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Commission</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: finance Commission"> <meta name="keywords" content="finance Commission"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="finance Commission"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 912</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: finance Commission</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">912</span> Islamic Finance: Its Theory, Products and a Brief View of Islamic Finance in Europe</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmet%20Sekreter">Ahmet Sekreter</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Although there are conceptual similarities in terms of financial products between conventional and Islamic finance, they are entirely different financial systems. Despite Islamic finance’s small size in the conventional finance world, its promising growth makes Islamic finance a hot topic both in academia and business world. Today customers can access sophisticated Islamic financial products not only in Muslim countries but also in Europe. This study analyzes Islamic finance and its products and includes a brief overview of Islamic finance in Europe. Literature review is the basis of this paper. The author analyzed the academic papers, numerical data, and estimations to set a perspective for the future of Islamic finance in Europe. Findings show that UK is the main hub for the Islamic finance, and it will remain so in the near future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=islamic%20finance" title="islamic finance">islamic finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=islamic%20banking" title=" islamic banking"> islamic banking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=islamic%20finance%20in%20Europe" title=" islamic finance in Europe"> islamic finance in Europe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finance" title=" finance"> finance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138317/islamic-finance-its-theory-products-and-a-brief-view-of-islamic-finance-in-europe" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138317.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">238</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">911</span> The Effect of Customs Commission Customer Satisfaction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Menelik%20Tilahun%20Alemu">Menelik Tilahun Alemu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Customs administrations are now increasingly regarded as the key border agencies responsible for all transactions related to issues arising from the border crossings of goods and people. Raising revenue has traditionally been high on the agenda of governments, represented by the Ministry of Finance (MOF), because of the critical importance of import duties as a source of budget revenue for many developing countries. Most of these functions are undertaken in close cooperation with other national agencies. Due to the need to make structural reforms that consider the nature of business activities in the world and the needs of consumers, the institution was previously divided into the Ministry of Revenue and the Customs Commission. Accordingly, the Ministry of Revenue is primarily responsible for administering and collecting local taxes, while the Customs Commission is responsible for administering customs matters; It supports exports and collects revenue from it. The National Import and Export Trade Service System is working to make the world more transparent and standardized and adapt to the current situation by formulating various guidelines, rules and procedures to provide a clear, simple, predictable and accessible service to customers. As a result, the commission will be able to streamline the business process by enabling Paperless customer service to support the service delivery technology and eliminate the customer iteration without having to incur unnecessary costs and inconveniences. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business" title="business">business</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consumers" title=" consumers"> consumers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adapt" title=" adapt"> adapt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transparent" title=" transparent"> transparent</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183711/the-effect-of-customs-commission-customer-satisfaction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183711.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">50</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">910</span> Ethical Finance and Islamic Finance: Particularities, Possible Convergence and Potential Development</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Safa%20Ougoujil">Safa Ougoujil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sidi%20Mohamed%20Rigar"> Sidi Mohamed Rigar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Economics is not an exact science. It cannot be from the moment it is a social science that concerns society organization, a human science that depends on the behavior of the men and women who make a part of this society. Therefore, it cannot ignore morality, the instinctive sense of good and evil, the natural order which place us between certain values, and which religion often sheds light on. In terms of finance, the reference to ethics is becoming more popular than ever. This is naturally due to the growing financial crises. Finance is less and less ethical, but some financial practices have continued to do so. This is the case of ethical finance and Islamic finance. After attempting to define the concepts of ethical finance and Islamic finance, in a period when financial innovation seeks to encourage differentiation in order to create more profit margins, this article attempts to expose the particularities, the convergences and the potentialities of development of these two sensibilities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convergences" title="convergences">convergences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethical%20finance" title=" ethical finance"> ethical finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20finance" title=" Islamic finance"> Islamic finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potential%20development" title=" potential development"> potential development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81381/ethical-finance-and-islamic-finance-particularities-possible-convergence-and-potential-development" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81381.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">195</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">909</span> The Dubai World Islamic Finance Arbitration Center and Jurisprudence Office as the Dispute Resolution Center and Mechanism for the Islamic Finance Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Camille%20Paldi">Camille Paldi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As the Islamic finance industry is growing annually at a rate of 10% to 15% per year, it is imperative that a unique, independent legal framework is established in order to effectively adjudicate Islamic finance disputes. Currently, Islamic finance disputes are being adjudicated in inadequate civil and common law courts and arbitration centers where the contracts in dispute are being transformed from Islamic to conventional transactions. Through case analysis combined with an exploration of the efficacy of existing arbitration centers and dispute resolution methods available to Islamic finance, this paper will seek to reveal that the Islamic finance industry currently lacks an adequate dispute resolution mechanism and facility to adjudicate disputes arising from Islamic finance contracts. Hence, now is the time for the Dubai World Islamic Finance Arbitration Center (DWIFAC) and Jurisprudence Office (DWIFACJO) as the Dispute Resolution Center and Mechanism for the Islamic Finance Industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20finance" title="Islamic finance">Islamic finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dispute%20resolution" title=" dispute resolution"> dispute resolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dubai%20world%20Islamic%20finance%20arbitration%20center" title=" Dubai world Islamic finance arbitration center"> Dubai world Islamic finance arbitration center</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=jurisprudence%20office" title=" jurisprudence office"> jurisprudence office</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7004/the-dubai-world-islamic-finance-arbitration-center-and-jurisprudence-office-as-the-dispute-resolution-center-and-mechanism-for-the-islamic-finance-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7004.