NÉPAL - Encyclopædia Universalis

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<div class="user-welcome"></div> <div class="login-form-wrapper-mobile"> <div class="login-form"> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-primary keep-label-space-top"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-user"></i> Mon Compte </div> </div> </div> <div class="d-lg-none text-center mb-3"> <a href="/abonnement" title="Je m'abonne" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Top (mobile)"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/6/csm_banner-cta_534716667b.webp" width="728" height="90" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" class="img-max shadow-sm"/> </a> </div> <div class="row"> <div id="main-content" class="col-lg-8 col-xl-9 pb-4"> <div class="free-toc-container"> <ul id="free-toc" class="collapse list-group shadow-sm mb-1" style="overflow: hidden"> <li class="list-group-item active"> <a class="d-block" title="NÉPAL, Un pays de hautes montagnes" href="/encyclopedie/nepal/"> 1. Un pays de hautes montagnes </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="NÉPAL, Groupes ethniques et castes" href="/encyclopedie/nepal/2-groupes-ethniques-et-castes/"> 2. Groupes ethniques et castes </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="NÉPAL, Une histoire millénaire" href="/encyclopedie/nepal/3-une-histoire-millenaire/"> 3. Une histoire millénaire </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="NÉPAL, Le Népal contemporain" href="/encyclopedie/nepal/4-le-nepal-contemporain/"> 4. Le Népal contemporain </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="NÉPAL, Chronologie contemporaine" href="/encyclopedie/nepal/5-chronologie-contemporaine/"> 5. Chronologie contemporaine </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="NÉPAL, Art et archéologie" href="/encyclopedie/nepal/6-art-et-archeologie/"> 6. Art et archéologie </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="NÉPAL, Les littératures du Népal" href="/encyclopedie/nepal/7-les-litteratures-du-nepal/"> 7. Les littératures du Népal </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="NÉPAL, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/nepal/8-bibliographie/"> 8. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>NÉPAL</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="card factbox mt-3 mb-5 mx-auto shadow-sm" data-print-label="les informations géographiques" data-print-target=".factbox"><div class="card-body p-0"><table class="table table-sm table-striped mb-0"><tbody><tr><td class="col-4 col-md-3 text-end"><strong>Nom officiel</strong></td><td class="col-8 col-md-9 text-start"><p>République démocratique fédérale du Népal (NP)</p><ul class="list-unstyled m-0"></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="col-4 col-md-3 text-end"><strong>Chef de l'État</strong></td><td class="col-8 col-md-9 text-start"><p>Ram Chandra Poudel (depuis le 13 mars 2023)</p><ul class="list-unstyled m-0"></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="col-4 col-md-3 text-end"><strong>Chef du gouvernement</strong></td><td class="col-8 col-md-9 text-start"><p>Pushpa Kamal Dahal dit « Prachanda » (depuis le 26 décembre 2022)</p><ul class="list-unstyled m-0"></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="col-4 col-md-3 text-end"><strong>Capitale</strong></td><td class="col-8 col-md-9 text-start"><p>Katmandou</p><ul class="list-unstyled m-0"></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="col-4 col-md-3 text-end"><strong>Langue officielle</strong></td><td class="col-8 col-md-9 text-start"><p>Népalais</p><ul class="list-unstyled m-0"></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="col-4 col-md-3 text-end"><strong>Unité monétaire</strong></td><td class="col-8 col-md-9 text-start"><p>Roupie népalaise (NPR)</p><ul class="list-unstyled m-0"></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="col-6 text-end"><strong>Population (estim.)</strong></td><td class="col-6 text-start"> 29 871 000 <em style="font-size: 0.8rem">(2024)</em><ul class="list-unstyled m-0"></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="col-6 text-end"><strong>Superficie</strong></td><td class="col-6 text-start"> 147 181 km² <ul class="list-unstyled m-0"></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div><nav class="d-flex justify-content-center d-print-none"><a href=" /atlas /asie /asie-du-sud /nepal " class="btn btn-sm btn-primary flex-grow-1 m-1"><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-globe"></i> Cartes</a><a href=" /atlas /asie /asie-du-sud /nepal #chiffres" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary flex-grow-1 m-1"><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-list"></i> Données clés </a><a href="/datapays/?c=np" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary flex-grow-1 m-1"><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chart-simple"></i> Data Pays </a></nav></div><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC140124_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC140124_0"></i><p> Le Népal s'étend sur 147 000 kilomètres carrés et sa population comptait 26 494 500 d’habitants au recensement de 2011. Le pays est célèbre par la beauté de ses paysages et la très grande variété culturale qu'il doit à sa position. Il possède les plus hautes montagnes du monde, mais la plus grande partie de la population est concentrée dans des régions basses, plaines bordières et bassins intra-montagnards. Sa structure géographique est dominée par la disposition des éléments du relief, et l'étagement domine l'organisation des activités.