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href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Лейден рейтингы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Лейден рейтингы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/CWTS_Leiden_Ranking" title="CWTS Leiden Ranking – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="CWTS Leiden Ranking" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CWTS_Leiden_Ranking" title="CWTS Leiden Ranking – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="CWTS Leiden Ranking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/CWTS_Leiden_Ranking" title="CWTS Leiden Ranking – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="CWTS Leiden Ranking" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/CWTS_Leiden_Ranking" title="CWTS Leiden Ranking – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="CWTS Leiden Ranking" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_CWTS" title="Лейденський рейтинг CWTS – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лейденський рейтинг CWTS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E9%A0%93%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E6%8E%92%E5%90%8D" title="萊頓大學排名 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萊頓大學排名" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17275094#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn"><i>CWTS Leiden Ranking</i></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Editor</th><td class="infobox-data">Mark Neijssel, Nees Jan van Eck, Ludo Waltman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Categories</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher education</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>, Netherlands</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First issue</th><td class="infobox-data">2006<span class="noprint">; 18 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2006</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leidenranking.com">www<wbr />.leidenranking<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>CWTS Leiden Ranking</b> is an annual global <a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings" title="College and university rankings">university ranking</a> based exclusively on <a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">bibliometric</a> indicators. The rankings are compiled by the Centre for Science and Technology Studies (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i>Centrum voor Wetenschap en Technologische Studies</i>, CWTS) at <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Clarivate_Analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarivate Analytics">Clarivate Analytics</a> bibliographic database <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a> is used as the source of the publication and citation data.<sup id="cite_ref-data_collection_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-data_collection-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Leiden Ranking ranks universities worldwide by number of academic publications according to the volume and <a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">citation impact</a> of the publications at those institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-data_collection_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-data_collection-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rankings take into account differences in language, <a href="/wiki/Discipline_(academia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Discipline (academia)">discipline</a> and institutional size.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple ranking lists are released according to various bibliometric normalization and impact indicators, including the number of publications, citations per publication, and field-normalized impact per publication.<sup id="cite_ref-ranking_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ranking-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to citation impact, the Leiden Ranking also ranks universities by scientific collaboration, including collaboration with other institutions and collaboration with an industry partner.<sup id="cite_ref-indicators_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indicators-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first edition of the Leiden Ranking was produced in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2014 rankings include 750 universities worldwide, which were selected based on the number of articles and reviews published by authors affiliated with those institutions in 2009–2012 in so-called "core" journals, a set of English-language journals with international scope and a "sufficiently large" number of references in the Web of Science database.<sup id="cite_ref-data_collection_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-data_collection-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Netherlands Centre for Science and Technology Studies, the crown indicator is Indicator 4 (PP top 10%), and is the only one presented in university rankings by the Swiss <a href="/wiki/State_Secretariat_for_Education,_Research_and_Innovation" title="State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation">State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation</a> website (UniversityRankings.ch).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CWTS_Leiden_Ranking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rockefeller_University.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rockefeller_University.JPG/220px-Rockefeller_University.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rockefeller_University.JPG/330px-Rockefeller_University.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rockefeller_University.JPG/440px-Rockefeller_University.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_University" title="Rockefeller University">Rockefeller University</a> was ranked first in 2014 by <a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">citation impact</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2023, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> universities dominate the rankings, with 16 out of the top 25 universities ranked being in China.,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in previous years, the top was heavily dominated by <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> universities. In the 2014 rankings, <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_University" title="Rockefeller University">Rockefeller University</a> was first by citation impact, as measured by both mean citation score and mean normalized citation score, as well as by the proportion of papers belonging to the top 10% in their field. Notably, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> universities score much lower than in other university rankings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a> and <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a>, which are based in part on reputational surveys among academics.<sup id="cite_ref-ranking_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ranking-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When measuring by collaboration with other universities (the proportion of number of publications co-authored with other institutions), the top three spots were occupied by <a href="/wiki/National_Yang-Ming_University" title="National Yang-Ming University">National Yang-Ming University</a> and two other institutions from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> in 2014, followed by universities from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the United Kingdom and a number of other European countries. <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_University" title="King Abdulaziz University">King Abdulaziz University</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Saud_University" title="King Saud University">King Saud University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> led the list in 2014 when measured by international collaboration.