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">413</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">908</span> The Finance of Happiness: Thinking Finance from the Science of Happiness Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Renaud%20Gaucher">Renaud Gaucher</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Research on happiness has developed significantly in the past fifty years and economics and the political science are starting to be influenced by advances in the field. Until recently, finance has stayed outside this movement. The goal of our research is to integrate finance into this movement conceptually. We explain the why, the what and the how of the finance of happiness. We then study the relationship between corporate finance and happiness. We discuss the optimization of the relationship between the financial performance of a firm and the happiness at work of its employees, and the reduction of financial risk by developing goods that foster the happiness of their users. Finally we look at the development of happiness investment funds, that is investment funds founded on happiness research, and the best ways to share risks and earnings to build a happier society. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finance" title="finance">finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=happiness" title=" happiness"> happiness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investment%20fund" title=" investment fund"> investment fund</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk" title=" risk"> risk</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81462/the-finance-of-happiness-thinking-finance-from-the-science-of-happiness-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81462.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">188</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">907</span> Partnership in Eradicating Corruption: Case Study of Indonesia’s Corruption Eradication Commission Partnership with Dompet Dhuafa in Preventing Corruption</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asriana%20Issa%20Sofia">Asriana Issa Sofia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Retno%20Hendrowati"> Retno Hendrowati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dewi%20Kurniaty"> Dewi Kurniaty</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims at analyzing the role of Corruption Eradication Commission in combating corruption cases including punishing high-profile corruptors and changing the culture of corruption in Indonesia by strengthening the relations with other agencies. Corruption Eradicating Commission was created in 2002 as Indonesia’s most trusted government institution as the anti-corruption agency that will exercise investigatory and prosecutorial power independently from the executive, legislature, and judiciary. The analysis of partnership addressed the role of collaboration with other institutions including Non-Government Organization, Youth Organization, Governmental Institution and Society. The collaboration is needed due to the limitations of Corruption Eradication Commission in preventing corruption. The collaboration focuses on the intensive communication, strengthening leadership, commitment, and creating trust. The research method used the qualitative study by employing the literature study and having a semi-structured interview with the key informant in Corruption Eradication Commission and its partners. The analysis found that intensive communication, leadership, communication, and creating trust were the important pillars in assisting Corruption Eradication Commission to prevent the incoming seed of corruption. The pillars will support the Indonesian Government to deliver better services for society. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corruption" title="corruption">corruption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corruption%20eradicating%20commission" title=" corruption eradicating commission"> corruption eradicating commission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partnership" title=" partnership"> partnership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preventing%20actions" title=" preventing actions"> preventing actions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96283/partnership-in-eradicating-corruption-case-study-of-indonesias-corruption-eradication-commission-partnership-with-dompet-dhuafa-in-preventing-corruption" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96283.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">906</span> Measuring the Extent of Equalization in Fiscal Transfers in India: An Index-Based Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ragini%20Trehan">Ragini Trehan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.K.%20Srivastava"> D.K. Srivastava</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the post-planning era, India’s fiscal transfers from the central to state governments are solely determined by the Finance Commissions (FCs). While in some of the well-established federations such as Australia, Canada, and Germany, equalization serves as the guiding principle of fiscal transfers and is constitutionally mandated, in India, it is not explicitly mandated, and FCs attempt to implement it indirectly by a combination of a formula-based share in the divisible pool of central taxes supplemented by a set of grants. In this context, it is important to measure the extent of equalization that is achieved through FC transfers with a view to improving the design of such transfers. This study uses an index-based methodology for measuring the degree of equalization achieved through FC-transfers covering the period from FC12 to the first year of FC15 spanning from 2005-06 to 2020-21. The ‘Index of Equalization’ shows that the extent of equalization has remained low in the range of 30% to 37% for the four Commission periods under review. The highest degree of equalization at 36.7% was witnessed in the FC12 period and the lowest equalization at 29.5% was achieved during the FC15(1) period. The equalizing efficiency of recommended transfers also shows a consistent fall from 11.4% in the FC12 period to 7.5% by the FC15 (1) period. Further, considering progressivity in fiscal transfers as a special case of equalizing transfers, this study shows that the scheme of per capita total transfers when determined using the equalization approach is more progressive and is characterized by minimal deviations as compared to the profile of transfers recommended by recent FCs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiscal%20transfers" title="fiscal transfers">fiscal transfers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=index%20of%20equalization" title=" index of equalization"> index of equalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equalizing%20efficiency" title=" equalizing efficiency"> equalizing efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiscal%20capacity" title=" fiscal capacity"> fiscal capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expenditure%20needs" title=" expenditure needs"> expenditure needs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finance%20Commission" title=" finance Commission"> finance Commission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tax%20effort" title=" tax effort"> tax effort</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176004/measuring-the-extent-of-equalization-in-fiscal-transfers-in-india-an-index-based-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176004.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">905</span> Islamic Finance: What is the Outlook for Italy?</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paolo%20Pietro%20Biancone">Paolo Pietro Biancone</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The spread of Islamic financial instruments is an opportunity to offer integration for the immigrant population and to attract, through the specific products, the richness of sovereign funds from the "Arab" countries. However, it is important to consider the possibility of comparing a traditional finance model, which in recent times has given rise to many doubts, with an "alternative" finance model, where the ethical aspect arising from religious principles is very important. