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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Social organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_development"> <div 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id="toc-Northern_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resettlement_on_the_Plains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resettlement_on_the_Plains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Resettlement on the Plains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resettlement_on_the_Plains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texas_Settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas_Settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Texas Settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas_Settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relocation_to_Indian_Territory/Oklahoma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relocation_to_Indian_Territory/Oklahoma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Relocation to Indian Territory/Oklahoma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relocation_to_Indian_Territory/Oklahoma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Indigenous people in the Americas</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mexican Kickapoo</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Grupo_Kikap%C3%BA_en_Coahuila_M%C3%A9xico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Grupo_Kikap%C3%BA_en_Coahuila_M%C3%A9xico.jpg/220px-Grupo_Kikap%C3%BA_en_Coahuila_M%C3%A9xico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Grupo_Kikap%C3%BA_en_Coahuila_M%C3%A9xico.jpg/330px-Grupo_Kikap%C3%BA_en_Coahuila_M%C3%A9xico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Grupo_Kikap%C3%BA_en_Coahuila_M%C3%A9xico.jpg/440px-Grupo_Kikap%C3%BA_en_Coahuila_M%C3%A9xico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Kikapú building a traditional winter home (wickiup) at El Nacimiento, Coahuila.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">63 (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Coahuila.svg/23px-Flag_of_Coahuila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Coahuila.svg/35px-Flag_of_Coahuila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Coahuila.svg/46px-Flag_of_Coahuila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Sonora.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sonora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Sonora.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sonora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Sonora.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sonora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Durango.png/23px-Flag_of_Durango.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Durango.png/35px-Flag_of_Durango.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Durango.png/46px-Flag_of_Durango.png 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="954" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a>) <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_language" title="Kickapoo language">Kickapoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Spanish</a>, English<sup id="cite_ref-Encylopedia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">traditional tribal religion, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Encylopedia_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion#Drum_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Drum religion</a><sup id="cite_ref-p422_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p422-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">other <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo people</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shawnee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shawnee people">Shawnee people</a><sup id="cite_ref-p420_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p420-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mexican Kickapoo</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Tribu Kikapú</i>) are a binational Indigenous people, some of whom live both in Mexico and in the United States. In Mexico, they were granted land at Hacienda del Nacimiento near the town of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAzquiz_Municipality" title="Múzquiz Municipality">Múzquiz</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a> in 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-McKellar_(1994)_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKellar_(1994)-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few small groups of Kickapoo also live in the states of <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a>. The Mexican Kickapoo often work as migrants in Texas and move throughout the Midwest and the Western United States, returning in winter to Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricky_(1999)_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricky_(1999)-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are affiliated with the federally recognized tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Traditional_Tribe_of_Texas" title="Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas">Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma">Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Tribe_in_Kansas" title="Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas">Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas</a>. </p><p>In 1979, the Mexican Kickapoo who were dual residents requested clarification of their status, as they had no clear legal status in either the United States or <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricky_1999,_p_172_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricky_1999,_p_172-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An act was passed in 1983<sup id="cite_ref-NARF_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NARF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, which recognized them as a distinct subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma">Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma</a>. It also granted federal recognition to the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas. A 1985 law gave the Texas band the option of selecting Mexican or U.S. citizenship. Some 145 of the tribe members chose to become U.S. citizens, and the remaining 500 or so chose to obtain Mexican citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricky_1999,_p_172_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricky_1999,_p_172-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reservation">Reservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Kickapoo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Reservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hacienda occupied by the Mexican Kickapoo is located about 32 km northeast of the city of Múzquiz, and is called by them <i>El Nacimiento de la Tribu Kikapú</i> (The Birthplace of the Kickapoo Tribe). Their property contains around 17,300 acres of semiarid land sourced with water from the <a href="/wiki/Sabinas_River" title="Sabinas River">Río Sabinas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encylopedia_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Kickapoo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mexican Kickapoo traditionally have a president of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ejido" title="Ejido">ejido</a></i> (common lands), who is supported by a council of elders for making business decisions, but, a larger assembly made up of the heads of families decides all important, tribal political matters. This assembly chooses the community leadership. They have no representation in local, state, or federal Mexican politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Encylopedia_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_organization">Social organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Kickapoo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MAPElNorte069.