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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Penikese Island</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Penikese_Island&params=41.4501071_N_70.9230909_W_region:US-MA_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°27′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">70°55′23″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.4501071°N 70.9230909°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.4501071; -70.9230909</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Penikese Island</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PenikeseIsland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PenikeseIsland.jpg/260px-PenikeseIsland.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PenikeseIsland.jpg/390px-PenikeseIsland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/PenikeseIsland.jpg/520px-PenikeseIsland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Penikese Island from the southeast in 2005.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:260px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:260px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:260px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Massachusetts_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Penikese Island is located in Massachusetts"><img alt="Penikese Island is located in Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/USA_Massachusetts_location_map.svg/260px-USA_Massachusetts_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/USA_Massachusetts_location_map.svg/390px-USA_Massachusetts_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/USA_Massachusetts_location_map.svg/520px-USA_Massachusetts_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="717" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:78.566%;left:69.423%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Penikese Island"><img alt="Penikese Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Penikese Island</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Massachusetts</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:260px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:260px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:260px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Penikese Island is located in the United States"><img alt="Penikese Island is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/260px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/390px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/520px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.083%;left:90.188%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Penikese Island"><img alt="Penikese Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Penikese Island</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Penikese_Island&params=41.4501071_N_70.9230909_W_region:US-MA_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°27′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">70°55′23″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.4501071°N 70.9230909°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.4501071; -70.9230909</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-gnis_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archipelago</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Islands" title="Elizabeth Islands">Elizabeth Islands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total islands</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">.117 sq mi (0.30 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">52 ft (15.8 m)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b>United States</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">County</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dukes_County,_Massachusetts" title="Dukes County, Massachusetts">Dukes County</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">The <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Islands" title="Elizabeth Islands">Elizabeth Islands</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ElizabethIslandsChart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/ElizabethIslandsChart.png/200px-ElizabethIslandsChart.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/ElizabethIslandsChart.png/300px-ElizabethIslandsChart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/ElizabethIslandsChart.png/400px-ElizabethIslandsChart.png 2x" data-file-width="1433" data-file-height="812" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Major islands</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonamesset_Island" title="Nonamesset Island">Nonamesset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncatena_Island" title="Uncatena Island">Uncatena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naushon_Island" title="Naushon Island">Naushon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasque_Island" title="Pasque Island">Pasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashawena_Island" title="Nashawena Island">Nashawena</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Penikese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttyhunk_Island" title="Cuttyhunk Island">Cuttyhunk</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Minor islands</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor Island">Bachelor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baret_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baret Island (page does not exist)">Baret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Island_(Dukes_County,_Massachusetts)" title="Bull Island (Dukes County, Massachusetts)">Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Island_(Dukes_County,_Massachusetts)" title="Cedar Island (Dukes County, Massachusetts)">Cedar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gosnold_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gosnold Island (page does not exist)">Gosnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gull_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Gull Island (Massachusetts)">Gull</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_Island_(Massachusetts)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock Island (Massachusetts) (page does not exist)">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veckatimest_Island" title="Veckatimest Island">Veckatimest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weepecket_Islands" title="Weepecket Islands">Weepecket Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penikese_Island_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Penikese_Island_2015.jpg/220px-Penikese_Island_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Penikese_Island_2015.jpg/330px-Penikese_Island_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Penikese_Island_2015.jpg/440px-Penikese_Island_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Penikese Island from the north in 2015</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Penikese Island</b> is a 75-acre (0.117 sq mi) island off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, United States, in <a href="/wiki/Buzzards_Bay_(bay)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buzzards Bay (bay)">Buzzards Bay</a>. It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Islands" title="Elizabeth Islands">Elizabeth Islands</a>, which make up the town of <a href="/wiki/Gosnold,_Massachusetts" title="Gosnold, Massachusetts">Gosnold, Massachusetts</a>. Penikese is located near the west end of the Elizabeth island chain. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penikese_Island&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penikese Island entered the historical record in 1602 AD when the English explorer <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Gosnold" title="Bartholomew Gosnold">Bartholomew Gosnold</a> and some of his crew visited the island. Their visit frightened four visiting <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampanoag people">Wampanoag</a> Indians into hiding, and the explorers stole their canoe.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally tree covered, at some later time the tree cover was lost, and the island was later used for pasturing sheep.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this day, it remains primarily grass covered.<sup id="cite_ref-RareBird_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RareBird-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ownership changed hands several times before the island was purchased by John Anderson, a businessman, who used it for vacationing.<sup id="cite_ref-schoolhistory_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schoolhistory-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="penikese.org no longer has this information and wayback machine copies do not either (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In early 1873, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a>, the famous Swiss-American naturalist, persuaded Anderson to give him the island and $50,000 to endow a school for natural history where students would study nature instead of books. The school opened in July 1873, initially headed by Louis Agassiz. Following his death in December, his son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Emanuel_Agassiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Emanuel Agassiz">Alexander Agassiz</a> ran the school. The school was closed following a fire in 1875, but some of the former students opened in 1888 the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Biological_Laboratory" title="Marine Biological Laboratory">Marine Biological Laboratory</a>, in nearby <a href="/wiki/Woods_Hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Woods Hole">Woods Hole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schoolhistory_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schoolhistory-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1904, following <a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">local opposition</a> to two previously selected sites on the mainland, the state of Massachusetts purchased the island for $25,000 to use as a <a href="/wiki/Leper_colony" title="Leper colony">leprosy hospital</a> to isolate and treat all Massachusetts residents with the disease. When opened, the <a href="/wiki/Penikese_Island_Leper_Hospital" title="Penikese Island Leper Hospital">Penikese Island Leper Hospital</a> had five patients. After being open for 16 years, it was closed in 1921 and the thirteen patients were transferred to the federal leprosy hospital in <a href="/wiki/Carville,_Louisiana" title="Carville, Louisiana">Carville, Louisiana</a>. At the closing of the hospital, the state burnt and then dynamited the buildings, and all that remains of it are stone gate posts and a small cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The island remains under the ownership of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and is primarily a bird sanctuary. There is no permanent population on the island. A residential school for troubled boys operated on the island from 1973 until 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-schoolhistory_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schoolhistory-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and now offered environmental education experiences. There may also be visitors and researchers on island from time to time, as the island is publicly owned and is still used at times for biological research.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RareBird_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RareBird-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1990, the island was used as a test site for efforts to reintroduce the endangered <a href="/wiki/American_burying_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="American burying beetle">American burying beetle</a>, which appears to have succeeded; by 1997 the population had persisted for at least five generations since the last release.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penikese_Island_School">Penikese Island School</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penikese_Island&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Penikese Island School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Penikese_Island" title="Special:EditPage/Penikese Island">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Penikese+Island%22">"Penikese Island"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Penikese+Island%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Penikese+Island%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Penikese+Island%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Penikese+Island%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Penikese+Island%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Penikese Island School (PIS) was founded in 1973 as a non-profit 501(c)(3). PIS was a private rehabilitation school for teenage delinquent boys. The goal of the school was to teach by example, modeling responsible adult behavior in a spartan environment. Boys were exposed to life with earnest adults who enforced a code of behavior, as an alternative to incarceration. PIS aimed to provide an experience they hoped would help boys remanded to involuntary custody become productive citizens, instead of developing into adult criminals. The first student was from New Bedford and he had harpooned a policeman. </p><p>Having a school on the island is a benefit to the state and its efforts to protect endangered nesting birds, as the presence of staff on the island helps deter illegal hunters and campers. </p><p>During the mid 1990’s, the original founders of PIS were no longer in charge. New leadership continued the program to 2011, when funding from the state of Massachusetts was no longer available. In the fall of 2015, a long-term opioid-addiction treatment facility named Penikese began operation on the island. According to several newspapers, the treatment center shut down in 2017 after a lack of funding.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, PIS began offering programs with a new mission focused on place-based environmental education. Penikese Island is a safe, serene, and unspoiled environment, providing the perfect setting for fostering environmental literacy and stewardship. The new mission is to provide students with access to experiential, nature-based and STEAM-focused educational programs in the island’s unique and unspoiled natural environment. The overarching goal of the current educational programming is to get students off their screens and out into nature. Programming aims to expand scientific literacy, inspire curiosity and creativity, and build appreciation and understanding of the wider world. PIS currently operates school trips during the academic year, and a STEAM camp for girls and gender expansive youth during the summer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penikese_Island&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gnis-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gnis_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/614587">"Penikese Island"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Penikese+Island&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedits.nationalmap.gov%2Fapps%2Fgaz-domestic%2Fpublic%2Fsearch%2Fnames%2F614587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenikese+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Schneider_(author)" title="Paul Schneider (author)">Schneider, Paul</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S9kYYqglR8wC&q=%22Penikese+Island%22+-wiki+-blog&pg=PA12"><i>The Enduring Shore: A History of Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket</i></a> (illustrated ed.). New York: Macmillan. