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<span>Early Spring and Autumn (771–685 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_Spring_and_Autumn_(771–685_BCE)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early Spring and Autumn (771–685 BCE) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_Spring_and_Autumn_(771–685_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Court_moves_east_(771)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_moves_east_(771)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Court moves east (771)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_moves_east_(771)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zheng_falls_out_with_the_court_(722–685)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zheng_falls_out_with_the_court_(722–685)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Zheng falls out with the court (722–685)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zheng_falls_out_with_the_court_(722–685)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Five_Hegemons_(685–591_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Five_Hegemons_(685–591_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Five Hegemons (685–591 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Five_Hegemons_(685–591_BCE)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Five Hegemons (685–591 BCE) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Five_Hegemons_(685–591_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hegemony_of_Qi_(685–643)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hegemony_of_Qi_(685–643)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hegemony of Qi (685–643)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hegemony_of_Qi_(685–643)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hegemony_of_Song_(643–637)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hegemony_of_Song_(643–637)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hegemony of Song (643–637)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hegemony_of_Song_(643–637)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hegemony_of_Jin_(636–628)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hegemony_of_Jin_(636–628)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hegemony of Jin (636–628)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hegemony_of_Jin_(636–628)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hegemony_of_Qin_(628–621)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hegemony_of_Qin_(628–621)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hegemony of Qin (628–621)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hegemony_of_Qin_(628–621)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hegemony_of_Chu_(613–591)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hegemony_of_Chu_(613–591)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Hegemony of Chu (613–591)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hegemony_of_Chu_(613–591)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Spring_and_Autumn_(591–453_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Spring_and_Autumn_(591–453_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Late Spring and Autumn (591–453 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Late_Spring_and_Autumn_(591–453_BCE)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Late Spring and Autumn (591–453 BCE) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Late_Spring_and_Autumn_(591–453_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Six_Ministers_(588)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Six_Ministers_(588)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The Six Ministers (588)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Six_Ministers_(588)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Wu_(584)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Wu_(584)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Rise of Wu (584)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Wu_(584)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempts_at_peace_(579)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempts_at_peace_(579)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Attempts at peace (579)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempts_at_peace_(579)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hegemony_of_Wu_(506–496)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hegemony_of_Wu_(506–496)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Hegemony of Wu (506–496)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hegemony_of_Wu_(506–496)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hegemony_of_Yue_(496–465)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hegemony_of_Yue_(496–465)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Hegemony of Yue (496–465)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hegemony_of_Yue_(496–465)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partition_of_Jin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition_of_Jin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Partition of Jin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition_of_Jin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interstate_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interstate_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Interstate relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interstate_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aristocracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aristocracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aristocracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aristocracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Important_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Important figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Important_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>List of states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spring and Autumn period</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tydperk_van_die_Lente_en_die_Herfs" title="Tydperk van die Lente en die Herfs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tydperk van die Lente en die Herfs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81" title="فترة الربيع والخريف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فترة الربيع والخريف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8E_%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="শৰৎ আৰু বসন্তৰ যুগ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শৰৎ আৰু বসন্তৰ যুগ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primaveres_y_serondes" title="Primaveres y serondes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Primaveres y serondes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz-Pay%C4%B1z_d%C3%B6vr%C3%BC" title="Yaz-Payız dövrü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaz-Payız dövrü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8E_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="শরৎ বসন্ত কাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শরৎ বসন্ত কাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhun-chhiu_s%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="Chhun-chhiu sî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhun-chhiu sî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%99%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80_%D2%BA%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D3%A9%D2%99%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80_%D0%B4%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Яҙҙар Һәм Көҙҙәр дәүере – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яҙҙар Һәм Көҙҙәр дәүере" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4_%E2%80%9E%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%E2%80%9C" title="Период „Пролети и есени“ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Период „Пролети и есени“" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marevezh_an_Nevezamzerio%C3%B9_ha_Diskar-amzerio%C3%B9" title="Marevezh an Nevezamzerioù ha Diskar-amzerioù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marevezh an Nevezamzerioù ha Diskar-amzerioù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primaveres_i_Tardors" title="Primaveres i Tardors – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Primaveres i Tardors" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obdob%C3%AD_Jar_a_podzim%C5%AF" title="Období Jar a podzimů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Období Jar a podzimů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A5rs-_og_efter%C3%A5rsperioden" title="Forårs- og efterårsperioden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forårs- og efterårsperioden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeit_der_Fr%C3%BChlings-_und_Herbstannalen" title="Zeit der Frühlings- und Herbstannalen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zeit der Frühlings- und Herbstannalen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%86%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A6%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Περίοδος της Άνοιξης και του Φθινοπώρου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περίοδος της Άνοιξης και του Φθινοπώρου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%A1%D1%91%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Тундот-Сёксть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Тундот-Сёксть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primaveras_y_oto%C3%B1os" title="Primaveras y otoños – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primaveras y otoños" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodo_de_Printempo_kaj_A%C5%ADtuno" title="Periodo de Printempo kaj Aŭtuno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Periodo de Printempo kaj Aŭtuno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaberri_eta_Udazkenen_garaia" title="Udaberri eta Udazkenen garaia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Udaberri eta Udazkenen garaia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="دوره بهار و پاییز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوره بهار و پاییز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_des_Printemps_et_Automnes" title="Période des Printemps et Automnes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Période des Printemps et Automnes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%BBn-chhi%C3%BB_S%E1%B9%B3%CC%80-kh%C3%AC" title="Chhûn-chhiû Sṳ̀-khì – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhûn-chhiû Sṳ̀-khì" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%98%EC%B6%94_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="춘추 시대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="춘추 시대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%87_%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Գարնանային և աշնանային ժամանակաշրջան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գարնանային և աշնանային ժամանակաշրջան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="बसंत और शरद काल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बसंत और शरद काल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razdoblje_prolje%C4%87a_i_jeseni" title="Razdoblje proljeća i jeseni – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Razdoblje proljeća i jeseni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Musim_Semi_dan_Gugur" title="Zaman Musim Semi dan Gugur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zaman Musim Semi dan Gugur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodo_delle_primavere_e_degli_autunni" title="Periodo delle primavere e degli autunni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Periodo delle primavere e degli autunni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91_%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95" title="תקופת האביב והסתיו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקופת האביב והסתיו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჩუნციუს პერიოდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩუნციუს პერიოდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdema_Bihar_%C3%BB_Payiz" title="Serdema Bihar û Payiz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Serdema Bihar û Payiz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetas_veris_et_autumni" title="Aetas veris et autumni – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aetas veris et autumni" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavasara_un_Rudens_periods" title="Pavasara un Rudens periods – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pavasara un Rudens periods" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavasz_%C3%A9s_%C5%91sz_korszak" title="Tavasz és ősz korszak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tavasz és ősz korszak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="വസന്തത്തിന്റെയും ശരത്കാലത്തിന്റെയും ഘട്ടം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വസന്തത്തിന്റെയും ശരത്കാലത്തിന്റെയും ഘട്ടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Musim_Bunga_dan_Musim_Luruh" title="Zaman Musim Bunga dan Musim Luruh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaman Musim Bunga dan Musim Luruh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ADng-chi%C5%AD_S%C3%AC-d%C3%A2i" title="Chŭng-chiŭ Sì-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chŭng-chiŭ Sì-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Хавар Намрын улсын үе – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хавар Намрын улсын үе" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_van_Lente_en_Herfst" title="Periode van Lente en Herfst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Periode van Lente en Herfst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="春秋時代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="春秋時代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5r-_og_h%C3%B8stannalenes_tid" title="Vår- og høstannalenes tid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vår- og høstannalenes tid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5r-_og_haustannaltida" title="Vår- og haustannaltida – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vår- og haustannaltida" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri%C3%B2de_dei_Primas_e_deis_Autonas" title="Periòde dei Primas e deis Autonas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Periòde dei Primas e deis Autonas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਬਸੰਤ ਅਤੇ ਸਰਦ ਕਾਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਸੰਤ ਅਤੇ ਸਰਦ ਕਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%DB%92_%D8%AE%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="بہار تے خزاں ویلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بہار تے خزاں ویلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%88%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%88%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BD" title="សម័យឈុនឈិវចាន់កួ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សម័យឈុនឈិវចាន់កួ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okres_Wiosen_i_Jesieni" title="Okres Wiosen i Jesieni – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Okres Wiosen i Jesieni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_das_Primaveras_e_Outonos" title="Período das Primaveras e Outonos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Período das Primaveras e Outonos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%92%D1%91%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Период Вёсен и Осеней – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Период Вёсен и Осеней" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="වසන්ත සහ සරත් සමය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වසන්ත සහ සරත් සමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obdobie_jari_a_jesene" title="Obdobie jari a jesene – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obdobie jari a jesene" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obdobje_pomladi_in_jeseni" title="Obdobje pomladi in jeseni – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Obdobje pomladi in jeseni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="سەردەمی بەھار و پاییز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەردەمی بەھار و پاییز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Период Пролећа и Јесени – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Период 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searchaux" style="display:none">Period in Chinese history (c. 770 – c. 481 BCE)</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg/220px-Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg/330px-Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg/440px-Chinese_plain_5c._BC-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Chinese polities in the late 5th century BCE, before the breakup of Jin and the Qin move into Sichuan. The Wei on this map is <a href="/wiki/Wey_(state)" title="Wey (state)">Wey</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">衛</span></span>), not the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Wei" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Wei">state of Wei</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">魏</span></span>) that arose from the Partition of Jin.