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="row"><div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="AT013704" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : Népal : carte physique" href="/media/nepal-carte-physique-at013704/"><img id="AT013704" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/3/csm_at013704_3ebf951274.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Népal : carte physique - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte physique du Népal." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1206" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Népal : carte physique </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="DE050621" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Népal : drapeau" href="/media/nepal-drapeau-de050621/"><img id="DE050621" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/3/csm_de050621_b0734313b5.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Népal : drapeau - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Népal (1962). Réunies au XIXe siècle, les deux bannières triangulaires qui composent cet original drapeau marquent la pérennité nationale de la famille royale (croissant de lune en berceau) et de la famille Rana (soleil). Le rouge cramoisi représente le dynamisme du Népal, le bleu du cadre la paix…" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1667" height="2000" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Népal : drapeau </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div></div><p>Du point de vue historique, le nom de Népal ne s'applique qu'à la haute vallée de la Bagmati (Katmandou) et à quelques districts extérieurs ; le reste du territoire népalais moderne y fut ajouté par les conquérants Gūrkhalī à la fin du <span class="pc">xviii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle. La vallée fut primitivement occupée par des populations d'origine inconnue, génériquement appelées Kirāta ; quelques termes obscurs dans les plus anciennes inscriptions semblent être les seuls vestiges de leur langue. Dès le <span class="pc">ix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Ethnie mongoloïde de la vallée de Kātmāndu (Népal), qui vécut longtemps isolée et autonome avant l'arrivée des populations de langue aryenne actuellement dominantes, les Newar parlent une langue tibéto-birmane et vivent surtout dans les villes. Ils constituaient, selon le recensement de 2001, 5,48 p. 100 de la population népalaise (soit 1 245 000 personnes environ). Les Newar subire..." title="Article : NEWAR" href="/encyclopedie/newar/">Newar</a>, de langue tibéto-birmane, devinrent le peuple dominant. Après 1768, ils furent rejoints par les Gūrkhalī (de langue indo-européenne. Le bouddhisme y pénétra de bonne heure, et le Népal est le seul pays de civilisation indienne où la religion du Bouddha est encore vivante, sinon florissante. Cette influence indienne est particulièrement sensible dans les productions artistiques, qui n'en conservent pas moins un caractère original. Bien protégé par les montagnes et les jungles pestilentielles du Teraï, il resta à l'écart des invasions musulmanes (avec une seule exception), et, au début du <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, il était encore un échantillon presque pur de ce qu'était l'Inde ancienne, bien que possédant des caractéristiques locales très marquées.</p><p>Aujourd'hui le Népal, entre la Chine et le sous-continent indien, en pleine transformation, s'est ouvert aux influences extérieures et à la civilisation industrielle.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC140124_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC140124_1"></i><h2>Un pays de hautes montagnes</h2><div class="block_2" data-ucode="yC140124_1_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC140124_1_0"></i><h3>Architecture d'ensemble du pays</h3><p>L'armature morphologique du pays est construite selon des lignes assez simples, et s'organise en bandes longitudinales, orientées de l'ouest-nord-ouest à l'est-sud-est. Du sud au nord on rencontre six régions bien distinctes.