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6734-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-6734-5"><bdi>0-8050-6734-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enduring+Shore%3A+A+History+of+Cape+Cod%2C+Martha%27s+Vineyard%2C+and+Nantucket&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=12&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8050-6734-5&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS9kYYqglR8wC%26q%3D%2522Penikese%2BIsland%2522%2B-wiki%2B-blog%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenikese+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan1874" class="citation journal cs1">Jordan, D. S. (April 1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cDoSAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Penikese+Island%22+-wiki+-blog&pg=PA193">"The Flora of Penikese Island"</a>. <i>The American Naturalist</i>. <b>VIII</b> (4). Salem, Mass.: Peabody Academy of Science: 13 (193). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F271293">10.1086/271293</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=The+Flora+of+Penikese+Island&rft.volume=VIII&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=13+%28193%29&rft.date=1874-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F271293&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcDoSAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522Penikese%2BIsland%2522%2B-wiki%2B-blog%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenikese+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RareBird-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RareBird_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RareBird_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaux2000" class="citation news cs1">Laux, E. Vernon (23 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9400E6DA1E3AF930A15756C0A9669C8B63">"Is It a Plane? No, It's a Bird And a Very Rare Bird Indeed"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Is+It+a+Plane%3F+No%2C+It%27s+a+Bird+And+a+Very+Rare+Bird+Indeed&rft.date=2000-05-23&rft.aulast=Laux&rft.aufirst=E.+Vernon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9400E6DA1E3AF930A15756C0A9669C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenikese+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schoolhistory-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schoolhistory_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schoolhistory_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schoolhistory_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penikese.org/about/history/">"History: Penikese Island History: The Anderson School"</a>. Penikese Island School<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History%3A+Penikese+Island+History%3A+The+Anderson+School&rft.pub=Penikese+Island+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penikese.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenikese+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1873/07/09/79038439.pdf">"The Anderson School: Opening of the Establishment on Penikese Island by Prof. Agassiz"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 19 July 1873<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Anderson+School%3A+Opening+of+the+Establishment+on+Penikese+Island+by+Prof.+Agassiz&rft.date=1873-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1873%2F07%2F09%2F79038439.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenikese+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLattin1895" class="citation book cs1">Lattin, Frank H. (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mGJIAAAAMAAJ&q=Anderson+Agassiz+Penikese&pg=PA43"><i>Penikese: A Reminiscence by one of its Pupils</i></a>. Albion, N.Y.: Frank Lattin. p. 43<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penikese%3A+A+Reminiscence+by+one+of+its+Pupils&rft.place=Albion%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Frank+Lattin&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Lattin&rft.aufirst=Frank+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmGJIAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DAnderson%2BAgassiz%2BPenikese%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenikese+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKen2005" class="citation news cs1">Ken, Hartnett (26 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/11/26/the_tragedy_of_penikese_island/">"The tragedy of Penikese Island"</a>. The Boston Globe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+tragedy+of+Penikese+Island&rft.date=2005-11-26&rft.aulast=Ken&rft.aufirst=Hartnett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fglobe%2Feditorial_opinion%2Foped%2Farticles%2F2005%2F11%2F26%2Fthe_tragedy_of_penikese_island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenikese+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208222845/http://penikese.org/faq.html">"General FAQ"</a>. Penikese Island School. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penikese.org/faq.html">the original</a> on February 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+FAQ&rft.pub=Penikese+Island+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penikese.org%2Ffaq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenikese+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReadingMiller2000" class="citation book cs1">Reading, Richard P.; Miller, Brian (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f_AWCtX29-kC&q=%22Penikese+Island%22+-wiki+-blog&pg=PA15"><i>Endangered Animals: a Reference Guide to Conflicting Issues</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30816-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30816-0"><bdi>0-313-30816-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endangered+Animals%3A+a+Reference+Guide+to+Conflicting+Issues&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=15&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-313-30816-0&rft.aulast=Reading&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df_AWCtX29-kC%26q%3D%2522Penikese%2BIsland%2522%2B-wiki%2B-blog%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenikese+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren_Brown2016" class="citation news cs1">Karen Brown (November 21, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nepr.net/news/2016/11/21/treatment-island-addicts-sent-recover-off-coast-cape-cod/">"Treatment Island: Addicts Are Sent To Recover Off The Coast of Cape Cod"</a>. <i>NEPR.