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/MAPElNorte069.JPG/220px-MAPElNorte069.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/MAPElNorte069.JPG/330px-MAPElNorte069.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/MAPElNorte069.JPG/440px-MAPElNorte069.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016" /></a><figcaption>Kikapú woman's traditional dress on display at the <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_Arte_Popular" title="Museo de Arte Popular">Museo de Arte Popular</a> in Mexico City</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kickapoo kinship system is based on <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal">patrilineal</a> <a href="/wiki/Clans" class="mw-redirect" title="Clans">clans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Latorre_(1991)_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latorre_(1991)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by which inheritance and property are passed through the paternal line. Children are considered born into the father's clan. Fourteen of the original 17 clans are remaining: Man, Berry, Thunder, Buffalo #1, Tree, Black Bear, Eagle, Brown Bear, Buffalo #2, Fire, Water, Raccoon, and Fox.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marriage possibilities are based on affection; however, the clan system regulates the possibilities of each individual.<sup id="cite_ref-Encylopedia_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kickapoo are matrilocal, meaning that young couples live in housing compounds and living arrangements near the woman's mother and grandmother. Women not only maintain, but also build the dwelling shelters.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women gather the materials to build their housing and are responsible for all housework.<sup id="cite_ref-Encylopedia_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Kickapoo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mexican Kickapoo speak the <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_language" title="Kickapoo language">Kickapoo language</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox language</a>, part of the large <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also speak <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Spanish</a> and English; typically, these are not learned in school, but rather through exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-Lifeways_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lifeways-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_development">Economic development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Kickapoo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economic development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally a hunter-gatherer people, in the early 20th century, the Kickapoo began switching to agriculture. By the 1930s, they had developed a modern system of farming.<sup id="cite_ref-Encylopedia_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to significant droughts in the 1940s, the Kickapoo became migrant farm workers in the United States, abandoning agriculture on their own land.<sup id="cite_ref-Lifeways_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lifeways-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, they began transforming their own farms into grazing lands for cattle raising.<sup id="cite_ref-Encylopedia_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both men and women do migrant farm labor. When they are living in Mexico, only the men participate in the livestock trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Encylopedia_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Kickapoo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_origins">Northern origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Kickapoo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Northern origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kickapoo comes from their word <i>Kiwigapawa,</i> which roughly translates into "he moves from here to there." The tribe is part of the central Algonquian group, and has close ethnic and linguistic connections with the <a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="Sac and Fox">Sac and Fox</a>. The Kickapoo were first recorded by Europeans in about 1667-70 as residing at the <a href="/wiki/Portage" title="Portage">portage</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Fox_River,_Wisconsin" title="Fox River, Wisconsin">Fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_River" title="Wisconsin River">Wisconsin</a> Rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-Legends_of_Kansas_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legends_of_Kansas-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a>, the Kickapoo and their allies moved south and west into southern Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, and northern Iowa.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker_(2000)_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker_(2000)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A treaty dated 7 June 1803 between the U.S. government and the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shawnee_indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Shawnee indians">Shawnee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Potawatomi Indians">Potawatomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami Indians">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eel_River_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Eel River Tribe">Eel River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wea_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Wea Indians">Wea</a>, Kickapoo, <a href="/wiki/Piankeshaw" title="Piankeshaw">Piankeshaw</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia" title="Kaskaskia">Kaskaskia</a> tribes<sup id="cite_ref-June_1803_Treaty_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-June_1803_Treaty-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occupying the country watered by the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wabash_River" title="Wabash River">Wabash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Miami_River" title="Great Miami River">Miami</a> Rivers<sup id="cite_ref-Legends_of_Kansas_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legends_of_Kansas-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a subsequent treaty dated 7 August 1803<sup id="cite_ref-August_1803_Treaty_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-August_1803_Treaty-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ceded lands previously granted in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a> in 1795 by General <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Anthony Wayne</a>, and Fort Wayne and <a href="/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana" title="Vincennes, Indiana">Vincennes, Indiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-June_1803_Treaty_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-June_1803_Treaty-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-August_1803_Treaty_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-August_1803_Treaty-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By these treaties and succeeding treaties in 1809,<sup id="cite_ref-December_1809_Treaty_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-December_1809_Treaty-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1815,<sup id="cite_ref-September_1815_Treaty_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-September_1815_Treaty-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1816,<sup