<sup id="cite_ref-ranking_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ranking-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indicators">Indicators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CWTS_Leiden_Ranking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Indicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Leiden Ranking ranks universities by the following indicators:<sup id="cite_ref-indicators_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indicators-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citation_impact">Citation impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CWTS_Leiden_Ranking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Citation impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>MCS</b> – mean citation score. The average number of citations of the publications of a university.</li> <li><b>MNCS</b> – mean normalized citation score. The average number of citations of the publications of a university, normalized for field differences and publication year. For example, an MNCS value of 2 means that the publications of a university have been cited twice above world average.</li> <li><b>PP(top 10%)</b> – proportion of top 10% publications. The proportion of the publications of a university that belong to the top 10% most frequently cited, compared with other publications in the same field and in the same year.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_collaboration">Scientific collaboration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CWTS_Leiden_Ranking&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scientific collaboration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>PP(collab)</b> – proportion of interinstitutionally collaborative publications. The proportion of the publications of a university that have been co-authored with one or more other organizations.</li> <li><b>PP(int collab)</b> – proportion of internationally collaborative publications. The proportion of the publications of a university that have been co-authored by two or more countries.</li> <li><b>PP(UI collab)</b> – proportion of collaborative publications with industry. The proportion of the publications of a university that have been co-authored with one or more industrial partners.</li> <li><b>PP(<100 km)</b> – proportion of short-distance collaborative publications. The proportion of the publications of a university with a geographical collaboration distance of less than 100 km.</li> <li><b>PP(>1000 km)</b> – proportion of long-distance collaborative publications. The proportion of the publications of a university with a geographical collaboration distance of more than 1000 km.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CWTS_Leiden_Ranking&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 2010 article, <a href="/wiki/Loet_Leydesdorff" title="Loet Leydesdorff">Loet Leydesdorff</a> criticized the method used by the Leiden Ranking to normalize citation impact by subject field. The mean normalized citation score (MNCS) indicator is based on the ISI subject category classification used in Web of Science, which was "not designed for the scientometric evaluation, but for the purpose of information retrieval".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, normalizing at a higher aggregation level, rather than at the level of individual publications, gives more weight to older publications, particularly reviews, and to publications in fields where citation levels are traditionally higher.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CWTS_Leiden_Ranking&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-data_collection-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-data_collection_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-data_collection_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-data_collection_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leidenranking.com/methodology/datacollection">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Data collection", CWTS Leiden Ranking"</a>. Universiteit Leiden Centre for Science and Technology Studies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Data+collection%22%2C+CWTS+Leiden+Ranking&rft.pub=Universiteit+Leiden+Centre+for+Science+and+Technology+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leidenranking.com%2Fmethodology%2Fdatacollection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACWTS+Leiden+Ranking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Raanvan_LeeuwenVisser2011" class="citation journal cs1">van Raan, Ton; van Leeuwen, Thed; Visser, Martijn (2011-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F469034a">"Non-English papers decrease rankings"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>469</b> (34): 34. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.469...34V">2011Natur.469...34V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F469034a">10.1038/469034a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21209649">21209649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Non-English+papers+decrease+rankings&rft.volume=469&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2011-01-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21209649&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F469034a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Natur.469...34V&rft.aulast=van+Raan&rft.aufirst=Ton&rft.au=van+Leeuwen%2C+Thed&rft.au=Visser%2C+Martijn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F469034a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACWTS+Leiden+Ranking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ranking-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ranking_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ranking_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ranking_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leidenranking.com/ranking">"Leiden Ranking"</a>. Universiteit Leiden Centre for Science and Technology Studies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leiden+Ranking&rft.pub=Universiteit+Leiden+Centre+for+Science+and+Technology+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leidenranking.com%2Franking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACWTS+Leiden+Ranking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indicators-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indicators_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indicators_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leidenranking.com/methodology/indicators">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Indicators", CWTS Leiden Ranking"</a>. Universiteit Leiden Centre for Science and Technology Studies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Indicators%22%2C+CWTS+Leiden+Ranking&rft.pub=Universiteit+Leiden+Centre+for+Science+and+Technology+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leidenranking.com%2Fmethodology%2Findicators&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACWTS+Leiden+Ranking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waltman, Ludo et al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/19353/CWTS-WP-2012-007.pdf?sequence=1"><i>The Leiden Ranking 2011/2012: Data collection, indicators, and interpretation</i></a>, Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS), Leiden University, 16 July 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeydesdorffBornmann2012" class="citation journal cs1">Leydesdorff, L.; Bornmann, L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3416977">"Testing differences statistically with the Leiden ranking"</a>. <i>Scientometrics</i>. <b>3</b> (92): 781–783. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.4037">1112.4037</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11192-012-0636-6">10.1007/s11192-012-0636-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3416977">3416977</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22904580">22904580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientometrics&rft.atitle=Testing+differences+statistically+with+the+Leiden+ranking&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=92&rft.pages=781-783&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3416977%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22904580&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1112.4037&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11192-012-0636-6&rft.aulast=Leydesdorff&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Bornmann%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3416977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACWTS+Leiden+Ranking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universityrankings.ch/methodology/leiden">"The Leiden Ranking"</a>. State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Leiden+Ranking&rft.pub=State+Secretariat+for+Education%2C+Research+and+Innovation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universityrankings.ch%2Fmethodology%2Fleiden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACWTS+Leiden+Ranking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leidenranking.com/ranking/2023/list">"CWTS Leiden Ranking - Ranking 2023"</a>. <i>CWTS Leiden Ranking</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CWTS+Leiden+Ranking&rft.atitle=CWTS+Leiden+Ranking+-+Ranking+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leidenranking.com%2Franking%2F2023%2Flist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACWTS+Leiden+Ranking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leydesdorff, Loet & Opthof, Tobias, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1003.3977"><i>Normalization, CWTS indicators, and the Leiden Rankings: Differences in citation behavior at the level of fields</i></a>, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrejs Rauhvargers, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eua.be/pubs/global_university_rankings_and_their_impact.pdf"><i>Global University Rankings And Their Impact</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141222105553/http://www.eua.be/pubs/global_university_rankings_and_their_impact.pdf#">Archived</a> 2014-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, European University Association, 2011</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CWTS_Leiden_Ranking&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leidenranking.com/">Website of the CWTS Leiden Ranking</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="University_ranking_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:University_ranking_systems" title="Template:University ranking systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:University_ranking_systems" title="Template talk:University ranking systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:University_ranking_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:University ranking systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="University_ranking_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings" title="College and university rankings">University ranking systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_World_University_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for World University Rankings">Center for World University Rankings</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CWTS Leiden Ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Global_University_Ranking" title="College and university rankings">Global University Ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mines_ParisTech:_Professional_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities">Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Ranking_of_Scientific_Papers_for_World_Universities" title="Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities">Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_University_Ranking" title="Round University Ranking">Round University Ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Institutions_Rankings" title="SCImago Institutions Rankings">SCImago Institutions Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Ranking_by_Academic_Performance" title="University Ranking by Academic Performance">University Ranking by Academic Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_University_Ranking" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking">U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webometrics_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Webometrics Ranking of World Universities">Webometrics Ranking of World Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#World's_Universities_with_Real_Impact" title="College and university rankings">World's Universities with Real Impact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_European_Union" title="Rankings of universities in the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Latin_America" title="Rankings of universities in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_ASEAN" title="Rankings of universities in ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Australia#Rankings_of_universities" title="List of universities in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Excellence_in_Research_for_Australia" title="Excellence in Research for Australia">Excellence in Research for Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Brazil" title="Rankings of universities in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Canada" title="Rankings of universities in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s#Guide_to_Canadian_Universities" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#China" title="College and university rankings">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_Chinese_Universities_Ranking" title="Best Chinese Universities Ranking">BCUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Shulian_Chinese_university_rankings" title="Wu Shulian Chinese university rankings">Wu Shulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUAA_Chinese_university_ranking" title="CUAA Chinese university ranking">CUAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_university_ranking_(Netbig)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese university ranking (Netbig)">Netbig</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_France" title="Rankings of universities in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Germany" title="College and university rankings">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHE_University_Ranking" title="CHE University Ranking">CHE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutional_Ranking_Framework" title="National Institutional Ranking Framework">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Japan" title="College and university rankings">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Going_broke_universities_%E2%80%93_Disappearing_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Going broke universities – Disappearing universities">Going broke universities – Disappearing universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truly_Strong_Universities" title="Truly Strong Universities">Truly Strong Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_rankings_of_universities_in_Mexico" title="Academic rankings of universities in Mexico">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Mexico" title="College and university rankings">ECUM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Pakistan" title="Rankings of universities in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Russian_Federation" title="College and university rankings">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_South_Africa" title="Rankings of universities in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings_in_the_United_States" title="College and university rankings in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Measuring_University_Performance" title="Center for Measuring University Performance">Center for Measuring University Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faculty_Scholarly_Productivity_Index" title="Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index">Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_Magazine%27s_List_of_America%27s_Best_Colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes Magazine's List of America's Best Colleges"><i>Forbes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Princeton_Review#College_admissions" title="The Princeton Review">The Princeton Review</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking">U.S. News & World Report</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monthly#College_rankings" title="Washington Monthly">Washington Monthly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Will_They_Learn%3F" title="What Will They Learn?">What Will They Learn?</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 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