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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe adr"><caption class="infobox-title fn"><span>Chikanda</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chikanda2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chikanda2.jpg/220px-Chikanda2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chikanda2.jpg/330px-Chikanda2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chikanda2.jpg/440px-Chikanda2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><i>Chikanda</i></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data">Kinaka, Chinaka, Kikanda, African Polony, Zambian Polony, Zambian Sausage</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Snack" title="Snack">Snack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">Dessert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Side_dish" title="Side dish">Side dish</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data country-name"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Region or state</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Main ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data ingredient">Orchid tubers, Groundnut meal, Baking soda or ash water, Spices</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chikanda" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chikanda">Media: Chikanda</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Chikanda</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambian</a> dish made from the boiled root <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a> of terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">orchids</a> also called <i>chikanda</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Joshi_2012_p._9_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joshi_2012_p._9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TasteAtlas_2017_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TasteAtlas_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dish is often called "African polony" because it has a texture that resembles <a href="/wiki/Bologna_sausage" title="Bologna sausage">bologna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TasteAtlas_2017_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TasteAtlas_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_Obscura_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas_Obscura-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chikanda can be eaten as a <a href="/wiki/Snack" title="Snack">snack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">dessert</a>, or an accompaniment to <a href="/wiki/Ugali" title="Ugali"><i>nshima</i></a>, a <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> flour <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TasteAtlas_2017_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TasteAtlas_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chikanda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chikanda has been eaten for hundreds of years by people in parts of Zambia, northern <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, and southwestern <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davenport_Ndangalasi_2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davenport_Ndangalasi_2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dish is traditionally associated with the <a href="/wiki/Bemba_people" title="Bemba people">Bemba</a> tribe in northeast Zambia, although it is eaten throughout Zambia today.<sup id="cite_ref-TasteAtlas_2017_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TasteAtlas_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Bemba, it is an integral part of the culture and is served at special occasions such as <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">weddings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_Obscura_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas_Obscura-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally a <a href="/wiki/Famine_food" title="Famine food">food in the setting of rural scarcity</a>, it has now shifted to an urban trend.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_Obscura_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas_Obscura-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davenport_Ndangalasi_2003_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davenport_Ndangalasi_2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now, chikanda can be found being sold by <a href="/wiki/Hawker_(trade)" title="Hawker (trade)">street vendors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supermarket" title="Supermarket">supermarkets</a>, and large <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurants</a> as the urban population has an increased demand for this rural tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_Obscura_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas_Obscura-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Malawi, it is thought that eating the dish will protect against sickness.<sup id="cite_ref-Teoh_2019_p._305_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teoh_2019_p._305-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In southwestern Tanzania, a similar dish called <i>kinaka</i> in <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Kiswahili</a> are eaten by the <a href="/wiki/Kyenjojo_District" title="Kyenjojo District">Nyamwanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_peoples" title="Mijikenda peoples">Nyika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyiha_people" title="Nyiha people">Nyiha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fipa_people" title="Fipa people">Fipa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lungu_people" title="Lungu people">Lungu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ndali_people" title="Ndali people">Ndali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davenport_Ndangalasi_2003_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davenport_Ndangalasi_2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ingredients">Ingredients</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chikanda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ingredients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many different <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of orchids used, but primarily from the <i><a href="/wiki/Disa_(plant)" title="Disa (plant)">Disa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Habenaria" title="Habenaria">Habenaria</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Satyrium_(plant)" title="Satyrium (plant)">Satyrium</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Joshi_2012_p._9_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joshi_2012_p._9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davenport_Ndangalasi_2003_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davenport_Ndangalasi_2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers determined that 16 orchid species in 6 genera are in the <i>chikanda</i> trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Veldman_Kim_van_Andel_Bello_Font_p=595_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veldman_Kim_van_Andel_Bello_Font_p=595-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The orchid roots resemble the shape of an <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Irish potato</a> but is smaller in size.