</p><p> Le Teraï est une plaine basse, qui fait partie de la grande plaine du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Gange (en sanskrit et en hindī, Gangā) est un fleuve puissant du nord de l' Inde. Long de plus de 2 700 km et drainant un bassin de près d'un million de kilomètres carrés, il se situe, par son débit, parmi les cinq ou six plus grands fleuves} du monde. Son importance économique actuelle tient essentiellement au rôle qu'il joue dans l'irrigation de la plaine très peuplée où il..." title="Article : GANGE" href="/encyclopedie/gange/">Gange</a>. Elle comporte des terrasses alluviales, mais aussi des bas plateaux caillouteux. Les eaux qui s'infiltrent dans ceux-ci ressortent en une ligne de sources, qui alimente des marais. Ceux-ci font de certaines parties du Teraï des régions malsaines, où la malaria a longtemps exercé des ravages. Elles sont restées faiblement peuplées jusque dans les années 1970 et couvertes de forêts assez denses.</p><p> Les Siwāliks constituent une première chaîne de montagnes basses, culminant à environ 2 000 m (monts Bhabar et Churia). Elles sont formées de crêtes alignées suivant l'axe ouest-nord-ouest-est-sud-est, entre lesquelles s'inscrivent des dépressions allongées, connues sous le nom de <em>dhuns</em>.</p><p> Au nord, une première chaîne vraiment himalayenne domine les Siwāliks, avec des sommets qui dépassent légèrement les 3 000 m : c'est le Mahabharat Lekh, que l'on rattache généralement à l'axe du Moyen <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Barrière naturelle entre la péninsule indienne et le reste du continent asiatique, l'arc montagneux de l'Himalaya (ou Himālaya : « Séjour des neiges » en sanskrit) s'allonge entre le plateau du Tibet , au nord, et la plaine alluviale indo-gangétique, au sud. Il se raccorde, par des courbures très accentuées, à la chaîne béloutche et à l'Hindū Kūch oriental (Karakoram), à ..." title="Article : HIMALAYA" href="/encyclopedie/himalaya/">Himalaya</a>. Les sommets ont des formes assez lourdes et ne sont pas alignés en axes continus. Les vallées transversales ont creusé dans la chaîne des vallées profondes dont l'altitude est comprise entre 400 et 600 m. Ces gorges aèrent vigoureusement le relief et donnent à la région son caractère montagnard.</p><p>Plus au nord, sur une largeur de 60 à 100 km, s'étend le Moyen Pays, expression que l'on peut préférer à celle de Plateau népalais, parfois employée, qui rend mal compte de la réalité, car les dénivellations n'y sont pas négligeables. Certes<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li 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href="/auteurs/francois-durand-dastes/"><strong>François DURAND-DASTÈS</strong></a> : professeur à l'université de Paris-VII-Denis-Diderot </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="GABORIEAU, Marc"><a title="Auteur : Marc GABORIEAU" rel="author" href="/auteurs/marc-gaborieau/"><strong>Marc GABORIEAU</strong></a> : directeur de recherche au C.N.R.S., directeur d'études à l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="PETECH, Luciano"><a title="Auteur : Luciano PETECH" rel="author" href="/auteurs/luciano-petech/"><strong>Luciano PETECH</strong></a> : professeur à l'université de Rome </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="RAMIREZ, Philippe"><a title="Auteur : Philippe RAMIREZ" rel="author" href="/auteurs/philippe-ramirez/"><strong>Philippe RAMIREZ</strong></a> : chargé de recherche au C.N.R.S. </li><li class="list-group-item"><strong> Encyclopædia Universalis</strong> : services rédactionnels de l'Encyclopædia Universalis</li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : NÉPAL" href="/carte-mentale/nepal/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC140124_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie" href="/classification/geographie/"> Géographie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie par pays" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-par-pays/"> Géographie par pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie de l'Asie" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-par-pays/geographie-de-l-asie/"> Géographie de l'Asie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Népal, géographie"> <a title="Classification : Népal, géographie" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-par-pays/geographie-de-l-asie/nepal-geographie/"> Népal, géographie </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences humaines et sociales" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/"> Sciences humaines et sociales </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Anthropologie et ethnologie" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/anthropologie-et-ethnologie/"> Anthropologie et ethnologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Ethnologie régionale" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/anthropologie-et-ethnologie/ethnologie-regionale/"> Ethnologie régionale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Asie, ethnologie" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/anthropologie-et-ethnologie/ethnologie-regionale/asie-ethnologie/"> Asie, ethnologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Inde et du sous-continent indien, ethnologie"> <a title="Classification : Inde et du sous-continent