id="cite_ref-June_1816_Treaty_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-June_1816_Treaty-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1819,<sup id="cite_ref-July_1819_Treaty_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-July_1819_Treaty-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-August_1819_Treaty_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-August_1819_Treaty-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1820<sup id="cite_ref-July_1820_Treaty_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-July_1820_Treaty-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the tribe ceded all their lands on the Wabash, White and Vermilion rivers and moved into <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Osage_River" title="Osage River">Osage River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Legends_of_Kansas_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legends_of_Kansas-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resettlement_on_the_Plains">Resettlement on the Plains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Kickapoo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Resettlement on the Plains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1832, the tribe ceded their lands in Missouri and were granted a "permanent" home south of the <a href="/wiki/Lenape#Kansas_reservation" title="Lenape">Delaware Nation in Kansas</a> near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth,_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Leavenworth, Kansas">Fort Leavenworth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Legends_of_Kansas_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legends_of_Kansas-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time as the Kickapoo moved into Kansas, some of them went to Texas, invited to settle there by the Spanish colonial governor to serve as a buffer between Mexico and American expansionists. The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a> proved that the tide of settlers would not be stopped by the few hundred Kickapoo.<sup id="cite_ref-Mexican_Kickapoo_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mexican_Kickapoo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the conclusion of the Texas Revolution, these groups moved south into Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1854, the tribe ceded the eastern portion of the Kansas lands to the United States, leaving the Kickapoo the western 150,000 acres.<sup id="cite_ref-Legends_of_Kansas_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legends_of_Kansas-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two provisions of this treaty were to have long-lasting effects on the tribe. The treaty authorized a survey of the Kickapoo lands, which could be used as the basis for fee-simple allotment, and it granted a railroad right-of-way across the reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_(2006)_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson_(2006)-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using these two clauses as a basis, the local Indian agent, William Badger, convinced the <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Indian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner of Indian Affairs">Commissioner of Indian Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Mix" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles E. Mix">Charles E. Mix</a> that the Kickapoo wanted to have their communal lands allotted to individual households. Considering that the tribe had always held their lands in common, it is unlikely that the tribe wanted such allotment. However, in light of Badger's persuasiveness, Mix directed that allotment proceed if 1) the Indians paid for the costs of surveying and allotting the land, 2) 80 acres was allotted to each head of household, and 3) any lands remaining after allotment of the Kansas Kickapoo be reserved for resettlement of the Mexican Kickapoo. Holding the lands not allotted for the Southern Kickapoo was not in the interests of the railroad, and Badger began pressuring tribal members for allotment. Though they complained, a change in presidential administrations due to a national election resulted in Badger being replaced in office in 1861 by his brother-in-law, Charles B. Keith.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_2006,_p_125-127_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson_2006,_p_125-127-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keith was a political ally of Senator <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Pomeroy" title="Samuel C. Pomeroy">Samuel C. Pomeroy</a>, who was the president of the Atchison and Pike's Peak Railroad.<sup id="cite_ref-Abel_(1993)_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abel_(1993)-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the central section of the <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">transcontinental railroad</a>, which had been formed in 1859. The railroad wanted to gain the right-of-way across the Kickapoo Reservation and title to any surplus lands when the reservation was allotted.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_2006,_p_125-127_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson_2006,_p_125-127-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pomeroy and Keith both met with and wrote letters to Commissioner Mix urging allotment, and by 1862, the US made a new treaty with the Kickapoo. </p><p>The 28 June 1862 agreement allowed for chiefs to receive 320-acre plots, heads of households to receive 160 acres, and all other tribe members to get 40 acres each, with the bulk of the remaining 125,000 acres to be sold to the railroad. Those who chose not to accept allotment could continue to hold their lands in common until such time as an arrangement could be made to locate a new reserve in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>, later Oklahoma. Any Southern Kickapoos had one year to return to Kansas and take up their allotments, or they would be forfeited.<sup id="cite_ref-1862_Treaty_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1862_Treaty-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When news broke that the treaty was approved, protest erupted. </p><p>The Kickapoo said that they were unaware that the agreement had been reached and thought that they were still negotiating terms. The <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Attorney_General" title="Kansas Attorney General">Kansas Attorney General</a>, Warren William Guthrie, launched a grand-jury hearing. The charges were considered serious enough that allotment was suspended and the new Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <a href="/wiki/William_P._Dole" title="William P. Dole">William P. Dole</a>, appointed in 1863, traveled to Kansas to investigate. In the hearings that followed, allegations were made that Guthrie's real interest in the matter stemmed from his involvement with a rival railroad, the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad Corporation. Dole returned to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>, and submitted his report to President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> on 4 April 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the frustrated Kickapoo decided to leave Kansas, and a group of about 700 headed for Mexico in September 1864 to join kinsmen there.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_(2012)_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_(2012)-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January, 1865 a delegation of Kickapoo travelled to Mexico City to meet with the government of the newly established <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a> to seek land rights as well as protection from attacks by American soldiers and rival tribes against their territory near the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1865 pressure from Pomeroy finally gained the approval to continue with the Kickapoo allotment, though the tribe resisted. By 1869, only 93 Kansas Kickapoo had accepted fee-simple allotment, the remainder preferring to continue holding their lands in common.