogue</a> in Ephesus, but after three months he became frustrated with the stubbornness of some of the Jews, and moved his base to the school of <a href="/wiki/Tyrannus_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannus (biblical figure)">Tyrannus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary reminds readers that the unbelief of "some" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">τινες</span>) implies that "others, probably a large number, believed"<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore there must have been a community of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a> in Ephesus. Paul introduced about twelve men to the '<a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">baptism with the Holy Spirit</a>' who had previously only experienced the <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later a silversmith named Demetrios stirred up a mob against Paul, saying that he was endangering the livelihood of those making silver Artemis shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demetrios in connection with the temple of Artemis mentions some object (perhaps an image or a stone) "fallen from Zeus". Between 53 and 57 AD Paul wrote the letter <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a> from Ephesus (possibly from the 'Paul tower' near the harbour, where he was imprisoned for a short time). Later, Paul wrote the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Epistle to the Ephesians</a> while he was in prison in Rome (around 62 AD). </p><p>Roman Asia was associated with <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CC_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the chief apostles, and the Gospel of John might have been written in Ephesus, <i>c</i> 90–100.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_Gospels_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris_Gospels-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ephesus was one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_churches_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven churches of the Book of Revelation">seven cities</a> addressed in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, indicating that the church at Ephesus was strong. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Saint Timothy</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> of Ephesus.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 2nd century, the church at Ephesus was still important enough to be addressed by a letter written by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> to the Ephesians which begins with "Ignatius, who is also called Theophorus, to the Church which is at Ephesus, in Asia, deservedly most happy, being blessed in the greatness and fullness of God the Father, and predestinated before the beginning of time, that it should be always for an enduring and unchangeable glory" (<i>Letter to the Ephesians</i>). The church at Ephesus had given their support for Ignatius, who was taken to Rome for execution. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polycrates_of_Ephesus" title="Polycrates of Ephesus">Polycrates of Ephesus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Πολυκράτης</span>) was a bishop at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Ephesus">Church of Ephesus</a> in the 2nd century. He is best known for his letter addressed to the <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Pope Victor I</a>, Bishop of Rome, defending the <a href="/wiki/Quartodeciman" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartodeciman">Quartodeciman</a> position in the <a href="/wiki/Easter_controversy" title="Easter controversy">Easter controversy</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_the_Virgin_Mary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/House_of_the_Virgin_Mary.jpg/220px-House_of_the_Virgin_Mary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/House_of_the_Virgin_Mary.jpg/330px-House_of_the_Virgin_Mary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/House_of_the_Virgin_Mary.jpg/440px-House_of_the_Virgin_Mary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="House of the Virgin Mary">House of the Virgin Mary</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A legend, which was first mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a> in the 4th century, purported that Mary, the mother of Jesus, may have spent the last years of her life in Ephesus. The Ephesians derived the argument from John's presence in the city, and Jesus' instructions to John to take care of his mother, Mary, after his death. Epiphanius, however, was keen to point out that, while the Bible says John was leaving for Asia, it does not say specifically that Mary went with him. He later stated that she was buried in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 19th century, The <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="House of the Virgin Mary">House of the Virgin Mary</a>, about 7 km (4 mi) from Selçuk, has been considered to have been the last home of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a> before her assumption into heaven in the Roman Catholic tradition, based on the visions of Augustinian sister the Blessed <a href="/wiki/Anne_Catherine_Emmerich" title="Anne Catherine Emmerich">Anne Catherine Emmerich</a> (1774–1824). It is a popular place of Catholic pilgrimage which has been visited by three recent popes. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Mary" title="Church of Mary">Church of Mary</a> near the harbour of Ephesus was the setting for the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">Third Ecumenical Council</a> in 431, which resulted in the condemnation of <a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Second Council of Ephesus">Second Council of Ephesus</a> was held in 449, but its controversial acts were never approved by the Catholics. It came to be called the Robber Council of Ephesus or Robber Synod of Latrocinium by its opponents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seven_Sleepers">Seven Sleepers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Seven Sleepers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers" title="Seven Sleepers">Seven Sleepers</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20_YTL_arka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/20_YTL_arka.jpg/250px-20_YTL_arka.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/20_YTL_arka.jpg/375px-20_YTL_arka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/20_YTL_arka.jpg/500px-20_YTL_arka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Image of Ephesus on the reverse of the 20 new lira banknote (2005–2008)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ephesus is believed to be the city of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers" title="Seven Sleepers">Seven Sleepers</a>, who were persecuted by the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> because of their Christianity, and they slept in a cave for three centuries, outlasting their persecution. </p><p>They are considered saints by Catholics and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a> and their story is also mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_sites">Main sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Main sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GateOfAugustus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/GateOfAugustus.jpg/220px-GateOfAugustus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/GateOfAugustus.jpg/330px-GateOfAugustus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/GateOfAugustus.jpg/440px-GateOfAugustus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>The Gate of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> in Ephesus was built to honor the Emperor Augustus and his family.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ephesus is one of the largest Roman archaeological sites in the eastern Mediterranean. The visible ruins still give some idea of the city's original splendour, and the names associated with the ruins are evocative of its former life. The theatre dominates the view down Harbour Street, which leads to the silted-up harbour. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Temple of Artemis</a></div> <p>The Temple of Artemis, one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a>, once stood 418' by 239' with over 100 marble pillars each 56' high. The temple earned the city the title "Servant of the Goddess".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pliny tells us that the magnificent structure took 120 years to build, but it is now represented only by one inconspicuous column, revealed during an archaeological excavation by the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in the 1870s. Some fragments of the <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> (which are insufficient to suggest the form of the original) and other small finds were removed – some to London and some to the <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Archaeology_Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="İstanbul Archaeology Museums">İstanbul Archaeology Museums</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Celsus" title="Library of Celsus">Library of Celsus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Library_of_Celsus_side_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Library_of_Celsus_side_view.jpg/220px-Library_of_Celsus_side_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Library_of_Celsus_side_view.jpg/330px-Library_of_Celsus_side_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Library_of_Celsus_side_view.jpg/440px-Library_of_Celsus_side_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Library of Celsus, side view</figcaption></figure> <p>The Library of Celsus, the façade of which has been carefully reconstructed from original pieces, was originally built <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 125</span> in memory of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Celsus_Polemaeanus" title="Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus">Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient Greek</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wallace,_Richard_1998_106_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace,_Richard_1998_106-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nicols,_John_1978_109_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicols,_John_1978_109-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who served as governor of Roman Asia (105–107) in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Celsus paid for the construction of the library with his own personal wealth<sup id="cite_ref-Too,_Yun_Lee_2010_213_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Too,_Yun_Lee_2010_213-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is buried in a sarcophagus beneath it.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanfmann,_George_Maxim_Anossov_1975_65_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanfmann,_George_Maxim_Anossov_1975_65-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The library was mostly built by his son Gaius Julius Aquila<sup id="cite_ref-Swain,_Simon_1998_171_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swain,_Simon_1998_171-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and once held nearly 12,000 scrolls. Designed with an exaggerated entrance — so as to enhance its perceived size, speculate many historians — the building faces east so that the reading rooms could make best use of the morning light. </p><p>The interior of the library measured roughly 180 square metres (1,900 square feet) and may have contained as many as 12,000 scrolls.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the year 400 C.E. the library was no longer in use after being damaged in 262 C.E. The facade was reconstructed during 1970 to 1978 using fragments found on site or copies of fragments that were previously removed to museums.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At an estimated 25,000 <a href="/wiki/Seating_capacity" title="Seating capacity">seating capacity</a>, the theatre is believed to be the largest in the ancient world.<sup id="cite_ref-Ring_1995_217_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ring_1995_217-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This open-air theatre was used initially for drama, but during later Roman times gladiatorial combats were also held on its stage; the first archaeological evidence of a gladiator graveyard was found in May 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were two <a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">agoras</a>, one for commercial and one for state business.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aqueduct_near_Ephesus_-_Mayer_Luigi_-_1810.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Aqueduct_near_Ephesus_-_Mayer_Luigi_-_1810.jpg/220px-Aqueduct_near_Ephesus_-_Mayer_Luigi_-_1810.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Aqueduct_near_Ephesus_-_Mayer_Luigi_-_1810.jpg/330px-Aqueduct_near_Ephesus_-_Mayer_Luigi_-_1810.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Aqueduct_near_Ephesus_-_Mayer_Luigi_-_1810.jpg/440px-Aqueduct_near_Ephesus_-_Mayer_Luigi_-_1810.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Aqueduct near Ephesus – Mayer Luigi – 1810</figcaption></figure> <p>Ephesus also had several major <a href="/wiki/Bath_complexes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bath complexes">bath complexes</a>, built at various times while the city was under Roman rule. </p><p>The city had one of the most advanced <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueduct (watercourse)">aqueduct</a> systems in the ancient world, with at least six aqueducts of various sizes supplying different areas of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They fed a number of water mills, one of which has been identified as a <a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmill</a> for <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Odeon_(building)" title="Odeon (building)">Odeon</a> was a small roofed theatre<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> constructed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Publius_Vedius_Antoninus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Publius Vedius Antoninus (page does not exist)">Publius Vedius Antoninus</a> and his wife around 150 AD. It was a small salon for plays and concerts, seating about 1,500 people. There were 22 stairs in the theatre. The upper part of the theatre was decorated with red granite pillars in the Corinthian style. The entrances were at both sides of the stage and reached by a few steps.<sup id="cite_ref-Naci_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naci-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Saint_John_the_Apostle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tomb_of_Saint_John_the_Apostle.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Saint_John_the_Apostle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tomb_of_Saint_John_the_Apostle.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Saint_John_the_Apostle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tomb_of_Saint_John_the_Apostle.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Saint_John_the_Apostle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John" title="Basilica of St. John">Basilica of St. John</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Hadrian_(Ephesus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temple of Hadrian (Ephesus) (page does not exist)">Temple of Hadrian</a> dates from the 2nd century but underwent repairs in the 4th century and has been reerected from the surviving architectural fragments. The reliefs in the upper sections are casts, the originals now being exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/Ephesus_Archaeological_Museum" title="Ephesus Archaeological Museum">Ephesus Archaeological Museum</a>. A number of figures are depicted in the reliefs, including the emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> with his wife and eldest son.<sup id="cite_ref-Revak_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revak-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple was depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">reverse</a> of the Turkish 20 million <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">lira</a> banknote of 2001–2005<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of the 20 new lira banknote of 2005–2009.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Sebastoi" title="Temple of the Sebastoi">Temple of the Sebastoi</a> (sometimes called the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>), dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a>, was one of the largest temples in the city. It was erected on a <a href="/wiki/Pseudodipteral" title="Pseudodipteral">pseudodipteral</a> plan with 8 × 13 columns. The temple and its statue are some of the few remains connected with <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Revak_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revak-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tomb/Fountain of Pollio was erected in 97 AD in honour of C. Sextilius Pollio, who constructed the Marnas aqueduct, by Offilius Proculus. It has a concave façade.<sup id="cite_ref-Naci_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naci-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Revak_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revak-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A part of the site, <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John" title="Basilica of St. John">Basilica of St. John</a>, was built in the 6th century, under emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, over the supposed site of the apostle's tomb. It is now surrounded by Selçuk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephesos_overall_plan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ephesos_overall_plan.svg/220px-Ephesos_overall_plan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ephesos_overall_plan.svg/330px-Ephesos_overall_plan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ephesos_overall_plan.svg/440px-Ephesos_overall_plan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Historical topography of Ephesos</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephesos_historical_topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ephesos_historical_topography.png/220px-Ephesos_historical_topography.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ephesos_historical_topography.png/330px-Ephesos_historical_topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ephesos_historical_topography.png/440px-Ephesos_historical_topography.png 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Historical topography of Ephesos</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of archaeological research in Ephesus stretches back to 1863, when British architect <a href="/wiki/John_Turtle_Wood" title="John Turtle Wood">John Turtle Wood</a>, sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, began to search for the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemision</a>. In 1869 he discovered the pavement of the temple, but since further expected discoveries were not made the excavations stopped in 1874. In 1895 German archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Otto_Benndorf" title="Otto Benndorf">Otto Benndorf</a>, financed by a 10,000 guilder donation made by Austrian Karl Mautner Ritter von Markhof, resumed excavations. In 1898 Benndorf founded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_Archaeological_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austrian Archaeological Institute (page does not exist)">Austrian Archaeological Institute</a>, which plays a leading role in Ephesus today.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finds from the site are exhibited notably in the <a href="/wiki/Ephesos_Museum" title="Ephesos Museum">Ephesos Museum</a> in Vienna, the <a href="/wiki/Ephesus_Archaeological_Museum" title="Ephesus Archaeological Museum">Ephesus Archaeological Museum</a> in Selçuk and in the British Museum. </p><p>In October 2016, Turkey halted the works of the archeologists, which had been ongoing for more than 100 years, due to tensions between <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and Turkey. In May 2018, Turkey allowed Austrian archeologists to resume their excavations.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Melas, the Elder and Younger (7th-6th century BC), name of two tyrants of Ephesus whose dynasty intermarried with the <a href="/wiki/Mermnad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mermnad">Mermnad</a> dynasty. Melas the Elder was a brother in law of <a href="/wiki/Gyges_of_Lydia" title="Gyges of Lydia">Gyges</a> and Melas the Younger was the son in law of <a href="/wiki/Alyattes" title="Alyattes">Alyattes</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a> (c. 535 – c. 475 BC), presocratic philosopher <sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a> (6th Century BC) — poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeuxis_(painter)" title="Zeuxis (painter)">Zeuxis</a> (5th century BC) — painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrhasius_(painter)" title="Parrhasius (painter)">Parrhasius</a> (5th century BC) — painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herostratus" title="Herostratus">Herostratus</a> (d 356 BC) — criminal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenodotus" title="Zenodotus">Zenodotus</a> (fl. 280 BC) — grammarian and literary critic, first librarian of the Library of Alexandria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agasias,_son_of_Menophilus" title="Agasias, son of Menophilus">Agasias</a> (2nd century BC) — Greek sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_of_Ephesus" title="Menander of Ephesus">Menander</a> (early 2nd century BC) — historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemidorus_Ephesius" title="Artemidorus Ephesius">Artemidorus Ephesius</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100 BC</span>) — geographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Celsus_Polemaeanus" title="Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus">Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 45</span> – before <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 120</span>) — founder of the Celsus library</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Hordeonius_Lollianus" title="Publius Hordeonius Lollianus">Publius Hordeonius Lollianus</a> (1st century) — sophist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_of_Ephesus" title="Rufus of Ephesus">Rufus</a> (1st century) — physician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycrates_of_Ephesus" title="Polycrates of Ephesus">Polycrates of Ephesus</a> (130–196) — bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soranus_of_Ephesus" title="Soranus of Ephesus">Soranus of Ephesus</a> (1st–2nd century) — physician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemidorus" title="Artemidorus">Artemidorus</a> (2nd century CE) — diviner and author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon_of_Ephesus" title="Xenophon of Ephesus">Xenophon</a> (2nd–3rd century) — novelist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Ephesus" title="Maximus of Ephesus">Maximus</a> (4th century) — neoplatonic philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipatra" title="Sosipatra">Sosipatra</a> (4th century) — neoplatonic philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Philes" title="Manuel Philes">Manuel Philes</a> (c. 1275–1345) — Byzantine poet</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/ephesus">"Ephesus Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ephesus+Definition+%26+Meaning+%7C+Dictionary.