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=banks" title="banks">banks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Europe" title=" Europe"> Europe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20finance" title=" Islamic finance"> Islamic finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Italy" title=" Italy"> Italy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2668/islamic-finance-what-is-the-outlook-for-italy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2668.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">270</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">904</span> Working Improvement of Modern Finance in Millennium World</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeed%20Mohammadirad">Saeed Mohammadirad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Financing activities involve long-term liabilities, stockholders' equity (or owner's equity), and changes to short-term borrowings. Finance is very important for every business activities. To perform the finance we have to follow the accounting languages bases on the nature of the business. If all are one package in the software, it is easy to handle, monitor, control, plan, organize, direct and budget the finance. Let us make a challenge in the computer software for the whole finance packages of every business related activities. In this article, it mentioned about the finance functions in the various levels of the business activities and how it should be maintained properly to avoid the unethical events. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financing%20activities" title="financing activities">financing activities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20activities" title=" business activities"> business activities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20software" title=" computer software"> computer software</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unethical%20events" title=" unethical events"> unethical events</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29798/working-improvement-of-modern-finance-in-millennium-world" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29798.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">356</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">903</span> Net Fee and Commission Income Determinants of European Cooperative Banks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karol%C3%ADna%20Vozkov%C3%A1">Karolína Vozková</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mat%C4%9Bj%20Kuc"> Matěj Kuc</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Net fee and commission income is one of the key elements of a bank’s core income. In the current low-interest rate environment, this type of income is gaining importance relative to net interest income. This paper analyses the effects of bank and country specific determinants of net fee and commission income on a set of cooperative banks from European countries in the 2007-2014 period. In order to do that, dynamic panel data methods (system Generalized Methods of Moments) were employed. Subsequently, alternative panel data methods were run as robustness checks of the analysis. Strong positive impact of bank concentration on the share of net fee and commission income was found, which proves that cooperative banks tend to display a higher share of fee income in less competitive markets. This is probably connected with the fact that they stick with their traditional deposit-taking and loan-providing model and fees on these services are driven down by the competitors. Moreover, compared to commercial banks, cooperatives do not expand heavily into non-traditional fee bearing services under competition and their overall fee income share is therefore decreasing with the increased competitiveness of the sector. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20banking" title="cooperative banking">cooperative banking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20panel%20data%20models" title=" dynamic panel data models"> dynamic panel data models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=net%20fee%20and%20commission%20income" title=" net fee and commission income"> net fee and commission income</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system%20GMM" title=" system GMM"> system GMM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55990/net-fee-and-commission-income-determinants-of-european-cooperative-banks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55990.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">330</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">902</span> How to Evaluate the Contribution of Social Finance to Regional Economy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jungeun%20Cho">Jungeun Cho</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Social finance has received increasing attention as a means to promote the growth of regional economies. Despite the plenty of research discussed their critical role and functions in regional economic development such as the financing and promotion of co-operatives or social enterprises and the offering credit to the financially excluded in the region, however, rarely are efforts made to measure the contribution of social finance in the regional economy. It is essential to establish an evaluation model in order to encourage social finance institutions to perform their supposed role and functions on regional economic development. The objective of this paper is to formulate an evaluation model of the contribution of social finance to the regional economy through an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach. This study is expected to provide useful guidelines for social finance institutions’ strategies and the policies of local or central government regarding social finance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20finance" title="social finance">social finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regional%20economy" title=" regional economy"> regional economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20economy" title=" social economy"> social economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=policies%20of%20local%20or%20central%20government" title=" policies of local or central government"> policies of local or central government</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17012/how-to-evaluate-the-contribution-of-social-finance-to-regional-economy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17012.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">433</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">901</span> Toward Green Islamic Finance: A Case Study from an Emirati Islamic Bank</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nada%20Hamed">Nada Hamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mariam%20Aldhaheri"> Mariam Aldhaheri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonia%20Abdennadher"> Sonia Abdennadher</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Islamic Finance is not a new term that emerging in the global market, but it is still under scope by many countries. Its characteristics and regulation are not widely clear and implemented. In 2015, The United Nation announced a plan about potential benefits of using Islamic Finance as a sustainable development approach. Enhancing its application in financial markets could protect from unexpected crisis that might be created from the traditional tools of finance. This paper focuses on this area to test if Islamic finance could be used for maintaining sustainable development and if the term of 'Green Islamic Finance' could be implemented to minimize the deficiencies and 'pollution’ generated from traditional techniques and tools of finance. This paper intends to measure the impact on financial performance and sustainability when financial institutions use Islamic finance or better practice it. The objective of this explanatory research is to measure the performance of Islamic Finance with using a case study of an Islamic bank. The paper would analyze and compare the behavior of financial institutions that used traditional financing tools and converted to Islamic banking system. The methodology used is based on a case study of an Islamic bank in Dubai with comparing its performance before implementing Islamic Finance and after. The selected case study represents the first national bank in Emirates Arab Unis who adopt the Islamic finance approach. Based on a time series analysis, a quantitative analysis would be also used through looking at various set of ratios that are routinely used to measure bank performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20finance" title="Islamic finance">Islamic finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20stability" title=" financial stability"> financial stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20finance" title=" green finance"> green finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20finance%20practices" title=" Islamic finance practices"> Islamic finance practices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20ratios" title=" financial ratios"> financial ratios</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80521/toward-green-islamic-finance-a-case-study-from-an-emirati-islamic-bank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80521.