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small band, about 50 tribesmen, returned from Mexico to the Kansas Reservation before the forfeit period lapsed. They settled on the common lands briefly, but left before claiming their allotments. They later joined the Kickapoo in Indian Territory in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1875, a group of 114 of the Mexican Kickapoo were returned to the Kansas Reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-Claims_Commission_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claims_Commission-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texas_Settlement">Texas Settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Kickapoo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Texas Settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CentroQueretaro027.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/CentroQueretaro027.JPG/220px-CentroQueretaro027.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/CentroQueretaro027.JPG/330px-CentroQueretaro027.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/CentroQueretaro027.JPG/440px-CentroQueretaro027.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Kikapú boy's ceremonial dress on display at the <i>Centro de Desarrollo Artesanal Indígena</i> in <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Quer%C3%A9taro" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago de Querétaro">Santiago de Querétaro</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first Southern Kickapoo migration occurred around the time that the tribe was settled in Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-Mexican_Kickapoo_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mexican_Kickapoo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They traveled across the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">fighting the Seminole</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> around 1837 and traveled into Texas in search of horses from the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricky_(1999)_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricky_(1999)-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1850, they agreed to act as a buffer between Mexicans, invading Texas settlers, and the <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan</a>, Comanche, and other tribes in northern <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>. As a reward for their service, the Mexican governor awarded them a land grant at Hacienda del Nacimiento near the settlement of Santa Rosa (now known as <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_de_M%C3%BAzquiz" title="Santa Rosa de Múzquiz">Múzquiz</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the peak of their strength, the southern Kickapoo, numbered about 1500, and by 1860 were living in a swath from the Canadian and Washita Rivers in Indian Territory to the <a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas%E2%80%93Louisiana)" title="Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana)">Sabine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazos_River" title="Brazos River">Brazos Rivers</a> in Texas to the Remolino River in northern Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1864, about 700 Kickapoo, frustrated with the duplicitous actions of agents and their railroad colleagues in Kansas, left to join their kinsmen in Mexico. The Kickapoo who left Kansas in the fall of 1864 were led by chiefs Pecan, Papicua, and Nokohat.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> scouts picked up their trail and reported their findings to Captain Henry Fossett and Captain S. S. Totten, leader of a group of Texas militiamen. </p><p>On 8 January 1865, the Texans charged the Kickapoo at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dove_Creek" title="Battle of Dove Creek">Dove Creek</a>, were engaged in battle for a brief half-hour, and then retreated. The Kickapoo had lost about 15 warriors and the Texans twice as many men.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_(2012)_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_(2012)-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1868, a report to the <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Indian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner of Indian Affairs">Commissioner of Indian Affairs</a> indicated that roughly 800 Kickapoo were living in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-Docket_No._316_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Docket_No._316-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It said that the Mexican Kickapoo were responsible for raids in the western part of Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-Claims_Commission_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claims_Commission-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an effort to pacify the Texas residents and ward off difficulties with Mexico, the U.S. determined to retrieve the Kickapoo.<sup id="cite_ref-Docket_No._316_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Docket_No._316-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">Congress</a> passed P.L. 16 Stat. 359 an Act of 15 July 1870 to appropriate funds for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a> to collect Kickapoo in Texas and Mexico and establish them on land in the Indian Territory. A second Act, P.L. 16 Stat. 569, passed by Congress on 3 March 1871, appropriated funds for the resettlement and subsistence of the Kickapoo on reservations within the United States. Armed with these two acts, Indian Agent John D. Miles, went with a delegation of <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Kickapoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas Kickapoo">Kansas Kickapoo</a> to try to persuade the Indians at Santa Rosa to return to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Docket_No._316_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Docket_No._316-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexican authorities refused to allow Miles to speak with the Kickapoo, as the residents of Santa Rosa thought they were the only defense against other marauding tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1873, after complaints were received that Mexican authorities were using the Kickapoo to hide the theft of Texas cattle by Mexicans, the US made another attempt to bring the Kickapoo to Indian Territory. Special Agents H. M. Atkinson and Col. T. G. Williams went to <a href="/wiki/Saltillo,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltillo, Mexico">Saltillo</a>, to negotiate directly with Governor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoriano_Cepeda_Camacho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victoriano Cepeda Camacho (page does not exist)">Victoriano Cepeda Camacho</a>. Though citizens and the Legislature of <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a> did not support the action, Cepeda appointed an officer to assist the agents and gave him a proclamation that they were to be assisted by the officials and citizenry. While the delegation was en route to Santa Rosa, a party of Americans under the command of General MacKenzie attacked the Kickapoo, thinking that they were a group of raiding <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan</a>. The Kickapoo were not interested in hearing from the US agents. In the autumn of 1874, Atkinson and Williams finally persuaded a group of about 300 Kickapoo to resettle in Indian Territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Docket_No._316_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Docket_No._316-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relocation_to_Indian_Territory/Oklahoma"><span id="Relocation_to_Indian_Territory.2FOklahoma"></span>Relocation to Indian Territory/Oklahoma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Kickapoo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relocation to Indian Territory/Oklahoma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mexican Kickapoos were to be removed to the Indian Territory to a site on the north fork of the Canadian River.