indien, ethnologie" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/anthropologie-et-ethnologie/ethnologie-regionale/asie-ethnologie/inde-et-du-sous-continent-indien-ethnologie/"> Inde et du sous-continent indien, ethnologie </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 3"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire par régions et pays" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/"> Histoire par régions et pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de l'Asie" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-asie/"> Histoire de l'Asie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de l'Asie du Sud" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-asie/histoire-de-l-asie-du-sud/"> Histoire de l'Asie du Sud </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Histoire des peuples d'Asie du Sud"> <a title="Classification : Histoire des peuples d'Asie du Sud" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-asie/histoire-de-l-asie-du-sud/histoire-des-peuples-d-asie-du-sud/"> Histoire des peuples d'Asie du Sud </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 4"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire par régions et pays" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/"> Histoire par régions et pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de l'Asie" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-asie/"> Histoire de l'Asie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de l'Asie du Sud" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-asie/histoire-de-l-asie-du-sud/"> Histoire de l'Asie du Sud </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Népal, histoire"> <a title="Classification : Népal, histoire" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-asie/histoire-de-l-asie-du-sud/nepal-histoire/"> Népal, histoire </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 5"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire : chronologie" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/"> Histoire : chronologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Histoire, xxe s. et xxie s."> <a title="Classification : Histoire, xxe s. et xxie s." href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/"> Histoire, <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> s. et <span class="pc">xxi</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 6"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Archéologie" href="/classification/histoire/archeologie/"> Archéologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Archéologie: aires géographiques" href="/classification/histoire/archeologie/archeologie-aires-geographiques/"> Archéologie: aires géographiques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Asie, archéologie" href="/classification/histoire/archeologie/archeologie-aires-geographiques/asie-archeologie/"> Asie, archéologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Népal, Tibet et Bhoutan, archéologie"> <a title="Classification : Népal, Tibet et Bhoutan, archéologie" href="/classification/histoire/archeologie/archeologie-aires-geographiques/asie-archeologie/nepal-tibet-et-bhoutan-archeologie/"> Népal, Tibet et Bhoutan, archéologie </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 7"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Arts" href="/classification/arts/"> Arts </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Art et artistes par continents et pays" href="/classification/arts/art-et-artistes-par-continents-et-pays/"> Art et artistes par continents et pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Art en Asie" href="/classification/arts/art-et-artistes-par-continents-et-pays/art-en-asie/"> Art en Asie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Art du Népal"> <a title="Classification : Art du Népal" href="/classification/arts/art-et-artistes-par-continents-et-pays/art-en-asie/art-du-nepal/"> Art du Népal </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 8"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Littératures" href="/classification/litteratures/"> Littératures </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire des littératures" href="/classification/litteratures/histoire-des-litteratures/"> Histoire des littératures </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Littérature népalaise"> <a title="Classification : Littérature népalaise" href="/classification/litteratures/histoire-des-litteratures/litterature-nepalaise/"> Littérature népalaise </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC140124_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="AT013704" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : Népal : carte physique" href="/media/nepal-carte-physique-at013704/"> <img id="AT013704" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/3/csm_at013704_3ebf951274.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Népal : carte physique - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte physique du Népal." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1206" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Népal : carte physique </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="DE050621" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Népal : drapeau" href="/media/nepal-drapeau-de050621/"> <img id="DE050621" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/3/csm_de050621_b0734313b5.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Népal : drapeau - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Népal (1962). Réunies au XIXe siècle, les deux bannières triangulaires qui composent cet original drapeau marquent la pérennité nationale de la famille royale (croissant de lune en berceau) et de la famille Rana (soleil). Le rouge cramoisi représente le dynamisme du Népal, le bleu du cadre la paix…" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1667" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Népal : drapeau </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH160243" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Monastère de Tengboche, Népal" href="/media/monastere-de-tengboche-nepal-ph160243/"> <img id="PH160243" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/d/csm_ph160243_a06e18f8d0.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Monastère de Tengboche, Népal - crédits : mountaintreks/ Shutterstock" data-description="Le monastère de Tengboche se trouve dans la région du Khumbu, au cœur de l'Himalaya." data-copyright="mountaintreks/ Shutterstock" width="1024" height="561" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Monastère de Tengboche, Népal </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> mountaintreks/ Shutterstock </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" rel="related" href="/medias/nepal/"> Afficher les 13 médias de l'article <span class="rg">NÉPAL</span> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC140124_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/chronologie/nepal/"> <span class="rg">NÉPAL, </span><em class="it">chronologie contemporaine</em> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par Universalis</li> </ul> </li> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/asie-geographie-humaine-et-regionale-dynamiques-regionales/#c14630"> <span class="rg">ASIE </span><span class="rm">(Géographie humaine et régionale) - Dynamiques régionales</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Manuelle FRANCK</span> , <span rel="author">Bernard HOURCADE</span> , <span rel="author">Georges MUTIN</span> , <span rel="author">Philippe PELLETIER</span> et <span rel="author">Jean-Luc RACINE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">24 799 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">10 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ASIE (G&eacute;ographie humaine et r&eacute;gionale) - Dynamiques r&eacute;gionales" href="/encyclopedie/asie-geographie-humaine-et-regionale-dynamiques-regionales/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Asie du Sud-Est : dynamiques transnationales - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/3/csm_ca070380_3a6739b721.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...à un Pakistan musulman et bicéphale, dont la partie orientale a fait sécession en 1971 pour devenir le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Bangladesh est un État d’Asie du Sud d’une superficie de 144 000 kilomètres carrés – soit environ le quart de celle de la France ; il rassemble environ 166 millions d’habitants (estim. 2023) et compte parmi les pays les plus pauvres de la planète. Le Bangladesh est souvent méconnu, sauf pour ses calamités naturelles et sa main-d’œuvre à très bon marché. Enclavé dan..." title="Article : BANGLADESH" href="/encyclopedie/bangladesh/">Bangladesh</a>. Au nord, les États himalayens du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Népal s'étend sur 147 000 kilomètres carrés et sa population comptait 26 494 500 d’habitants au recensement de 2011. Le pays est célèbre par la beauté de ses paysages et la très grande variété culturale qu'il doit à sa position. Il possède les plus hautes montagnes du monde, mais la plus grande partie de la population est concentrée dans des régions basses, plaines bordière..." title="Article : NÉPAL" href="/encyclopedie/nepal/">Népal</a> et du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Bhoutan est un royaume (depuis 1907) de l' Himalaya oriental, isolé dans les montagnes et enclavé entre deux grandes puissances, l'Inde et la Chine. Plus petit que la Suisse (environ 38 400 km 2 ), il était peuplé de 672 000 habitants (60 % d'origine tibétaine et 35 % d'origine népalaise) lors du premier recensement officiel effectué en 2005. Il en compte 770 000 environ dans..." title="Article : BHOUTAN" href="/encyclopedie/bhoutan/">Bhoutan</a> font tampon avec la Chine, qui possède avec l'Inde une <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot « frontière » a pour origine l’ancien adjectif « frontier », qui dérive de « front » et signifie littéralement « faire face » ou « être voisin de ». Le terme s’impose à la fin du Moyen Âge au moment où se construit l’État moderne fondé sur un rassemblement territorial qui nécessite l’assignation de limites, permettant l’exercice de la souveraineté..." title="Article : FRONTIÈRE" href="/encyclopedie/frontiere/">frontière</a> commune, toujours contestée tant à l'ouest de l'... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/bhoutan/#c14630"> <span class="rg">BHOUTAN</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Benoît CAILMAIL</span> , <span rel="author">François DURAND-DASTÈS</span> , <span rel="author">Alain LAMBALLE</span> et <span rel="author">Chantal MASSONAUD</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 363 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : BHOUTAN" href="/encyclopedie/bhoutan/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Bhoutan : carte physique - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/6/csm_at002304_66b24862f7.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...de main-d’œuvre dans le pays. Désignés par le terme de <em>lhotshampa</em> (opposé au terme de <em>drukpa</em> qui désigne les populations indigènes du Bhoutan), ces Népalais ont vu leur population croître pour devenir la principale minorité du pays (entre 30 et 40 % de la population totale selon les différentes estimations).... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/graffiti/#c14630"> <span class="rg">GRAFFITI</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Glen D. CURRY</span> , <span rel="author">Scott H. DECKER</span> , <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> et <span rel="author">William P. MCLEAN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">5 880 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : GRAFFITI" href="/encyclopedie/graffiti/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Graffiti à New York - crédits : L. Morin" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/6/1/csm_pa081682_299ee769b4.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Aucune étude des graffiti des pays orientaux n'est encore parue, mais les graffiti figuratifsnépalais ont constitué le sujet d'une documentation sommaire, réalisée au cours de l'été 1967 par l'ethnologue Khem Bahadur Bista. On peut remarquer qu'ils comportent le motif cordiforme, une figuration de... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/gurung/"> <span class="rg">GURUNG</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Yvan BARBÉ</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">630 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Population himalayenne du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Népal s'étend sur 147 000 kilomètres carrés et sa population comptait 26 494 500 d’habitants au recensement de 2011. Le pays est célèbre par la beauté de ses paysages et la très grande variété culturale qu'il doit à sa position. Il possède les plus hautes montagnes du monde, mais la plus grande partie de la population est concentrée dans des régions basses, plaines bordière..." title="Article : NÉPAL" href="/encyclopedie/nepal/">Népal</a>. Le territoire gurung s'étend sur les hautes vallées du versant méridional de la chaîne de l'Annapurna dans la zone centrale des hautes collines du Népal. Les villages apparaissent entre 1 500 et 2 500 mètres et leurs « alpages » montent jusqu'à 3 500 et même 4 000...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/nepal/"> Afficher les 16 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC140124_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : INDIEN ART" href="/index/art-indien/"> <span class="rg">INDIEN </span><span class="pc">ART</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PARTIS COMMUNISTES" href="/index/partis-communistes/"> <span class="rg">PARTIS COMMUNISTES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : STŪPA" href="/index/stupa/"> <span class="rg">STŪPA</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PIERRE, sculpture" href="/index/pierre-sculpture/"> <span class="rg">PIERRE, </span><em class="it">sculpture</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BRONZE, sculpture" href="/index/bronze-sculpture/"> <span class="rg">BRONZE, </span><em class="it">sculpture</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : GUPTA ART" href="/index/art-gupta/"> <span class="rg">GUPTA </span><span class="pc">ART</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : NÉPAL ARTS DU" href="/index/arts-du-nepal/"> <span class="rg">NÉPAL </span><span class="pc">ARTS DU</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : NEWAR ART" href="/index/art-newar/"> <span class="rg">NEWAR </span><span class="pc">ART</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CORBEAU, architecture" href="/index/corbeau-architecture/"> <span class="rg">CORBEAU, </span><em class="it">architecture</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : DEGA TEMPLE" href="/index/temple-dega/"> <span class="rg">DEGA </span><span class="pc">TEMPLE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BOUDDHIQUE