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">226</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">900</span> Diversity in Finance Literature Revealed through the Lens of Machine Learning: A Topic Modeling Approach on Academic Papers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oumaima%20Lahmar">Oumaima Lahmar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper aims to define a structured topography for finance researchers seeking to navigate the body of knowledge in their extrapolation of finance phenomena. To make sense of the body of knowledge in finance, a probabilistic topic modeling approach is applied on 6000 abstracts of academic articles published in three top journals in finance between 1976 and 2020. This approach combines both machine learning techniques and natural language processing to statistically identify the conjunctions between research articles and their shared topics described each by relevant keywords. The topic modeling analysis reveals 35 coherent topics that can well depict finance literature and provide a comprehensive structure for the ongoing research themes. Comparing the extracted topics to the Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) classification system, a significant similarity was highlighted between the characterizing keywords. On the other hand, we identify other topics that do not match the JEL classification despite being relevant in the finance literature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finance%20literature" title="finance literature">finance literature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=textual%20analysis" title=" textual analysis"> textual analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=topic%20modeling" title=" topic modeling"> topic modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perplexity" title=" perplexity"> perplexity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147956/diversity-in-finance-literature-revealed-through-the-lens-of-machine-learning-a-topic-modeling-approach-on-academic-papers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147956.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">170</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">899</span> Contextual Paper on Green Finance: Analysis of the Green Bonds Market</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dina%20H.%20Gabr">Dina H. Gabr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mona%20A.%20El%20Bannan"> Mona A. El Bannan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With growing worldwide concern for global warming, green finance has become the fuel that pushes the world to act in combating and mitigating climate change. Coupled with adopting the Paris Agreement and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, Green finance became a vital tool in creating a pathway to sustainable development, as it connects the financial world with environmental and societal benefits. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the concepts and definitions of green finance and the importance of 'green' impact investments today. The core challenge in combating climate change is reducing and controlling Greenhouse gas emissions; therefore, this study explores the solutions green finance provides putting emphasis on the use of renewable energy, which is necessary for enhancing the transition to the green economy. With increasing attention to the concept of green finance, multiple forms of green investments and financial tools have come to fruition; the most prominent are green bonds. The rise of green bonds, a debt market to finance climate solutions, provide a promising mechanism for sustainable finance. Following the review, this paper compiles a comprehensive green bond dataset, presenting a statistical study of the evolution of the green bonds market from its first appearance in 2006 until 2021. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title="climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GHG%20emissions" title=" GHG emissions"> GHG emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20bonds" title=" green bonds"> green bonds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20finance" title=" green finance"> green finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20finance" title=" sustainable finance"> sustainable finance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149244/contextual-paper-on-green-finance-analysis-of-the-green-bonds-market" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149244.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">120</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">898</span> Financial Literacy of Students of Finance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Barbora%20Chmel%C3%ADkov%C3%A1">Barbora Chmelíková</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Financial literacy is a widely discussed topic on the national and international level by governments, organizations and academia. For this reason this study analyses financial knowledge, financial behavior and financial attitudes of students of finance. The aim of the paper is to determine whether the financial literacy of university students studying finance differs from the level of financial literacy in selected OECD countries. The research was conducted at Masaryk University in the Czech Republic. The empirical study comprises questions related to several aspects of financial literacy, as well as socio-demographic data enabling more thorough analysis. The results indicate that improvement in financial literacy of university students is still required, even though their major is finance related. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20literacy" title="financial literacy">financial literacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20behavior" title=" financial behavior"> financial behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20finance%20management" title=" personal finance management"> personal finance management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=university%20students" title=" university students"> university students</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37708/financial-literacy-of-students-of-finance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37708.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">383</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">897</span> Islamic Finance: Challenges of Islamic Banking in Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asif%20Zaheer%20Shaikh">Asif Zaheer Shaikh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhaoyong%20Zhang"> Zhaoyong Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaime%20Yong"> Jaime Yong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ume%20Laila%20Shah"> Ume Laila Shah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Islamic finance is growing with remarkable pace, especially Islamic banking, a major segment of Islamic finance, is expanding rapidly. This paper discusses the position of Islamic finance and Islamic banking, around the world in general and particularly in Pakistan. History of Islamic banking in Pakistan is protested, presently a significant growth is observed. However Islamic banking is confronting with number of challenges, which are refraining from sustainable growth of this industry in Pakistan. Growth level of Islamic banks should be steeper to contribute substantial share in country’s economy. It is important to formulate effective policies, at institutional and operational level to address these challenges through close collaboration of key stakeholders. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20finance" title="Islamic finance">Islamic finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=challenges" title=" challenges"> challenges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20banking" title=" Islamic banking"> Islamic banking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pakistan" title=" Pakistan"> Pakistan</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68295/islamic-finance-challenges-of-islamic-banking-in-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68295.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">536</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">896</span> Emerging Challenges with Collective Bargaining Agreements In Kenya: The Introduction of Salary and Remuneration Commission Through The Constitution of Kenya 2010</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benard%20Omogo">Benard Omogo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Kenyan Constitution 2010 introduced various commissions to devolve the powers that were previously centralized through the imperial Presidency. One of the commissions that directly determine the levels of remuneration and terms of service of Kenyan workers is the Salary and Remuneration Commission (SRC). Article 230 of the Kenyan Constitution 2010 mandates this commission to regularly review the remuneration and benefits of all the state officers and to advise the national and county governments on the remuneration and benefits of all other public officers. At the same time, article 54 of the Kenyan Labor Relations Act 2007 provides for the recognition of trade unions and collective bargaining agreements. The emerging challenges, therefore, originate from the conflicts of the mandate of the Salary and Remuneration Commission, whose advice is almost adopted as the order and this undermines the outcome of the Collective Bargaining Agreements. This has seen so many trade unions in Kenya being rendered irrelevant. This research paper is therefore going to sample the various trade unions of Kenya to assess the challenges that result from the position of the Salary and Remuneration Commission. We will also extend it by purposively sampling several trade unions in Africa to determine how they handle such challenges. The results from this paper will be useful to the Kenyan Lawmakers and Africa at large and may inform them to consider reviewing the laws and acts that relate to the trade unions for prosperity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salary" title="salary">salary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remuneration" title=" remuneration"> remuneration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collective" title=" collective"> collective</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bargaining" title=" bargaining"> bargaining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labor%20laws" title=" labor laws"> labor laws</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146893/emerging-challenges-with-collective-bargaining-agreements-in-kenya-the-introduction-of-salary-and-remuneration-commission-through-the-constitution-of-kenya-2010" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146893.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">895</span> Evaluating the Influence of Financial Technology (FinTech) on Sustainable Finance: A Comprehensive Global Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Kashif">Muhammad Kashif</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The primary aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of financial technology (FinTech) on sustainable finance. The sample for this study spans from 2010 to 2021, encompassing data from 89 countries worldwide. The study employed two-stage least squares (2SLS) regression approach with the instrumental variables and validated the findings using a two-step system generalized method of moments (GMM). The findings indicate that fintech has a significant favorable impact on sustainable finance. While other factors such as institutional quality, socio-economic condition, and renewable energy have a significant and beneficial influence on the trajectory of sustainable finance, except globalization's impact is positive but insignificant. Furthermore, fintech is crucial in driving the transition toward a sustainable future characterized by a lower carbon economy. The study found that fintech has extensive application across various sectors of sustainable finance and has substantial potential to create long-term positive effects on sustainable finance. Fintech can integrate extensively with other technologies to facilitate diversified growth in sustainable finance. Additionally, this study highlights fintech-related trends and research opportunities in sustainable finance, showing how these can promote each other worldwide with important policy implications for countries looking to advance sustainable finance through technology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development%20goals%20%28SDGs%29" title="sustainable development goals (SDGs)">sustainable development goals (SDGs)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20technology%20%28FinTech%29" title=" financial technology (FinTech)"> financial technology (FinTech)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genuine%20savings%20index%20%28GSI%29" title=" genuine savings index (GSI)"> genuine savings index (GSI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20stability%20index" title=" financial stability index"> financial stability index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20finance" title=" sustainable finance"> sustainable finance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170423/evaluating-the-influence-of-financial-technology-fintech-on-sustainable-finance-a-comprehensive-global-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170423.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">894</span> Financial Decision-Making among Finance Students: An Empirical Study from the Czech Republic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Barbora%20Chmel%C3%ADkov%C3%A1">Barbora Chmelíková</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Making sound financial decisions is an essential skill which can have an impact on life of each consumer of financial products. The aim of this paper is to examine decision-making concerning financial matters and personal finance. The selected target group was university students majoring in finance related fields. The study was conducted in the Czech Republic at Masaryk University in 2015. In order to analyze financial decision-making questions related to basic finance decisions were developed to address the research objective. The results of the study suggest gaps in detecting best solutions to given financial decision-making questions among finance students. The analysis results indicate relation between financial decision-making and own experience with holding and using concrete financial products. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20decision-making" title="financial decision-making">financial decision-making</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20literacy" title=" financial literacy"> financial literacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20finance" title=" personal finance"> personal finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=university%20students" title=" university students"> university students</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55289/financial-decision-making-among-finance-students-an-empirical-study-from-the-czech-republic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55289.