<sup id="cite_ref-Claims_Commission_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claims_Commission-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were to be provided with farm equipment to begin cultivation for subsistence farming. The adjustment was difficult, and by 1883, they had still not been provided with a permanent title to the lands they were occupying. By an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> issued 15 August 1883, the Kickapoo were granted the lands that they had been occupying near the southwest corner of the <a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox Reservation</a>. This territory had been ceded in 1866 by the <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek) Nation">Muscogee (Creek) Nation</a>, under a new treaty with the US after the Civil War, for resettlement of Creek <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedmen</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Docket_No._316_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Docket_No._316-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four years later, passage of the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act" title="Dawes Act">Dawes Act</a> created pressure to make allotments of communal lands and secure fee-simple title for the Oklahoma Kickapoo. On 21 June 1891 the tribe agreed to cede their reservation in exchange for 80-acre allotments for each tribesman. The Kickapoo were "bitterly opposed" to allotment and fought the process until 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-Withington_(1952)_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Withington_(1952)-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were right to be resistant, as it resulted in their losing large blocks of land. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_members">Notable members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Kickapoo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Kickapoo" title="Emma Kickapoo">Emma Kickapoo</a> (1880-1942)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Kickapoo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/hipertexto/todas_lenguas.htm">"Diferentes lenguas indígenas"</a>. <i>cuentame.inegi.org.mx</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cuentame.inegi.org.mx&rft.atitle=Diferentes+lenguas+ind%C3%ADgenas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcuentame.inegi.org.mx%2Fhipertexto%2Ftodas_lenguas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encylopedia-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3458001365.html">"Kikapu"</a>. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kikapu&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+World+Cultures&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-3458001365.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p422-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p422_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pritzker 422</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p420-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p420_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Priztker 420</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKellar_(1994)-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McKellar_(1994)_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKellarLatorre1994" class="citation book cs1">McKellar, Margaret Maud; Latorre, Dolores L. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rOFLFxcRT00C"><i>Life on a Mexican ranche</i></a>. Bethlehem: Lehigh Univ. Pr. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934223-31-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-934223-31-9"><bdi>0-934223-31-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+on+a+Mexican+ranche&rft.place=Bethlehem&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Lehigh+Univ.+Pr.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-934223-31-9&rft.aulast=McKellar&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Maud&rft.au=Latorre%2C+Dolores+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrOFLFxcRT00C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricky_(1999)-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ricky_(1999)_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricky_(1999)_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicky1999" class="citation book cs1">Ricky, Donald B., ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7VELd_RJGsC"><i>Indians of Missouri : Past and Present</i></a>. St. Clair Shores, Mich.: Somerset Publishers. pp. 170–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-403-09879-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-403-09879-3"><bdi>0-403-09879-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indians+of+Missouri+%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.place=St.+Clair+Shores%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=170-171&rft.pub=Somerset+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-403-09879-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ7VELd_RJGsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricky_1999,_p_172-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ricky_1999,_p_172_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricky_1999,_p_172_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricky (1999), p 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NARF-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NARF_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150123005505/http://www.narf.org/pubs/nlr/nlr9-1.pdf">"Recent Legal Developments"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Native American Rights Funds. 1983. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.narf.org/pubs/nlr/nlr9-1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Dover Publications. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-26742-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-26742-3"><bdi>0-486-26742-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ethnologue Languages of the World<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kickapoo&rft.pub=Ethnologue+Languages+of+the+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2FKIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lifeways-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lifeways_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lifeways_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpm.edu/research-collections/anthropology/online-collections-research/mexican-kickapoo/lifeways">"Mexican Kickapoo Lifeways"</a>. 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New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanen0000prit/page/463">463</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513897-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513897-9"><bdi>978-0-19-513897-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Native+American+%22encyclopedia%22+%3A+history%2C+culture%2C+and+peoples&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=463&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513897-9&rft.aulast=Pritzker&rft.aufirst=Barry+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnativeamericanen0000prit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-June_1803_Treaty-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-June_1803_Treaty_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-June_1803_Treaty_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/del0064.htm">"TREATY WITH THE DELAWARES, ETC., 1803"</a>. <i>Oklahoma State University</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oklahoma+State+University&rft.atitle=TREATY+WITH+THE+EEL+RIVER%2C+ETC.