<sup id="cite_ref-Zambia_Alliance_of_Women_1985_p._34_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zambia_Alliance_of_Women_1985_p._34-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ash" title="Ash">ash</a> water or <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">baking soda</a> with their <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">high pH</a> likely provides supplemental <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> and leads to the soapy taste and firm texture of <i>chikanda</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaputo_1996_pp._115–119_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaputo_1996_pp._115–119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation">Preparation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chikanda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tubers are dried and pounded.<sup id="cite_ref-TasteAtlas_2017_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TasteAtlas_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, a mixture of the dried brown orchid meal and <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">groundnut</a> meal are boiled to form a <a href="/wiki/Slurry" title="Slurry">slurry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zambia_Alliance_of_Women_1985_p._34_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zambia_Alliance_of_Women_1985_p._34-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dried <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili peppers</a> can also be added.<sup id="cite_ref-TasteAtlas_2017_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TasteAtlas_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slurry is thickened by soda, salted, and flavored with spices.<sup id="cite_ref-Zambia_Alliance_of_Women_1985_p._34_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zambia_Alliance_of_Women_1985_p._34-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it simmers, the slurry thickens into a cake and rises like dough.<sup id="cite_ref-Zambia_Alliance_of_Women_1985_p._34_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zambia_Alliance_of_Women_1985_p._34-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually served sliced.<sup id="cite_ref-TasteAtlas_2017_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TasteAtlas_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainability_issues">Sustainability issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chikanda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sustainability issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The orchid roots grow wild throughout Zambia.<sup id="cite_ref-Zambia_Alliance_of_Women_1985_p._34_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zambia_Alliance_of_Women_1985_p._34-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to the high demand, this had led to the present scarcity of the orchids in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Joshi_2012_p._9_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joshi_2012_p._9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_Obscura_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas_Obscura-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now, they are illegally <a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">imported</a> from Tanzania, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>, leading to the risk of <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overharvesting</a> abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-Joshi_2012_p._9_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joshi_2012_p._9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_Obscura_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas_Obscura-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional sustainability practices included only harvested tubers that have spread their seed and replanting stalks.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_Obscura_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas_Obscura-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the locals have abandoned these practices due to increased demand.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_Obscura_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas_Obscura-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The orchids are difficult to <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">cultivate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Captivity" title="Captivity">captivity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_Obscura_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas_Obscura-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current efforts for <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation</a> focus on cultivating the threatened orchids.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_Obscura_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas_Obscura-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chikanda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chikanda" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chikanda">Chikanda</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Joshi_2012_p._9-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joshi_2012_p._9_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joshi_2012_p._9_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joshi_2012_p._9_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joshi_2012_p._9_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJoshi2012" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, D.D. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RtC2TbBn2cIC&pg=PA9"><i>Herbal Drugs and Fingerprints: Evidence Based Herbal Drugs</i></a>. Springer India. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-322-0804-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-322-0804-4"><bdi>978-81-322-0804-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbal+Drugs+and+Fingerprints%3A+Evidence+Based+Herbal+Drugs&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Springer+India&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-322-0804-4&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=D.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRtC2TbBn2cIC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChikanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TasteAtlas_2017-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TasteAtlas_2017_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TasteAtlas_2017_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TasteAtlas_2017_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TasteAtlas_2017_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TasteAtlas_2017_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TasteAtlas_2017_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TasteAtlas_2017_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tasteatlas.com/chikanda">"Chikanda - Traditional Snack From Zambia"</a>. <i>TasteAtlas</i>. 