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NEPR.net&rft.atitle=Treatment+Island%3A+Addicts+Are+Sent+To+Recover+Off+The+Coast+of+Cape+Cod&rft.date=2016-11-21&rft.au=Karen+Brown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnepr.net%2Fnews%2F2016%2F11%2F21%2Ftreatment-island-addicts-sent-recover-off-coast-cape-cod%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenikese+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penikese_Island&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penikese.org">The Penikese Island School website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuttyhunkhistoricalsociety.org">Cuttyhunk Historical Society, the Museum of the Elizabeth Islands</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islands_and_Peninsulas_of_Massachusetts" title="Template:Islands and Peninsulas of Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islands_and_Peninsulas_of_Massachusetts" title="Template talk:Islands and Peninsulas of Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islands_and_Peninsulas_of_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islands and Peninsulas of Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islands_and_peninsulas_of_Massachusetts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Massachusetts" title="List of islands of Massachusetts">Islands</a> and peninsulas of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnecotants_Island" title="Abnecotants Island">Abnecotants Island</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adams_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Adams Island (Massachusetts)">Adams Island</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrita_Island" title="Amrita Island">Amrita Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelica_Rock" title="Angelica Rock">Angelica Rock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Apple Island (Massachusetts)">Apple Island</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averills_Island_(Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Averills Island (Massachusetts)">Averills Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor Island">Bachelor Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakers_Island" title="Bakers Island">Bakers Island</a></li> <li>Bar Rock (Scituate)</li> <li>Baret Island</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_Island" title="Barton Island">Barton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassetts_Island" title="Bassetts Island">Bassetts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Bates Island (Massachusetts)">Bates Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Beaver Island (Massachusetts)">Beaver Island</a></li> <li>Big Pine Island</li> <li>Big Quamino Rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billingsgate_Island" title="Billingsgate Island">Billingsgate Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Bird Island (Massachusetts)">Bird Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rock_(Bristol_County,_Massachusetts)" title="Black Rock (Bristol County, Massachusetts)">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Blueberry Island (Massachusetts)">Blueberry Island</a></li> <li>Boston Ledge</li> <li>Brant Island</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Bluff-Brant_Rock,_Massachusetts" title="Ocean Bluff-Brant Rock, Massachusetts">Brant Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumpkin_Island" title="Bumpkin Island">Bumpkin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busta_Rhymes_Island" title="Busta Rhymes Island">Busta Rhymes Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Button_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Button Island (Massachusetts)">Button Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Calf Island (Massachusetts)">Calf Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrick_Island_(Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrick Island (Massachusetts)">Carrick Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Rock_(Massachusetts)" title="Castle Rock (Massachusetts)">Castle Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Cemetery Island (Massachusetts)">Cemetery Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chappaquiddick_Island" title="Chappaquiddick Island">Chappaquiddick Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Island" title="Children's Island">Children's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childs_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Childs Island (Massachusetts)">Childs Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choate_Island" title="Choate Island">Choate Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chubb_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Chubb Island (Massachusetts)">Chubb Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Clark Island (Massachusetts)">Clark Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark%27s_Island" title="Clark's Island">Clark's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Cleveland Island (Massachusetts)">Cleveland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobble_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Cobble Island (Massachusetts)">Cobble Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coney_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Coney Island (Massachusetts)">Coney Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_Island" title="Conspiracy Island">Conspiracy Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormorant_Rock_(Essex_County,_Massachusetts)" title="Cormorant Rock (Essex County, Massachusetts)">Cormorant Rock (Marblehead)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Corn Island (Massachusetts)">Corn Island</a></li> <li>Cove Ledge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Crow Island (Massachusetts)">Crow Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowninshield_Island" title="Crowninshield Island">Crowninshield Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttyhunk_Island" title="Cuttyhunk Island">Cuttyhunk Island</a></li> <li>Decatur Rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Island_(Amesbury,_Massachusetts)" title="Deer Island (Amesbury, Massachusetts)">Deer Island (Amesbury)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dole_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Dole Island (Massachusetts)">Dole Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_Rock" title="Egg Rock">Egg Rock (Concord)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_Rock_(Nahant_Bay)" title="Egg Rock (Nahant Bay)">Egg Rock (Nahant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Islands" title="Elizabeth Islands">Elizabeth Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Fish Island (Massachusetts)">Fish Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallops_Island" title="Gallops Island">Gallops Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Georges Island (Massachusetts)">Georges Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gooseberry_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Gooseberry Island (Massachusetts)">Gooseberry Island</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Governors_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Governors Island (Massachusetts)">Governors Island</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Island_(Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Island (Massachusetts)">Grand Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Grape Island (Massachusetts)">Grape Island (Weymouth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_Island_(Essex_County,_Massachusetts)" title="Grape Island (Essex County, Massachusetts)">Grape Island (Ipswich)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Brewster_Island" title="Great Brewster Island">Great Brewster Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Green Island (Massachusetts)">Green Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gull_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Gull Island (Massachusetts)">Gull Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hales_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Hales Island (Massachusetts)">Hales Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangman_Island" title="Hangman Island">Hangman Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Island,_Massachusetts" title="Holy Island, Massachusetts">Holy Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="House Island (Massachusetts)">House Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langlee_Island" title="Langlee Island">Langlee Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Brewster_Island" title="Little Brewster Island">Little Brewster Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Long Island (Massachusetts)">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovells_Island" title="Lovells Island">Lovells Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marblehead_Rock" title="Marblehead Rock">Marblehead Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Brewster_Island" title="Middle Brewster Island">Middle Brewster Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misery_Islands" title="Misery Islands">Misery Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monomoy_Island" title="Monomoy Island">Monomoy Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Moon Island (Massachusetts)">Moon Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskeget_Island" title="Muskeget Island">Muskeget Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahant,_Massachusetts" title="Nahant, Massachusetts">Nahant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantucket,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantucket, Massachusetts">Nantucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashawena_Island" title="Nashawena Island">Nashawena Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naushon_Island" title="Naushon Island">Naushon Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixes_Mate" title="Nixes Mate">Nixes Mate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noddle%27s_Island" title="Noddle's Island">Noddle's Island</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomans_Land_(Massachusetts)" title="Nomans Land (Massachusetts)">Nomans Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonamesset_Island" title="Nonamesset Island">Nonamesset Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_Island" title="Nut Island">Nut Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onset_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Onset Island (Massachusetts)">Onset Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Brewster_Island" title="Outer Brewster Island">Outer Brewster Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasque_Island" title="Pasque Island">Pasque Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peddocks_Island" title="Peddocks Island">Peddocks Island</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Penikese Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Plum Island (Massachusetts)">Plum Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popponesset_Island,_Massachusetts" title="Popponesset Island, Massachusetts">Popponesset Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popponesset_Spit" title="Popponesset Spit">Popponesset Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Raccoon Island (Massachusetts)">Raccoon Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragged_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Ragged Island (Massachusetts)">Ragged Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainsford_Island" title="Rainsford Island">Rainsford Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampsons_Island" title="Sampsons Island">Sampsons Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Sarah Island (Massachusetts)">Sarah Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shag_Rocks_(Massachusetts)" title="Shag Rocks (Massachusetts)">Shag Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_Island" title="Slate Island">Slate Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Snake Island (Massachusetts)">Snake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Spectacle Island (Massachusetts)">Spectacle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinnaker_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Spinnaker Island (Massachusetts)">Spinnaker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_Hill_Island" title="Stall Hill Island">Stall Hill Island</a></li> <li>Tewksbury Rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thacher_Island" title="Thacher Island">Thacher Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Graves_(Massachusetts)" title="The Graves (Massachusetts)">The Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Thompson Island (Massachusetts)">Thompson Island</a></li> <li>Three and One-half Fathom Ledge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinker%27s_Island" title="Tinker's Island">Tinker's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckernuck_Island" title="Tuckernuck Island">Tuckernuck Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncatena_Island" title="Uncatena Island">Uncatena Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veckatimest_Island" title="Veckatimest Island">Veckatimest Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washburn_Island,_Massachusetts" title="Washburn Island, Massachusetts">Washburn Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weepecket_Islands" title="Weepecket Islands">Weepecket Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="West Island (Massachusetts)">West Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickets_Island" title="Wickets Island">Wickets Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Island" title="Winter Island">Winter Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsulas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Ann" title="Cape Ann">Cape Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Castle Island (Massachusetts)">Castle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_River_Peninsula" title="Charles River Peninsula">Charles River Peninsula</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charlestown_Neck" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlestown Neck">Charlestown Neck</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Point,_Boston" title="Columbia Point, Boston">Columbia Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Deer Island (Massachusetts)">Deer Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houghs_Neck" title="Houghs Neck">Houghs Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humarock" title="Humarock">Humarock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemberton_Point" title="Pemberton Point">Pemberton Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popponesset_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Popponesset Peninsula">Popponesset Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Head_(Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Head (Massachusetts)">Ram Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Point_(Massachusetts)" title="Rocky Point (Massachusetts)">Rocky Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Point,_Massachusetts" title="Rose Point, Massachusetts">Rose Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_Neck_(Massachusetts)" title="Salem Neck (Massachusetts)">Salem Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawmut_Peninsula" title="Shawmut Peninsula">Shawmut Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wings_Neck" title="Wings Neck">Wings Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World%27s_End_(Hingham)" title="World's End (Hingham)">World's End</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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