%2C+1803.&rft.date=1803-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Feel0066.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-December_1809_Treaty-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-December_1809_Treaty_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/kic0104.htm">"TREATY WITH THE KICKAPOO, 1809"</a>. <i>Oklahoma State University</i>. December 9, 1809<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oklahoma+State+University&rft.atitle=TREATY+WITH+THE+KICKAPOO%2C+1819&rft.date=1819-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fkic0184.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-July_1820_Treaty-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-July_1820_Treaty_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/kic0189.htm">"TREATY WITH THE KICKAPOO, 1820"</a>. <i>Oklahoma State University</i>. July 19, 1820<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oklahoma+State+University&rft.atitle=TREATY+WITH+THE+KICKAPOO%2C+1820&rft.date=1820-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fkic0189.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mexican_Kickapoo-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mexican_Kickapoo_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mexican_Kickapoo_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunley2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nunley, M. Christopher (15 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/bmk09">"Kickapoo Indians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a></i> (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Historical_Association" title="Texas State Historical Association">Texas State Historical Association</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kickapoo+Indians&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Texas&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft.aulast=Nunley&rft.aufirst=M.+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fbmk09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141230001721/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/K/KI004.html">"Kickapoo"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/K/KI004.html">the original</a> on 2014-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kickapoo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fentries%2FK%2FKI004.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibson_(2006)-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibson_(2006)_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2006" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Arrell M (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QDUiWKyyF4AC"><i>The Kickapoos: Lords of the Middle Border</i></a>. Norman [Okla.]: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 119–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-1264-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-1264-6"><bdi>0-8061-1264-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kickapoos%3A+Lords+of+the+Middle+Border&rft.place=Norman+%5BOkla.%5D&rft.pages=119-120&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8061-1264-6&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Arrell+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQDUiWKyyF4AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibson_2006,_p_125-127-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibson_2006,_p_125-127_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibson_2006,_p_125-127_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson (2006), p 125-127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abel_(1993)-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abel_(1993)_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbel1993" class="citation book cs1">Abel, Annie Heloise (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanindianin1992abel"><i>The American Indian in the Civil War, 1862 - 1865</i></a></span> (1. Bison book print., repr. [der Ausg.] Cleveland, 1919. ed.). Lincoln [u.a.]: Univ. of Nebraska Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanindianin1992abel/page/230">230</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-5919-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-5919-0"><bdi>0-8032-5919-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Indian+in+the+Civil+War%2C+1862+-+1865&rft.place=Lincoln+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=230&rft.edition=1.+Bison+book+print.%2C+repr.+%5Bder+Ausg.%5D+Cleveland%2C+1919.&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8032-5919-0&rft.aulast=Abel&rft.aufirst=Annie+Heloise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanindianin1992abel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1862_Treaty-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1862_Treaty_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/kic0835.htm">"TREATY WITH THE KICKAPOO, 1862"</a>. <i>Oklahoma State University</i>. June 28, 1862<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oklahoma+State+University&rft.atitle=TREATY+WITH+THE+KICKAPOO%2C+1862&rft.date=1862-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fkic0835.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson (2006), p 129-135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_(2012)-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_(2012)_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_(2012)_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2012" class="citation book cs1">Williams, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BRtFAAAAQBAJ"><i>A People's History of the Civil War Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom</i></a>. New York: The New Press. p. 404. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-747-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-747-3"><bdi>978-1-59558-747-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+History+of+the+Civil+War+Struggles+for+the+Meaning+of+Freedom.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59558-747-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBRtFAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAllen2014" class="citation book cs1">McAllen, M.M (8 Jan 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CkvpCAAAQBAJ"><i>Maximilian and Carlota: Europe's Last Empire in Mexico</i></a>. Trinity University Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781595341853" title="Special:BookSources/9781595341853"><bdi>9781595341853</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maximilian+and+Carlota%3A+Europe%27s+Last+Empire+in+Mexico&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Trinity+University+Press&rft.date=2014-01-08&rft.isbn=9781595341853&rft.aulast=McAllen&rft.aufirst=M.M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCkvpCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson (2006), p 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson (2006), p 137-138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Claims_Commission-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Claims_Commission_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Claims_Commission_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Claims_Commission_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openjurist.org/372/f2d/980/kickapoo-tribe-of-kansas-v-united-states">"The Kickapoo Tribe Of Kansas, the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma et al. v. The United States"</a>. <i>Open Jurist</i>. <b>F2d</b> (372): 980. 