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">326</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">893</span> The Legal Procedure of Attestation of Public Servants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Armen%20Yezekyan">Armen Yezekyan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main purpose of this research is to comprehensively explore and identify the problems of attestation of the public servants and to propose solutions for these issues through deeply analyzing laws and the legal theoretical literature. For the detailed analysis of the above-mentioned problems we will use some research methods, the implementation of which has a goal to ensure the objectivity and clarity of scientific research and its results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attestation" title="attestation">attestation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attestation%20commission" title=" attestation commission"> attestation commission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=competition%20commission" title=" competition commission"> competition commission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20servant" title=" public servant"> public servant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20service" title=" public service"> public service</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=testing" title=" testing"> testing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23277/the-legal-procedure-of-attestation-of-public-servants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23277.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">412</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">892</span> Islamic Finance in Tunisia: Reality and Development</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amira%20Kaddour">Amira Kaddour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hedia%20Teraoui"> Hedia Teraoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khmayes%20Bougatef"> Khmayes Bougatef</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main purpose of this paper is to determine the major causes of the underdevelopment of Islamic finance in Tunisia. Indeed, it’s surprising to note that Zitouna bank established in May 2010 is the first Islamic Tunisian bank although 99% of Tunisians are Muslim and Islam is the religion of the State according to the Constitution. So we rely in our paper on the opinions of number of professors of finance and economics as educated people to prove or reject our hypothesis that the underdevelopment of Islamic finance in Tunisia can be explained by the ignorance of its main principles and advantages. Ours findings reveal that this branch of finance is still largely unknown, not only from public but also from professionals. The results obtained surprisingly show that this insignificance of Islamic banking cannot be explained by the fact that Tunisia has been governed since its independence by a secular left-wing party. Indeed, only 3% of respondents believe that legislation and regulation in Tunisia represent an obstacle to the development of Islamic finance. Moreover, respondents are not very optimistic about the future role of Islamic financing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20banking" title="Islamic banking">Islamic banking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20insurance%20%28takaful%29" title=" Islamic insurance (takaful)"> Islamic insurance (takaful)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20law%20%28shariah%29" title=" Islamic law (shariah)"> Islamic law (shariah)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=usury%20%28riba%29" title=" usury (riba)"> usury (riba)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6104/islamic-finance-in-tunisia-reality-and-development" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6104.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">891</span> Strategic Orientation of Islamic Banks: A Review of Strategy Language</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imam%20Uddin">Imam Uddin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imtiaz%20Ahmed%20Memon"> Imtiaz Ahmed Memon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper analyzes the ideological contextuality of market oriented strategy language used by Industry leaders to envision the future of Islamic financial Institutions (IFIs) in the light of Wittgenstein language-games and Foucault’s power-discourse framework. The analysis infers that the explicit market orientation of strategy language and modern knowledge of finance now defines various concepts related of Islamic finance, let alone Islamic finance theory itself. Theorizing and practicing Islamic finance therefore under the dominant influence of modern strategy discourse and modern knowledge of finance has significant implications for developing an ethical and spiritual orientation of Islamic banks. The concerned academia and scholarship therefore need to review such trends and work around the possible degradation to the public image of IFIs and resulting disappointments of religiously inspired customers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20finance%20discourse" title="Islamic finance discourse">Islamic finance discourse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strategy%20discourse" title=" strategy discourse"> strategy discourse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20games" title=" language games"> language games</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strategic%20intent" title=" strategic intent"> strategic intent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=productive%20misunderstanding" title=" productive misunderstanding"> productive misunderstanding</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45420/strategic-orientation-of-islamic-banks-a-review-of-strategy-language" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45420.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">407</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">890</span> Examining the Relevance of Electoral Commission in Fostering Democratic Governance in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Usman">Ahmed Usman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper attempts to examine the relevance of an Electoral Commission in the democratic process of governance in Nigeria. However, democratic system and governance present a clear indication of responsive and responsible governments. The idea of a government being responsive and responsible is based on the premise of conventional principles of democracy such as freedom of political, economic and social rights of and individual. More so, upholding of the Rule of Law based on the ground of constitutionalism is a clear manifestation of the democratic governance. The burdens of ascertaining theses democratic ethos rely solely on the constituted election management body known as Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) for the case of Nigeria. This body is however, saddled with the responsibility of organizing and conducting periodic regular credible election known as free and fair election. The body also, is expected to be neutral, and independent to ensure fair treatment to all. It is on the basis of this fair treatment that credible leaders emerged. To this end, the paper examines the powers, functions and features of Independent National Electoral Commission. More so, the concepts of election and democracy have been operationalized. It is obvious that electoral process in Nigeria is marred with series of problems of which the paper identified and solutions were proffered towards credible, free and fair elections for sustainable democratic governance. In order to succinctly discuss and analyze the issues at stake, Structural Functional Analysis theory is adopted as a theoretical frame work for the paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=election" title="election">election</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electoral%20commission" title=" electoral commission"> electoral commission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=democracy" title=" democracy"> democracy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=governance" title=" governance"> governance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23482/examining-the-relevance-of-electoral-commission-in-fostering-democratic-governance-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23482.