ART" href="/index/art-bouddhique/"> <span class="rg">BOUDDHIQUE </span><span class="pc">ART</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CULTURES SYSTÈMES DE, agronomie" href="/index/systemes-de-cultures-agronomie/"> <span class="rg">CULTURES </span><span class="pc">SYSTÈMES DE, </span><em class="it">agronomie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SCULPTURE RELIGIEUSE" href="/index/sculpture-religieuse/"> <span class="rg">SCULPTURE RELIGIEUSE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : DÉCORATION ARCHITECTURALE" href="/index/decoration-architecturale/"> <span class="rg">DÉCORATION ARCHITECTURALE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MAOÏSME" href="/index/maoisme/"> <span class="rg">MAOÏSME</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : COURANT-JET ou JET-STREAM" href="/index/courant-jet-jet-stream/"> <span class="rg">COURANT-JET </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">JET-STREAM</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : STÈLE" href="/index/stele/"> <span class="rg">STÈLE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BHATGAON ou BHADGAON" href="/index/bhatgaon-bhadgaon/"> <span class="rg">BHATGAON </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">BHADGAON</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ANANTAMALLA, roi du Népal (1274-1310)" href="/index/anantamalla/"> <span class="rg">ANANTAMALLA, </span><span class="rm">roi du Népal (1274-1310)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PATAN" href="/index/patan/"> <span class="rg">PATAN</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PRITHVI NARAYAN (1730-1775) roi du Népal (1769-1775)" href="/index/prithvi-narayan/"> <span class="rg">PRITHVI NARAYAN </span><span class="rm">(1730-1775) roi du Népal (1769-1775)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : GŪRKHALĪ ou GORKHA" href="/index/gurkhali-gorkha/"> <span class="rg">GŪRKHALĪ </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">GORKHA</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : KATMANDOU ou KĀTMĀNDU" href="/index/katmandou-katmandu/"> <span class="rg">KATMANDOU </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">KĀTMĀNDU</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MAGAR" href="/index/magar/"> <span class="rg">MAGAR</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MALLA LES" href="/index/les-malla/"> <span class="rg">MALLA </span><span class="pc">LES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : JAYASTHITI MALLA, roi du Népal (1380-1395)" href="/index/jayasthiti-malla/"> <span class="rg">JAYASTHITI MALLA, </span><span class="rm">roi du Népal (1380-1395)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BOIS, sculpture" href="/index/bois-sculpture/"> <span class="rg">BOIS, </span><em class="it">sculpture</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MATHURĀ ART DE" href="/index/art-de-mathura/"> <span class="rg">MATHURĀ </span><span class="pc">ART DE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PĀLA STYLE" href="/index/style-pala/"> <span class="rg">PĀLA </span><span class="pc">STYLE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : GUERRE CIVILE" href="/index/guerre-civile/"> <span class="rg">GUERRE CIVILE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ANNAPURNA" href="/index/annapurna/"> <span class="rg">ANNAPURNA</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : EVEREST MONT ou CHOMOLUNGMA" href="/index/everest-chomolungma/"> <span class="rg">EVEREST </span><span class="pc">MONT </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">CHOMOLUNGMA</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : DHAULAGIRI" href="/index/dhaulagiri/"> <span class="rg">DHAULAGIRI</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CHARRIAGES & CHEVAUCHEMENTS" href="/index/charriages-et-chevauchements/"> <span class="rg">CHARRIAGES & CHEVAUCHEMENTS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BHOTES, BHOTIAS ou BHOTIYAS" href="/index/bhotes-bhotias-bhotiyas/"> <span class="rg">BHOTES, BHOTIAS </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">BHOTIYAS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : REPOUSSÉ TECHNIQUE DU" href="/index/technique-du-repousse/"> <span class="rg">REPOUSSÉ </span><span class="pc">TECHNIQUE DU</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SIWALIKS" href="/index/siwaliks/"> <span class="rg">SIWALIKS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : TAMANG" href="/index/tamang/"> <span class="rg">TAMANG</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : TERAÏ" href="/index/terai/"> <span class="rg">TERAÏ</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ŚIKHARA ou ÇIKHARA, architecture" href="/index/sikhara-cikhara/"> <span class="rg">ŚIKHARA </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">ÇIKHARA, </span><em class="it">architecture</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : TIBÉTAIN ART" href="/index/art-tibetain/"> <span class="rg">TIBÉTAIN </span><span