1967<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Jurist&rft.atitle=The+Kickapoo+Tribe+Of+Kansas%2C+the+Kickapoo+Tribe+of+Oklahoma+et+al.+v.+The+United+States&rft.volume=F2d&rft.issue=372&rft.pages=980&rft.date=1967&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenjurist.org%2F372%2Ff2d%2F980%2Fkickapoo-tribe-of-kansas-v-united-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricky (1999), p.224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson (2006), p 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTayac2009" class="citation book cs1">Tayac, Gabrielle, ed. (2009). <i>IndiVisible</i>. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of the American Indian, in association with the National Museum of African American History and Culture and the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588342713" title="Special:BookSources/978-1588342713"><bdi>978-1588342713</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IndiVisible&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution%27s+National+Museum+of+the+American+Indian%2C+in+association+with+the+National+Museum+of+African+American+History+and+Culture+and+the+Smithsonian+Institution+Traveling+Exhibition+Service&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1588342713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Docket_No._316-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Docket_No._316_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Docket_No._316_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Docket_No._316_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Docket_No._316_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Docket_No._316_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/icc/v15/iccv15p628.pdf">"The Kickapoo Tribe of Kansas and The Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma vs. the United States of America"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oklahoma State University: Indian Claims Commission. 1967<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kickapoo+Tribe+of+Kansas+and+The+Kickapoo+Tribe+of+Oklahoma+vs.+the+United+States+of+America&rft.place=Oklahoma+State+University&rft.pub=Indian+Claims+Commission&rft.date=1967&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Ficc%2Fv15%2Ficcv15p628.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKellar (1994), pp 225-226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Withington_(1952)-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Withington_(1952)_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithington1952" class="citation web cs1">Withington, W.R. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thorpe.ou.edu/treatises/kickapoo.html">"Kickapoo Titles in Oklahoma"</a>. Oklahoma Bar Association Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kickapoo+Titles+in+Oklahoma&rft.pub=Oklahoma+Bar+Association+Journal&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Withington&rft.aufirst=W.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthorpe.ou.edu%2Ftreatises%2Fkickapoo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilks1972" class="citation news cs1">Wilks, Flo (January 9, 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/celebrity-clipping-jan-09-1972-3386503/">"Indian Portraits: Unusual Documentary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque_Journal" title="Albuquerque Journal">Albuquerque Journal</a></i>. Albuquerque, New Mexico. p. C-3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspaperarchive.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaperarchive.com">Newspaperarchive.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Albuquerque+Journal&rft.atitle=Indian+Portraits%3A+Unusual+Documentary&rft.pages=C-3&rft.date=1972-01-09&rft.aulast=Wilks&rft.aufirst=Flo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Fcelebrity-clipping-jan-09-1972-3386503%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Kickapoo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMager2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mager, Elisabeth (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uclajournals.org/doi/abs/10.17953/aicrj.41.1.mager?code=ucla-site">"Ethnic Consciousness in Cultural Survival: The Morongo Band of Mission Indians and the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas"</a>. <i>American Indian Culture and Research Journal</i>. <b>41</b> (1): 47–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17953%2Faicrj.41.1.mager">10.17953/aicrj.41.1.mager</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Indian+Culture+and+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Consciousness+in+Cultural+Survival%3A+The+Morongo+Band+of+Mission+Indians+and+the+Kickapoo+Traditional+Tribe+of+Texas&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-72&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17953%2Faicrj.41.1.mager&rft.aulast=Mager&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuclajournals.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.17953%2Faicrj.41.1.mager%3Fcode%3Ducla-site&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMager2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mager, Elisabeth (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revistascisan.unam.mx/Voices/pdfs/9008.pdf">"The Kickapoo Of Coahuila/Texas Cultural Implications Of Being A Cross-Border Nation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Voices of Mexico</i> (90): 36–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voices+of+Mexico&rft.atitle=The+Kickapoo+Of+Coahuila%2FTexas+Cultural+Implications+Of+Being+A+Cross-Border+Nation&rft.issue=90&rft.pages=36-40&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Mager&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistascisan.unam.mx%2FVoices%2Fpdfs%2F9008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Kickapoo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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peoples of Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Indigenous peoples of Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">More than 100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinantec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinantec people">Chinantec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_people" title="Chʼol people">Chʼol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_people" title="Huastec people">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_people" title="Mazahua people">Mazahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazatec" title="Mazatec">Mazatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe_people" title="Mixe people">Mixe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuas" title="Nahuas">Nahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi" title="Otomi">Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha" title="Purépecha">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rar%C3%A1muri" title="Rarámuri">Rarámuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_people" title="Tlapanec people">Tlapanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_people" title="Tzeltal people">Tzeltal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzotzil" title="Tzotzil">Tzotzil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000 – 100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amuzgos" title="Amuzgos">Amuzgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatinos" title="Chatinos">Chatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya" title="Chontal Maya">Chontal Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_people" title="Cora people">Cora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicatecs" title="Cuicatecs">Cuicatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_people" title="Huave