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">209</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">889</span> The Ethio-Eritrea Claims Commission on Use of Force: Issue of Self-Defense or Violation of Sovereignty</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isaias%20Teklia%20Berhe">Isaias Teklia Berhe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A decision that deals with international disputes, be it arbitral or judicial, has to properly reflect objectivity and coherence with existing rules of international law. This paper shows the decision of the Ethio-Eritrea Claims Commission on the <em>jus ad bellum</em> case is bereft of objectivity and coherence, which contributed a disservice to international law on many aspects. The Commission’s decision that holds Eritrea in contravention to Art 2(4) of the UN Charter based on Ethiopia’s contention is flawed. It fails to consider: the illegitimacy of an actual authority established over contested territory through hostile acts, the proper determination of <em>effectivites</em> under international law, the sanctity of colonially determined boundaries, Ethiopia’s prior firm political recognition and undergirds to respect colonial boundary, and Ethio-Eritrea Border Commission’s decision. The paper will also argue that the Commission confused Eritrea’s right of self-defense with the rule against the non-use of force to settle territorial disputes; wherefore its decision sanitizes or sterilizes unlawful change of territory resulted through unlawful use of force to the effect of advantaging aggressions. The paper likewise argues that the decision is so sacrilegious that it disregards the ossified legal finality of colonial boundaries. Moreover, its approach toward armed attack does not reflect the peculiarity of the <em>jus ad bellum</em> case rather it brings about definitional uncertainties and sustains the perception that the law on self-defense is unsettled. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=armed%20attack" title="armed attack">armed attack</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eritrea" title=" Eritrea"> Eritrea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopia" title=" Ethiopia"> Ethiopia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-defense" title=" self-defense"> self-defense</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=territorial%20integrity" title=" territorial integrity"> territorial integrity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=use%20of%20force" title=" use of force"> use of force</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46715/the-ethio-eritrea-claims-commission-on-use-of-force-issue-of-self-defense-or-violation-of-sovereignty" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46715.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">278</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">888</span> The Fusion of Blockchain and AI in Supply Chain Finance: Scalability in Distributed Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wu%20You">Wu You</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Burra%20Venkata%20Durga%20Kumar"> Burra Venkata Durga Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examines the promising potential of integrating Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies to scalability in Distributed Systems within the field of supply chain finance. The finance industry is continually confronted with scalability challenges in its Distributed Systems, particularly within the supply chain finance sector, impacting efficiency and security. Blockchain, with its inherent attributes of high scalability and secure distributed ledger system, coupled with AI's strengths in optimizing data processing and decision-making, holds the key to innovating the industry's approach to these issues. This study elucidates the synergistic interplay between Blockchain and AI, detailing how their fusion can drive a significant transformation in the supply chain finance sector's Distributed Systems. It offers specific use-cases within this field to illustrate the practical implications and potential benefits of this technological convergence. The study also discusses future possibilities and current challenges in implementing this groundbreaking approach within the context of supply chain finance. It concludes that the intersection of Blockchain and AI could ignite a new epoch of enhanced efficiency, security, and transparency in the Distributed Systems of supply chain finance within the financial industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blockchain" title="blockchain">blockchain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20intelligence%20%28AI%29" title=" artificial intelligence (AI)"> artificial intelligence (AI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scaled%20distributed%20systems" title=" scaled distributed systems"> scaled distributed systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supply%20chain%20finance" title=" supply chain finance"> supply chain finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency%20and%20security" title=" efficiency and security"> efficiency and security</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168642/the-fusion-of-blockchain-and-ai-in-supply-chain-finance-scalability-in-distributed-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168642.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">93</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">887</span> Behavioral Finance in Hundred Keywords</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramon%20Hern%C3%A1n">Ramon Hernán</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Teresa%20Corzo"> Maria Teresa Corzo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examines the impact and contribution of the main journals in the discipline of behavioral finance to determine the state of the art of the discipline and the growth lines and concepts studied to date. This is a unique and novel study given that a review of the discipline has not been carried out through the keywords of the articles that allows visualizing through this component of the research, which are the main topics of discussion and the relationships that arise between the concepts discussed. To carry out this study, 3,876 articles have been taken as a reference, which includes 15,859 keywords from the main journals responsible for the growth of the discipline.; Journal of Behavioral Finance, Review of Behavioral Finance, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics and Review of Behavioral Finance. The results indicate which are the topics most covered in the discipline throughout the period from 2000 to 2020, how these concepts have been dealt with on a recurring basis along with others throughout the aforementioned period and how the different concepts have been grouped based on the keywords established by the authors for the classification of their articles with a network diagram to complete the analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavioral%20finance" title="behavioral finance">behavioral finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=keywords" title=" keywords"> keywords</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=co-words" title=" co-words"> co-words</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=top%20journals" title=" top journals"> top journals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20visualization" title=" data visualization"> data visualization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142994/behavioral-finance-in-hundred-keywords" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142994.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">191</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">886</span> Privatising Higher Education: Imparting Quality in Academics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manish%20Khanna">Manish Khanna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Higher education seeks to preserve, transmit and advance knowledge. It is one of the most important instruments of change and progress. The observation of Kothari Commission (1964-66) is true even today; The destiny of India is now being shaped in her classrooms. This, we believe, is no more rhetoric. In the world based on science and technology it is education that determines the level of prosperity, welfare, and security of the people. On the quality and number of persons coming out of our schools and colleges will depend our success in the great enterprise of national reconstruction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=higher%20education" title="higher education">higher education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20in%20academics" title=" quality in academics"> quality in academics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kothari%20commission" title=" Kothari commission"> Kothari commission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=privatising%20higher%20education" title=" privatising higher education"> privatising higher education</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30135/privatising-higher-education-imparting-quality-in-academics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30135.