2017-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TasteAtlas&rft.atitle=Chikanda+-+Traditional+Snack+From+Zambia&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tasteatlas.com%2Fchikanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChikanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlas_Obscura-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_Obscura_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_Obscura_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_Obscura_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_Obscura_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_Obscura_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_Obscura_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_Obscura_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_Obscura_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_Obscura_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_Obscura_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/endangered-orchid-trade-zambia">"In Zambia, a Craze for a Traditional Treat Is Endangering Wild Orchids"</a>. <i>Atlas Obscura</i>. March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=In+Zambia%2C+a+Craze+for+a+Traditional+Treat+Is+Endangering+Wild+Orchids&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fendangered-orchid-trade-zambia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChikanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davenport_Ndangalasi_2003-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davenport_Ndangalasi_2003_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davenport_Ndangalasi_2003_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davenport_Ndangalasi_2003_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davenport_Ndangalasi_2003_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavenportNdangalasi2003" class="citation journal cs1">Davenport, Tim R. B.; Ndangalasi, Henry J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0030605303000127">"An escalating trade in orchid tubers across Tanzania's Southern Highlands: assessment, dynamics and conservation implications"</a>. <i>Oryx</i>. <b>37</b> (1). Cambridge University Press (CUP). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0030605303000127">10.1017/s0030605303000127</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-6053">0030-6053</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85774089">85774089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=An+escalating+trade+in+orchid+tubers+across+Tanzania%27s+Southern+Highlands%3A+assessment%2C+dynamics+and+conservation+implications&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85774089%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0030-6053&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0030605303000127&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Tim+R.+B.&rft.au=Ndangalasi%2C+Henry+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0030605303000127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChikanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teoh_2019_p._305-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Teoh_2019_p._305_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeoh2019" class="citation book cs1">Teoh, E.S. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iEGjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA305"><i>Orchids as Aphrodisiac, Medicine or Food</i></a>. Springer International Publishing. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-18255-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-18255-7"><bdi>978-3-030-18255-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orchids+as+Aphrodisiac%2C+Medicine+or+Food&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-18255-7&rft.aulast=Teoh&rft.aufirst=E.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiEGjDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChikanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Veldman_Kim_van_Andel_Bello_Font_p=595-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Veldman_Kim_van_Andel_Bello_Font_p=595_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVeldmanKimvan_AndelBello_Font2018" class="citation journal cs1">Veldman, Sarina; Kim, Seol-Jong; van Andel, Tinde; Bello Font, Maria; Bone, Ruth; Bytebier, Benny; Chuba, David; Gravendeel, Barbara; Martos, Florent; Mpatwa, Geophat; Ngugi, Grace; Vinya, Royd; Wightman, Nicholas; Yokoya, Kazutoma; de Boer, Hugo (2018-11-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6315803">"Trade in Zambian Edible Orchids—DNA Barcoding Reveals the Use of Unexpected Orchid Taxa for Chikanda"</a>. <i>Genes</i>. <b>9</b> (12). MDPI AG: 595. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fgenes9120595">10.3390/genes9120595</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2073-4425">2073-4425</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6315803">6315803</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30513666">30513666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genes&rft.atitle=Trade+in+Zambian+Edible+Orchids%E2%80%94DNA+Barcoding+Reveals+the+Use+of+Unexpected+Orchid+Taxa+for+Chikanda&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=595&rft.date=2018-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6315803%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2073-4425&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30513666&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fgenes9120595&rft.aulast=Veldman&rft.aufirst=Sarina&rft.au=Kim%2C+Seol-Jong&rft.au=van+Andel%2C+Tinde&rft.au=Bello+Font%2C+Maria&rft.au=Bone%2C+Ruth&rft.au=Bytebier%2C+Benny&rft.au=Chuba%2C+David&rft.au=Gravendeel%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Martos%2C+Florent&rft.au=Mpatwa%2C+Geophat&rft.au=Ngugi%2C+Grace&rft.au=Vinya%2C+Royd&rft.au=Wightman%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Yokoya%2C+Kazutoma&rft.au=de+Boer%2C+Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6315803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChikanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zambia_Alliance_of_Women_1985_p._34-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zambia_Alliance_of_Women_1985_p._34_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zambia_Alliance_of_Women_1985_p._34_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zambia_Alliance_of_Women_1985_p._34_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zambia_Alliance_of_Women_1985_p._34_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zambia_Alliance_of_Women_1985_p._34_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZambia_Alliance_of_Women1985" class="citation book cs1">Zambia Alliance of Women (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QXsOAQAAIAAJ"><i>Food for Africa: The Promotion of Traditional and Under-utilized Foodstuffs : Report of a Regional Workshop</i></a>. 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"The role of ashes and sodium bicarbonate in a simulated meat product from chikanda tuber (Satyria siva)". <i>Food Chemistry</i>. <b>55</b> (2). Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">115–</span>119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0308-8146%2895%2900073-9">10.1016/0308-8146(95)00073-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-8146">0308-8146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+role+of+ashes+and+sodium+bicarbonate+in+a+simulated+meat+product+from+chikanda+tuber+%28Satyria+siva%29&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0308-8146%2895%2900073-9&rft.issn=0308-8146&rft.aulast=Kaputo&rft.aufirst=M.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChikanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chikanda&oldid=1275949585">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chikanda&oldid=1275949585</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zambian_cuisine" title="Category:Zambian cuisine">Zambian cuisine</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 February 2025, at 00:48<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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