people">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_people" title="Mayo people">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popoluca" title="Popoluca">Popoluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n" title="Tepehuán">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tojolabal_people" title="Tojolabal people">Tojolabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triqui" title="Triqui">Triqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol" title="Huichol">Wixarika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoque_people" title="Zoque people">Zoque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000 – 20,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akatek_people" title="Akatek people">Akatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_people" title="Chichimeca Jonaz people">Chichimeca Jonaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocho_people" title="Chocho people">Chocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuj_people" title="Chuj people">Chuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarijio_people" title="Guarijio people">Guarijio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaltek_people" title="Jakaltek people">Jakaltek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacandon_people" title="Lacandon people">Lacandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicaneros" title="Mexicaneros">Mexicanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocuiltec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocuiltec people">Ocuiltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pame_people" title="Pame people">Pame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_people" title="Pima Bajo people">Pima Bajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_people" title="Qʼanjobʼal people">Qʼanjobʼal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC" title="Qʼeqchiʼ">Qʼeqchiʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuate" title="Tacuate">Tacuate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehuas" title="Tepehuas">Tepehua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Less than 1,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awakatek_people" title="Awakatek people">Awakatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD" title="Cochimí">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucap%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucapá">Cucapá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixcatecos" title="Ixcatecos">Ixcatecos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixil_people" title="Ixil people">Ixil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">Kʼicheʼ</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kikapú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_people" title="Kiliwa people">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mezcalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motozintlecos" title="Motozintlecos">Motozintleco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paipai_people" title="Paipai people">Paipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_people" title="Seri people">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektitek_people" title="Tektitek people">Teko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_people" title="Western Apache people">Western Apache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_American_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_United_States" title="Emigration from the United States">American diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_African_people_of_American_descent" title="Category:South African people of American descent">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Children of American service members <small>(multiple countries)</small></a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_China" title="Americans in China">China</a> <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_Philippines" title="Americans in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah#North_American_Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_in_Israel" title="African Hebrew Israelites in Israel">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_living_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Americans living in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Qatar" title="Americans in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Americans in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td 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class="mw-redirect" title="Americans in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Sweden" title="Americans in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Americans in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–United States relations">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_settlements_in_British_Honduras" title="Confederate settlements in British Honduras">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Canadians" title="American Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Black Nova Scotians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Planters" title="New England Planters">New England Planters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_of_the_Grand_River" title="Six Nations of the Grand River">Six Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">United Empire Loyalists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Costa_Rica" title="Americans in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Cuba" title="Americans in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic (African Americans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Guatemala" title="Americans in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Haiti" title="Americans in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Free Blacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_estadounidense_en_Honduras" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración estadounidense en Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_immigration_to_Mexico" title="American immigration to Mexico">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_colonies_in_Mexico" title="Mormon colonies in Mexico">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Virginia_Colony" title="New Virginia Colony">New Virginia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago (African Americans)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Australians" title="American Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_New_Zealanders" title="American New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Argentina" title="Americans in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Brazilians" title="American Brazilians">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Americana, São Paulo">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_B%C3%A1rbara_d%27Oeste" title="Santa Bárbara d'Oeste">Santa Bárbara d'Oeste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Texas" title="New Texas">New Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Americans_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Americans in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Ecuador" title="Americans in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_estadounidense_en_Paraguay" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración estadounidense en Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Uruguay" title="Americans in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_estadounidense_en_Venezuela" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración estadounidense en Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">African-American diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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