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</p> <hr /> <p><a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(Dansk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Dansk) (page does not exist)">Dansk</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(Deutsch)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Deutsch) (page does not exist)">Deutsch</a> – <strong class="selflink">English</strong> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(Esperanto)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Esperanto) (page does not exist)">Esperanto</a> – <a href="/Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(Espa%C3%B1ol)" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Español)">Español</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(Euskera)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Euskera) (page does not exist)">Euskera</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(Fran%C3%A7ais)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Français) (page does not exist)">Français</a> – <a href="/Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(Galego)" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Galego)">Galego</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(Indonesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Indonesia) (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(Italiano)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Italiano) (page does not exist)">Italiano</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(Lietuvi%C5%A1kai)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Lietuviškai) (page does not exist)">Lietuviškai</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(Magyar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Magyar) (page does not exist)">Magyar</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(Nederlands)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Nederlands) (page does not exist)">Nederlands</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(Polski)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Polski) (page does not exist)">Polski</a> – <a href="/Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(Portugu%C3%AAs)" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Português)">Português</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Română) (page does not exist)">Română</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(Slovensk%C3%BD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Slovenský) (page does not exist)">Slovenský</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(Suomi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Suomi) (page does not exist)">Suomi</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(Svenska)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Svenska) (page does not exist)">Svenska</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Türkçe) (page does not exist)">Türkçe</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(%C4%8Cesky)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Česky) (page does not exist)">Česky</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Ελληνικά) (page does not exist)">Ελληνικά</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Български) (page does not exist)">Български</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Русский) (page does not exist)">Русский</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Српски) (page does not exist)">Српски</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (Українська) (page does not exist)">Українська</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%A9)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (العربيّة) (page does not exist)">العربيّة</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (עברית) (page does not exist)">עברית</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (ไทย) (page does not exist)">ไทย</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (日本語) (page does not exist)">日本語</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(%E6%AD%A3%E9%AB%94%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (正體中文) (page does not exist)">正體中文</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(%E7%AE%80%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (简体中文) (page does not exist)">简体中文</a> – <a href="/index.php?title=Installing_Parabola_on_a_USB_key_(%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Installing Parabola on a USB key (한국어) (page does not exist)">한국어</a> </p> </div> <p>This page discusses how to perform a regular Parabola installation onto a USB key (or "flash drive"). The result will be a system that will be updated through normal use. This is different from <a href="/Putting_installation_media_on_a_USB_key" title="Putting installation media on a USB key" class="mw-redirect">booting the installation media from a USB key</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc"><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Grab_a_big_enough_USB_key"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Grab a big enough USB key</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Grab_CD"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Grab CD</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Installation"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Installation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Configuration"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Configuration</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Tips"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Tips</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Painless_boot_on_different_machines_without_using_UUID"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Painless boot on different machines without using UUID</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Optimizing_for_the_lifespan_of_flash_memory"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Optimizing for the lifespan of flash memory</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#F2FS_flash_friendly_file-system"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">F2FS flash friendly file-system</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_Also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See Also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Acknowledgement"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Acknowledgement</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Grab_a_big_enough_USB_key"><span class="mw-headline-number">1</span> Grab a big enough USB key</span></h2> <p>If installing KDE and a large amount of applications, 3 GiB is the recommended minimum. GNOME and Xfce4, along with a typical set of packages for a desktop (GIMP, Pidgin, LibreOffice, Firefox, Gnash) can be installed on a 2 GiB stick, leaving a small amount of room for user data. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Grab_CD"><span class="mw-headline-number">2</span> Grab CD</span></h2> <p>An Parabola CD can be used to install Parabola onto the USB key, via booting the CD and launching AIF with <span style="display:inline-block; background-color:#ebf1f5; padding: 0.1em 0.2em; font-family:monospace; color:#222;">/libre/setup</span>. Or, if you have another GNU/Linux computer available (it needs not be Parabola, can be other free distro), you can follow the instructions to <a href="/index.php?title=Install_from_Existing_GNU/Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Install from Existing GNU/Linux (page does not exist)">install from existing GNU/Linux</a>, and then skip to the configuration section. In case you are already running Parabola, simply install <span style="font-family: monospace"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parabola.nu/packages/?name=aif-libre">aif-libre</a></span> and launch it with: <span style="display:inline-block; background-color:#ebf1f5; padding: 0.1em 0.2em; font-family:monospace; color:#222;">aif -p interactive</span>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Installation"><span class="mw-headline-number">3</span> Installation</span></h2> <p>Launch the installer <span style="display:inline-block; background-color:#ebf1f5; padding: 0.1em 0.2em; font-family:monospace; color:#222;">/libre/setup</span>. The setup process can be done normally, with only a few pointers: </p> <ul><li> It is best to manually partition the drive, as the auto partition may not work, and will create unnecessary partitions.</li> <li> If cfdisk fails with "Partition ends in the final partial cylinder" fatal error, the only way to proceed is to kill all partitions on the drive. Open another terminal (<span style="border: 0.25em solid; border-color: #DDD #BBB #BBB #DDD; background: #EEE; padding: 0.10em 0.40em; margin: 0.10em; white-space: nowrap; min-width: 1em; display: inline-block; text-align: center">Alt+F2</span>), type <span style="display:inline-block; background-color:#ebf1f5; padding: 0.1em 0.2em; font-family:monospace; color:#222;">fdisk /dev/sdX</span> (where <span style="display:inline-block; background-color:#ebf1f5; padding: 0.1em 0.2em; font-family:monospace; color:#222;">sdX</span> is your usb drive), print partition table (p), check that it's ok, delete it (d) and write changes (w). Now return to cfdisk.</li> <li> It is highly recommended to review the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.parabolagnulinux.org/index.php/SSD#Tips_for_Minimizing_SSD_Read.2FWrites">Tips for Minimizing SSD Read/Writes</a> on the <a href="/index.php?title=SSD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SSD (page does not exist)">SSD</a> wiki article prior to selecting a filesystem. To sum up, ext4 with a journal should be fine. Recognize that flash has a limited number of writes, and a journaling file system will take some of these as the journal is updated. For this same reason, it is best to forgo a swap partition. Note that this does not affect installing onto a USB hard drive.</li> <li> When editing the <span style="display:inline-block; background-color:#ebf1f5; padding: 0.1em 0.2em; font-family:monospace; color:#222;">/etc/mkinitcpio.conf</span>, add the <span style="display:inline-block; background-color:#ebf1f5; padding: 0.1em 0.2em; font-family:monospace; color:#222;">usb</span> hook to the hooks array right after udev. This is necessary for appropriate module loading in early userspace. If USB key will be use on several machines, please remove the "autodetect" hook to the kernel recognize anywhere computer when start the Parabola System.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Configuration"><span class="mw-headline-number">4</span> Configuration</span></h2> <ul><li> Make sure that <span style="display:inline-block; background-color:#ebf1f5; padding: 0.1em 0.2em; font-family:monospace; color:#222;">/etc/fstab</span> includes the correct partition information for <span style="display:inline-block; background-color:#ebf1f5; padding: 0.1em 0.2em; font-family:monospace; color:#222;">/</span>, and for any other partitions on the USB key. If the usb key is to be booted on several machines, it is quite likely that devices and number of available hard disks vary. So it is advised to use BY-ID:</li></ul> <p>To get the proper UUIDs for your partitions issue <b>blkid</b> </p> <ul><li> menu.lst, the Grub configuration file, should be edited to (loosely) match the following:</li></ul> <div style="padding: 5px; margin: 0.50em 0; background-color: #DDDDFF; border: thin solid #BBBBDD"><strong> Note: </strong>When grub is installed on the USB key, the key will always be hd0,0</div> <p>With the static /dev/sdaX: </p> <pre>root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-linux-libre root=/dev/sda1 ro initrd /boot/initramfs-linux-libre.img </pre> <p>When using label your menu.lst should look like this: </p> <pre>root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-linux-libre root=/dev/disk/by-label/<b>Parabola</b> ro initrd /boot/initramfs-linux-libre.img </pre> <p>With for UUID, it should be like this: </p> <pre>root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-linux-libre root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/3a9f8929-627b-4667-9db4-388c4eaaf9fa ro initrd /boot/initramfs-linux-libre.img </pre> <p>But using the BY-ID, is very important when to use on several machines, because it will be recognize by the hardware identification, it should be like this: </p> <pre>root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-linux-libre root=/dev/disk/by-id/usb-Kingston_DT_100_G2_0013729B6EB8EB6115590179-0:0-part1 ro initrd /boot/initramfs-linux-libre.img </pre> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Tips"><span class="mw-headline-number">5</span> Tips</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Painless_boot_on_different_machines_without_using_UUID"><span class="mw-headline-number">5.1</span> Painless boot on different machines without using UUID</span></h3> <div style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow:hidden;"> <table class="notice noprint toc" id="out_of_date" style="background: {{{backgroundcolor}}}; border-color: {{{bordercolor}}}; width: 100%"> <tr> <td style="background-color: {{{signalcolor}}}; width: 100px"> </td> <td> <b>This article or section is <a href="/Template:Out_of_date" title="Template:Out of date">out of date</a>.</b> <div style="font-size: 90%">Please help improve the wiki by updating the article and correcting mistakes.</div> </td> <td style="background-color: {{{signalcolor}}}; width: 100px"> </td></tr></table> </div> <p>When using the USB key on various target machines, it is helpful to have multiple entries in GRUB, for machines with different setups. For example, the GRUB configuration could contain: </p> <pre># (0) Parabola GNU/Linux-Libre title Parabola GNU/Linux-Libre (first drive) root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-linux-libre root=/dev/sda1 ro initrd /boot/initramfs-linux-libre.img </pre> <p>As well as </p> <pre># (1) Parabola GNU/Linux-Libre title Parabola GNU/Linux-Libre (second drive) root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-linux-libre root=/dev/sdb1 ro initrd /boot/initramfs-linux-libre.img </pre> <p>And so forth, giving you the option to select a configuration for a wider variety of machines. However, changing the <span style="display:inline-block; background-color:#ebf1f5; padding: 0.1em 0.2em; font-family:monospace; color:#222;">root=</span> option in GRUB does not change <span style="display:inline-block; background-color:#ebf1f5; padding: 0.1em 0.2em; font-family:monospace; color:#222;">/etc/fstab</span> and you must do something (in our example using udev symlink), so the root partition will always be mounted correctly. </p> <ul><li> Run <span style="display:inline-block; background-color:#ebf1f5; padding: 0.1em 0.2em; font-family:monospace; color:#222;">udevinfo -p /sys/block/sdx/ -a</span> (where sdx is the device name of your usb key)</li> <li> Find unique information pertaining to your usb key. I chose <span style="display:inline-block; background-color:#ebf1f5; padding: 0.1em 0.2em; font-family:monospace; color:#222;">SYSFS{model}=="DataTraveler 2.0"</span> </li> <li> Make a new file: <span style="display:inline-block; background-color:#ebf1f5; padding: 0.1em 0.2em; font-family:monospace; color:#222;">/etc/udev/udev.rules/10-my-usb-key.rules</span> and insert: </li></ul> <dl><dd><pre>KERNEL=="sd**", SYSFS{product}=="DataTraveler 2.0", SYMLINK+="WHATEVERYOUWANTOTCALLIT%n"</pre></dd> <dd>(<span style="display:inline-block; background-color:#ebf1f5; padding: 0.1em 0.2em; font-family:monospace; color:#222;">KERNEL=="sd**"</span> is because the kernel - 2.6.16 here - names all usb devices sd as it uses the scsi sub-system and you want to look at every sd device and apply the setting to every partition), with <span style="display:inline-block; background-color:#ebf1f5; padding: 0.1em 0.2em; font-family:monospace; color:#222;">SYSFS{model}==</span> being the unique identifier collected from udevinfo.</dd></dl> <ul><li> Run <span style="display:inline-block; background-color:#ebf1f5; padding: 0.1em 0.2em; font-family:monospace; color:#222;">/etc/start-udev uevents</span> and make sure the symlinks appears in <span style="display:inline-block; background-color:#ebf1f5; padding: 0.1em 0.2em; font-family:monospace; color:#222;">/dev</span>. </li> <li> If so, edit <span style="display:inline-block; background-color:#ebf1f5; padding: 0.1em 0.2em; font-family:monospace; color:#222;">/etc/fstab</span>, replacing your old sdx with the new symlinks.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Optimizing_for_the_lifespan_of_flash_memory"><span class="mw-headline-number">5.2</span> Optimizing for the lifespan of flash memory</span></h3> <ul><li> Again, it is highly recommended to review the [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.parabolagnulinux.org/index.php/SSD#Tips_for_Minimizing_SSD_Read.2FWrites">Tips for Minimizing SSD Read/Writes</a>] on the <a href="/index.php?title=SSD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SSD (page does not exist)">SSD</a> wiki article.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="F2FS_flash_friendly_file-system"><span class="mw-headline-number">5.3</span> F2FS flash friendly file-system</span></h3> <p>F2FS has been tested successfully with some Unices but reports of Parabola are yet to be posted. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_Also"><span class="mw-headline-number">6</span> See Also</span></h2> <ul><li> <a href="/index.php?title=Solid_State_Drives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solid State Drives (page does not exist)">Solid State Drives</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Acknowledgement"><span class="mw-headline-number">7</span> Acknowledgement</span></h2> <p>< includeonly> </p> <div>This wiki article is derived from the ArchWiki. 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