class="pc">ART</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ROULEAU VERTICAL, peinture" href="/index/rouleau-vertical-peinture/"> <span class="rg">ROULEAU VERTICAL, </span><em class="it">peinture</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : GYANENDRA BIR BIKRAM SHAH (1947- )" href="/index/bir-bikram-shah-gyanendra/"> <span class="rg">GYANENDRA </span><span class="pc">BIR BIKRAM SHAH </span><span class="rm">(1947- )</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CUIVRES, art" href="/index/cuivres-art/"> <span class="rg">CUIVRES, </span><em class="it">art</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : LAITONS" href="/index/laitons/"> <span class="rg">LAITONS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : TEMPLE, monde indien" href="/index/temple-monde-indien/"> <span class="rg">TEMPLE, </span><em class="it">monde indien</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ORALE LITTÉRATURE" href="/index/litterature-orale/"> <span class="rg">ORALE </span><span class="pc">LITTÉRATURE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : KIRANT" href="/index/kirant/"> <span class="rg">KIRANT</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : THARU" href="/index/tharu/"> <span class="rg">THARU</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SOUS-DÉVELOPPEMENT" href="/index/sous-developpement/"> <span class="rg">SOUS-DÉVELOPPEMENT</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : INDE, histoire : de 1947 à nos jours" href="/index/inde-histoire-de-1947-a-nos-jours/"> <span class="rg">INDE, </span><em class="it">histoire : de 1947 à nos jours</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : RÉPRESSION" href="/index/repression/"> <span class="rg">RÉPRESSION</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BOIS, architecture" href="/index/bois-architecture/"> <span class="rg">BOIS, </span><em class="it">architecture</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CIRE PERDUE, techniques" href="/index/cire-perdue-techniques/"> <span class="rg">CIRE PERDUE, </span><em class="it">techniques</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BIRENDRA BIR BIKRAM SHAH DEVA (1945-2001)" href="/index/birendra-bir-bikram-shah-deva/"> <span class="rg">BIRENDRA BIR BIKRAM SHAH DEVA </span><span class="rm">(1945-2001)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BOUDDHISME TIBÉTAIN" href="/index/bouddhisme-tibetain/"> <span class="rg">BOUDDHISME TIBÉTAIN</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ÉTAGE DE VÉGÉTATION" href="/index/etage-de-vegetation/"> <span class="rg">ÉTAGE DE VÉGÉTATION</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SANSKRITE ou SANSCRITE LITTÉRATURE" href="/index/sanskrite-ou-sanscrite-litterature/"> <span class="rg">SANSKRITE </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">SANSCRITE </span><span class="pc">LITTÉRATURE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PORTIQUE, architecture" href="/index/portique-architecture/"> <span class="rg">PORTIQUE, </span><em class="it">architecture</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : INDIENNE ARCHITECTURE" href="/index/architecture-indienne/"> <span class="rg">INDIENNE </span><span class="pc">ARCHITECTURE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : INDIENNE SCULPTURE" href="/index/sculpture-indienne/"> <span class="rg">INDIENNE </span><span class="pc">SCULPTURE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : INDIENNE PEINTURE" href="/index/peinture-indienne/"> <span class="rg">INDIENNE </span><span class="pc">PEINTURE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MAHĀBHĀRAT, Népal" href="/index/mahabharat-nepal/"> <span class="rg">MAHĀBHĀRAT, </span><em class="it">Népal</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : TRIBHUVAN ou TRIBHUVANA (1906-1955) roi du Népal (1911-1955)" href="/index/tribhuvan-tribhuvana/"> <span class="rg">TRIBHUVAN </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">TRIBHUVANA </span><span class="rm">(1906-1955) roi du Népal (1911-1955)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MAHENDRA BIR BIKRAM SHAH (1920-1972) roi du Népal (1955-1972)" href="/index/mahendra-bir-bikram-shah/"> <span class="rg">MAHENDRA BIR BIKRAM SHAH </span><span class="rm">(1920-1972) roi du Népal (1955-1972)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SANCTUAIRE" href="/index/sanctuaire/"> <span class="rg">SANCTUAIRE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ARCHITECTURE RELIGIEUSE" href="/index/architecture-religieuse/"> <span class="rg">ARCHITECTURE RELIGIEUSE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : TERRE CUITE, sculpture" href="/index/terre-cuite-sculpture/"> <span class="rg">TERRE CUITE, </span><em class="it">sculpture</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : NEW DELHI" href="/index/new-delhi/"> <span class="rg">NEW DELHI</span> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_74169bae4d.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> 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