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fephesus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olausson2006-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olausson2006_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlaussonSangster2006" class="citation book cs1">Olausson, Lena; Sangster, Catherine (2006). <i>Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation</i>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280710-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280710-6"><bdi>978-0-19-280710-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+BBC+Guide+to+Pronunciation&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280710-6&rft.aulast=Olausson&rft.aufirst=Lena&rft.au=Sangster%2C+Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gagarin2010-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gagarin2010_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Gagarin2010" class="citation book cs1">Michael Gagarin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&pg=RA2-PA78"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 2–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517072-6"><bdi>978-0-19-517072-6</bdi></a>. <q>Historical Overview A Greek city-state on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor, at the mouth of Cayster River (Küçük Menderes), Ephesus ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pages=2-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517072-6&rft.au=Michael+Gagarin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlNV6-HsUppsC%26pg%3DRA2-PA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramirez-Faria2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramirez-Faria2007_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlos_Ramirez-Faria2007" class="citation book cs1">Carlos Ramirez-Faria (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC"><i>Concise Encyclopedia Of World History</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0775-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0775-5"><bdi>978-81-269-0775-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+Of+World+History&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0775-5&rft.au=Carlos+Ramirez-Faria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgGKsS-9h4BYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritishMuseum-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritishMuseum_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritishMuseum_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hawkins, J. David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/online_journals/bmsaes/issue_14/hawkins.aspx">"The Arzawa letters in recent perspective"</a>. <i>British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan</i> (14): 73–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Museum+Studies+in+Ancient+Egypt+and+Sudan&rft.atitle=The+Arzawa+letters+in+recent+perspective&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=73-83&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=J.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fonline_journals%2Fbmsaes%2Fissue_14%2Fhawkins.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SteadmanMcMahon2011-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SteadmanMcMahon2011_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon_R._SteadmanGregory_McMahonJohn_Gregory_McMahon2011" class="citation book cs1">Sharon R. Steadman; Gregory McMahon; John Gregory McMahon (15 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ND_CE9If3kC"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000–323 BCE)</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 366 and 608. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537614-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537614-2"><bdi>978-0-19-537614-2</bdi></a>. <q>In the case of such settlements as Miletus and Ephesus, as implied, the Greeks chose the sites of former Anatolian cities of prominence</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Anatolia%3A+%2810%2C000%E2%80%93323+BCE%29&rft.pages=366+and+608&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-15&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537614-2&rft.au=Sharon+R.+Steadman&rft.au=Gregory+McMahon&rft.au=John+Gregory+McMahon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ND_CE9If3kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Turkey/_Periods/Greek/_Texts/LETGKB/Ephesus*.html">"accessed September 14, 2007"</a>. Penelope.uchicago.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=accessed+September+14%2C+2007&rft.pub=Penelope.uchicago.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FGazetteer%2FPlaces%2FEurope%2FTurkey%2F_Periods%2FGreek%2F_Texts%2FLETGKB%2FEphesus%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ring_1995_217-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ring_1995_217_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ring_1995_217_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingSalkin,_Robert1995" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert (1995). "Ephesus". <i>International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe</i>. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-02-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-02-2"><bdi>978-1-884964-02-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ephesus&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Southern+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-02-2&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft.au=Salkin%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2:1–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen L Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a>, <i>Understanding the Bible</i>, Palo Alto, Mayfield, 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[VIII. Muze Kurtrma Kazilari Semineri ] <i>Adil Evren – Cengiz Icten, pp 111–133</i> 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Arkeoloji ve Sanat Dergisi] – <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukuri%C3%A7i_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çukuriçi Höyük">Çukuriçi Höyük</a> sayi 92 ] <i>Adil Evren</i> 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akurgal-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Akurgal_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkurgal,_Ekrem2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ekrem_Akurgal" title="Ekrem Akurgal">Akurgal, Ekrem</a> (2001). <i>The Hattian and Hittite Civilizations</i>. Publications of the Republic of Turkey; Ministry of Culture. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-17-2756-1" title="Special:BookSources/975-17-2756-1"><bdi>975-17-2756-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hattian+and+Hittite+Civilizations&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Publications+of+the+Republic+of+Turkey%3B+Ministry+of+Culture&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=975-17-2756-1&rft.au=Akurgal%2C+Ekrem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller-Luckner1993" class="citation book cs1">Müller-Luckner, herausgegeben von Kurt Raaflaub unter Mitarbeit von Elisabeth (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NySxd--wwYwC&pg=PA117"><i>Anfänge politischen Denkens in der Antike : die nahöstlichen Kulturen und die Griechen</i></a> ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). München: Oldenbourg. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-55993-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-55993-4"><bdi>978-3-486-55993-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anf%C3%A4nge+politischen+Denkens+in+der+Antike+%3A+die+nah%C3%B6stlichen+Kulturen+und+die+Griechen&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=117&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D.&rft.pub=Oldenbourg&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-486-55993-4&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller-Luckner&rft.aufirst=herausgegeben+von+Kurt+Raaflaub+unter+Mitarbeit+von+Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNySxd--wwYwC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaelkens2000" class="citation book cs1">Waelkens, M., ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zs5xuX231MoC&pg=PA476"><i>Sagalassos</i></a>. Leuven: Leuven Univ. Press. p. 476. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5867-079-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5867-079-3"><bdi>978-90-5867-079-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sagalassos&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pages=476&rft.pub=Leuven+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-5867-079-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZs5xuX231MoC%26pg%3DPA476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawkins1998-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins1998_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. David Hawkins (1998). ‘Tarkasnawa King of Mira: Tarkendemos, Boğazköy Sealings, and Karabel.’ <i>Anatolian Studies</i> 48:1–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C._Özgünel-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C._Özgünel_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoskun_Özgünel1996" class="citation journal cs1">Coskun Özgünel (1996). "Mykenische Keramik in Anatolien". <i>Asia Minor Studien</i>. <b>23</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Minor+Studien&rft.atitle=Mykenische+Keramik+in+Anatolien&rft.volume=23&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Coskun+%C3%96zg%C3%BCnel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puhvel1984-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puhvel1984_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaan Puhvel (1984). 'Hittite Etymological Dictionary Vol. 1(A)' <i>Berlin, New York, Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter</i> 1984–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawkins2009-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins2009_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.David Hawkins (2009). 'The Arzawa letters in recent perspective' <i>British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 14</i> 73–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GarstangandGurney1959-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GarstangandGurney1959_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garstang, J. and O. R. Gurney (1959). 'The geography of the Hittite Empire' <i>Occasional Publications of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara 5</i>London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pausanias-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pausanias_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPausanias1965" class="citation book cs1">Pausanias (1965). <i>Description of Greece</i>. New York: Loeb Classical Library. pp. 7.2.8–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+of+Greece&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7.2.8-9&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Pausanias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090621092916/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1133.html">"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology"</a>. Ancientlibrary.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1133.html">the original</a> on 2009-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.pub=Ancientlibrary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientlibrary.com%2Fsmith-bio%2F1133.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Toepffer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Toepffer (page does not exist)">Johannes Toepffer</a>: <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:RE:Alope_5" class="extiw" title="s:de:RE:Alope 5">Alope 5</a>.</i><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> In: <i><a href="/wiki/Realencyclop%C3%A4die_der_classischen_Altertumswissenschaft" title="Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft">Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft</a></i> (RE). Vol. I,2, Stuttgart 1894, col. 1595 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Callinus-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Callinus_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtranslation_by_M.L._West1999" class="citation book cs1">translation by M.L. West (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cABi5Pt7FgQC&q=Ephesus++%22poetess%22&pg=PR7"><i>Greek Lyric Poetry</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283678-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-283678-1"><bdi>0-19-283678-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Lyric+Poetry&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-283678-1&rft.au=translation+by+M.L.+West&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcABi5Pt7FgQC%26q%3DEphesus%2B%2B%2522poetess%2522%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCremin2007" class="citation book cs1">Cremin, Aedeen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi00aede/page/173"><i>The World Encyclopedia of Archaeology</i></a>. Richmond Hill, Ontario: Firefly Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi00aede/page/173">173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55407-311-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55407-311-5"><bdi>978-1-55407-311-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Encyclopedia+of+Archaeology&rft.place=Richmond+Hill%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Firefly+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55407-311-5&rft.aulast=Cremin&rft.aufirst=Aedeen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldencyclopedi00aede%2Fpage%2F173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus i. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeen1993" class="citation journal cs1">Keen, Antony G. 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Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 252–257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199602353" title="Special:BookSources/9780199602353"><bdi>9780199602353</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Urban+System+of+Roman+Asia+Minor&rft.btitle=Settlement%2C+Urbanization%2C+and+Population&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.series=Oxford+Studies+on+the+Roman+Economy&rft.pages=252-257&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199602353&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanson-Ortman-2017-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanson-Ortman-2017_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanson-Ortman-2017_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansonOrtman2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hanson, J.W.; Ortman, S.G. (November 2017). "A systematic method for estimating populations of Greek and Roman settlements". <i>Journal of Roman Archaeology</i>. <b>30</b>: 301–324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1047759400074134">10.1017/S1047759400074134</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165770409">165770409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+systematic+method+for+estimating+populations+of+Greek+and+Roman+settlements&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=301-324&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1047759400074134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165770409%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=J.W.&rft.au=Ortman%2C+S.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanVoorst2013" class="citation book cs1">VanVoorst, Jenny Fretland (2013). <i>The Byzantine Empire</i>. North Mankato, MN: Compass Point Books. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0756545864" title="Special:BookSources/978-0756545864"><bdi>978-0756545864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Empire&rft.place=North+Mankato%2C+MN&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Compass+Point+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0756545864&rft.aulast=VanVoorst&rft.aufirst=Jenny+Fretland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oeaw.ac.at/en/oeai/press/news-archive/news-detail/ephesos-more-than-1400-year-old-area-of-the-city-discovered-under-a-burnt-layer-1">"Ephesos: More than 1,400-year-old area of the city discovered under a burnt layer"</a>. Austrian Archaeological Institute. 2022-10-28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221028125334/https://www.oeaw.ac.at/en/oeai/press/news-archive/news-detail/ephesos-more-than-1400-year-old-area-of-the-city-discovered-under-a-burnt-layer-1">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ephesos%3A+More+than+1%2C400-year-old+area+of+the+city+discovered+under+a+burnt+layer&rft.pub=Austrian+Archaeological+Institute&rft.date=2022-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oeaw.ac.at%2Fen%2Foeai%2Fpress%2Fnews-archive%2Fnews-detail%2Fephesos-more-than-1400-year-old-area-of-the-city-discovered-under-a-burnt-layer-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKjeilen2007" class="citation web cs1">Kjeilen, Tore (2007-02-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052555/http://lexicorient.com/e.o/ephesus.htm">"accessed September 24, 2007"</a>. Lexicorient.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicorient.com/e.o/ephesus.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=accessed+September+24%2C+2007&rft.pub=Lexicorient.com&rft.date=2007-02-20&rft.aulast=Kjeilen&rft.aufirst=Tore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flexicorient.com%2Fe.o%2Fephesus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foss, Clive (1979) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i6Q8AAAAIAAJ&dq=Ephesus+after+antiquity:+a+late+antique,+Byzantine,+and+Turkish+city">Ephesus after antiquity: a late antique, Byzantine, and Turkish city</a></i>, Cambridge University Press, p. 121.<br />Gökovalı, Şadan; Altan Erguvan (1982) <i>Ephesus</i>, Ticaret Matbaacılık, p.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://byzantine-world.com/city/byzantine-ephesus-the-slow-slide-to-obscurity-of-a-major-city/">Byzantine World</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoss1979" class="citation book cs1">Foss, Clive (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i6Q8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA144"><i>Ephesus After Antiquity</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ephesus+After+Antiquity&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Foss&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di6Q8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoss1979" class="citation book cs1">Foss, Clive (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i6Q8AAAAIAAJ"><i>Ephesus After Antiquity</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. viii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ephesus+After+Antiquity&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Foss&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di6Q8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bjrl/ephesus_bruce.pdf">"Bruce F.F., "St John at Ephesus", <i>The John Rylands University Library</i>, 60 (1978), p. 339"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bruce+F.F.%2C+%22St+John+at+Ephesus%22%2C+The+John+Rylands+University+Library%2C+60+%281978%29%2C+p.+339&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblicalstudies.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Fbjrl%2Fephesus_bruce.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Paul, St." Cross, F. L., ed. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2019:9&version=nrsv">Acts 19:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jamieson-Fausset-Brown_Bible_Commentary" title="Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary">Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/jfb/acts/19.htm">Acts 19</a> accessed 5 October 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2019:1–7&version=nrsv">Acts 19:1–7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#19:23" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 19:23–41</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CC_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Durant, Will</a>. Caesar and Christ. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris_Gospels-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_Gospels_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Harris" title="Stephen L. Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a>, <i>Understanding the Bible</i>. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "The Gospels" p. 266-268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius1965" class="citation cs2">Eusebius (1965), "3.4", <i>Historia Ecclesiastica</i> [<i>The History of the Church</i>], Williamson, G.A. transl., Harmonsworth: Penguin, p. 109</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.4&rft.btitle=Historia+Ecclesiastica&rft.place=Harmonsworth&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Eusebius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vasiliki Limberis, 'The Council of Ephesos: The Demise of the See of Ephesos and the Rise of the Cult of the Theotokos' in Helmut Koester, <i>Ephesos: Metropolis of Asia</i> (2004), 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Mahony2004" class="citation book cs1">O'Mahony, Anthony (2004). "Louis Massignon, The Seven Sleepers of Ephesus". In <a href="/wiki/Craig_Bartholomew" title="Craig Bartholomew">Bartholomew, Craig G</a> (ed.). <i>Explorations in a Christian Theology of Pilgrimage</i>. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. pp. 135–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-0856-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-0856-5"><bdi>0-7546-0856-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Louis+Massignon%2C+The+Seven+Sleepers+of+Ephesus&rft.btitle=Explorations+in+a+Christian+Theology+of+Pilgrimage&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+England&rft.pages=135-6&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7546-0856-5&rft.aulast=O%27Mahony&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Revelation Explained: An Exposition, Text by Text, of the Apocalypse of St. John by F.G. Smith, 1918, public domain.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallace,_Richard_1998_106-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wallace,_Richard_1998_106_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_WallaceWynne_Williams1998" class="citation book cs1">Richard Wallace; Wynne Williams (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/threeworldsofpau00wall/page/106"><i>The three worlds of Paul of Tarsus</i></a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/threeworldsofpau00wall/page/106">106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415135917" title="Special:BookSources/9780415135917"><bdi>9780415135917</bdi></a>. <q><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13591-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13591-5">0-415-13591-5</a>" "Apart from the public buildings for which such benefactors paid – the library at Ephesos, for example, recently reconstructed, built by Tiberius Iulius Aquila Polmaeanus in 110–20 in honour of his father Tiberius Iulius Celsus Polemaeanus, one of the earliest men of purely Greek origin to become a Roman consul</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+three+worlds+of+Paul+of+Tarsus&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780415135917&rft.au=Richard+Wallace&rft.au=Wynne+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthreeworldsofpau00wall%2Fpage%2F106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicols,_John_1978_109-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicols,_John_1978_109_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicols,_John1978" class="citation book cs1">Nicols, John (1978). <i>Vespasian and the partes Flavianae, Issues 28–31</i>. Steiner. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783515023931" title="Special:BookSources/9783515023931"><bdi>9783515023931</bdi></a>. <q><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-02393-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-02393-3">3-515-02393-3</a>" "Ti. Julius Celsus Polemaeanus (PIR2 J 260) was a romanized Greek of Ephesus or Sardes who became the first eastern consul.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vespasian+and+the+partes+Flavianae%2C+Issues+28%E2%80%9331&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9783515023931&rft.au=Nicols%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForte,_Bettie1972" class="citation book cs1">Forte, Bettie (1972). <i>Rome and the Romans as the Greeks saw them</i>. American Academy in Rome. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/560733">560733</a>. <q>The Julio-Claudian emperors admitted relatively few Greeks to citizenship, but these showed satisfaction with their new position and privileges. Tiberius is known to have enfranchised only Tib. Julius Polemaeanus, ancestor of a prominent governor later in the century)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Romans+as+the+Greeks+saw+them&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=American+Academy+in+Rome&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F560733&rft.au=Forte%2C+Bettie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Too,_Yun_Lee_2010_213-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Too,_Yun_Lee_2010_213_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToo,_Yun_Lee2010" class="citation book cs1">Too, Yun Lee (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/idealibraryancie00tooy"><i>The idea of the library in the ancient world</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/idealibraryancie00tooy/page/n221">213</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199577804" title="Special:BookSources/9780199577804"><bdi>9780199577804</bdi></a>. <q><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-957780-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-957780-3">0-19-957780-3</a>" "... and son of Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, proconsul of Asia, who founds the Celsian library from his own wealth ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+idea+of+the+library+in+the+ancient+world&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780199577804&rft.au=Too%2C+Yun+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fidealibraryancie00tooy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanfmann,_George_Maxim_Anossov_1975_65-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanfmann,_George_Maxim_Anossov_1975_65_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanfmann,_George_Maxim_Anossov1975" class="citation book cs1">Hanfmann, George Maxim Anossov (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromcroesustocon00geor/page/65"><i>From Croesus to Constantine: the cities of western Asia Minor and their arts in Greek and Roman times</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromcroesustocon00geor/page/65">65</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472084203" title="Special:BookSources/9780472084203"><bdi>9780472084203</bdi></a>. <q><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08420-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08420-8">0-472-08420-8</a>" "... statues (lost except for their bases) were probably of Celsus, consul in A.D. 92, and his son Aquila, consul in A.D. 110. A cuirass statue stood in the central niche of the upper storey. Its identification oscillates between Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, who is buried in a sarcophagus under the library, and Tiberius Julius Aquila Polemaeanus, who completed the building for his father</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Croesus+to+Constantine%3A+the+cities+of+western+Asia+Minor+and+their+arts+in+Greek+and+Roman+times&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780472084203&rft.au=Hanfmann%2C+George+Maxim+Anossov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromcroesustocon00geor%2Fpage%2F65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swain,_Simon_1998_171-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swain,_Simon_1998_171_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwain,_Simon1998" class="citation book cs1">Swain, Simon (1998). <i>Hellenism and empire: language, classicism, and power in the Greek world, AD 50–250</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198152316" title="Special:BookSources/9780198152316"><bdi>9780198152316</bdi></a>. <q><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815231-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815231-0">0-19-815231-0</a>" "Sardis had already seen two Greek senators ... Ti. Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, cos. Suff. N 92 (Halfmann 1979: no 160), who endowed the remarkable Library of Celsus at Ephesus, and his son Ti. Julius Aquila Polemaeanus, cos. suff. in 110, who built most of it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenism+and+empire%3A+language%2C+classicism%2C+and+power+in+the+Greek+world%2C+AD+50%E2%80%93250&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780198152316&rft.au=Swain%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Library_of_Celsus/">"Library of Celsus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a>. 22 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oeai.at&rft.atitle=Water+Supply+%E2%80%93+%C3%96AI+EN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oeai.at%2Findex.php%2Fwater-supply.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103155213/http://homepage.univie.ac.at/elisabeth.trinkl/forum/forum1297/05wass.htm">"Ephesus Municipal Water System"</a>. <i>homepage.univie.ac.at</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=homepage.univie.ac.at&rft.atitle=Ephesus+Municipal+Water+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.univie.ac.at%2Felisabeth.trinkl%2Fforum%2Fforum1297%2F05wass.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017132132/http://community.iexplore.com/planning/journalEntryActivity.asp?JournalID=7393&EntryID=13307&n=The+Theater+and+The+Odeum">"accessed September 24, 2007"</a>. Community.iexplore.com. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=accessed+September+24%2C+2007&rft.pub=Community.iexplore.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.iexplore.com%2Fplanning%2FjournalEntryActivity.asp%3FJournalID%3D7393%26EntryID%3D13307%26n%3DThe%2BTheater%2Band%2BThe%2BOdeum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naci-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naci_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naci_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Keskin, Naci. <i>Ephesus</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-7559-48-2" title="Special:BookSources/975-7559-48-2">975-7559-48-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Revak-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Revak_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revak_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revak_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ephesus</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ephesos+%E2%80%93+An+Ancient+Metropolis%3A+Exploration+and+History&rft.pub=Austrian+Archaeological+Institute&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oeai.at%2Feng%2Fausland%2Fgeschichte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/austrian-minister-thanks-turkey-for-resuming-excavations-131332">"Austrian minister thanks Turkey for resuming excavations in Ephesus"</a>. 4 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Austrian+minister+thanks+Turkey+for+resuming+excavations+in+Ephesus&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Faustrian-minister-thanks-turkey-for-resuming-excavations-131332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constantinople.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaID=8197">"Great Online Encyclopaedia of Constantinople"</a>. <i>constantinople.ehw.gr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=constantinople.ehw.gr&rft.atitle=Great+Online+Encyclopaedia+of+Constantinople&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconstantinople.ehw.gr%2Fforms%2FfLemmaBodyExtended.aspx%3FlemmaID%3D8197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtheephesus.com" class="citation web cs1">theephesus.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817223318/http://www.theephesus.com/">"accessed September 30, 2013"</a>. theephesus.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theephesus.com/">the original</a> on 2020-08-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=accessed+September+30%2C+2013&rft.pub=theephesus.com&rft.au=theephesus.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theephesus.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEphesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Foss, Clive. 1979. "Ephesus After Antiquity." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Athas, Daphne. 1991. <i>Entering Ephesus.</i> Sag Harbor, NY: Second Chance Press.</li> <li>Oster, Richard. 1987. <i>A Bibliography of Ancient Ephesus.</i> Philadelphia: American Theological Library Association.</li> <li>Scherrer, Peter, Fritz Krinzinger, and Selahattin Erdemgil. 2000. <i>Ephesus: The New Guide.</i> Rev. ed. 2000. Turkey: Ege Yayinlari (Zero Prod. Ltd.).</li> <li>Leloux, Kevin. 2018. "The Campaign Of Croesus Against Ephesus: Historical & Archaeological Considerations", in Polemos 21–2, p. 47–63.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1879 <i><a href="/wiki/American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="American Cyclopædia">American Cyclopædia</a></i> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Ephesus" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Ephesus">Ephesus</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Ephesus</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ephesus&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ephesus">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ephesus&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130831204501/http://www.muze.gov.tr/ephesus-archaeological">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729223533/http://www.muze.gov.tr/ephesus-archaeological-site-the-terrace-houses">Official website of the terrace houses of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/ionia/ephesos/i.html">Coinage of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitman.edu/theatre/theatretour/ephesus/ephesus.home.htm">The Theatre at Ephesus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turkishtravelblog.com/ephesus-turkey-ancient-ruins-city/">Photos from Ephesus (2015)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themindcircle.com/ancient-greek-city-ephesus/">This Is What The Ancient Greek City Ephesus Most Probably Looked Like</a> (<i>The Mind Circle,</i> Alpix, 2022)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="History of Anatolia" alt="History of Anatolia" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_1o82fhjc3wbovqwhy2kcjq20p6jp4tz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/1o82fhjc3wbovqwhy2kcjq20p6jp4tz.png" /></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ionian_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ionian_League" title="Template:Ionian League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ionian_League" title="Template talk:Ionian League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ionian_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ionian League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ionian_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clazomenae" class="mw-redirect" title="Clazomenae">Clazomenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colophon_(city)" title="Colophon (city)">Colophon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrae" title="Erythrae">Erythrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebedus" title="Lebedus">Lebedus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myus" title="Myus">Myus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocaea" title="Phocaea">Phocaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priene" title="Priene">Priene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos" title="Teos">Teos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Journeys_of_Paul_the_Apostle" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Journeys_of_Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Template:Journeys of Paul of Tarsus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journeys_of_Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Template talk:Journeys of Paul of Tarsus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journeys_of_Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journeys of Paul of Tarsus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Journeys_of_Paul_the_Apostle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Journeys of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First journey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia</a></li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li>3a. <a href="/wiki/Salamis,_Cyprus" title="Salamis, Cyprus">Salamis</a></li> <li>3b. <a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Perga" title="Perga">Perga</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Antioch_of_Pisidia" title="Antioch of Pisidia">Antioch of Pisidia</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Iconium</a></li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Derbe" title="Derbe">Derbe</a></li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Lystra" title="Lystra">Lystra</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Attalea</a></li> <li>10. <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> (returns to beginning of journey)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second journey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Derbe" title="Derbe">Derbe</a></li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Lystra" title="Lystra">Lystra</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Troas" title="Alexandria Troas">Alexandria Troas</a>)</li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a></li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Kavala" title="Kavala">Neapolis</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a></li> <li>10. <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Mygdonia)" title="Apollonia (Mygdonia)">Apollonia</a></li> <li>11. <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></li> <li>12. <a href="/wiki/Berea_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berea (Bible)">Beroea</a></li> <li>13. <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></li> <li>14. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li>15. <a href="/wiki/Kechries" title="Kechries">Cenchreae</a></li> <li>16. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ephesus</a></li> <li>17. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a></li> <li>18. <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a></li> <li>19. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li>20. <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third journey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li>3. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ephesus</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Kechries" title="Kechries">Cenchreae</a></li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> (again)</li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troas</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Assos" title="Assos">Assos</a></li> <li>10. <a href="/wiki/Mytilene" title="Mytilene">Mytilene</a></li> <li>11. <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a></li> <li>12. <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li>13. <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li>14. <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Cos</a></li> <li>15. <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li>16. <a href="/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)" title="Patara (Lycia)">Patara</a></li> <li>17. <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li>18. <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Ptolemais</a></li> <li>19. <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a></li> <li>20. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seven_churches_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seven_churches_of_Asia" title="Template:Seven churches of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seven_churches_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Seven churches of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seven_churches_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seven churches of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_churches_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seven_churches_of_Asia" title="Seven churches of Asia">Seven churches of Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:500px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:500px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:500px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ephesus is located in Turkey"><img alt="Ephesus is located in Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/750px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/1000px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="721" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.147%;left:9.902%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ephesus"><img alt="Ephesus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/6px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/9px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ephesus</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.23%;left:8.892%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Smyrna"><img alt="Smyrna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/6px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/9px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.095%;left:9.099%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pergamon"><img alt="Pergamon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/6px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/9px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.131%;left:12.457%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Thyatira"><img alt="Thyatira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/6px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/9px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Thyatira" title="Thyatira">Thyatira</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.31%;left:13.471%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sardis"><img alt="Sardis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/6px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/9px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.143%;left:15.901%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Philadelphia (modern Alaşehir)"><img alt="Philadelphia (modern Alaşehir)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/6px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/9px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir" title="Alaşehir">Philadelphia (modern Alaşehir)</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.631%;left:18.916%;font-size:100%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Laodicea"><img alt="Laodicea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/6px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/9px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus" title="Laodicea on the Lycus">Laodicea</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" title="Template:Ancient settlements in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Ancient settlements in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient settlements in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_settlements_in_Turkey" title="List of ancient settlements in Turkey">Ancient settlements in Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean Region">Aegean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbassus" title="Abbassus">Abbassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrostola_(Phrygia)" title="Abrostola (Phrygia)">Abrostola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaion_Limen" title="Achaion Limen">Achaion Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharaca" title="Acharaca">Acharaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acmonia" title="Acmonia">Acmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrassus" title="Acrassus">Acrassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adramyttium" title="Adramyttium">Adramyttium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agatheira" title="Agatheira">Agatheira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aigai_(Aeolis)" title="Aigai (Aeolis)">Aegae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airai_(Ionia)" title="Airai (Ionia)">Airai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizanoi" title="Aizanoi">Aizanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabanda" title="Alabanda">Alabanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alia_(Phrygia)" title="Alia (Phrygia)">Alia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alinda" title="Alinda">Alinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allianoi" title="Allianoi">Allianoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almura" title="Almura">Almura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnista" title="Amnista">Amnista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorium" title="Amorium">Amorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(ancient_city)" title="Amos (ancient city)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amynanda" title="Amynanda">Amynanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyzon_(city)" title="Amyzon (city)">Amyzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaua" title="Anaua">Anaua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anineta" title="Anineta">Anineta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaea" title="Annaea">Annaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antandrus" title="Antandrus">Antandrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch_on_the_Maeander" title="Antioch on the Maeander">Antioch on the Maeander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apamea_(Phrygia)" title="Apamea (Phrygia)">Apamea in Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias" title="Aphrodisias">Aphrodisias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Mysia)" title="Apollonia (Mysia)">Apollonia in Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_Salbaces" title="Apollonia Salbaces">Apollonia Salbaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonis_(Lydia)" title="Apollonis (Lydia)">Apollonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonos_Hieron" title="Apollonos Hieron">Apollonos Hieron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appia_(Phrygia)" title="Appia (Phrygia)">Appia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appolena" title="Appolena">Appolena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragokome" title="Aragokome">Aragokome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araukome" title="Araukome">Araukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadiopolis_in_Asia" title="Arcadiopolis in Asia">Arcadiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arilla_(Lydia)" title="Arilla (Lydia)">Arilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_(Caria)" title="Aroma (Caria)">Aroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspaneus" title="Aspaneus">Aspaneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astragon_(Caria)" title="Astragon (Caria)">Astragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyra_(Aeolis)" title="Astyra (Aeolis)">Astyra near Adramyttium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyra_(near_Pergamon)" title="Astyra (near Pergamon)">Astyra near Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyria" title="Astyria">Astyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarneus" title="Atarneus">Atarneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarneus_sub_Pitanem" title="Atarneus sub Pitanem">Atarneus sub Pitanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attea" title="Attea">Attea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attuda" title="Attuda">Attuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustopolis_in_Phrygia" title="Augustopolis in Phrygia">Augustopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulae_(Caria)" title="Aulae (Caria)">Aulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Neapolis" title="Aurelia Neapolis">Aurelia Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureliopolis_in_Lydia" title="Aureliopolis in Lydia">Aureliopolis in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurokra" title="Aurokra">Aurokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bageis" title="Bageis">Bageis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargasa" title="Bargasa">Bargasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargasa_(northern_Caria)" title="Bargasa (northern Caria)">Bargasa in northern Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargylia" title="Bargylia">Bargylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beudos" title="Beudos">Beudos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beycesultan" title="Beycesultan">Beycesultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgena" title="Birgena">Birgena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaundus" title="Blaundus">Blaundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonitai" title="Bonitai">Bonitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boukolion" title="Boukolion">Boukolion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boutheia" title="Boutheia">Boutheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briula" title="Briula">Briula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruzus" title="Bruzus">Bruzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bybassus" title="Bybassus">Bybassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadi_(Phrygia)" title="Cadi (Phrygia)">Cadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callipolis_(Caria)" title="Callipolis (Caria)">Callipolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloe" title="Caloe">Caloe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canae" title="Canae">Canae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carene_(Mysia)" title="Carene (Mysia)">Carene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmylessus" title="Carmylessus">Carmylessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carura" title="Carura">Carura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryanda" title="Caryanda">Caryanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castabus" title="Castabus">Castabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casystes" title="Casystes">Casystes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedreae" title="Cedreae">Cedreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celaenae" title="Celaenae">Celaenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramus" title="Ceramus">Ceramus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcetor" title="Chalcetor">Chalcetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choria" title="Choria">Choria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysaoris" title="Chrysaoris">Chrysaoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chytrium" title="Chytrium">Chytrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cidramus" title="Cidramus">Cidramus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cindye" title="Cindye">Cindye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisthene_(Mysia)" title="Cisthene (Mysia)">Cisthene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannuda" title="Clannuda">Clannuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claros" title="Claros">Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colophon_(city)" title="Colophon (city)">Colophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossae" title="Colossae">Colossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conium_(Phrygia)" title="Conium (Phrygia)">Conium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coryphas" title="Coryphas">Coryphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybeleia" title="Cybeleia">Cybeleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyllandus" title="Cyllandus">Cyllandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyme_(Aeolis)" title="Cyme (Aeolis)">Cyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daldis" title="Daldis">Daldis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dareioukome" title="Dareioukome">Dareioukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dideiphyta" title="Dideiphyta">Dideiphyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digda" title="Digda">Digda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioclea_(Phrygia)" title="Dioclea (Phrygia)">Dioclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysiopolis" title="Dionysiopolis">Dionysiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dios_Hieron_(Ionia)" title="Dios Hieron (Ionia)">Dios Hieron in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dios_Hieron_(Lydia)" title="Dios Hieron (Lydia)">Dios Hieron in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioskome" title="Dioskome">Dioskome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docimium" title="Docimium">Docimium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doroukome" title="Doroukome">Doroukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eibeos" title="Eibeos">Eibeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiokome" title="Eiokome">Eiokome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaea_(Aeolis)" title="Elaea (Aeolis)">Elaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluza" title="Eluza">Eluza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embatum" title="Embatum">Embatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoddi" title="Emoddi">Emoddi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erines" title="Erines">Erines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrae" title="Erythrae">Erythrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythras_(Ionia)" title="Erythras (Ionia)">Erythras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etsyena" title="Etsyena">Etsyena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euaza" title="Euaza">Euaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukarpia" title="Eukarpia">Eukarpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euhippe" title="Euhippe">Euhippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumeneia" title="Eumeneia">Eumeneia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromus" title="Euromus">Euromus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenae" title="Euthenae">Euthenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euxine_(Caria)" title="Euxine (Caria)">Euxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrium" title="Gambrium">Gambrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerga" title="Gerga">Gerga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergitha" title="Gergitha">Gergitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerriadai" title="Gerriadai">Gerriadai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glauke_(Ionia)" title="Glauke (Ionia)">Glauke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gryneium" title="Gryneium">Gryneium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halicarnassus" title="Halicarnassus">Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halisarna" title="Halisarna">Halisarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpasa" title="Harpasa">Harpasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helos_(Ionia)" title="Helos (Ionia)">Helos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_at_Latmus" title="Heraclea at Latmus">Heraclea at Latmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_(Aeolis)" title="Heraclea (Aeolis)">Heraclea in Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_(Lydia)" title="Heraclea (Lydia)">Heraclea in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Salbace" title="Heraclea Salbace">Heraclea Salbace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermocapelia" title="Hermocapelia">Hermocapelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierapolis" title="Hierapolis">Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierapolis_(Phrygian_Pentapolis)" title="Hierapolis (Phrygian Pentapolis)">Hieropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierocaesarea" title="Hierocaesarea">Hierocaesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homadena" title="Homadena">Homadena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydai" title="Hydai">Hydai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydas" title="Hydas">Hydas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydissus" title="Hydissus">Hydissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygassos" title="Hygassos">Hygassos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyllarima" title="Hyllarima">Hyllarima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypaepa" title="Hypaepa">Hypaepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypokremnos" title="Hypokremnos">Hypokremnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanis_(Lydia)" title="Hyrcanis (Lydia)">Hyrcanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iasos" title="Iasos">Iasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaza" title="Iaza">Iaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idyma" title="Idyma">Idyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioniapolis" title="Ioniapolis">Ioniapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioudda" title="Ioudda">Ioudda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipsus" title="Ipsus">Ipsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isindus" title="Isindus">Isinda in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskome" title="Iskome">Iskome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadyie" title="Kadyie">Kadyie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaira_(Lydia)" title="Kaira (Lydia)">Kaira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabantia" title="Kalabantia">Kalabantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasara_(Caria)" title="Kasara (Caria)">Kasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasossos" title="Kasossos">Kasossos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaualena" title="Kaualena">Kaualena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunos" title="Kaunos">Kaunos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaymak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaymakçı Tepe">Kaymakçı Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilaraza" title="Kilaraza">Kilaraza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildara" title="Kildara">Kildara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klazomenai" title="Klazomenai">Klazomenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleimaka" title="Kleimaka">Kleimaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleros_Politike" title="Kleros Politike">Kleros Politike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knidos" title="Knidos">Knidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koddinou_Petra" title="Koddinou Petra">Koddinou Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koraia" title="Koraia">Koraia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korakoe" title="Korakoe">Korakoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koresa" title="Koresa">Koresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouara" title="Kouara">Kouara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyllene_(Aeolis)" title="Kyllene (Aeolis)">Kyllene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kymnissa" title="Kymnissa">Kymnissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kys_(Caria)" title="Kys (Caria)">Kys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labraunda" title="Labraunda">Labraunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagina" title="Lagina">Lagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalandos" title="Lalandos">Lalandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamyana" title="Lamyana">Lamyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankena" title="Lankena">Lankena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus" title="Laodicea on the Lycus">Laodicea on the Lycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_(Caria)" title="Larisa (Caria)">Larisa in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_(Ionia)" title="Larisa (Ionia)">Larisa in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_(Lydia)" title="Larisa (Lydia)">Larisa in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa_Phrikonis" title="Larissa Phrikonis">Larissa Phrikonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larymna_(Caria)" title="Larymna (Caria)">Larymna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasnedda" title="Lasnedda">Lasnedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latmus_(town)" title="Latmus (town)">Latmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebedus" title="Lebedus">Lebedus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leimon" title="Leimon">Leimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucae_(Ionia)" title="Leucae (Ionia)">Leucae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucophrys" title="Leucophrys">Leucophrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limantepe" title="Limantepe">Limantepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobolda" title="Lobolda">Lobolda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loryma" title="Loryma">Loryma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunda_(Asia_Minor)" title="Lunda (Asia Minor)">Lunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydae" title="Lydae">Lydae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrna" title="Lyrna">Lyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysimachia_(Mysia)" title="Lysimachia (Mysia)">Lysimachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madnasa" title="Madnasa">Madnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeandropolis" title="Maeandropolis">Maeandropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesia_ad_Sipylum" title="Magnesia ad Sipylum">Magnesia ad Sipylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Maeander" title="Magnesia on the Maeander">Magnesia on the Maeander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiboza" title="Maiboza">Maiboza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maionia_in_Lydia" title="Maionia in Lydia">Maionia in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malene" title="Malene">Malene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathesium" title="Marathesium">Marathesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastaura_(Caria)" title="Mastaura (Caria)">Mastaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiros" title="Meiros">Meiros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiros_Megale" title="Meiros Megale">Meiros Megale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melampagos" title="Melampagos">Melampagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meloukome" title="Meloukome">Meloukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(Anatolia)" title="Metropolis (Anatolia)">Metropolis in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(southern_Phrygia)" title="Metropolis (southern Phrygia)">Metropolis in southern Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milas" title="Milas">Mylasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobolla" title="Mobolla">Mobolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokolda" title="Mokolda">Mokolda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossyna" title="Mossyna">Mossyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostene" title="Mostene">Mostene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motella" title="Motella">Motella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myloukome" title="Myloukome">Myloukome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myndus" title="Myndus">Myndus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrina_(Aeolis)" title="Myrina (Aeolis)">Myrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myus" title="Myus">Myus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nais_(Lydia)" title="Nais (Lydia)">Nais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasos" title="Nasos">Nasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naulochon" title="Naulochon">Naulochon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naulochus_(Ionia)" title="Naulochus (Ionia)">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxia_(Caria)" title="Naxia (Caria)">Naxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolis_(Caria)" title="Neapolis (Caria)">Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonteichos" title="Neonteichos">Neonteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisyra" title="Nisyra">Nisyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notion_(ancient_city)" title="Notion (ancient city)">Notion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Caria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphaeum (Caria)">Nymphaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nysa_on_the_Maeander" title="Nysa