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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="Yes"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Figure 3 | Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism | Nano-Micro Letters</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Nano-Micro Letters - Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has received significant interest worldwide particularly by the implementation of nanotechnology to synthesize..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40820-015-0040-x/MediaObjects/40820_2015_40_Fig1_HTML.gif"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="40820"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Nano-Micro Letters 2015 7:3"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2015-04-19"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="ReviewPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2015 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2015 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has received significant interest worldwide particularly by the implementation of nanotechnology to synthesize particles in the nanometer region. Many microorganisms exist in the range from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers. ZnO-NPs exhibit attractive antibacterial properties due to increased specific surface area as the reduced particle size leading to enhanced particle surface reactivity. ZnO is a bio-safe material that possesses photo-oxidizing and photocatalysis impacts on chemical and biological species. This review covered ZnO-NPs antibacterial activity including testing methods, impact of UV illumination, ZnO particle properties (size, concentration, morphology, and defects), particle surface modification, and minimum inhibitory concentration. Particular emphasize was given to bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms with focus on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), OH− (hydroxyl radicals), and O2 −2 (peroxide). ROS has been a major factor for several mechanisms including cell wall damage due to ZnO-localized interaction, enhanced membrane permeability, internalization of NPs due to loss of proton motive force and uptake of toxic dissolved zinc ions. These have led to mitochondria weakness, intracellular outflow, and release in gene expression of oxidative stress which caused eventual cell growth inhibition and cell death. In some cases, enhanced antibacterial activity can be attributed to surface defects on ZnO abrasive surface texture. One functional application of the ZnO antibacterial bioactivity was discussed in food packaging industry where ZnO-NPs are used as an antibacterial agent toward foodborne diseases. Proper incorporation of ZnO-NPs into packaging materials can cause interaction with foodborne pathogens, thereby releasing NPs onto food surface where they come in contact with bad bacteria and cause the bacterial death and/or inhibition."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="2150-5551"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Nano-Micro Letters"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2015-04-19"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="7"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="3"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="ReviewPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="219"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="242"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2015 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Nano-Micro Letters"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Nano-Micro Lett."/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer Berlin Heidelberg"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2150-5551"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="7"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="3"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2015/07"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2015/04/19"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="219"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="242"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Review"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x"/> <meta name="size" content="422601"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has received significant interest worldwide particularly by the implementation of nanotechnolo"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Sirelkhatim, Amna"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Mahmud, Shahrom"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Seeni, Azman"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Kaus, Noor Haida Mohamad"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ann, Ling Chuo"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Bakhori, Siti Khadijah Mohd"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Hasan, Habsah"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Mohamad, Dasmawati"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Nanotechnology and Microengineering"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Nanotechnology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Nanoscale Science and Technology"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="S. 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Lab), School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Mahmud, Shahrom"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Nano-Optoelectronics Research and Technology Laboratory (N.O.R. Lab), School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Seeni, Azman"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Cluster of Integrative Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Malaysia"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kaus, Noor Haida Mohamad"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ann, Ling Chuo"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Nano-Optoelectronics Research and Technology Laboratory (N.O.R. Lab), School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bakhori, Siti Khadijah Mohd"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Nano-Optoelectronics Research and Technology Laboratory (N.O.R. Lab), School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Hasan, Habsah"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Mohamad, Dasmawati"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2015/07/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism - Nano-Micro Letters"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has received significant interest worldwide particularly by the implementation of nanotechnology to synthesize particles in the nanometer region. Many microorganisms exist in the range from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers. ZnO-NPs exhibit attractive antibacterial properties due to increased specific surface area as the reduced particle size leading to enhanced particle surface reactivity. ZnO is a bio-safe material that possesses photo-oxidizing and photocatalysis impacts on chemical and biological species. This review covered ZnO-NPs antibacterial activity including testing methods, impact of UV illumination, ZnO particle properties (size, concentration, morphology, and defects), particle surface modification, and minimum inhibitory concentration. Particular emphasize was given to bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms with focus on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), OH− (hydroxyl radicals), and O2 −2 (peroxide). ROS has been a major factor for several mechanisms including cell wall damage due to ZnO-localized interaction, enhanced membrane permeability, internalization of NPs due to loss of proton motive force and uptake of toxic dissolved zinc ions. These have led to mitochondria weakness, intracellular outflow, and release in gene expression of oxidative stress which caused eventual cell growth inhibition and cell death. In some cases, enhanced antibacterial activity can be attributed to surface defects on ZnO abrasive surface texture. One functional application of the ZnO antibacterial bioactivity was discussed in food packaging industry where ZnO-NPs are used as an antibacterial agent toward foodborne diseases. Proper incorporation of ZnO-NPs into packaging materials can cause interaction with foodborne pathogens, thereby releasing NPs onto food surface where they come in contact with bad bacteria and cause the bacterial death and/or inhibition."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40820-015-0040-x/MediaObjects/40820_2015_40_Fig1_HTML.gif"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" 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Many microorganisms exist in the range from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers. ZnO-NPs exhibit attractive antibacterial properties due to increased specific surface area as the reduced particle size leading to enhanced particle surface reactivity. ZnO is a bio-safe material that possesses photo-oxidizing and photocatalysis impacts on chemical and biological species. This review covered ZnO-NPs antibacterial activity including testing methods, impact of UV illumination, ZnO particle properties (size, concentration, morphology, and defects), particle surface modification, and minimum inhibitory concentration. Particular emphasize was given to bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms with focus on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), OH− (hydroxyl radicals), and O2\n −2 (peroxide). ROS has been a major factor for several mechanisms including cell wall damage due to ZnO-localized interaction, enhanced membrane permeability, internalization of NPs due to loss of proton motive force and uptake of toxic dissolved zinc ions. These have led to mitochondria weakness, intracellular outflow, and release in gene expression of oxidative stress which caused eventual cell growth inhibition and cell death. In some cases, enhanced antibacterial activity can be attributed to surface defects on ZnO abrasive surface texture. One functional application of the ZnO antibacterial bioactivity was discussed in food packaging industry where ZnO-NPs are used as an antibacterial agent toward foodborne diseases. 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content="4"> </li> </ol> </nav> <main> <div id="figure-3-title" class="u-display-none">Fig. 3 | Nano-Micro Letters</div><article><header class="u-mb-16"><h1 class="c-article-satellite-title u-h1" data-test="top-caption" id="Fig3">Fig. 3</h1><p class="c-article-satellite-subtitle">From: <a data-test="subtitle" data-article-title="true" data-track="click" data-track-action="back to article" data-track-label="link" data-track-category="figure" href="/article/10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x">Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism</a></p></header><div class="c-article-figure-content"><figure data-test="figure"><div class="c-article-figure-content-image"><div class="c-article-figure-content-image-inline"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40820-015-0040-x/MediaObjects/40820_2015_40_Fig3_HTML.gif?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig3" 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