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Spring and Autumn period</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:春秋">春秋</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:時代">時代</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:春秋">春秋</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:时代">时代</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chūnqiū shídài</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chūnqiū shídài</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span lang="zh-Bopo">ㄔㄨㄣ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄑㄧㄡ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄕˊ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄉㄞˋ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Chʻun<sup>1</sup>-chʻiu<sup>1</sup> Shih<sup>2</sup>-tai<sup>3</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chunciou shíhdài</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chwūn chyōu shŕdài</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chuēn chiōu shŕdài</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂʰwə́n tɕʰjóʊ ʂǐ.tâɪ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Ceon1 cau1 si4 doi6</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsʰɵn˥ tsʰɐw˥ si˩.tɔj˨]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ltc-Latn">/t͡ɕʰiuɪn t͡sʰɨu d͡ʑɨ dʌi<sup>H</sup>/</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰun<span class="wrap"> </span>tsʰiw<br />[d]ə<span class="wrap"> </span>(~<span class="wrap"> </span>[d]əʔ)<span class="wrap"> </span>lˤək-s</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Zhengzhang_(1981–1995)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Zhengzhang</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">/*tʰjun sʰɯw djɯ l'ɯːɡs/</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background:#FFEECC;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_China" title="Category:History of China">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage mw-no-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China"><img alt="History of China in Chinese characters and seal script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/200px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/300px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/400px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="121" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #f0faff; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8500</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></b></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #eeffe8; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2070</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> BCE)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 256 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1046–771 BCE)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(771–256 BCE)</span> <dl><dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spring and Autumn</a> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 770</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 476 BCE</span>)</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a> <span class="nowrap">(475–221 BCE)</span></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(221–207 BCE)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206 BCE – 220 CE)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206–202 BCE)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han" title="Han dynasty">Western Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(202 BCE – 9 CE)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(9–23 CE)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(25–220 CE)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(220–280 CE)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Shu</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Wu</a></b></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–420)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Western_Jin_(266–316)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–316)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Eastern_Jin_(317–420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Eastern Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(317–420)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(304–439)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and<br />Southern dynasties</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(420–589)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(581–618)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(618–907)</span> <ul><li><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhou" title="Wu Zhou">Wu Zhou</a> <span class="nowrap">(690–705)</span></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and<br />Ten Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(907–979)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1279)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Northern_Song,_960–1127" title="Song dynasty">Northern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1127)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Southern_Song,_1127–1279" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1127–1279)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(916–1125)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1038–1227)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1115–1234)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1271–1368)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1368–1644)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1644–1912)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Modern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern China">Modern</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fff0f6; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(mainland, 1912–1949)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fff0f6; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic<br />of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1949–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(Taiwan,<br />1949–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art#History_and_development" title="Chinese art">Art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China" title="Economic history of China">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_China" title="History of education in China">Education history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_China" title="Legal history of China">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in China">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_history_of_China" title="Media history of China">Media history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China#History" title="Music of China">Music history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_music" title="Timeline of Chinese music">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Military history of China before 1912">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_China" title="Naval history of China">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_China" title="History of religion in China">History of religion in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in China">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_China" title="History of Islam in China">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">Science and technology history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology" title="History of Chinese archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_China" title="Cartography of China">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_discoveries" title="List of Chinese discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions" title="List of Chinese inventions">Inventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport_in_China" title="History of transport in China">Transport history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_and_imperial_China" title="Women in ancient and imperial China">Women's history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_China" title="Template:History of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_China" title="Template talk:History of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Spring and Autumn period</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 770</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 481 BCE</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999547_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999547-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a period in <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese history</a> corresponding roughly to the first half of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 771</span> – 256 BCE), characterized by the gradual erosion of royal power as local lords nominally subject to the Zhou exercised increasing political autonomy. The period's name<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> derives from the <i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Spring and Autumn Annals</a></i>, a chronicle of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Lu" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Lu">state of Lu</a> between 722 and 481 BCE, which tradition associates with <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> (551–479 BCE). </p><p>During this period, local polities negotiated their own alliances, waged wars against one another, up to defying the king's court in <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyi</a>. The gradual <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Jin" title="Partition of Jin">Partition of Jin</a>, one of the most powerful states, is generally considered to mark the end of the Spring and Autumn period and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>. This periodization dates back to late <a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 48 BCE</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 9 CE</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2024564–566_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2024564–566-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_Armor,_Tomb_of_Marquis_Yi_of_Zeng_(10170676483).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Horse_Armor%2C_Tomb_of_Marquis_Yi_of_Zeng_%2810170676483%29.jpg/220px-Horse_Armor%2C_Tomb_of_Marquis_Yi_of_Zeng_%2810170676483%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Horse_Armor%2C_Tomb_of_Marquis_Yi_of_Zeng_%2810170676483%29.jpg/330px-Horse_Armor%2C_Tomb_of_Marquis_Yi_of_Zeng_%2810170676483%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Horse_Armor%2C_Tomb_of_Marquis_Yi_of_Zeng_%2810170676483%29.jpg/440px-Horse_Armor%2C_Tomb_of_Marquis_Yi_of_Zeng_%2810170676483%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Leather horse armour from the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Marquis_Yi_of_Zeng" title="Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng">Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng</a>, 5th century BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>In 771 BCE, a <a href="/wiki/Quanrong" title="Quanrong">Quanrong</a> invasion in coalition with the states of <a href="/wiki/Zeng_(state)" title="Zeng (state)">Zeng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shen_(state)" title="Shen (state)">Shen</a>—the latter polity being the fief of <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Shen_(King_Ping%27s_grandfather)" title="Marquess of Shen (King Ping's grandfather)">the grandfather</a> of the disinherited crown prince <a href="/wiki/Yijiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yijiu">Yijiu</a>—destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a> capital at <a href="/wiki/Haojing" title="Haojing">Haojing</a>, killing <a href="/wiki/King_You_of_Zhou" title="King You of Zhou">King You</a> and establishing Yijiu as king at the eastern capital <a href="/wiki/Luoyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Luoyi">Luoyi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen_and_Pines20184_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen_and_Pines20184-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event ushered in the Eastern Zhou dynasty, which is divided into the Spring and Autumn and the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Warring States">Warring States</a> periods. During the Spring and Autumn period, China's feudal <i><a href="/wiki/Fengjian" title="Fengjian">fengjian</a></i> system became largely irrelevant. The Zhou court, having lost its homeland in the <a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a> region, held nominal power, but had real control over only a small royal <a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesne</a> centered on Luoyi. During the early part of the Zhou dynasty period, royal relatives and generals had been given control over fiefdoms in an effort to maintain Zhou authority over vast territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChin200743_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChin200743-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the power of the Zhou kings waned, these fiefdoms became increasingly independent <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_states" title="Ancient Chinese states">states</a>. </p><p>The most important states (known later as the twelve vassals) came together in regular conferences where they decided important matters, such as military expeditions against foreign groups or against offending nobles. During these conferences one vassal ruler was sometimes declared <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemon</a>. </p><p>As the era continued, larger and more powerful states annexed or claimed <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> over smaller ones. By the 6th century BCE, most small states had disappeared and just a few large and powerful principalities dominated China. Some southern states, such as Chu and <a href="/wiki/Wu_(state)" title="Wu (state)">Wu</a>, claimed independence from the Zhou, who undertook wars against some of them (Wu and <a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a>). </p><p>Amid the interstate power struggles, internal conflict was also rife: six elite landholding families waged war on each other inside Jin, political enemies set about eliminating the Chen family in Qi, and the legitimacy of the rulers was often challenged in civil wars by various royal family members in Qin and Chu. Once all these powerful rulers had firmly established themselves within their respective dominions, the bloodshed focused more fully on interstate conflict in the Warring States period, which began in 403 BCE when the three remaining elite families in Jin—Zhao, Wei, and Han—partitioned the state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Spring_and_Autumn_(771–685_BCE)"><span id="Early_Spring_and_Autumn_.28771.E2.80.93685_BCE.29"></span>Early Spring and Autumn (771–685 BCE)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Spring and Autumn (771–685 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E4%BC%8E%E4%B9%90%E9%93%9C%E5%B1%8B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E4%BC%8E%E4%B9%90%E9%93%9C%E5%B1%8B1.jpg/220px-%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E4%BC%8E%E4%B9%90%E9%93%9C%E5%B1%8B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E4%BC%8E%E4%B9%90%E9%93%9C%E5%B1%8B1.jpg/330px-%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E4%BC%8E%E4%B9%90%E9%93%9C%E5%B1%8B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E4%BC%8E%E4%B9%90%E9%93%9C%E5%B1%8B1.jpg/440px-%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E4%BC%8E%E4%B9%90%E9%93%9C%E5%B1%8B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3574" data-file-height="4696" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a> style bronze building and entertainers (Spring and Autumn period)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_moves_east_(771)"><span id="Court_moves_east_.28771.29"></span>Court moves east (771)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Court moves east (771)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Zhou capital was sacked by the <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Shen" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquess of Shen">Marquess of Shen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quanrong" title="Quanrong">Quanrong</a> <a href="/wiki/Hua-Yi_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Hua-Yi distinction">barbarians</a>, the Zhou moved the capital east from the now desolated <a href="/wiki/Zongzhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Zongzhou">Zongzhou</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haojing" title="Haojing">Haojing</a> near modern <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wangcheng_(Zhou_dynasty)" title="Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)">Wangcheng</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> Valley. The Zhou royalty was then closer to its main supporters,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly Jin, and <a href="/wiki/Zheng_(state)" title="Zheng (state)">Zheng</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Higham-p412_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham-p412-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shaughnessy-p350_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaughnessy-p350-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Zhou royal family had much weaker authority and relied on lords from these vassal states for protection, especially during their flight to the eastern capital. In Chengzhou, Prince Yijiu was crowned by his supporters as <a href="/wiki/King_Ping_of_Zhou" title="King Ping of Zhou">King Ping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaughnessy-p350_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaughnessy-p350-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the Zhou domain greatly reduced to Chengzhou and nearby areas, the court could no longer support the six army groups it had in the past; Zhou kings had to request help from powerful vassal states for protection from raids and for resolution of internal power struggles. The Zhou court would never regain its original authority; instead, it was relegated to being merely a figurehead of the regional states and ritual leader of the <a href="/wiki/Ji_(Zhou_dynasty_ancestral_surname)" title="Ji (Zhou dynasty ancestral surname)">Ji clan</a> ancestral temple. Though the king retained the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a>, the title held little actual power. </p><p>With the decline of Zhou power, the Yellow River drainage basin was divided into hundreds of small, autonomous states, most of them consisting of a single city, though a handful of multi-city states, particularly those on the periphery, had power and opportunity to expand outward.