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">481</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">885</span> Integrating Islamic Finance Principles with Environmental, Social, and Governance Criteria: A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Trends and Impact Within the 2030 Agenda</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paolo%20Biancone">Paolo Biancone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Silvana%20Secinaro"> Silvana Secinaro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Davide%20Calandra"> Davide Calandra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study explores the integration of Islamic finance principles with environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria, focusing on the contribution of Islamic financial instruments to achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). Through a systematic literature review (SLR) and bibliometric analysis of 66 documents from 2019 to 2024, the research addresses critical gaps by examining the alignment between Islamic finance and ESG, identifying emerging trends, and assessing operational challenges and opportunities. Findings indicate that Islamic finance, mainly through instruments such as green sukuk and Islamic microfinance, demonstrates substantial alignment with ESG objectives, anchored in its ethical principles of risk-sharing, fairness, and avoidance of harmful investments. Nevertheless, scalability and regulatory structures pose significant challenges to broader ESG adoption within Islamic finance. This study offers theoretical and practical implications, proposing that Islamic finance provides a solid framework to address sustainability shortcomings in conventional finance. Furthermore, it highlights future research directions, emphasizing the need for empirical studies on the long-term impact of Islamic financial products on sustainability outcomes and exploring the role of fintech in ESG integration. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20finance" title="Islamic finance">Islamic finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ESG" title=" ESG"> ESG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SDGs" title=" SDGs"> SDGs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bibliometric%20analysis" title=" bibliometric analysis"> bibliometric analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shariah-compliant%20investments" title=" Shariah-compliant investments"> Shariah-compliant investments</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194670/integrating-islamic-finance-principles-with-environmental-social-and-governance-criteria-a-bibliometric-analysis-of-global-trends-and-impact-within-the-2030-agenda" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194670.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">9</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">884</span> SMEs Access to Finance in Croatia – Model Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vinko%20Vidu%C4%8Di%C4%87">Vinko Vidučić</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ljiljana%20Vidu%C4%8Di%C4%87"> Ljiljana Vidučić</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Damir%20Boras"> Damir Boras</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The goals of the research include the determination of the characteristics of SMEs finance in Croatia, as well as the determination of indirect growth rates of the information model of the entrepreneurs` perception of business environment. The research results show that cost of finance and access to finance are most important constraining factor in setting up and running the business of small entrepreneurs in Croatia. Furthermore, small entrepreneurs in Croatia are significantly dissatisfied with the administrative barriers although relatively to a lesser extent than was the case in the pre-crisis time. High collateral requirement represents the main characteristic of bank lending concerning SMEs followed by long credit elaboration process. Formulated information model has defined the individual impact of indirect growth rates of the remaining variables on the model’s specific variable. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20environment" title="business environment">business environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20model" title=" information model"> information model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indirect%20growth%20rates" title=" indirect growth rates"> indirect growth rates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SME%20finance" title=" SME finance"> SME finance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3440/smes-access-to-finance-in-croatia-model-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3440.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">883</span> Strengthening Regulation and Supervision of Microfinance Sector for Development in Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Megersa%20Dugasa%20Fite">Megersa Dugasa Fite</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper analyses regulatory and supervisory issues in the Ethiopian micro finance sector, which caters to the needs of those who have been excluded from the formal financial sector. Micro-finance has received increased importance in development because of its grand goal to give credits to the poor to raise their economic and social well-being and improve the quality of lives. The micro-finance at present has been moving towards a credit-plus period through covering savings and insurance functions. It thus helps in reducing the rate of financial exclusion and social segregation, alleviating poverty and, consequently, stimulating development. The Ethiopian micro finance policy has been generally positive and developmental but major regulatory and supervisory limitations such as the absolute prohibition of NGOs to participate in micro credit functions, higher risks for depositors of micro-finance institutions, lack of credit information services with research and development, the unmet demand, and risks of market failures due to over-regulation are disappointing. Therefore, to remove the limited reach and high degree of problems typical in the informal means of financial intermediation plus to deal with the failure of formal banks to provide basic financial services to a significant portion of the country’s population, more needs to be done on micro finance. Certain key regulatory and supervisory revisions hence need to be taken to strengthen the Ethiopian micro finance sector so that it can practically provide majority poor access to a range of high quality financial services that help them work their way out of poverty and the incapacity it imposes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-finance" title="micro-finance">micro-finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-finance%20regulation%20and%20supervision" title=" micro-finance regulation and supervision"> micro-finance regulation and supervision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-finance%20institutions" title=" micro-finance institutions"> micro-finance institutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20access" title=" financial access"> financial access</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20segregation" title=" social segregation"> social segregation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poverty%20alleviation" title=" poverty alleviation"> poverty alleviation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development" title=" development"> development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopia" title=" Ethiopia"> Ethiopia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12937/strengthening-regulation-and-supervision-of-microfinance-sector-for-development-in-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12937.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">396</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span 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