on the Maeander">Nysa on the Maeander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odon_(Lydia)" title="Odon (Lydia)">Odon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenoanda" title="Oenoanda">Oenoanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaeis" title="Olaeis">Olaeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olymos" title="Olymos">Olymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroanna" title="Oroanna">Oroanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthosia_(Caria)" title="Orthosia (Caria)">Orthoisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortygia_(Ionia)" title="Ortygia (Ionia)">Ortygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrus" title="Otrus">Otrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaemyndus" title="Palaemyndus">Palaemyndus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeopolis_(Lydia)" title="Palaeopolis (Lydia)">Palaeopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasion" title="Panasion">Panasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panormus_(Caria)" title="Panormus (Caria)">Panormus near Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panormus_(Halicarnassus)" title="Panormus (Halicarnassus)">Panormus near Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsada" title="Parsada">Parsada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenium_(Mysia)" title="Parthenium (Mysia)">Parthenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passala" title="Passala">Passala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passanda" title="Passanda">Passanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedasa" title="Pedasa">Pedasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltae" title="Peltae">Peltae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepuza" title="Pepuza">Pepuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perperene" title="Perperene">Perperene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_(Lydia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia (Lydia)">Philadelphia in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocaea" title="Phocaea">Phocaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(Caria)" title="Phoenix (Caria)">Phoenix in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmaris" title="Marmaris">Physcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyteia" title="Phyteia">Phyteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidasa" title="Pidasa">Pidasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinara" title="Pinara">Pinara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisilis" title="Pisilis">Pisilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisye" title="Pisye">Pisye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitane_(Aeolis)" title="Pitane (Aeolis)">Pitane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pladasa" title="Pladasa">Pladasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plarasa" title="Plarasa">Plarasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polichna_(Ionia)" title="Polichna (Ionia)">Polichna in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polichne_(Ionia)" title="Polichne (Ionia)">Polichne in Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybotus" title="Polybotus">Polybotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pordoselene" title="Pordoselene">Pordoselene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priene" title="Priene">Priene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prymnessus" title="Prymnessus">Prymnessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteleum_(Ionia)" title="Pteleum (Ionia)">Pteleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pydnae" title="Pydnae">Pydnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygela" title="Pygela">Pygela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrnus_(Caria)" title="Pyrnus (Caria)">Pyrnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrha_(Caria)" title="Pyrrha (Caria)">Pyrrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saouenda" title="Saouenda">Saouenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satala_in_Lydia" title="Satala in Lydia">Satala in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebaste_(Phrygia)" title="Sebaste (Phrygia)">Sebaste in Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastopolis_(Caria)" title="Sebastopolis (Caria)">Sebastopolis in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setae_(Lydia)" title="Setae (Lydia)">Setae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_(Caria)" title="Side (Caria)">Side in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidussa" title="Sidussa">Sidussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silandus" title="Silandus">Silandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillyos" title="Sillyos">Sillyos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sion_(Asia_Minor)" title="Sion (Asia Minor)">Sion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolopoeis" title="Skolopoeis">Skolopoeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soa_(Phrygia)" title="Soa (Phrygia)">Soa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore_(Phrygia)" title="Spore (Phrygia)">Spore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadia_(Caria)" title="Stadia (Caria)">Stadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stectorium" title="Stectorium">Stectorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratonicea_(Lydia)" title="Stratonicea (Lydia)">Stratonicea in Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratonicea_(Caria)" title="Stratonicea (Caria)">Stratonicea in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobilos" title="Strobilos">Strobilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syangela" title="Syangela">Syangela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbra" title="Symbra">Symbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaus">Synaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syneta_(Caria)" title="Syneta (Caria)">Syneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synnada" title="Synnada">Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrna_(Caria)" title="Syrna (Caria)">Syrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabae" title="Tabae">Tabae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabala_(Lydia)" title="Tabala (Lydia)">Tabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tateikome" title="Tateikome">Tateikome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taza_(Lydia)" title="Taza (Lydia)">Taza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teichiussa" title="Teichiussa">Teichiussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telandrus" title="Telandrus">Telandrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temenothyra" title="Temenothyra">Temenothyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temnos" title="Temnos">Temnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempsis" title="Tempsis">Tempsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendeba" title="Tendeba">Tendeba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos" title="Teos">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termera" title="Termera">Termera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuthrania" title="Teuthrania">Teuthrania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thasthara" title="Thasthara">Thasthara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theangela" title="Theangela">Theangela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebe_Hypoplakia" title="Thebe Hypoplakia">Thebe Hypoplakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes_(Ionia)" title="Thebes (Ionia)">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thera_(Caria)" title="Thera (Caria)">Thera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyaira" title="Thyaira">Thyaira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyatira" title="Thyatira">Thyatira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymbrara" title="Thymbrara">Thymbrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyssanus" title="Thyssanus">Thyssanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisna" title="Tisna">Tisna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlos_(Caria)" title="Tlos (Caria)">Tlos in Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomara_(Lydia)" title="Tomara (Lydia)">Tomara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traianopolis_(Phrygia)" title="Traianopolis (Phrygia)">Traianopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezopolis" title="Trapezopolis">Trapezopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trarium" title="Trarium">Trarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triopium" title="Triopium">Triopium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_on_the_Meander" title="Tripolis on the Meander">Tripolis on the Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troketta" title="Troketta">Troketta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyanollos" title="Tyanollos">Tyanollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymion" title="Tymion">Tymion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymnos" title="Tymnos">Tymnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ula_(Caria)" title="Ula (Caria)">Ula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_(Caria)" title="Uranium (Caria)">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemmeana" title="Zemmeana">Zemmeana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zingotos_Kome" title="Zingotos Kome">Zingotos Kome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Region">Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegialus" title="Aegialus">Aegialus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiginetes" title="Aiginetes">Aiginetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Alaca Höyük">Alaca Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Amastris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancon_(Pontus)" title="Ancon (Pontus)">Ancon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticinolis" title="Anticinolis">Anticinolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyria_(Pontus)" title="Argyria (Pontus)">Argyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armene" title="Armene">Armene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenae_(Pontus)" title="Athenae (Pontus)">Athenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berissa" title="Berissa">Berissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonita_(Paphlagonia)" title="Bonita (Paphlagonia)">Bonita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boon_(Pontus)" title="Boon (Pontus)">Boon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabira" title="Cabira">Cabira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cales_(Bithynia)" title="Cales (Bithynia)">Cales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callistratia" title="Callistratia">Callistratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carambis" title="Carambis">Carambis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carissa_(Galatia)" title="Carissa (Galatia)">Carissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carussa" title="Carussa">Carussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerasus_(near_Trapezus)" title="Cerasus (near Trapezus)">Cerasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadisia" title="Chadisia">Chadisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinolis" title="Cinolis">Cinolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cizari" title="Cizari">Cizari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_in_Armenia" title="Colonia in Armenia">Colonia in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colussa" title="Colussa">Colussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comana_Pontica" title="Comana Pontica">Comana in the Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coralla" title="Coralla">Coralla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordyle" title="Cordyle">Cordyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratia_(Bithynia)" title="Cratia (Bithynia)">Cratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenides_(Bithynia)" title="Crenides (Bithynia)">Crenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromen" title="Cromen">Cromen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromna_(Paphlagonia)" title="Cromna (Paphlagonia)">Cromna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyptasia" title="Cyptasia">Cyptasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dia_(Bithynia)" title="Dia (Bithynia)">Dia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacopa" title="Diacopa">Diacopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeus_(Bithynia)" title="Elaeus (Bithynia)">Elaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeira" title="Endeira">Endeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythini" title="Erythini">Erythini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchaita" title="Euchaita">Euchaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusene" title="Eusene">Eusene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadilon" title="Gadilon">Gadilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garius" title="Garius">Garius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garzoubanthon" title="Garzoubanthon">Garzoubanthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaziura" title="Gaziura">Gaziura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozalena" title="Gozalena">Gozalena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianopolis_in_Paphlagonia" title="Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia">Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea Pontica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleium_(Pontus)" title="Heracleium (Pontus)">Heracleium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermonassa_(Pontus)" title="Hermonassa (Pontus)">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieron_Oros" title="Hieron Oros">Hieron Oros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyindede_Tepe" title="Hüseyindede Tepe">Hüseyindede Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyssus" title="Hyssus">Hyssus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibora" title="Ibora">Ibora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischopolis" title="Ischopolis">Ischopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karza" title="Karza">Karza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelesa" title="Kelesa">Kelesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimista" title="Kimista">Kimista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladik" title="Ladik">Laodicea Pontica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libiopolis" title="Libiopolis">Libiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillium" title="Lillium">Lillium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroon_(Bithynia)" title="Metroon (Bithynia)">Metroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokata" title="Mokata">Mokata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naustathmus_(Pontus)" title="Naustathmus (Pontus)">Naustathmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerik" title="Nerik">Nerik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicopolis_(Armenia)" title="Nicopolis (Armenia)">Nicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophis_(Pontus)" title="Ophis (Pontus)">Ophis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxinas" title="Oxinas">Oxinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patara_(Cappadocia)" title="Patara (Cappadocia)">Patara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Pharnacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phazemon" title="Phazemon">Phazemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocaleia" title="Philocaleia">Philocaleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pida_(Pontus)" title="Pida (Pontus)">Pida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimolisa" title="Pimolisa">Pimolisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeiopolis" title="Pompeiopolis">Pompeiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potami_(Paphlagonia)" title="Potami (Paphlagonia)">Potami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusias_ad_Hypium" title="Prusias ad Hypium">Prusias ad Hypium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteria_(Paphlagonia)" title="Pteria (Paphlagonia)">Pteria in Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salatiwara" title="Salatiwara">Salatiwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuha">Samuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandaraca" title="Sandaraca">Sandaraca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapinuwa" title="Sapinuwa">Sapinuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satala" title="Satala">Satala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurania" title="Saurania">Saurania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulusaray" title="Sulusaray">Sebastopolis in Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephane_(Paphlagonia)" title="Stephane (Paphlagonia)">Stephane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syderos" title="Syderos">Syderos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themiscyra_(Pontus)" title="Themiscyra (Pontus)">Themiscyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymena" title="Thymena">Thymena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolaeum" title="Timolaeum">Timolaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virasia" title="Virasia">Virasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1kaya" title="Yazılıkaya">Yazılıkaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagorus" title="Zagorus">Zagorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrium_(Paphlagonia)" title="Zephyrium (Paphlagonia)">Zephyrium in Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziporea" title="Ziporea">Ziporea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region">Central Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abouadeineita" title="Abouadeineita">Abouadeineita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali%C5%9Far_H%C3%BCy%C3%BCk" title="Alişar Hüyük">Alişar Hüyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amblada" title="Amblada">Amblada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadynata" title="Anadynata">Anadynata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beypazar%C4%B1" title="Beypazarı">Anastasiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andabalis" title="Andabalis">Andabalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisa" title="Anisa">Anisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniaca" title="Anniaca">Anniaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoniopolis_(Paphlagonia)" title="Antoniopolis (Paphlagonia)">Antoniopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzoulada" title="Anzoulada">Anzoulada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquae_Saravenae" title="Aquae Saravenae">Aquae Saravenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralla" title="Aralla">Aralla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arasaxa" title="Arasaxa">Arasaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archalla" title="Archalla">Archalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardistama" title="Ardistama">Ardistama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariaramneia" title="Ariaramneia">Ariaramneia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathia" title="Ariarathia">Ariarathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armaxa" title="Armaxa">Armaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artiknos" title="Artiknos">Artiknos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspenzinsos" title="Aspenzinsos">Aspenzinsos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_(Isauria)" title="Astra (Isauria)">Astra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenia_(Pisidia)" title="Atenia (Pisidia)">Atenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbissa" title="Balbissa">Balbissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balgatia" title="Balgatia">Balgatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barate" title="Barate">Barate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathys_Rhyax" title="Bathys Rhyax">Bathys Rhyax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binbirkilise" title="Binbirkilise">Binbirkilise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blucium" title="Blucium">Blucium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borissos" title="Borissos">Borissos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campae" title="Campae">Campae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camuliana" title="Camuliana">Camuliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candara_(Paphlagonia)" title="Candara (Paphlagonia)">Candara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus_Vicus" title="Carus Vicus">Carus Vicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimiata" title="Cimiata">Cimiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciscissus" title="Ciscissus">Ciscissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinna_(Galatia)" title="Cinna (Galatia)">Cinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claneus" title="Claneus">Claneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitanassus" title="Comitanassus">Comitanassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congustus" title="Congustus">Congustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corna_(Lycaonia)" title="Corna (Lycaonia)">Corna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corniaspa" title="Corniaspa">Corniaspa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coropassus" title="Coropassus">Coropassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotenna" title="Cotenna">Cotenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybistra" title="Cybistra">Cybistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyzistra" title="Cyzistra">Cyzistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadastana" title="Dadastana">Dadastana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasmenda" title="Dasmenda">Dasmenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbe" title="Derbe">Derbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocaesarea_(Cappadocia)" title="Diocaesarea (Cappadocia)">Diocaesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doara" title="Doara">Doara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dometiopolis" title="Dometiopolis">Dometiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorylaeum" title="Dorylaeum">Dorylaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdaumava" title="Ecdaumava">Ecdaumava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecobriga" title="Ecobriga">Ecobriga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergobrotis" title="Ergobrotis">Ergobrotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euaissa" title="Euaissa">Euaissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudocia_(Cappadocia)" title="Eudocia (Cappadocia)">Eudocia (Cappadocia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudocia_(Phrygia)" title="Eudocia (Phrygia)">Eudocia (Phrygia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulepa" title="Eulepa">Eulepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustinopolis" title="Faustinopolis">Faustinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germa_(Galatia)" title="Germa (Galatia)">Germa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorbeus" title="Gorbeus">Gorbeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordium">Gordium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianopolis_(Phrygia)" title="Hadrianopolis (Phrygia)">Hadrianopolis in Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Cybistra" title="Heraclea Cybistra">Heraclea Cybistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpha" title="Herpha">Herpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieropotamon" title="Hieropotamon">Hieropotamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homana" title="Homana">Homana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_(Cappadocia)" title="Hyde (Cappadocia)">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilistra" title="Ilistra">Ilistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenopolis_(Isauria)" title="Irenopolis (Isauria)">Irenopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauropolis" title="Isauropolis">Isauropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliopolis" title="Juliopolis">Juliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaman-Kaleh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Kaman-Kalehöyük">Kaman-Kalehöyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanotala" title="Kanotala">Kanotala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbala_(Cappadocia)" title="Karbala (Cappadocia)">Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keissia" title="Keissia">Keissia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerkenes" title="Kerkenes">Kerkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilistra" title="Kilistra">Kilistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindyria" title="Kindyria">Kindyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobara" title="Kobara">Kobara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodylessos" title="Kodylessos">Kodylessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korama" title="Korama">Korama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koron_(Cappadocia)" title="Koron (Cappadocia)">Koron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Kültepe</a> (Kanesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lageina" title="Lageina">Lageina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamatorma" title="Lamatorma">Lamatorma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_Combusta" title="Laodicea Combusta">Laodicea Combusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laroumada" title="Laroumada">Laroumada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauzadus" title="Lauzadus">Lauzadus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_(Cappadocia)" title="Limnae (Cappadocia)">Limnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lystra" title="Lystra">Lystra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malandasa" title="Malandasa">Malandasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_(Galatia)" title="Malus (Galatia)">Malus in Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_(Phrygia)" title="Malus (Phrygia)">Malus in Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melo%C3%AB_(Isauria)" title="Meloë (Isauria)">Meloë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(northern_Phrygia)" title="Metropolis (northern Phrygia)">Metropolis in northern Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midaeium" title="Midaeium">Midaeium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistea" title="Mistea">Mistea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnizus" title="Mnizus">Mnizus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokissos" title="Mokissos">Mokissos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourisa" title="Mourisa">Mourisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moutalaske" title="Moutalaske">Moutalaske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musbanda" title="Musbanda">Musbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrika" title="Myrika">Myrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakoleia" title="Nakoleia">Nakoleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazianzus" title="Nazianzus">Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitazi" title="Nitazi">Nitazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_(Cappadocia)" title="Nora (Cappadocia)">Nora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyssa_(Cappadocia)" title="Nyssa (Cappadocia)">Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochras" title="Ochras">Ochras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olosada" title="Olosada">Olosada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcistus" title="Orcistus">Orcistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papirion" title="Papirion">Papirion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parnassus_(Cappadocia)" title="Parnassus (Cappadocia)">Parnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedachto%C3%AB" title="Pedachtoë">Pedachtoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedaia" title="Pedaia">Pedaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peium" title="Peium">Peium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perta_(Lycaonia)" title="Perta (Lycaonia)">Perta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessinus" title="Pessinus">Pessinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharax" title="Pharax">Pharax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlara" title="Phlara">Phlara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillitokome" title="Pillitokome">Pillitokome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pissia" title="Pissia">Pissia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithoi_(Lycaonia)" title="Pithoi (Lycaonia)">Pithoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontanena" title="Pontanena">Pontanena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posala" title="Posala">Posala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteria_(Cappadocia)" title="Pteria (Cappadocia)">Pteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushanda" title="Purushanda">Purushanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrgoi_(Lycaonia)" title="Pyrgoi (Lycaonia)">Pyrgoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadagolthina" title="Sadagolthina">Sadagolthina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamboreia" title="Salamboreia">Salamboreia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salarama" title="Salarama">Salarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasima" title="Sasima">Sasima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savatra" title="Savatra">Savatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbida" title="Sbida">Sbida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedasa" title="Sedasa">Sedasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senzousa" title="Senzousa">Senzousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sereana" title="Sereana">Sereana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibora" title="Sibora">Sibora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidamaria" title="Sidamaria">Sidamaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandos" title="Skandos">Skandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanda" title="Soanda">Soanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soandos" title="Soandos">Soandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(Anatolia)" title="Sora (Anatolia)">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takourtha" title="Takourtha">Takourtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavium" title="Tavium">Tavium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebasa" title="Thebasa">Thebasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thouththourbia" title="Thouththourbia">Thouththourbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberiopolis" title="Tiberiopolis">Tiberiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trocmades" title="Trocmades">Trocmades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyana" title="Tyana">Tyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynna" title="Tynna">Tynna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyriaeum" title="Tyriaeum">Tyriaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasada" title="Vasada">Vasada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verinopolis" title="Verinopolis">Verinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeita_(Anatolia)" title="Zeita (Anatolia)">Zeita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zizima" title="Zizima">Zizima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">Eastern Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1ntepe" title="Altıntepe">Altıntepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsamosata" title="Arsamosata">Arsamosata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafer_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Cafer Höyük">Cafer Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camachus" title="Camachus">Camachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citharizum" title="Citharizum">Citharizum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadima" title="Dadima">Dadima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinianopolis_in_Armenia" title="Justinianopolis in Armenia">Justinianopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melid" class="mw-redirect" title="Melid">Melid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugunia" title="Sugunia">Sugunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Theodosiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushpa" title="Tushpa">Tushpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marmara_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmara Region">Marmara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abarnis" title="Abarnis">Abarnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_(Hellespont)" title="Abydos (Hellespont)">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaiion" title="Achaiion">Achaiion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilleion_(Troad)" title="Achilleion (Troad)">Achilleion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Statuas_(Thrace)" title="Ad Statuas (Thrace)">Ad Statuas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrasteia_(Mysia)" title="Adrasteia (Mysia)">Adrasteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegospotami" title="Aegospotami">Aegospotami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agora_(Thrace)" title="Agora (Thrace)">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aianteion_(Thrace)" title="Aianteion (Thrace)">Aianteion in Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aianteion_(Troad)" title="Aianteion (Troad)">Aianteion in the Troad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enez" title="Enez">Ainos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Troas" title="Alexandria Troas">Alexandria Troas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alopeconnesus" title="Alopeconnesus">Alopeconnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammoi" title="Ammoi">Ammoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amycus_(Bithynia)" title="Amycus (Bithynia)">Amycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaplous" title="Anaplous">Anaplous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apamea_Myrlea" title="Apamea Myrlea">Apamea Myrlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias_(Thrace)" title="Aphrodisias (Thrace)">Aphrodisias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_ad_Rhyndacum" title="Apollonia ad Rhyndacum">Apollonia on the Rhyndacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aprus_(Thrace)" title="Aprus (Thrace)">Aprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsoda" title="Apsoda">Apsoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeila" title="Arbeila">Arbeila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argiza" title="Argiza">Argiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyria_(Troad)" title="Argyria (Troad)">Argyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyronion" title="Argyronion">Argyronion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyropolis_(Thrace)" title="Argyropolis (Thrace)">Argyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arisba" title="Arisba">Arisba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artace_(Mysia)" title="Artace (Mysia)">Artace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaiouteichos" title="Artaiouteichos">Artaiouteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artanes_(Bithynia)" title="Artanes (Bithynia)">Artanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assos" title="Assos">Assos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astacus_(Bithynia)" title="Astacus (Bithynia)">Astacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyra_(Troad)" title="Astyra (Troad)">Astyra in Troad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athyras" title="Athyras">Athyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureliane" title="Aureliane">Aureliane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureliopolis_in_Asia" title="Aureliopolis in Asia">Aureliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baradendromia" title="Baradendromia">Baradendromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baris_in_Hellesponto" title="Baris in Hellesponto">Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Therma_(Bithynia)" title="Basilica Therma (Bithynia)">Basilica Therma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilinopolis" title="Basilinopolis">Basilinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathonea" title="Bathonea">Bathonea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathys_Limen" title="Bathys Limen">Bathys Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beodizo" title="Beodizo">Beodizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergule" title="Bergule">Bergule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birytis" title="Birytis">Birytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisanthe" title="Bisanthe">Bisanthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitenas" title="Bitenas">Bitenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynium" title="Bithynium">Bithynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blachernae" title="Blachernae">Blachernae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolos_(Thrace)" title="Bolos (Thrace)">Bolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boradion" title="Boradion">Boradion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunca_(Bithynia)" title="Brunca (Bithynia)">Brunca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burtudizon" title="Burtudizon">Burtudizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bythias" class="mw-redirect" title="Bythias">Bythias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzapena" title="Byzapena">Byzapena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caenophrurium" title="Caenophrurium">Caenophrurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callum_(Thrace)" title="Callum (Thrace)">Callum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calpe_(Bithynia)" title="Calpe (Bithynia)">Calpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus_(Thrace)" title="Canopus (Thrace)">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardia_(Thrace)" title="Cardia (Thrace)">Cardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebrene" title="Cebrene">Cebrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenchreae_(Troad)" title="Cenchreae (Troad)">Cenchreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenon_Gallicanon" title="Cenon Gallicanon">Cenon Gallicanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcaea" title="Chalcaea">Chalcaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax_(Bithynia)" title="Charax (Bithynia)">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmidea" title="Charmidea">Charmidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelae_(Bithynia)" title="Chelae (Bithynia)">Chelae on the Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelae_(Bosphorus)" title="Chelae (Bosphorus)">Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelae_(Thrace)" title="Chelae (Thrace)">Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choiragria" title="Choiragria">Choiragria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryse_(Troad)" title="Chryse (Troad)">Chryse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Üsküdar">Chrysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cius" title="Cius">Cius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitae_(Bithynia)" title="Clitae (Bithynia)">Clitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobrys" title="Cobrys">Cobrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocylium" title="Cocylium">Cocylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colla_(Thrace)" title="Colla (Thrace)">Colla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonae_(Hellespont)" title="Colonae (Hellespont)">Colonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremaste" title="Cremaste">Cremaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenides_(Bithynia)" title="Crenides (Bithynia)">Crenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cressa_(Thrace)" title="Cressa (Thrace)">Cressa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crithote_(Thrace)" title="Crithote (Thrace)">Crithote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypasis" title="Cypasis">Cypasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypsela_(Thrace)" title="Cypsela (Thrace)">Cypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyzicus" title="Cyzicus">Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadokome" title="Dadokome">Dadokome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacibyza" title="Dacibyza">Dacibyza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damalis" title="Damalis">Damalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne_Mainomene" title="Daphne Mainomene">Daphne Mainomene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnus_(Bithynia)" title="Daphnus (Bithynia)">Daphnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanus_(city)" title="Dardanus (city)">Dardanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dascylium" title="Dascylium">Dascylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dascylium_(Bithynia)" title="Dascylium (Bithynia)">Dascylium in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekaton_(Bithynia)" title="Dekaton (Bithynia)">Dekaton in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekaton_(Thrace)" title="Dekaton (Thrace)">Dekaton in Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delkos" title="Delkos">Delkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphin_(Thrace)" title="Delphin (Thrace)">Delphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deris_(Thrace)" title="Deris (Thrace)">Deris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desa_(Bithynia)" title="Desa (Bithynia)">Desa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didymateiche" title="Didymateiche">Didymateiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diolkides" title="Diolkides">Diolkides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drabus" title="Drabus">Drabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drizipara" title="Drizipara">Drizipara/Drusipara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirakla" title="Eirakla">Eirakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaea_(Bithynia)" title="Elaea (Bithynia)">Elaea in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeus" title="Elaeus">Elaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elekosmioi" title="Elekosmioi">Elekosmioi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embolos" title="Embolos">Embolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergasteria" title="Ergasteria">Ergasteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eribolum" title="Eribolum">Eribolum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargara" title="Gargara">Gargara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentinos" title="Gentinos">Gentinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergis_(Troad)" title="Gergis (Troad)">Gergis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germa_(Mysia)" title="Germa (Mysia)">Germa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanicopolis_(Bithynia)" title="Germanicopolis (Bithynia)">Germanicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadriani_ad_Olympum" title="Hadriani ad Olympum">Hadriani ad Olympum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadriania_(Mysia)" title="Hadriania (Mysia)">Hadriania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianotherae" title="Hadrianotherae">Hadrianotherae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C5%9Faliman%C4%B1" title="Paşalimanı">Halone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaxitus" title="Hamaxitus">Hamaxitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpagion" title="Harpagion">Harpagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bak%C4%B1rk%C3%B6y" title="Bakırköy">Hebdomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenopolis_(Bithynia)" title="Helenopolis (Bithynia)">Helenopolis/Drepanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleium_(Bithynia)" title="Heracleium (Bithynia)">Heracleium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaion" title="Hermaion">Hermaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieria" title="Hieria">Hieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierion" title="Hierion">Hierion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iasonion" title="Iasonion">Iasonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ide_(Thracian_Chersonese)" title="Ide (Thracian Chersonese)">Ide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilieon_Kome" title="Ilieon Kome">Ilieon Kome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabia" title="Kabia">Kabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamos_(Thrace)" title="Kalamos (Thrace)">Kalamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasyrta" title="Kalasyrta">Kalasyrta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_Peuke" title="Kale Peuke">Kale Peuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Agros" title="Kalos Agros">Kalos Agros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampos_(Thrace)" title="Kampos (Thrace)">Kampos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassa_(Bithynia)" title="Kassa (Bithynia)">Kassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapaspanas" title="Katapaspanas">Katapaspanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepos" title="Kepos">Kepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizoura" title="Kizoura">Kizoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koila_(Thrace)" title="Koila (Thrace)">Koila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolonai" title="Kolonai">Kolonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosilaos" title="Kosilaos">Kosilaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koubaita" title="Koubaita">Koubaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyparodes" title="Kyparodes">Kyparodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kypra" title="Kypra">Kypra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamponeia" title="Lamponeia">Lamponeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampsacus" title="Lampsacus">Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_(Troad)" title="Larisa (Troad)">Larisa in Troad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasthenes_(Thrace)" title="Lasthenes (Thrace)">Lasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptoia" title="Leptoia">Leptoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liada" title="Liada">Liada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libum" title="Libum">Libum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyssa" title="Libyssa">Libyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_(Bithynia)" title="Limnae (Bithynia)">Limnae in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_(Thrace)" title="Limnae (Thrace)">Limnae in Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_(Mysia)" title="Linus (Mysia)">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupadium" title="Lupadium">Lupadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Lygos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysimachia_(Thrace)" title="Lysimachia (Thrace)">Lysimachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madytus" title="Madytus">Madytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantineion" title="Mantineion">Mantineion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marpessos" title="Marpessos">Marpessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletopolis" title="Miletopolis">Miletopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocasura" title="Mocasura">Mocasura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochadion" title="Mochadion">Mochadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modra_(Bithynia)" title="Modra (Bithynia)">Modra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morzapena" title="Morzapena">Morzapena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossynea" title="Mossynea">Mossynea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moukaporis" title="Moukaporis">Moukaporis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrileion" title="Myrileion">Myrileion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco_(Thrace)" title="Narco (Thrace)">Narco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassete" title="Nassete">Nassete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nausikleia" title="Nausikleia">Nausikleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nausimachion" title="Nausimachion">Nausimachion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neandreia" title="Neandreia">Neandreia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolis_(Bosphorus)" title="Neapolis (Bosphorus)">Neapolis on the Bosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolis_(Thracian_Chersonese)" title="Neapolis (Thracian Chersonese)">Neapolis on the Thracian Chersonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonteichos_(Thrace)" title="Neonteichos (Thrace)">Neonteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerola_(Bithynia)" title="Nerola (Bithynia)">Nerola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_(Bithynia)" title="Oka (Bithynia)">Oka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontoraita" title="Ontoraita">Ontoraita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophryneion" title="Ophryneion">Ophryneion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestias" title="Orestias">Orestias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orni" title="Orni">Orni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostreodes" title="Ostreodes">Ostreodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pactya" title="Pactya">Pactya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeon_(Thrace)" title="Paeon (Thrace)">Paeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paesus" title="Paesus">Paesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palodes" title="Palodes">Palodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panion" title="Panion">Panion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantichium" title="Pantichium">Pantichium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolos" title="Parabolos">Parabolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parium" title="Parium">Parium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulines_(Thrace)" title="Paulines (Thrace)">Paulines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabiga" title="Karabiga">Pegae in Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegae_(Thrace)" title="Pegae (Thrace)">Pegae in Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pege" title="Pege">Pege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentephyle" title="Pentephyle">Pentephyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percote" title="Percote">Percote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericharaxis" title="Pericharaxis">Pericharaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthus" title="Perinthus">Perinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrozetoi" title="Petrozetoi">Petrozetoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmakia" title="Pharmakia">Pharmakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phidalia_Petra" title="Phidalia Petra">Phidalia Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phiela" title="Phiela">Phiela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philia_(Thrace)" title="Philia (Thrace)">Philia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(Thrace)" title="Phosphorus (Thrace)">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionia_(Mysia)" title="Pionia (Mysia)">Pionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitheci_Portus" title="Pitheci Portus">Pitheci Portus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placia" title="Placia">Placia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploketta" title="Ploketta">Ploketta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poemanenum" title="Poemanenum">Poemanenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poleatikon" title="Poleatikon">Poleatikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychron" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychron">Polychron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymedium" title="Polymedium">Polymedium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamoi_(Bithynia)" title="Potamoi (Bithynia)">Potamoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamonion" title="Potamonion">Potamonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praenetus" title="Praenetus">Praenetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratomysia" title="Pratomysia">Pratomysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepa" title="Prepa">Prepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabiga" title="Karabiga">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prindea" title="Prindea">Prindea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proconnesus_(city)" title="Proconnesus (city)">Proconnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proochthoi" title="Proochthoi">Proochthoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusa_(Bithynia)" title="Prusa (Bithynia)">Prusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psarela" title="Psarela">Psarela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyllium_(Bithynia)" title="Psyllium (Bithynia)">Psyllium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhias_Cyon" title="Pyrrhias Cyon">Pyrrhias Cyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheion" title="Pytheion">Pytheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhebas" title="Rhebas">Rhebas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhegion_(Thrace)" title="Rhegion (Thrace)">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhesion" title="Rhesion">Rhesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoiteion" title="Rhoiteion">Rhoiteion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouphinianai" title="Rouphinianai">Rouphinianai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmydessus" title="Salmydessus">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangarus" title="Sangarus">Sangarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamandria" title="Scamandria">Scamandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamandrus" title="Scamandrus">Scamandrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scepsis" title="Scepsis">Scepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylace" title="Scylace">Scylace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla_(Thrace)" title="Scylla (Thrace)">Scylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selymbria" title="Selymbria">Selymbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semystra" title="Semystra">Semystra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrion_Teichos" title="Serrion Teichos">Serrion Teichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestos" title="Sestos">Sestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigeion" title="Sigeion">Sigeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirkanos" title="Sirkanos">Sirkanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smintheion" title="Smintheion">Smintheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soka_(Bithynia)" title="Soka (Bithynia)">Soka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobilos_(Bithynia)" title="Strobilos (Bithynia)">Strobilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykai" title="Sykai">Sykai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllanta" title="Syllanta">Syllanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpodizo" title="Tarpodizo">Tarpodizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(Bithynia)" title="Tarsus (Bithynia)">Tarsus in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattaios" title="Tattaios">Tattaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenba" title="Tenba">Tenba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbos" title="Terbos">Terbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesderamoska" title="Tesderamoska">Tesderamoska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrakomia" title="Tetrakomia">Tetrakomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipaso" title="Tipaso">Tipaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragasai" title="Tragasai">Tragasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thynias" title="Thynias">Thynias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traron" title="Traron">Traron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricomia_(Bithynia)" title="Tricomia (Bithynia)">Tricomia in Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hisarlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisarlik">Hisarlik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrodiza" title="Tyrodiza">Tyrodiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87orlu" title="Çorlu">Tzurulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urisio" title="Urisio">Urisio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsurgae" title="Utsurgae">Utsurgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeleia" title="Zeleia">Zeleia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acalissus" title="Acalissus">Acalissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarassus" title="Acarassus">Acarassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adada_(Pisidia)" title="Adada (Pisidia)">Adada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balabolu" title="Balabolu">Adrasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegae_(Cilicia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegae (Cilicia)">Aegae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrae_(Pisidia)" title="Agrae (Pisidia)">Agrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelas" title="Amelas">Amelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabura_(Pisidia)" title="Anabura (Pisidia)">Anabura in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anazarbus" title="Anazarbus">Anazarbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchiale" title="Anchiale">Anchiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andeda" title="Andeda">Andeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Andriaca">Andriaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anemurium" title="Anemurium">Anemurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ano_Kotradis" title="Ano Kotradis">Ano Kotradis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonia_(Syria)" title="Antigonia (Syria)">Antigonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch on the Orontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch_of_Pisidia" title="Antioch of Pisidia">Antioch of Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochia_Lamotis" title="Antiochia Lamotis">Antiochia Lamotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochia_ad_Cragum" title="Antiochia ad Cragum">Antioch on the Cragus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochia_ad_Pyramum" title="Antiochia ad Pyramum">Antioch on the Pyramis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphellus" title="Antiphellus">Antiphellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperlae" title="Aperlae">Aperlae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias_(Cilicia)" title="Aphrodisias (Cilicia)">Aphrodisias of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Lycia)" title="Apollonia (Lycia)">Apollonia in Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabissus" title="Arabissus">Arabissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araxa" title="Araxa">Araxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariassus" title="Ariassus">Ariassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arima_(Cilicia)" title="Arima (Cilicia)">Arima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnabanda" title="Arnabanda">Arnabanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arneae" title="Arneae">Arneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsada" title="Arsada">Arsada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Cilicia)" title="Arsinoe (Cilicia)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artanada" title="Artanada">Artanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arycanda" title="Arycanda">Arycanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspendos" title="Aspendos">Aspendos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augai" title="Augai">Augai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_(Cilicia)" title="Augusta (Cilicia)">Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulae_(Cilicia)" title="Aulae (Cilicia)">Aulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunesis" title="Aunesis">Aunesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Hawa_Border_Crossing" title="Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing">Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbura_(Lycia)" title="Balbura (Lycia)">Balbura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baris_(Pisidia)" title="Baris (Pisidia)">Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindaios" title="Bindaios">Bindaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubon_(Lycia)" title="Bubon (Lycia)">Bubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabassus" title="Cabassus">Cabassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadrema" title="Cadrema">Cadrema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadyanda" title="Cadyanda">Cadyanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callimache" title="Callimache">Callimache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calynda" title="Calynda">Calynda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carallia_(Pamphylia)" title="Carallia (Pamphylia)">Carallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmylessus" title="Carmylessus">Carmylessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bey%C5%9Fehir" title="Beyşehir">Casae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castabala_(city)" title="Castabala (city)">Castabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceretapa" title="Ceretapa">Ceretapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cestrus" title="Cestrus">Cestrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charadrus" title="Charadrus">Charadrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choma_(Lycia)" title="Choma (Lycia)">Choma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibyra_Mikra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cibyra Mikra">Cibyra Mikra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudiopolis_(Cilicia)" title="Claudiopolis (Cilicia)">Claudiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colybrassus" title="Colybrassus">Colybrassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comama" title="Comama">Comama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comana_(Cappadocia)" title="Comana (Cappadocia)">Comana in Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comba_(Lycia)" title="Comba (Lycia)">Comba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conana" title="Conana">Conana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanya" title="Alanya">Coracesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corycium_Antrum" title="Corycium Antrum">Corycium Antrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corycus" title="Corycus">Corycus (Kızkalesi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corydala" title="Corydala">Corydala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremna" title="Cremna">Cremna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretopolis" title="Cretopolis">Cretopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crya" title="Crya">Crya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyaneae" title="Cyaneae">Cyaneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrrhus" title="Cyrrhus">Cyrrhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedala_(city)" title="Daedala (city)">Daedala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalisandus_(Isauria)" title="Dalisandus (Isauria)">Dalisandus in Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalisandus_in_Pamphylia" title="Dalisandus in Pamphylia">Dalisandus in Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damasei" title="Damasei">Damasei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dias_(Lycia)" title="Dias (Lycia)">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocaesarea_(Isauria)" title="Diocaesarea (Isauria)">Diocaesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domuztepe" title="Domuztepe">Domuztepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaiussa_Sebaste" title="Elaiussa Sebaste">Elaiussa Sebaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbessos" title="Elbessos">Elbessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirzeli" title="Emirzeli">Emirzeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphania_(Cilicia)" title="Epiphania (Cilicia)">Epiphania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erymna" title="Erymna">Erymna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etenna" title="Etenna">Etenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudocia_(Lycia)" title="Eudocia (Lycia)">Eudocia (Lycia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudocias_(Pamphylia)" title="Eudocias (Pamphylia)">Eudocias (Pamphylia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaviopolis_(Cilicia)" title="Flaviopolis (Cilicia)">Flaviopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagae" title="Gagae">Gagae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6zl%C3%BCkule" title="Gözlükule">Gözlükule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacilar" title="Hacilar">Hacilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianopolis_(Pisidia)" title="Hadrianopolis (Pisidia)">Hadrianopolis in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halae_(Cilicia)" title="Halae (Cilicia)">Halae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaxia_(town)" title="Hamaxia (town)">Hamaxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierapolis_in_Isauria" title="Hierapolis in Isauria">Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippucome" title="Hippucome">Hippucome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmi" title="Holmi">Holmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyia" title="Hyia">Hyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idebessos" title="Idebessos">Idebessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idyros" title="Idyros">Idyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iotape" title="Iotape">Iotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenopolis_(Cilicia)" title="Irenopolis (Cilicia)">Irenopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaura_Nea" title="Isaura Nea">Isaura Nea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaura_Palaea" title="Isaura Palaea">Isaura Palaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isba" title="Isba">Isba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinda_(Lycia)" title="Isinda (Lycia)">Isinda in Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinda_(Pisidia)" title="Isinda (Pisidia)">Isinda in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issus_(Cilicia)" title="Issus (Cilicia)">Issus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istlada" title="Istlada">Istlada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliosebaste" title="Juliosebaste">Juliosebaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanthia" title="Kalanthia">Kalanthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalelibelen" title="Kalelibelen">Kalelibelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyba" title="Kandyba">Kandyba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanytelis" title="Kanytelis">Kanytelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakabakl%C4%B1" title="Karakabaklı">Karakabaklı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatepe" title="Karatepe">Karatepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkabo" title="Karkabo">Karkabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastellon" title="Kastellon">Kastellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraia_(Pisidia)" title="Keraia (Pisidia)">Keraia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibyra">Kibyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiphisos" title="Kiphisos">Kiphisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkota" title="Kirkota">Kirkota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanaura" title="Kitanaura">Kitanaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodroula" title="Kodroula">Kodroula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolbasa" title="Kolbasa">Kolbasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korasion" title="Korasion">Korasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korma_(Lycia)" title="Korma (Lycia)">Korma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynosarion" title="Kynosarion">Kynosarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laertes_(Cilicia)" title="Laertes (Cilicia)">Laertes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagbe" title="Lagbe">Lagbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamos_(Cilicia)" title="Lamos (Cilicia)">Lamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayak%C3%B6y" title="Kayaköy">Lebessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legeita" title="Legeita">Legeita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_(Pamphylia)" title="Limnae (Pamphylia)">Limnae in Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnae_in_Pisidia" title="Limnae in Pisidia">Limnae in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limyra" title="Limyra">Limyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissa_(Lycia)" title="Lissa (Lycia)">Lissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycae" title="Lycae">Lycae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrbe" title="Lyrbe">Lyrbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysinia" title="Lysinia">Lysinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magarsa" title="Magarsa">Magarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magastara" title="Magastara">Magastara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magydus" title="Magydus">Magydus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallus_(Cilicia)" title="Mallus (Cilicia)">Mallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_(Pisidia)" title="Malus (Pisidia)">Malus in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mampsoukrenai" title="Mampsoukrenai">Mampsoukrenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamure_Castle" title="Mamure Castle">Mamure Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manava_(Pamphylia)" title="Manava (Pamphylia)">Manava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandane_(Cilicia)" title="Mandane (Cilicia)">Mandane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marciana_(Lycia)" title="Marciana (Lycia)">Marciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_(Lycia)" title="Marmara (Lycia)">Marmara</a> (Mnara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastaura_(Lycia)" title="Mastaura (Lycia)">Mastaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melo%C3%AB_(Lycia)" title="Meloë (Lycia)">Meloë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanippe_(Lycia)" title="Melanippe (Lycia)">Melanippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meriana" title="Meriana">Meriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezgitkale" title="Mezgitkale">Mezgitkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moatra" title="Moatra">Moatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mopsucrene" title="Mopsucrene">Mopsucrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mopsuestia" title="Mopsuestia">Mopsuestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morka" title="Morka">Morka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moron_Hydor" title="Moron Hydor">Moron Hydor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moumoustra" title="Moumoustra">Moumoustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylae_(Cilicia)" title="Mylae (Cilicia)">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylios" title="Mylios">Mylios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra" title="Myra">Myra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriandus" title="Myriandus">Myriandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagidos" title="Nagidos">Nagidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauloi" title="Nauloi">Nauloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolis_(Pisidia)" title="Neapolis (Pisidia)">Neapolis in Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelis" title="Nephelis">Nephelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa_(Lycia)" title="Nisa (Lycia)">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octapolis" title="Octapolis">Octapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olba_(ancient_city)" title="Olba (ancient city)">Olba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbasa_(Pisidia)" title="Olbasa (Pisidia)">Olbasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pamphylia)" title="Olbia (Pamphylia)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_(Lycia)" title="Olympus (Lycia)">Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96k%C3%BCzl%C3%BC" title="Öküzlü">Öküzlü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onobara" title="Onobara">Onobara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orokenda" title="Orokenda">Orokenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otanada" title="Otanada">Otanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouerbe" title="Ouerbe">Ouerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padyandus" title="Padyandus">Padyandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeopolis_in_Pamphylia" title="Palaeopolis in Pamphylia">Palaeopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panemotichus" title="Panemotichus">Panemotichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhormus_(Cilicia)" title="Panhormus (Cilicia)">Panhormus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargais" title="Pargais">Pargais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlais" title="Parlais">Parlais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)" title="Patara (Lycia)">Patara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pednelissus" title="Pednelissus">Pednelissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perga" title="Perga">Perga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perminounda" title="Perminounda">Perminounda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaselis" title="Phaselis">Phaselis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phellus" title="Phellus">Phellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_(Cilicia)" title="Philadelphia (Cilicia)">Philadelphia in Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philaea" title="Philaea">Philaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicus_(Lycia)" title="Phoenicus (Lycia)">Phoenicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(Lycia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix (Lycia)">Phoenix in Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisarissos" title="Pisarissos">Pisarissos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisurgia" title="Pisurgia">Pisurgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placoma" title="Placoma">Placoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanus_(Cilicia)" title="Platanus (Cilicia)">Platanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podalia_(Lycia)" title="Podalia (Lycia)">Podalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogla" title="Pogla">Pogla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostanna" title="Prostanna">Prostanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudokorasion" title="Pseudokorasion">Pseudokorasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_(Pamphylia)" title="Ptolemais (Pamphylia)">Ptolemais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodiapolis" title="Rhodiapolis">Rhodiapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoscopus" title="Rhoscopus">Rhoscopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsuz" title="Arsuz">Rhosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rygmanoi" title="Rygmanoi">Rygmanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabandus" title="Sabandus">Sabandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagalassos" title="Sagalassos">Sagalassos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalium" title="Sandalium">Sandalium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraganda" title="Saraganda">Saraganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebeda" title="Sebeda">Sebeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_(Pamphylia)" title="Seleucia (Pamphylia)">Seleucia in Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia Pieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Sidera" title="Seleucia Sidera">Seleucia Sidera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selge" title="Selge">Selge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinus_(Cilicia)" title="Selinus (Cilicia)">Selinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seroiata" title="Seroiata">Seroiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serraepolis" title="Serraepolis">Serraepolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sia_(Pisidia)" title="Sia (Pisidia)">Sia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibidounda" title="Sibidounda">Sibidounda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibyla" title="Sibyla">Sibyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side,_Turkey" title="Side, Turkey">Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderus_(Lycia)" title="Siderus (Lycia)">Siderus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidyma" title="Sidyma">Sidyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillyon" title="Sillyon">Sillyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simena" title="Simena">Simena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinda_(Pisidia)" title="Sinda (Pisidia)">Sinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siricae" title="Siricae">Siricae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soli_(Cilicia)" title="Soli (Cilicia)">Soli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solyma" title="Solyma">Solyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopolis_(Pisidia)" title="Sozopolis (Pisidia)">Sozopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_(Lycia)" title="Sura (Lycia)">Sura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syca" title="Syca">Syca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syedra" title="Syedra">Syedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takina" title="Takina">Takina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapureli_ruins" title="Tapureli ruins">Tapureli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardequeia" title="Tardequeia">Tardequeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teimiussa" title="Teimiussa">Teimiussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Judaidah" title="Tell Judaidah">Tell Judaidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tayinat" title="Tell Tayinat">Tell Tayinat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmessos" title="Telmessos">Telmessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmessos_(Caria)" title="Telmessos (Caria)">Telmessos (Caria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenedos_(Pamphylia)" title="Tenedos (Pamphylia)">Tenedos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termessos" title="Termessos">Termessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapyrgia_(Cappadocia)" title="Tetrapyrgia (Cappadocia)">Tetrapyrgia in Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapyrgia_(Pamphylia)" title="Tetrapyrgia (Pamphylia)">Tetrapyrgia in Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiopolis" title="Titiopolis">Titiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tityassus" title="Tityassus">Tityassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlos" title="Tlos">Tlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toriaeum" title="Toriaeum">Toriaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragalassus" title="Tragalassus">Tragalassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebendae" title="Trebendae">Trebendae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebenna" title="Trebenna">Trebenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trysa" title="Trysa">Trysa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyberissus" title="Tyberissus">Tyberissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyinda" title="Tyinda">Tyinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymandus" title="Tymandus">Tymandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynada" title="Tynada">Tynada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typallia" title="Typallia">Typallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthos" title="Xanthos">Xanthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan%C4%B1khan" title="Yanıkhan">Yanıkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumuktepe" title="Yumuktepe">Yumuktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenopolis_(Isauria)" title="Zenopolis (Isauria)">Zenopolis in Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenopolis_(Lycia)" title="Zenopolis (Lycia)">Zenopolis in Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrium_on_the_Calycadnus" title="Zephyrium on the Calycadnus">Zephyrium on the Calycadnus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Anatolia Region">Southeastern<br />Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amida_(Mesopotamia)" title="Amida (Mesopotamia)">Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochia_ad_Taurum" title="Antiochia ad Taurum">Antioch in the Taurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantia_(Osrhoene)" title="Constantia (Osrhoene)">Antioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apamea_(Euphrates)" title="Apamea (Euphrates)">Apamea on the Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcathiocerta" title="Carcathiocerta">Carcathiocerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ay%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Çayönü">Çayönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabanas" title="Dabanas">Dabanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_(Mesopotamia)" title="Dara (Mesopotamia)">Dara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCl%C3%BCk" title="Dülük">Doliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallan_%C3%87emi_Tepesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallan Çemi Tepesi">Hallan Çemi Tepesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khashshum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khashshum">Khashshum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kussara" title="Kussara">Kussara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matiate" title="Matiate">Matiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neval%C4%B1_%C3%87ori" title="Nevalı Çori">Nevalı Çori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicopolis_(Cilicia)" title="Nicopolis (Cilicia)">Nicopolis in Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nisibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sak%C3%A7ag%C3%B6z%C3%BC" title="Sakçagözü">Sakçagözü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosata" class="mw-redirect" title="Samosata">Samosata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sareisa" title="Sareisa">Sareisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_at_the_Zeugma" title="Seleucia at the Zeugma">Seleucia at the Zeugma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitai_(Mesopotamia)" title="Sitai (Mesopotamia)">Sitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultantepe" title="Sultantepe">Sultantepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tille_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Tille Höyük">Tille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushhan" title="Tushhan">Tushhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urima" title="Urima">Urima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeugma_(Commagene)" title="Zeugma (Commagene)">Zeugma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_sites_in_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias" title="Aphrodisias">Aphrodisias</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierapolis" title="Hierapolis">Hierapolis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pamukkale" title="Pamukkale">Pamukkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safranbolu" title="Safranbolu">Safranbolu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divri%C4%9Fi_Great_Mosque_and_Hospital" title="Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital">Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordion" title="Gordion">Gordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6reme_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Göreme National Park">Göreme National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">East Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melid" class="mw-redirect" title="Melid">Arslantepe Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumal%C4%B1k%C4%B1z%C4%B1k" title="Cumalıkızık">Cumalıkızık</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Areas_of_Istanbul" title="Historic Areas of Istanbul">Historic Areas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Selimiye Mosque, Edirne">Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region,_Turkey" title="Mediterranean region, Turkey">Mediterranean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xanthos" title="Xanthos">Xanthos</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letoon" title="Letoon">Letoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbakır Fortress">Diyarbakır Fortress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hevsel_Gardens" title="Hevsel Gardens">Hevsel Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Nemrut" title="Mount Nemrut">Mount Nemrut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_Hypostyle_Mosques_of_Medieval_Anatolia" title="Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia">Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/16px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/24px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47611#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47611#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47611#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/163278095">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Turkey--Ephesus (Extinct city)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1896936/">FAST</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Middle East--Ephesus (Extinct city)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1244607/">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4015012-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85044266">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119312604">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119312604">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Efesos (zaniklé město)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129125&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX456903">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550668905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/599612">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027224139">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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theatres in Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_the_Aegean_Region" title="Category:Archaeological sites in the Aegean Region">Archaeological sites in the Aegean Region</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Athenian_colonies" title="Category:Athenian colonies">Athenian colonies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_populated_places_in_Turkey" title="Category:Former populated places in Turkey">Former populated places in Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_%C4%B0zmir_Province" title="Category:History of İzmir Province">History of İzmir Province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holy_cities" title="Category:Holy cities">Holy cities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ionian_League" title="Category:Ionian League">Ionian League</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Delian_League" title="Category:Members of the Delian League">Members of the Delian League</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_cities" 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