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 148 states are mentioned in the chronicles for this period,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 128 of which were absorbed by the four largest states by the end of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-Hsu-p567_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hsu-p567-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the royal court's move to Chengzhou, a hierarchical alliance system arose where the Zhou king would give the title of hegemon (<span lang="zh">霸</span>) to the leader of the state with the most powerful military; the hegemon was obligated to protect both the weaker Zhou states and the Zhou royalty from the intruding non-Zhou peoples:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2000365_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2000365-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999549–50_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999549–50-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Beidi" title="Beidi">Northern Di</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nanman" title="Nanman">Southern Man</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dongyi" title="Dongyi">Eastern Yi</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Xirong_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xirong (people)">Western Rong</a>. This political framework retained the <i><a href="/wiki/Fengjian" title="Fengjian">fēngjiàn</a></i> power structure, though interstate and intrastate conflict often led to declining regard for <a href="/wiki/Fengjian#Zongfa" title="Fengjian">clan customs</a>, respect for the Ji family, and solidarity with other Zhou peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999568,_570_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999568,_570-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king's prestige legitimized the military leaders of the states, and helped mobilize collective defense of Zhou territory against "<a href="/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction" title="Hua–Yi distinction">barbarians</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2000366_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2000366-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the next two centuries, the four most powerful states—<a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Jin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qi_(Shandong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qi (Shandong)">Qi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a>—struggled for power. These multi-city states often used the pretext of aid and protection to intervene and gain suzerainty over the smaller states. During this rapid expansion,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999567_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999567-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> interstate relations alternated between low-level warfare and complex diplomacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2000367_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2000367-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zheng_falls_out_with_the_court_(722–685)"><span id="Zheng_falls_out_with_the_court_.28722.E2.80.93685.29"></span>Zheng falls out with the court (722–685)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Zheng falls out with the court (722–685)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Duke_Yin_of_Lu" title="Duke Yin of Lu">Duke Yin of Lu</a> ascended the throne in 722.<sup id="cite_ref-Shi_Ji,_chapter_4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shi_Ji,_chapter_4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this year on, the state of <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a> kept an official chronicle, the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Spring and Autumn Annals</a>, which along with its commentaries is the standard source for the Spring and Autumn period. Corresponding chronicles are known to have existed in other states as well, but all but the Lu chronicle have been <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang%27s_biblioclasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin Shi Huang's biblioclasm">lost</a>. </p><p>In 717, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Zhuang_of_Zheng" title="Duke Zhuang of Zheng">Duke Zhuang of Zheng</a> went to the capital for an audience with <a href="/wiki/King_Huan_of_Zhou" title="King Huan of Zhou">King Huan</a>. During the encounter the duke felt he was not treated with the respect and etiquette which would have been appropriate, given that Zheng was now the chief protector of the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-Shi_Ji,_chapter_4_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shi_Ji,_chapter_4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 715, Zheng also became involved in a border dispute with Lu regarding the Fields of Xu. The fields had been put in the care of Lu by the king for the exclusive purpose of producing royal sacrifices for the sacred <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tai" title="Mount Tai">Mount Tai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shi_Ji,_chapter_4_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shi_Ji,_chapter_4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Zheng to regard the fields as just any other piece of land was an insult to the court. </p><p>By 707, relations had soured enough that the king launched a punitive expedition against Zheng. The duke counterattacked and raided Zhou territory, defeating the royal forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xuge" title="Battle of Xuge">Battle of Xuge</a> and injuring the king himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Hsu-p567_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hsu-p567-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shi_Ji,_chapter_4_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shi_Ji,_chapter_4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zheng was the first vassal to openly defy the king, kicking off the centuries of warfare without respect for the old traditions which would characterize the period. </p><p>The display of Zheng's martial strength was effective until succession problems after Zhuang's death in 701 weakened the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Higham-p412_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham-p412-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 692, there was a failed assassination attempt against <a href="/wiki/King_Zhuang_of_Zhou" title="King Zhuang of Zhou">King Zhuang</a>, orchestrated by elements at court.<sup id="cite_ref-Shi_Ji,_chapter_4_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shi_Ji,_chapter_4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Five_Hegemons_(685–591_BCE)"><span id="The_Five_Hegemons_.28685.E2.80.93591_BCE.29"></span>The Five Hegemons (685–591 BCE)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Five Hegemons (685–591 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Five_Hegemons" title="Five Hegemons">Five Hegemons</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Hegemons.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Five_Hegemons.png/400px-Five_Hegemons.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Five_Hegemons.png/600px-Five_Hegemons.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Five_Hegemons.png/800px-Five_Hegemons.png 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Five Hegemons during the Spring and Autumn period of the Zhou dynasty</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guo_State_Shields_(10279302544).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Guo_State_Shields_%2810279302544%29.jpg/220px-Guo_State_Shields_%2810279302544%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Guo_State_Shields_%2810279302544%29.jpg/330px-Guo_State_Shields_%2810279302544%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Guo_State_Shields_%2810279302544%29.jpg/440px-Guo_State_Shields_%2810279302544%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Shields from a <a href="/wiki/Western_Guo" title="Western Guo">Guo</a> tomb</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hegemony_of_Qi_(685–643)"><span id="Hegemony_of_Qi_.28685.E2.80.93643.29"></span>Hegemony of Qi (685–643)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hegemony of Qi (685–643)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Duke_Huan_of_Qi" title="Duke Huan of Qi">Duke Huan of Qi</a></div> <p>The first hegemon was <a href="/wiki/Duke_Huan_of_Qi" title="Duke Huan of Qi">Duke Huan of Qi</a> (r. 685–643). With the help of his prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong">Guan Zhong</a>, Duke Huan reformed Qi to centralize its power structure. The state consisted of 15 "<a href="/wiki/Administration_of_territory_in_dynastic_China#County" title="Administration of territory in dynastic China">townships</a>" (<span lang="zh">縣</span>) with the duke and two senior ministers each in charge of five; military functions were also united with civil ones. These and related reforms provided the state, already powerful from control of trade crossroads, with a greater ability to mobilize resources than the more loosely organized states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999553–54_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999553–54-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 667, Qi had clearly shown its economic and military predominance, and Duke Huan assembled the leaders of <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">Song</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chen_(state)" title="Chen (state)">Chen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zheng_(state)" title="Zheng (state)">Zheng</a>, who elected him as their leader. Soon after, <a href="/wiki/King_Hui_of_Zhou" title="King Hui of Zhou">King Hui of Zhou</a> conferred the title of <i>bà</i> (hegemon), giving Duke Huan royal authority in military ventures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999555_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999555-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2000366,_369_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2000366,_369-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important basis for justifying Qi's dominance over the other states was presented in the slogan 'Revere the King, Expel the Barbarians' (<span lang="zh">尊王攘夷</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zun wang rang yi</span></i>). The role of subsequent hegemons would also be framed in this way: as the primary defender and supporter of nominal Zhou authority and the existing order. Using this authority, during the first eleven years of his hegemony, Duke Huan intervened in a power struggle in Lu; protected <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a> from encroaching <a href="/wiki/Xirong_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xirong (people)">Western Rong</a> nomads; drove off <a href="/wiki/Beidi" title="Beidi">Northern Di</a> nomads after their invasions of <a href="/wiki/Wey_(state)" title="Wey (state)">Wey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xing_(state)" title="Xing (state)">Xing</a>, providing the people with provisions and protective garrison units; and led an alliance of eight states to conquer <a href="/wiki/Cai_(state)" title="Cai (state)">Cai</a> and thereby block the northward expansion of <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999555–56_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999555–56-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At his death in 643, five of Duke Huan's sons <a href="/wiki/War_of_Qi%27s_succession" title="War of Qi's succession">contended for the throne</a>, badly weakening the state so that it was no longer regarded as the hegemon. For nearly ten years, no ruler held the title.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999560_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999560-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_2b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/China_2b.jpg/220px-China_2b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/China_2b.jpg/330px-China_2b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/China_2b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Urbanization during the Spring and Autumn period.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hegemony_of_Song_(643–637)"><span id="Hegemony_of_Song_.28643.E2.80.93637.29"></span>Hegemony of Song (643–637)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hegemony of Song (643–637)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Duke_Xiang_of_Song" title="Duke Xiang of Song">Duke Xiang of Song</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Duke_Xiang_of_Song" title="Duke Xiang of Song">Duke Xiang of Song</a> attempted to claim the hegemony in the wake of Qi's decline, perhaps driven by a desire to restore the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> from which Song had descended. He hosted peace conferences in the same style as Qi had done, and conducted aggressive military campaigns against his rivals. Duke Xiang's ambitions met their end when, against the advice of his staff, he attacked the much larger state of Chu. The Song forces were defeated at the battle of Hong (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%93%E6%B0%B4%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" class="extiw" title="zh:泓水之戰">泓</a>) in 638, and the duke himself died in the following year from an injury sustained in the battle. After Xiang's death his successors adopted a more modest foreign policy, better suited to the country's small size.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Duke Xiang was never officially recognized as hegemon by the King of Zhou, not all sources list him as one of the Five Hegemons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hegemony_of_Jin_(636–628)"><span id="Hegemony_of_Jin_.28636.E2.80.93628.29"></span>Hegemony of Jin (636–628)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hegemony of Jin (636–628)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Duke_Wen_of_Jin" title="Duke Wen of Jin">Duke Wen of Jin</a></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Duke_Wen_of_Jin" title="Duke Wen of Jin">Duke Wen of Jin</a> came to power in 636 after extensive peregrinations in exile, he capitalized on the reforms of his father, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Xian_of_Jin" title="Duke Xian of Jin">Duke Xian</a> (r. 676–651), who had centralized the state, killed off relatives who might threaten his authority, conquered sixteen smaller states, and even absorbed some Rong and Di peoples to make Jin much more powerful than it had been previously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999559_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999559-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he assisted <a href="/wiki/King_Xiang_of_Zhou" title="King Xiang of Zhou">King Xiang</a> in a succession struggle in 635, the king awarded Jin with strategically valuable territory near Chengzhou. </p><p>Duke Wen then used his growing power to coordinate a military response with Qi, Qin, and Song against Chu, which had begun encroaching northward after the death of Duke Huán of Qi. With a decisive Chu loss at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chengpu" title="Battle of Chengpu">Battle of Chengpu</a> in 632, Duke Wen's loyalty to the Zhou king was rewarded at an interstate conference when King Xīang awarded him the title of <i>bà</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999560_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999560-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of Duke Wen in 628, a growing tension manifested in interstate violence that turned smaller states, particularly those at the border between Jin and Chu, into sites of constant warfare; Qi and Qin also engaged in numerous interstate skirmishes with Jin or its allies to boost their own power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999560–61_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999560–61-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hegemony_of_Qin_(628–621)"><span id="Hegemony_of_Qin_.28628.E2.80.93621.29"></span>Hegemony of Qin (628–621)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hegemony of Qin (628–621)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Duke_Mu_of_Qin" title="Duke Mu of Qin">Duke Mu of Qin</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Duke_Mu_of_Qin" title="Duke Mu of Qin">Duke Mu of Qin</a> ascended the throne in 659 and forged an alliance with Jin by marrying his daughter to Duke Wen. In 624, he established hegemony over the western Rong barbarians and became the most powerful lord of the time. However he did not chair any alliance with other states nor was he officially recognized as hegemon by the king. Therefore, not all sources accept him as one of the Five Hegemons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hegemony_of_Chu_(613–591)"><span id="Hegemony_of_Chu_.28613.E2.80.93591.29"></span>Hegemony of Chu (613–591)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hegemony of Chu (613–591)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/King_Zhuang_of_Chu" title="King Zhuang of Chu">King Zhuang of Chu</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/King_Zhuang_of_Chu" title="King Zhuang of Chu">King Zhuang of Chu</a> expanded the borders of Chu well north of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> River, threatening the Central States in modern <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>. At one point the Chu forces advanced to just outside the royal capital of Chengzhou, upon which King Zhuang sent a messenger to inquire into the heft and bulk of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Tripod_Cauldrons" title="Nine Tripod Cauldrons">Nine Cauldrons</a> – the symbols of royal ritual authority – implying he might soon arrange to have them moved to his own capital. In the end the Zhou capital was spared, and Chu shifted focus to harassing the nearby state of Zheng. The once-hegemon state of Jin intervened to rescue Zheng from the Chu invaders but were resolutely defeated, which marks the ascension of Chu as the dominant state of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his <i>de facto</i> hegemony, King Zhuang's self-proclaimed title of "king" was never recognized by the Zhou states. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Spring and Autumn Annals</a></i> he is defiantly referred to as <i>Zi</i> (<span lang="zh">子</span>, ruler; unratified lord),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilburn201664_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilburn201664-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even at a time when he dominated most of south China. Later historians however always include him as one of the Five Hegemons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_Spring_and_Autumn_(591–453_BCE)"><span id="Late_Spring_and_Autumn_.28591.E2.80.93453_BCE.29"></span>Late Spring and Autumn (591–453 BCE)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Late Spring and Autumn (591–453 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E9%8E%8F%E9%87%91%E8%99%8E%E5%99%AC%E7%BE%8A%E5%BD%A2%E5%99%A8%E5%BA%A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E9%8E%8F%E9%87%91%E8%99%8E%E5%99%AC%E7%BE%8A%E5%BD%A2%E5%99%A8%E5%BA%A7.jpg/220px-%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E9%8E%8F%E9%87%91%E8%99%8E%E5%99%AC%E7%BE%8A%E5%BD%A2%E5%99%A8%E5%BA%A7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E9%8E%8F%E9%87%91%E8%99%8E%E5%99%AC%E7%BE%8A%E5%BD%A2%E5%99%A8%E5%BA%A7.jpg/330px-%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E9%8E%8F%E9%87%91%E8%99%8E%E5%99%AC%E7%BE%8A%E5%BD%A2%E5%99%A8%E5%BA%A7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E9%8E%8F%E9%87%91%E8%99%8E%E5%99%AC%E7%BE%8A%E5%BD%A2%E5%99%A8%E5%BA%A7.jpg/440px-%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E9%8E%8F%E9%87%91%E8%99%8E%E5%99%AC%E7%BE%8A%E5%BD%A2%E5%99%A8%E5%BA%A7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5309" data-file-height="3534" /></a><figcaption>Bronze tiger eating an animal, gold inlay, Spring and Autumn period</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Six_Ministers_(588)"><span id="The_Six_Ministers_.28588.29"></span>The Six Ministers (588)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Six Ministers (588)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Six_Ministers" title="Six Ministers">Six Ministers</a></div> <p>In addition to interstate conflict, internal conflicts between state leaders and local aristocrats also occurred. Eventually the dukes of Lu, Jin, Zheng, Wey and Qi would all become figureheads to powerful aristocratic families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPines20024_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPines20024-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of Jin, the shift happened in 588 when the army was split into six independent divisions, each dominated by a separate noble family: Zhi (智), Zhao (趙), Han (韓), Wei (魏), Fan (范), and Zhonghang (中行). The heads of the six families were conferred the titles of viscounts and made ministers,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each heading one of the six departments of Zhou dynasty government.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this point on, historians refer to "The Six Ministers" as the true power brokers of Jin. </p><p>The same happened to Lu in 562, when the <a href="/wiki/Three_Huan" title="Three Huan">Three Huan</a> divided the army into three parts and established their own separate spheres of influence. The heads of the three families were always among the department heads of Lu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_Wu_(584)"><span id="Rise_of_Wu_.28584.29"></span>Rise of Wu (584)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rise of Wu (584)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wu_(state)" title="Wu (state)">Wu</a> was a state in modern <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> outside the Zhou cultural sphere, considered "barbarian", where the inhabitants sported short hair and tattoos and spoke an unintelligible language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilburn2004203–204_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilburn2004203–204-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilburn2016104_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilburn2016104-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although its ruling house claimed to be a senior lineage in the <a href="/wiki/Ji_(Zhou_dynasty_ancestral_surname)" title="Ji (Zhou dynasty ancestral surname)">Ji</a> ancestral temple,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wu did not participate in the politics and wars of China until the last third of the Spring and Autumn period. </p><p>Their first documented interaction with the Spring and Autumn states was in 584, when a Wu force attacked the small border state of Tan (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%AF%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:郯國">郯</a>) causing some alarm in the various Chinese courts. Jin was quick to dispatch an ambassador to the court of the Wu king, <a href="/wiki/King_Shoumeng_of_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="King Shoumeng of Wu">Shoumeng</a>. Jin promised to supply Wu with modern military technology and training in exchange for an alliance against Chu, a neighbour of Wu and Jin's nemesis in the struggle for hegemony. King Shoumeng accepted the offer, and Wu would continue to harass Chu for years to come.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempts_at_peace_(579)"><span id="Attempts_at_peace_.28579.29"></span>Attempts at peace (579)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Attempts at peace (579)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pu_with_openwork_interlaced_dragons_design.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pu_with_openwork_interlaced_dragons_design.jpg/230px-Pu_with_openwork_interlaced_dragons_design.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pu_with_openwork_interlaced_dragons_design.jpg/345px-Pu_with_openwork_interlaced_dragons_design.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pu_with_openwork_interlaced_dragons_design.jpg/460px-Pu_with_openwork_interlaced_dragons_design.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_bronzes#Sacrificial_vessels" title="Chinese ritual bronzes">Dòu</a></i> vessel with interlaced <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">dragon</a> design, Spring and Autumn period.</figcaption></figure> <p>After a period of increasingly exhausting warfare, Qi, Qin, Jin and Chu met at a disarmament conference in 579 and agreed to declare a truce to limit their military strength.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999561_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999561-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This peace did not last very long and it soon became apparent that the <i>bà</i> role had become outdated; the four major states had each acquired their own spheres of control and the notion of protecting Zhou territory had become less cogent as the control over (and the resulting cultural assimilation of) non-Zhou peoples, as well as Chu's control of some Zhou areas, further blurred an already vague distinction between Zhou and non-Zhou.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999562_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999562-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, new aristocratic houses were founded with loyalties to powerful states, rather than directly to the Zhou kings, though this process slowed down by the end of the seventh century, possibly because territory available for expansion had been largely exhausted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999562_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999562-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zhou kings had also lost much of their prestige<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPines20024_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPines20024-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that, when Duke Dao of Jin (r. 572–558) was recognized as <i>bà</i>, it carried much less meaning than it had before. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hegemony_of_Wu_(506–496)"><span id="Hegemony_of_Wu_.28506.E2.80.93496.29"></span>Hegemony of Wu (506–496)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hegemony of Wu (506–496)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/King_Hel%C3%BC_of_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="King Helü of Wu">King Helü of Wu</a></div> <p>In 506, <a href="/wiki/King_Hel%C3%BC_of_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="King Helü of Wu">King Helü</a> ascended the throne of Wu. With the help of <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zixu" title="Wu Zixu">Wu Zixu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen1992_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen1992-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the author of <i>The Art of War</i>, he launched major offensives against the state of Chu. They prevailed in five battles, one of which was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boju" title="Battle of Boju">Battle of Boju</a>, and conquered the capital Ying. However, Chu managed to ask the state of Qin for help, and after being defeated by Qin, the vanguard general of Wu troops, Fugai, a younger brother of Helü, led a rebellion. After beating Fugai, Helü was forced to leave Chu. Fugai later retired to Chu and settled there. <a href="/wiki/King_Hel%C3%BC_of_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="King Helü of Wu">King Helü</a> died during an invasion of Yue in 496. Some sources list him as one of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Hegemons" title="Five Hegemons">Five Hegemons</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/King_Fuchai_of_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="King Fuchai of Wu">King Fuchai of Wu</a>, who nearly destroyed the Yue state, imprisoning <a href="/wiki/King_Goujian_of_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="King Goujian of Yue">King Goujian of Yue</a>. Subsequently, Fuchai defeated Qi and extended Wu influence into central China. </p><p>In 499, the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> was made acting prime minister of Lu. He is traditionally (if improbably) considered the author or editor of the <i>Spring and Autumn annals</i>, from which much of the information for this period is drawn. After only two years he was forced to resign and spent many years wandering between different states before returning to Lu. After returning to Lu he did not resume a political career, preferring to teach. Tradition holds that it was in this time he edited or wrote the <a href="/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics#Five_Classics" title="Four Books and Five Classics">Five Classics</a>, including the <i>Spring and Autumn Annals</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hegemony_of_Yue_(496–465)"><span id="Hegemony_of_Yue_.28496.E2.80.93465.29"></span>Hegemony of Yue (496–465)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hegemony of Yue (496–465)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/King_Goujian_of_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="King Goujian of Yue">King Goujian of Yue</a></div> <p>In 482, <a href="/wiki/King_Fuchai_of_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="King Fuchai of Wu">King Fuchai of Wu</a> held an interstate conference to solidify his power base, but Yue captured the Wu capital. Fuchai rushed back but was besieged and died when the city fell in 473. Yue then concentrated on weaker neighbouring states, rather than the great powers to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHui2004186_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHui2004186-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With help from Wu's enemy Chu, Yue was able to be victorious after several decades of conflict. King Goujian destroyed and annexed Wu in 473, after which he was recognized as hegemon. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Zuozhuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuozhuan">Zuozhuan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Guoyu_(book)" title="Guoyu (book)">Guoyu</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i> provide almost no information about Goujian's subsequent reign or policies. What little is said is told from the perspective of other states, such as Duke Ai of Lu trying to enlist Yue's help in a coup against the Three Huan. Sima Qian notes that Goujian reigned on until his death, and that afterwards his descendants—for whom no biographical information is given—continued to rule for six generations before the state was finally absorbed into Chu during the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partition_of_Jin">Partition of Jin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Partition of Jin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Jin" title="Partition of Jin">Partition of Jin</a></div> <p>After the great age of Jin power, the Jin rulers began to lose authority over their ministerial lineages. A full-scale civil war between 497 and 453 ended with the elimination of most noble lines; the remaining aristocratic families divided Jin into three successor states: <a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Wei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHui2004186_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHui2004186-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the last event recorded in the <i><a href="/wiki/Zuozhuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuozhuan">Zuozhuan</a></i>. </p><p>With the absorption of most of the smaller states in the era, this partitioning left seven major states in the Zhou world: the three fragments of Jin, the three remaining great powers of Qin, Chu and Qi, and the weaker state of <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a> (<span lang="zh">燕</span>) near modern Beijing. The partition of Jin, along with the <a href="/wiki/Usurpation_of_Qi_by_Tian" title="Usurpation of Qi by Tian">Usurpation of Qi by Tian</a>, marks the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interstate_relations">Interstate relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Interstate relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interstate_relations_during_the_Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Interstate relations during the Spring and Autumn period">Interstate relations during the Spring and Autumn period</a></div> <p>Ancient sources such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan" title="Zuo Zhuan">Zuo Zhuan</a></i> and the eponymous <i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Chunqiu</a></i> record the various diplomatic activities, such as court visits paid by one ruler to another (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:朝">朝</a></span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">cháo</span></i>), meetings of officials or nobles of different states (<span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:會">會</a></span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">会</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">huì</span></i>), missions of friendly inquiries sent by the ruler of one state to another (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%81%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:聘">聘</a></span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">pìn</span></i>), emissaries sent from one state to another (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BD%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:使">使</a></span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shǐ</span></i>), and hunting parties attended by representatives of different states (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%8B%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:狩">狩</a></span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shou</span></i>). </p><p>Because of Chu's non-Zhou origin, the state was considered semi-barbarian and its rulers—beginning with <a href="/wiki/King_Wu_of_Chu" title="King Wu of Chu">King Wu</a> in 704 BCE—proclaimed themselves kings in their own right. Chu intrusion into Zhou territory was checked several times by the other states, particularly in the major battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chengpu" title="Battle of Chengpu">Chengpu</a> (632 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bi" title="Battle of Bi">Bi</a> (595 BCE) and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yanling" title="Battle of Yanling">Yanling</a> (575 BCE), which restored the states of <a href="/wiki/Chen_(state)" title="Chen (state)">Chen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cai_(state)" title="Cai (state)">Cai</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birth_Places_of_Chinese_Philosophers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Birth_Places_of_Chinese_Philosophers.png/220px-Birth_Places_of_Chinese_Philosophers.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Birth_Places_of_Chinese_Philosophers.png/330px-Birth_Places_of_Chinese_Philosophers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Birth_Places_of_Chinese_Philosophers.png/440px-Birth_Places_of_Chinese_Philosophers.png 2x" data-file-width="1585" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Birthplaces of notable Chinese philosophers of the Hundred Schools of Thoughts in the Zhou dynasty.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some version of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Classics">Five Classics</a> existed in Spring and Autumn period, as characters in the <i><a href="/wiki/Zuozhuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuozhuan">Zuozhuan</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i> frequently quote the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Poetry">Book of Poetry</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a></i>. On the other hand, the <i>Zuozhuan</i> depicts some characters actually <i>composing</i> poems that would later be included in the received text of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Poetry">Book of Poetry</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> In the <i>Analects</i> there are frequent references to "The Rites",<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as Classical Chinese does not employ punctuation or any markup to distinguish book titles from regular nouns it is not possible to know if what is meant is the <i><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_and_Ceremonial" title="Etiquette and Ceremonial">Etiquette and Ceremonial</a></i> (known then as the <i>Book of Rites</i>) or just the concept of ritual in general. On the other hand, the existence of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Changes" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Changes">Book of Changes</a></i> is well-attested in the <i>Zuozhuan</i>, as multiple characters use it for divination and accurately quote the received text. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> claims that it was Confucius who, towards the close of the Spring and Autumn period, edited the received versions of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Poetry">Book of Poetry</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a></i>; wrote the "Ten Wings" commentary on the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Changes" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Changes">Book of Changes</a></i>; and wrote the entirety of the <i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Spring and Autumn Annals</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was long the predominant opinion in China, but modern scholarship considers it unlikely that all five classics could be the product of one man. The transmitted versions of these works all derive from the versions edited by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xin_(scholar)" title="Liu Xin (scholar)">Liu Xin</a> in the century following Sima Qian. </p><p>While many philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Lao_Tzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao Tzu">Lao Tzu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a> were active in the Spring and Autumn period, their ideas were probably not put into writing until the following Warring States period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Aristocracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fengjian" title="Fengjian">Fengjian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty_nobility" title="Zhou dynasty nobility">Zhou dynasty nobility</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Periodo_delle_primavere_e_degli_autunni,_stato_qin,_acroterio_con_cervo_e_capriolo,_770-475_ac_ca.,_da_doufu,_baoji_(ist._prov.le_di_archeologia_dello_shaanxi).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Periodo_delle_primavere_e_degli_autunni%2C_stato_qin%2C_acroterio_con_cervo_e_capriolo%2C_770-475_ac_ca.%2C_da_doufu%2C_baoji_%28ist._prov.le_di_archeologia_dello_shaanxi%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Periodo_delle_primavere_e_degli_autunni%2C_stato_qin%2C_acroterio_con_cervo_e_capriolo%2C_770-475_ac_ca.%2C_da_doufu%2C_baoji_%28ist._prov.le_di_archeologia_dello_shaanxi%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Periodo_delle_primavere_e_degli_autunni%2C_stato_qin%2C_acroterio_con_cervo_e_capriolo%2C_770-475_ac_ca.%2C_da_doufu%2C_baoji_%28ist._prov.le_di_archeologia_dello_shaanxi%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1716" /></a><figcaption>Spring and Autumn period, Qin state, <a href="/wiki/Acroterion" title="Acroterion">acroterion</a> with deer and roe deer, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 770-475 BCE, from Doufu, Baoji (Provincial institute of archeology of Shaanxi).</figcaption></figure> <p>While the aristocracy of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a> frequently interacted via the medium of the royal court, the collapse of central power at the end of the first half of the dynasty left in its wake hundreds of autonomous polities varying drastically in size and resources, nominally connected by bonds of cultural and ritual affiliation increasingly attenuated by the passage of time. Whole lineage groups moved around under socioeconomic stress, border groups not associated with the Zhou culture gained in power and sophistication, and the geopolitical situation demanded increased contact and communication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2008a120–123_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2008a120–123-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under this new regime, an emergent systematization of noble ranks took root. Where the Western Zhou had concerned itself with politics, the ancestral temples, and legitimacy, in the Eastern Zhou politics came to the fore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2008a114_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2008a114-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Titles which had previously reflected lineage seniority took on purely political meanings. At the top of the bunch were <i><a href="/wiki/Gong_(title)" title="Gong (title)">Gong</a></i> (<span lang="zh">公</span>) and <i>Hou</i> (<span lang="zh">侯</span>), favoured lineages of old with generally larger territories and greater resources and prestige at their disposal. The majority of rulers were of the middling but tiered grades <i>Bo</i> (<span lang="zh">伯</span>) and <i>Zi</i> (<span lang="zh">子</span>). The rulers of two polities maintained the title <i>Nan</i> (<span lang="zh">男</span>). A 2012 survey found no difference in grade between <i>Gong</i> and <i>Hou</i>, or between <i>Zi</i> and <i>Nan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWei2012abstract_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWei2012abstract-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, a new class of lower-tier aristocrats formed: the <i>Shi</i> (<span lang="zh">士</span>), gentlemen too distantly related to the great houses to be born into a life of wielding power, but still part of the elite culture, aiming at upward social mobility, typically through the vector of officialdom. </p><p>One individual well attested in the process of fixing the ranks of rulers into a coherent scheme was <a href="/wiki/Zichan" title="Zichan">Zichan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zheng_(state)" title="Zheng (state)">Zheng</a>, who both submitted a memorial to the king of Chu informing him of the proposed new system in 538 BCE, and argued at a 529 BCE interstate conference that tributes should be graded based on rank, given the disparity in available resources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2008a123–124_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2008a123–124-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alongside this development, there was precedent of Zhou kings "upgrading" noble ranks as a reward for service to the throne, giving the recipients a bit more diplomatic prestige without costing the royal house any land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen_and_Pines20185_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen_and_Pines20185-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the decline of the royal house, although real power was wrested from their grasp, their divine legitimacy was not brought into question, and even with the king reduced to something of a figurehead, his prestige remained supreme as Heaven's eldest son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPines200423_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPines200423-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeologically excavated primary sources and received literature agree to a high degree of systematization and stability in noble titles during the Eastern Zhou, indicating an actual historical process. A 2007 survey of bronze inscriptions from 31 states found only eight polities whose rulers used varying titles of nobility to describe themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2008a115–118_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2008a115–118-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_figures">Important figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Important figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_and_Autumn_Bronze_Ding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Spring_and_Autumn_Bronze_Ding.jpg/220px-Spring_and_Autumn_Bronze_Ding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Spring_and_Autumn_Bronze_Ding.jpg/330px-Spring_and_Autumn_Bronze_Ding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Spring_and_Autumn_Bronze_Ding.jpg/440px-Spring_and_Autumn_Bronze_Ding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>A large <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> tripod vessel from the Spring and Autumn period, now located at the <a href="/wiki/Henan_Museum" title="Henan Museum">Henan Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>The Five Hegemons</b> (春秋五霸): With the royal house of Zhou lacking the military strength to defend itself, and with the various states experiencing tension and conflict, certain very powerful lords took the position of hegemon, ostensibly to uphold the house of Zhou and maintain the peace to the degree possible. They paid tribute to the royal court, and were owed tribute by the other rulers. Traditional history lists five hegemons during the Spring and Autumn period:<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Huan_of_Qi" title="Duke Huan of Qi">Duke Huan of Qi</a> (r. 685–643 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Xiang_of_Song" title="Duke Xiang of Song">Duke Xiang of Song</a> (r. 650–637 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Wen_of_Jin" title="Duke Wen of Jin">Duke Wen of Jin</a> (r. 636–628 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Mu_of_Qin" title="Duke Mu of Qin">Duke Mu of Qin</a> (r. 659–621 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Zhuang_of_Chu" title="King Zhuang of Chu">King Zhuang of Chu</a> (r. 613–591 BCE)</li></ul> <p>Alternatively:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Huan_of_Qi" title="Duke Huan of Qi">Duke Huan of Qi</a> (r. 685–643 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Wen_of_Jin" title="Duke Wen of Jin">Duke Wen of Jin</a> (r. 636–628 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Zhuang_of_Chu" title="King Zhuang of Chu">King Zhuang of Chu</a> (r. 613–591 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Fuchai_of_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="King Fuchai of Wu">King Fuchai of Wu</a> (r. 495–473 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Goujian_of_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="King Goujian of Yue">King Goujian of Yue</a> (r. 496–465 BCE)</li></ul> <p><b>Bureaucrats or Officers</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong">Guan Zhong</a>, advisor of Duke Huan of Qi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baili_Xi" title="Baili Xi">Baili Xi</a>, prime minister of Qin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zixu" title="Wu Zixu">Wu Zixu</a>, Duke of Shen, important adviser of King <a href="/wiki/Hel%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Helü">Helü</a>, early culture hero,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen1992_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen1992-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes considered "the single best recorded individual in the history of the Spring and Autumn period"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilburn201677_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilburn201677-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Pi" title="Bo Pi">Bo Pi</a>, bureaucrat under King <a href="/wiki/Hel%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Helü">Helü</a> who played an important diplomatic role in Wu–Yue relations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Zhong_(Spring_and_Autumn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wen Zhong (Spring and Autumn)">Wen Zhong</a>, advisor of <a href="/wiki/King_Goujian_of_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="King Goujian of Yue">King Goujian of Yue</a> in his war against Wu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Li" title="Fan Li">Fan Li</a>, another advisor to Goujian, also renowned for his incredible business acumen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zichan" title="Zichan">Zichan</a>, leader of self-strengthening movements in <a href="/wiki/Zheng_(state)" title="Zheng (state)">Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Ying" title="Yan Ying">Yan Ying</a> or <i>Yanzi</i>, central figure of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yanzi_Chunqiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanzi Chunqiu">Yanzi Chunqiu</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Influential scholars</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> or <i>Kongzi</i>, leading figure in <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao-tse" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao-tse">Lao-tse</a> or <i>Laozi</i>, teacher of <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Di" class="mw-redirect" title="Mo Di">Mo Di</a>, <i>Mozi</i>, or <i>Mo-tse</i>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a> or <i>Sunzi</i>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other people</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Ban" title="Lu Ban">Lu Ban</a>, master builder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Li" title="Yao Li">Yao Li</a>, sent by King Helü to kill <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qing_Ji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qing Ji (page does not exist)">Qing Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuan_Zhu" title="Zhuan Zhu">Zhuan Zhu</a>, sent by Helü to kill his cousin King Liao</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Ya" title="Bo Ya">Bo Ya</a>, outstanding musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ou_Yezi" title="Ou Yezi">Ou Yezi</a>, swordsmaker</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_states">List of states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: List of states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2012</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Liji" class="mw-redirect" title="Liji">Liji</a></i> claims that the Eastern Zhou was divided into 1773 <a href="/wiki/State_(Ancient_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="State (Ancient China)">states</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-禮記_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-禮記-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which 148 are known by name as mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan" title="Zuo Zhuan">Zuo Zhuan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hsu-p567_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hsu-p567-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Chinese </th> <th>Capital </th> <th>Location<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETan199622–30_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETan199622–30-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Established </th> <th>Dissolved </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Ba_(state)" title="Ba (state)">Ba</a> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:巴国">巴</a> </td> <td>Yicheng (夷城) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Changyang_Tujia_Autonomous_County" title="Changyang Tujia Autonomous County">Changyang County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/King_Wu_of_Zhou" title="King Wu of Zhou">King Wu</a>'s reign </td> <td rowspan="6">316 BCE: to Qin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pingdu (平都) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fengdu_County" title="Fengdu County">Fengdu County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zhi (枳) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fuling_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuling District">Fuling District</a>, Chongqing </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jiangzhou (江州) </td> <td>Chongqing </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dianjiang (垫江) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hechuan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hechuan District">Hechuan District</a>, Chongqing </td></tr> <tr> <td>Langzhong (閬中) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Langzhong" title="Langzhong">Langzhong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bi_(state)" title="Bi (state)">Bi</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:毕国">畢</a> </td> <td>Bi </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>King Wu's reign </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biyang, Fuyang </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%AA%E9%98%B3%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:偪阳国">偪陽</a> <i>or</i> 傅陽 </td> <td>Biyang </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yicheng_District,_Zaozhuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Yicheng District, Zaozhuang">Yicheng District, Zaozhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>563 BCE: to Song </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Cai_(state)" title="Cai (state)">Cai</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:蔡國">蔡</a> </td> <td>Shangcai (上蔡) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shangcai_County" title="Shangcai County">Shangcai County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">King Wu's reign </td> <td rowspan="3">447 BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xincai (新蔡) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xincai_County" title="Xincai County">Xincai County</a>, Henan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xiacai (下蔡) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fengtai_County" title="Fengtai County">Fengtai County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cao_(state)" title="Cao (state)">Cao</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:曹國">曹</a> </td> <td>Taoqiu (陶丘) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dingtao_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dingtao District">Dingtao District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heze" title="Heze">Heze</a>, Shandong </td> <td>King Wu's reign </td> <td>487 BCE: to Song </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chao_(state)" title="Chao (state)">Chao</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A2%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:巢国">巢</a> </td> <td>Chao </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaohu" title="Chaohu">Chaohu</a>, Anhui </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 518 BCE</span>: to Wu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chen_(state)" title="Chen (state)">Chen</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%88%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:陈国">陳</a> </td> <td>Wanqiu (宛丘) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huaiyang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaiyang District">Huaiyang District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhoukou" title="Zhoukou">Zhoukou</a>, Henan </td> <td>King Wu's reign </td> <td>479 BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cheng </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%95%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:郕国">郕</a> <i>or</i> 成 </td> <td>Cheng </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ningyang_County" title="Ningyang County">Ningyang County</a>, Shandong </td> <td>King Wu's reign </td> <td>408 BCE: to Qi </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eca4a4"> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:楚国">楚</a> <i>or</i> 荊 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Danyang_(Chu)" title="Danyang (Chu)">Danyang</a> (丹陽) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xichuan_County" title="Xichuan County">Xichuan County</a>, Henan </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/King_Cheng_of_Zhou" title="King Cheng of Zhou">King Cheng</a>'s reign </td> <td rowspan="4">223 BCE: to Qin </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eca4a4"> <td><a href="/wiki/Ying_(Chu)" title="Ying (Chu)">Ying</a> (郢) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jingzhou" title="Jingzhou">Jingzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eca4a4"> <td>Chen (陳) </td> <td>Huaiyang District, Zhoukou, Henan </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eca4a4"> <td>Shouchun (壽春) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shou_County" title="Shou County">Shou County</a>, Anhui </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chunyu, Zhou </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:淳于国">淳于</a> <i>or</i> 州 </td> <td>Zhou (州) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anqiu" title="Anqiu">Anqiu</a>, Shandong </td> <td>King Wu's reign </td> <td>706 BCE: to Qi (杞) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dai </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:戴国">戴</a> </td> <td>Dai </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minquan_County" title="Minquan County">Minquan County</a>, Henan </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>713 BCE: to Zheng </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dao_(state)" title="Dao (state)">Dao</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:道國">道</a> </td> <td>Dao </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deng_(state)" title="Deng (state)">Deng</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:邓国">鄧</a> </td> <td>Deng </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dengzhou" title="Dengzhou">Dengzhou</a>, Henan </td> <td>before Western Zhou </td> <td>678 BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/E_(state)" title="E (state)">E</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:鄂国">鄂</a> </td> <td>E </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanyang,_Henan" title="Nanyang, Henan">Nanyang, Henan</a> </td> <td>before Western Zhou </td> <td>863 BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fan </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%AA%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:番国">番</a> <i>or</i> 潘 <i>or</i> 鄱 </td> <td>Fan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gushi_County" title="Gushi County">Gushi County</a>, Henan </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>504 BCE: to Wu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fan </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:凡国">凡</a> </td> <td>Fan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huixian" title="Huixian">Huixian</a>, Henan </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Fan </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%8A%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:樊國">樊</a> </td> <td>Fan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an_District,_Xi%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Chang'an District, Xi'an">Chang'an District, Xi'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/King_Xuan_of_Zhou" title="King Xuan of Zhou">King Xuan</a>'s reign </td> <td rowspan="2">635 BCE: to Jin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yang (陽) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiyuan" title="Jiyuan">Jiyuan</a>, Henan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gan </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%98%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:甘國">甘</a> </td> <td>Gan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuanyang_County,_Henan" title="Yuanyang County, Henan">Yuanyang County, Henan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_Xiang_of_Zhou" title="King Xiang of Zhou">King Xiang</a>'s reign </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gao </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%9C%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:郜國">郜</a> </td> <td>Gao </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chengwu_County" title="Chengwu County">Chengwu County</a>, Shandong </td> <td>King Wu's reign </td> <td>8th century BCE: to Song </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ge </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:葛国">葛</a> </td> <td>Ge </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ningling_County" title="Ningling County">Ningling County</a>, Henan </td> <td>before Western Zhou </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gong </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A9%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:巩国">鞏</a> </td> <td>Gong </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiaoyi" title="Xiaoyi">Xiaoyi</a>, Henan </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>516 BCE: to Jin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gong </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:共國">共</a> </td> <td>Gong </td> <td>Huixian, Henan </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>mid-7th century BCE: to Wey </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guang </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:光國">光</a> </td> <td>Guang </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guangshan_County" title="Guangshan County">Guangshan County</a>, Henan </td> <td>before Western Zhou </td> <td>650 BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guo </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:郭國">郭</a> </td> <td>Guo </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liaocheng" title="Liaocheng">Liaocheng</a>, Shandong </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>670 BCE: to Qi </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Guo" title="Eastern Guo">Eastern Guo</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E8%99%A2%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:东虢国">東虢</a> </td> <td>Zhi (制) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xingyang" title="Xingyang">Xingyang</a>, Henan </td> <td>King Wu's reign </td> <td>767 BCE: to Zheng </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Western_Guo" title="Western Guo">Western Guo</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%99%A2%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:西虢国">西虢</a> </td> <td>Yongdi (雍地) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baoji" title="Baoji">Baoji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">King Wu's reign </td> <td rowspan="2">687 BCE: to Jin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shangyang (上陽) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shan_County,_Henan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan County, Henan">Shan County, Henan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hu </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:胡國">胡</a> </td> <td>Hu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wuyang_County" title="Wuyang County">Wuyang County</a>, Henan </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>763 BCE: to Zheng </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hua_(state)" title="Hua (state)">Hua</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%91%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:滑國">滑</a> </td> <td>Hua </td> <td>Minquan County, Henan </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>unknown</i> </td> <td rowspan="2">627 BCE: to Qin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fei (費) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yanshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanshi">Yanshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Huang_(state)" title="Huang (state)">Huang</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:黄国">黃</a> </td> <td>Longgu Xiang </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huangchuan_County" title="Huangchuan County">Huangchuan County, Henan</a> </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>648 BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hui </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%B6%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:鄶國">鄶</a> <i>or</i> 會 <i>or</i> 檜 </td> <td>Hui </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xinzheng" title="Xinzheng">Xinzheng</a>, Henan </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>769 BCE: to Zheng </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ji_(former_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ji (former state)">Ji</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%AA%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:纪国">紀</a> </td> <td>Ji </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shouguang" title="Shouguang">Shouguang</a>, Shandong </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>690 BCE: to Qi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ji </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:極國">極</a> </td> <td>Ji </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shan_County,_Shandong" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan County, Shandong">Shan County, Shandong</a> </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>721 BCE: to Lu </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Ji </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:祭国">祭</a> </td> <td>Ji </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Changyuan" title="Changyuan">Changyuan</a>, Henan </td> <td rowspan="2">King Wu's reign </td> <td rowspan="2">750 BCE: to Zheng </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guan (管) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a>, Henan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ji%C4%81ng_(state)" title="Jiāng (state)">Jiang</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:江国">江</a> </td> <td>Jiang (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">江</span>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xi_County,_Henan" title="Xi County, Henan">Xi County, Henan</a> </td> <td>1101 BCE </td> <td>623 BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ji%C7%8Eng_(Chinese_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiǎng (Chinese state)">Jiang</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%94%A3%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:蔣國">蔣</a> </td> <td>Jiang </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gushi_County" title="Gushi County">Gushi County</a>, Henan </td> <td>King Cheng's reign </td> <td>617 BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jie </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:介國">介</a> </td> <td>Jie </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_City" title="Jiaozhou City">Jiaozhou</a>, Shandong </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td><i>unknown</i>: to Qi </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eca4a4"> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Jin</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:晋国">晉</a> </td> <td>Tang (唐), or Jin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yicheng_County" title="Yicheng County">Yicheng County</a>, Shanxi </td> <td rowspan="4">King Cheng's reign </td> <td rowspan="4">376 BCE: to <a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">Han</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eca4a4"> <td>Quwo (曲沃) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wenxi_County" title="Wenxi County">Wenxi County</a>, Shanxi </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eca4a4"> <td>Jiang (絳), or Yi (翼) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yicheng_County" title="Yicheng County">Yicheng County</a>, Shanxi </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eca4a4"> <td>Xintian (新田), or Xinjiang (新絳) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Houma,_Shanxi" title="Houma, Shanxi">Houma</a>, Shanxi </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ju_(state)" title="Ju (state)">Ju</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%92%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:莒国">莒</a> </td> <td>Jiegen (介根) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_City" title="Jiaozhou City">Jiaozhou</a>, Shandong </td> <td rowspan="2">King Wu's reign </td> <td rowspan="2">431 BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ju </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ju_County" title="Ju County">Ju County</a>, Shandong </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lai_(state)" title="Lai (state)">Lai</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:莱国">萊</a> </td> <td>Changle (昌樂) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Changle_County" title="Changle County">Changle County</a>, Shandong </td> <td>before Western Zhou </td> <td>567 BCE: to Qi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lan </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BF%AB%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:濫國">濫</a> </td> <td>Lan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tengzhou" title="Tengzhou">Tengzhou</a>, Shandong </td> <td>781 BCE </td> <td>521 BCE: to Lu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liang_(state)" title="Liang (state)">Liang</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E5%9B%BD_(%E5%AC%B4%E5%A7%93)" class="extiw" title="zh:梁国 (嬴姓)">梁</a> </td> <td>Liang </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hancheng" title="Hancheng">Hancheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>641 BCE: to Qin </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liao_(Zhou_dynasty_state)" title="Liao (Zhou dynasty state)">Liao</a>, Miu </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%93%BC%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:蓼国">蓼</a> <i>or</i> 繆 </td> <td>Liao </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gushi_County" title="Gushi County">Gushi County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>622 BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liu </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:劉國">劉</a> </td> <td>Liu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yanshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanshi">Yanshi</a>, Henan </td> <td>592 BCE </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th century BCE</span>: to Zhou dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:鲁国">魯</a> </td> <td>Lu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lushan_County,_Henan" title="Lushan County, Henan">Lushan County, Henan</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">King Cheng's reign </td> <td rowspan="3">256 BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yancheng (奄城) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a>, Shandong </td></tr> <tr> <td>Qufu (曲阜) </td> <td>Qufu, Shandong </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_(state)" title="Lü (state)">Lü</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%95%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:吕国">呂</a> </td> <td>Lü </td> <td>Nanyang, Henan </td> <td><i>unknown'</i> </td> <td>688 BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mao </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:毛國">毛</a> </td> <td>Mao </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qishan_County" title="Qishan County">Qishan County</a>, Shaanxi </td> <td>King Wu's reign </td> <td>516 BCE: to Qin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mao </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8C%85%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:茅國">茅</a> </td> <td>Mao </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jinxiang_County" title="Jinxiang County">Jinxiang County</a>, Shandong </td> <td>King Cheng's reign </td> <td>6th century BCE: to Zou </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ni_(state)" title="Ni (state)">Ni</a>, Xiaozhu </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%B3%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:郳國">郳</a> <i>or</i> 小邾 </td> <td>Ni </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanting_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanting District">Shanting District</a>, Zaozhuang, Shandong </td> <td>King Cheng's reign </td> <td>335 BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eca4a4"> <td><a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BD%90%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:齐国">齊</a> </td> <td>Yingqiu (營丘), or <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Linzi" title="Ancient Linzi">Linzi</a> (臨淄) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linzi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Linzi District">Linzi District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zibo" title="Zibo">Zibo</a>, Shandong </td> <td>King Wu's reign </td> <td>221 BCE: to Qin </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Qi_(Henan)" title="Qi (Henan)">Qi</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%9E%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:杞國">杞</a> </td> <td>Qi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qi_County,_Kaifeng" title="Qi County, Kaifeng">Qi County</a>, Henan </td> <td rowspan="4">before Western Zhou </td> <td rowspan="4">445 BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pingyang (平陽) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xintai" title="Xintai">Xintai</a>, Shandong </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yuanling (緣陵) </td> <td>Changle County, Shandong </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chunyu (淳于) </td> <td>Anqiu, Shandong </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eca4a4"> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:秦国">秦</a> </td> <td>Qin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qingshui_County" title="Qingshui County">Qingshui County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/King_Xiao_of_Zhou" title="King Xiao of Zhou">King Xiao</a>'s reign </td> <td rowspan="6">206 BCE: to Western Chu </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eca4a4"> <td>Qian (汧) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Long_County,_Shaanxi" title="Long County, Shaanxi">Long County, Shaanxi</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eca4a4"> <td>Pingyang (平陽) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mei_County,_Shaanxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mei County, Shaanxi">Mei County, Shaanxi</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eca4a4"> <td>Yong (雍) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fengxiang_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Fengxiang County">Fengxiang County</a>, Shaanxi </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eca4a4"> <td><a href="/wiki/Yueyang_(Qin)" title="Yueyang (Qin)">Yueyang</a> (櫟陽) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yanliang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanliang District">Yanliang District</a>, Xi'an, Shaanxi </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eca4a4"> <td><a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a> (咸阳) </td> <td>Xianyang, Shaanxi </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quan_(state)" title="Quan (state)">Quan</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:权国">權</a> </td> <td>Quan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jingmen" title="Jingmen">Jingmen</a>, Hubei </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>704 BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ren </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:任國">任</a> </td> <td>Ren </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Weishan_County,_Shandong" title="Weishan County, Shandong">Weishan County</a>, Shandong </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>Warring States period </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ruo_(state)" title="Ruo (state)">Ruo</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%80%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:鄀国">鄀</a> </td> <td>Shangruo (上鄀) or Shangmi (商密) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xichuan_County" title="Xichuan County">Xichuan County</a>, Henan </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>unknown</i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>unknown</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xiaruo (下鄀) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yicheng,_Hubei" title="Yicheng, Hubei">Yicheng, Hubei</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shao </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AC%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:召國">召</a> <i>or</i> 邵 </td> <td>Shao </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qishan_County" title="Qishan County">Qishan County</a>, Shaanxi </td> <td>King Wu's reign </td> <td>513 BCE: to Zhou dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shan, Tan </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:单国">單</a> <i>or</i> 檀 </td> <td>Shan </td> <td>Mengjin County, Henan </td> <td>King Cheng's reign </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shen_(state)" title="Shen (state)">Shen</a>, Xie </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B3%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:申國">申</a> <i>or</i> 謝 </td> <td>Shen </td> <td>Nanyang, Henan </td> <td>King Xuan's reign </td> <td>688 – 680 BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C4%9Bn_(state)" title="Shěn (state)">Shen</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B2%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:沈">沈</a> </td> <td>Shen </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linquan_County" title="Linquan County">Linquan County</a>, Anhui </td> <td>King Cheng's reign </td> <td>506 BCE: to Cai </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shu_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shu (state)">Shu</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%9C%80" class="extiw" title="zh:古蜀">蜀</a> </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>316 BCE: to Qin </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eca4a4"> <td><a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">Song</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:宋国">宋</a> </td> <td>Shangqiu (商丘) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shangqiu" title="Shangqiu">Shangqiu</a>, Henan </td> <td>King Cheng's reign </td> <td>286 BCE: to Qi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Su </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%BF%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:宿国">宿</a> </td> <td>Su </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dongping_County" title="Dongping County">Dongping County</a>, Shandong </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>7th century BCE: to Song </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sui </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%82%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:遂国">遂</a> </td> <td>Sui </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ningyang_County" title="Ningyang County">Ningyang County</a>, Shandong </td> <td>before Western Zhou </td> <td>681 BCE: to Qi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tan </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%AF%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:郯国">郯</a> </td> <td>Tan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tancheng_County" title="Tancheng County">Tancheng County</a>, Shandong </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>414 BCE: to Yue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tan_(state)" title="Tan (state)">Tan</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%9A%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:譚國">譚</a> </td> <td>Tan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhangqiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangqiu">Zhangqiu</a>, Shandong </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BCE</span> </td> <td>684 BCE: to Qi </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Teng_(state)" title="Teng (state)">Teng</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%95%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:滕国">滕</a> </td> <td>Teng </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tengzhou" title="Tengzhou">Tengzhou</a>, Shandong </td> <td>King Wu's reign </td> <td>297 BCE: to Song </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wangshu </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%8F%94%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:王叔国">王叔</a> </td> <td>Wangshu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mengjin_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Mengjin County">Mengjin County</a>, Henan </td> <td>King Xiang of Zhou </td> <td>563 BCE: to Zhou dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Wey_(state)" title="Wey (state)">Wei (Wey)</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:卫国">衛</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhaoge" title="Zhaoge">Zhaoge</a> (朝歌) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qi_County,_Hebi" title="Qi County, Hebi">Qi County</a>, Henan </td> <td rowspan="5">King Cheng's reign </td> <td rowspan="5">209 BCE: to Qin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cao (曹) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hua_County,_Henan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hua County, Henan">Hua County, Henan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chuqiu (楚丘) </td> <td>Hua County, Henan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diqiu (帝丘) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Puyang_County" title="Puyang County">Puyang County</a>, Henan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yewang (野王) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qinyang" title="Qinyang">Qinyang</a>, Henan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wen </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:温国">溫</a> </td> <td>Wen </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wen_County,_Henan" title="Wen County, Henan">Wen County, Henan</a> </td> <td>King Wu's reign </td> <td>650 BCE: to <a href="/wiki/Beidi" title="Beidi">Beidi</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eca4a4"> <td><a href="/wiki/Wu_(state)" title="Wu (state)">Wu</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:吴国">吳</a> </td> <td>Wu, or Gusu (姑蘇) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a>, Jiangsu </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>473 BCE: to Yue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xi_(state)" title="Xi (state)">Xi</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%AF%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:息國">息</a> </td> <td>Xi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xi_County,_Henan" title="Xi County, Henan">Xi County, Henan</a> </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>684 – 680 BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xian_(state)" title="Xian (state)">Xian</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%A6%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:弦國">弦</a> </td> <td>Xian </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huanggang" title="Huanggang">Huanggang</a>, Hubei </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>655 BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xiang </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%91%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:向国">向</a> </td> <td>Xiang </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ju_County" title="Ju County">Ju County</a>, Shandong </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>721 BCE: to Ju </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Xing_(state)" title="Xing (state)">Xing</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%A2%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:邢国">邢</a> </td> <td>Xing </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xingtai" title="Xingtai">Xingtai</a>, Hebei </td> <td rowspan="2">King Cheng's reign </td> <td rowspan="2">632 BCE: to Wey </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yiyi (夷儀) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liaocheng" title="Liaocheng">Liaocheng</a>, Shandong </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xu_(state)" title="Xu (state)">Xu</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:徐国">徐</a> </td> <td>Xu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tancheng_County" title="Tancheng County">Tancheng County</a>, Shandong </td> <td>before Western Zhou </td> <td>512 BCE: to Wu </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/X%C7%94_(state)" title="Xǔ (state)">Xu</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%B8%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:许国">許</a> <i>or</i> 鄦 </td> <td>Xu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xuchang" title="Xuchang">Xuchang</a>, Henan </td> <td rowspan="5">King Wu's reign </td> <td rowspan="5"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th century BCE</span>: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ye (葉) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ye_County" title="Ye County">Ye County</a>, Henan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yi (夷) or Chengfu (城父) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bozhou" title="Bozhou">Bozhou</a>, Anhui </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xi (析) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xixia_County" title="Xixia County">Xixia County</a>, Henan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rongcheng (容城) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lushan_County,_Henan" title="Lushan County, Henan">Lushan County, Henan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Xue, <a href="/wiki/Pi_(state)" title="Pi (state)">Pi</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">薛 <i>or</i> <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%B3%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:邳国">邳</a> </td> <td>Xue </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tengzhou" title="Tengzhou">Tengzhou</a>, Shandong </td> <td rowspan="3">before Western Zhou </td> <td rowspan="3">418 BCE: to Qi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xiapi (下邳) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pizhou" title="Pizhou">Pizhou</a>, Jiangsu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shangpi (上邳) </td> <td>Pizhou, Jiangsu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xuqu </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%88%E5%8F%A5%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:須句國">須句</a> </td> <td>Xuqu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dongping_County" title="Dongping County">Dongping County</a>, Shandong </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>620 BCE: to Lu </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%87%95%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:燕国">燕</a> </td> <td>Bo (亳), or Shengju (聖聚) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fangshan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Fangshan District">Fangshan District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">King Wu's reign </td> <td rowspan="2">222 BCE: to Qin </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jicheng_(Beijing)" title="Jicheng (Beijing)">Ji</a> (薊) </td> <td>Beijing </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southern Yan </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%87%95%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:南燕国">南燕</a> </td> <td>Yan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yanjin_County,_Henan" title="Yanjin County, Henan">Yanjin County</a>, Henan </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yan </td> <td>鄢 </td> <td>Yan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yanling_County,_Henan" title="Yanling County, Henan">Yanling County</a>, Henan </td> <td>King Wu's reign </td> <td>769 BCE: to Zheng </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yang </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%99%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:陽">陽</a> </td> <td>Yang </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yinan_County" title="Yinan County">Yinan County</a>, Shandong </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>660 BCE: to Qi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yin </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%B9%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:尹國">尹</a> </td> <td>Yin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xin%27an_County" title="Xin'an County">Xin'an County</a>, Henan </td> <td>King Xuan's reign </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ying_(state)" title="Ying (state)">Ying</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%87%89%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:應國">應</a> </td> <td>Ying </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pingdingshan" title="Pingdingshan">Pingdingshan</a>, Henan </td> <td>King Cheng's reign </td> <td>646 BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yu </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%98%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:邘国">邘</a> <i>or</i> 于 </td> <td>Yu </td> <td>Qinyang, Henan </td> <td>King Wu's reign </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yu </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%85%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:鄅国">鄅</a> </td> <td>Yu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linyi" title="Linyi">Linyi</a>, Shandong </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>524 BCE: to Lu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yuan </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:原国">原</a> </td> <td>Yuan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiyuan" title="Jiyuan">Jiyuan</a>, Henan </td> <td>King Wu's reign </td> <td>635 BCE: to Jin </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eca4a4"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:越國">越</a> </td> <td>Kuaiji (會稽) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Shaoxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><i>unknown</i> </td> <td rowspan="3">306 BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eca4a4"> <td>Langya (琅邪) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiaonan" title="Jiaonan">Jiaonan</a>, Shandong </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eca4a4"> <td>Wu (吳) </td> <td>Suzhou, Jiangsu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeng_(state)" title="Zeng (state)">Zeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sui_(state)" title="Sui (state)">Sui</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BE%E5%9B%BD_(%E5%A7%AC%E5%A7%93)" class="extiw" title="zh:曾国 (姬姓)">曾</a> <i>or</i> 隨 </td> <td>Sui </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suizhou" title="Suizhou">Suizhou</a>, Hubei </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td><i>unknown</i>: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zeng </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%AB%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:鄫国">鄫</a> </td> <td>Zeng </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fangcheng_County" title="Fangcheng County">Fangcheng County</a>, Henan </td> <td>before Western Zhou </td> <td>567 BCE: to Ju </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zhan </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:詹國">詹</a> </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>827 BCE </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zhang </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%A3%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:鄣国">鄣</a> </td> <td>Zhang </td> <td>Dongping County, Shandong </td> <td>early Western Zhou </td> <td>664 BCE: to Qi </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Zheng_(state)" title="Zheng (state)">Zheng</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:鄭國">鄭</a> </td> <td>Zheng </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hua_County,_Shaanxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hua County, Shaanxi">Hua County, Shaanxi</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">806 BCE </td> <td rowspan="2">375 BCE: to Han </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xinzheng (新鄭) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xinzheng" title="Xinzheng">Xinzheng</a>, Henan </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_(state)" title="Zhongshan (state)">Zhongshan</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:中山国">中山</a> </td> <td>Gu (顧) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dingzhou" title="Dingzhou">Dingzhou</a>, Hebei </td> <td rowspan="2">506 BCE </td> <td rowspan="2">296 BCE: to Zhao </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lingshou (靈壽) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lingshou_County" title="Lingshou County">Lingshou County</a>, Hebei </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zhou </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E9%82%91" class="extiw" title="zh:周邑">周</a> </td> <td>Zhou </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fengxiang_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Fengxiang County">Fengxiang County</a>, Shaanxi </td> <td>King Wu's reign </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhoulai" title="Zhoulai">Zhoulai</a> </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%9E%E4%BE%86%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:州來國">州來</a> </td> <td>Zhoulai </td> <td>Fengtai County, Anhui </td> <td>8th century BCE </td> <td>528 BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zhu </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:祝國">祝</a> </td> <td>Zhu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Changqing_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Changqing District">Changqing District</a>, Jinan, Shandong </td> <td>King Wu's reign </td> <td>768 BCE: to Qi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zhu </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%B8%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:铸国">鑄</a> </td> <td>Zhu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Feicheng" title="Feicheng">Feicheng</a>, Shandong </td> <td>King Wu's reign </td> <td><i>unknown</i>: to Qi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zhuan </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%9F%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:鄟国">鄟</a> </td> <td>Zhuan </td> <td>Tancheng, Shandong </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td>585 BCE: to Lu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zhuanyu </td> <td><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%93%E8%87%BE%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:顓臾國">顓臾</a> </td> <td>Zhuanyu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pingyi_County" title="Pingyi County">Pingyi County</a>, Shandong </td> <td>King Wu's reign </td> <td><i>unknown</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Zou_(state)" title="Zou (state)">Zou</a>, Zhu </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%BE%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:邾国">鄒</a> <i>or</i> 邾 </td> <td>Zhu (邾) </td> <td>Qufu, Shandong </td> <td rowspan="2">King Wu's reign </td> <td rowspan="2">4th century BCE: to Chu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zou (鄒) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zoucheng" title="Zoucheng">Zoucheng</a>, Shandong </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><b>Key:</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eca4a4"> <td colspan="6">Hegemon </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><i>Note: Capitals are listed in chronological order.</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is no academic consensus on the end of the Spring and Autumn period. Criteria differ, but there is general agreement that the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Jin" title="Partition of Jin">Partition of Jin</a> marks the watershed affair of state politically marking the subsequent Warring States period. Common choices include: <ul><li>481 BCE. Final entry in the <i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Spring and Autumn Annals</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Usurpation_of_Qi_by_Tian" title="Usurpation of Qi by Tian">Usurpation of Qi by Tian</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian_Heng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tian Heng (page does not exist)">Tian Heng</a> assassinated his duke along with the duke's advisors and most of his family, confiscating most of their lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1999598_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1999598-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>479 BCE. Death of <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalkenhausen1999450_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalkenhausen1999450-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>475 or 476 BCE. Accession of <a href="/wiki/King_Yuan_of_Zhou" title="King Yuan of Zhou">King Yuan of Zhou</a>. This is the year chosen by <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> in his deeply influential <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i>, motivated by the dearth of sources available for the following period given <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang%27s_biblioclasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin Shi Huang's biblioclasm">Qin Shi Huang's biblioclasm</a>. The initial year of a new king was a methodological convenience. Modern Chinese sources generally prefer this choice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Office_of_the_State_Council2021_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Office_of_the_State_Council2021-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>453 BCE. Partition of Jin: the clan of Zhi (<span lang="zh">智</span>), previously the most powerful aristocratic family in Jin, is eliminated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jinyang" title="Battle of Jinyang">Battle of Jinyang</a>, leaving only the three clans who would become the successor states of <a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Wei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPines2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPines2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>403 BCE. Partition of Jin: the successor states are formally recognized by the Zhou king. This year was the choice of <a href="/wiki/Sima_Guang" title="Sima Guang">Sima Guang</a>, compiler of the <i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalkenhausen1999450_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalkenhausen1999450-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some historians decline to assign a single year as the boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1995148_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1995148-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others will choose arbitrarily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiserCai2003512_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiserCai2003512-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Chinese language does not mark plurals. There is an increasing trend in languages with plural markers to translate the name of this period as "Springs and Autumns",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalkenhausen1999450_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalkenhausen1999450-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which better conveys the vicissitudes of time. The translation "Spring–Autumn period" also occurs in the literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao2004_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao2004-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 148 states mentioned in the <i>Spring and Autumn Annals</i> are not considered to comprise an exhaustive list.<sup id="cite_ref-禮記_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-禮記-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Descent of the Wu ruling house from the Zhou ancestral line is not universally dismissed in modern scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilburn2004203_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilburn2004203-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999547-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999547_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsu1999">Hsu 1999</a>, p. 547.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1999598-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1999598_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1999">Lewis 1999</a>, p. 598.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalkenhausen1999450-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalkenhausen1999450_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalkenhausen1999450_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalkenhausen1999450_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalkenhausen1999">Falkenhausen 1999</a>, p. 450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Office_of_the_State_Council2021-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeneral_Office_of_the_State_Council2021_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeneral_Office_of_the_State_Council2021">General Office of the State Council 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPines2002-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPines2002_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPines2002">Pines 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook1995148-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook1995148_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCook1995">Cook 1995</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiserCai2003512-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiserCai2003512_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiserCai2003">Kiser & Cai 2003</a>, p. 512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao2004-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao2004_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhao2004">Zhao (2004)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2024564–566-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2024564–566_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2024">Wong (2024)</a>, pp. 564–566.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen_and_Pines20184-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen_and_Pines20184_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChen_and_Pines2018">Chen and Pines 2018</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChin200743-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChin200743_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChin2007">Chin 2007</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsu1999">Hsu 1999</a>, p. 546</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higham-p412-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Higham-p412_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higham-p412_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigham2004">Higham 2004</a>, p. 412</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaughnessy-p350-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaughnessy-p350_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaughnessy-p350_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaughnessy1999">Shaughnessy 1999</a>, p. 350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2000">Lewis 2000</a>, pp. 359, 363</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-禮記-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-禮記_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-禮記_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2">"<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E7%A6%AE%E8%A8%98/%E7%8E%8B%E5%88%B6" class="extiw" title="zh:s:禮記/王制">5: 王制</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Liji" class="mw-redirect" title="Liji">Liji</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5%3A+%E7%8E%8B%E5%88%B6&rft.btitle=Liji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpring+and+Autumn+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hsu-p567-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hsu-p567_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hsu-p567_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hsu-p567_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsu1999">Hsu 1999</a>, p. 567</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2000365-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2000365_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2000">Lewis 2000</a>, p. 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999549–50-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999549–50_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsu1999">Hsu 1999</a>, pp. 549–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999568,_570-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999568,_570_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsu1999">Hsu 1999</a>, pp. 568, 570.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2000366-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2000366_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2000">Lewis 2000</a>, p. 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999567-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999567_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsu1999">Hsu 1999</a>, p. 567.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2000367-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2000367_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2000">Lewis 2000</a>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shi_Ji,_chapter_4-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shi_Ji,_chapter_4_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shi_Ji,_chapter_4_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shi_Ji,_chapter_4_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shi_Ji,_chapter_4_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shi_Ji,_chapter_4_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiji" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sima_Tan" title="Sima Tan">Sima Tan</a> (1959) [90s BCE]. "<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B7004" class="extiw" title="zh:s:史記/卷004">4: 周本紀</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i> <bdi lang="zh">史記</bdi>. Zhonghua Shuju.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4%3A+%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%AC%E7%B4%80&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Grand+Historian+%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98&rft.pub=Zhonghua+Shuju&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Sima+Qian&rft.au=Sima+Tan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpring+and+Autumn+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPines2002">Pines 2002</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999553–54-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999553–54_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsu1999">Hsu 1999</a>, pp. 553–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999555-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999555_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsu1999">Hsu 1999</a>, p. 555.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2000366,_369-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2000366,_369_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2000">Lewis 2000</a>, pp. 366, 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999555–56-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999555–56_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsu1999">Hsu 1999</a>, pp. 555–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999560-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999560_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999560_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsu1999">Hsu 1999</a>, p. 560.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuo_Zhuan" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zuo Zhuan. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:春秋左氏傳"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%B7%A6%E6%B0%8F%E5%82%B3"><i>Duke Xi years 18–23</i> </a></span> (in Chinese) – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duke+Xi+years+18%E2%80%9323&rft.au=Zuo+Zhuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpring+and+Autumn+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999559-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999559_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsu1999">Hsu 1999</a>, p. 559.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999560–61-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999560–61_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsu1999">Hsu 1999</a>, pp. 560–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%B7%A6%E6%B0%8F%E5%82%B3/%E5%AE%A3%E5%85%AC" class="extiw" title="zh:s:春秋左氏傳/宣公">Duke Xuan</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Zuozhuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuozhuan">Zuozhuan</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Duke+Xuan&rft.btitle=Zuozhuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpring+and+Autumn+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilburn201664-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilburn201664_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilburn2016">Milburn 2016</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPines20024-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPines20024_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPines20024_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPines2002">Pines 2002</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiji" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sima_Tan" title="Sima Tan">Sima Tan</a> (1959) [90s BCE]. "<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B7039" class="extiw" title="zh:s:史記/卷039">39: 晉世家</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i> <bdi lang="zh">史記</bdi>. Zhonghua Shuju.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=39%3A+%E6%99%89%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%B6&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Grand+Historian+%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98&rft.pub=Zhonghua+Shuju&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Sima+Qian&rft.au=Sima+Tan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpring+and+Autumn+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Rites_of_Zhou" title="Rites of Zhou">Rites of Zhou</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilburn2004203–204-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilburn2004203–204_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilburn2004">Milburn 2004</a>, pp. 203–204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilburn2016104-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilburn2016104_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilburn2016">Milburn 2016</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilburn2004203-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilburn2004203_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilburn2004">Milburn 2004</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%B7%A6%E6%B0%8F%E5%82%B3/%E6%88%90%E5%85%AC#成公八年" class="extiw" title="zh:s:春秋左氏傳/成公">Duke Cheng year 8</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan" title="Zuo Zhuan">Zuo Zhuan</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Duke+Cheng+year+8&rft.btitle=Zuo+Zhuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpring+and+Autumn+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999561-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999561_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsu1999">Hsu 1999</a>, p. 561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1999562-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999562_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1999562_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsu1999">Hsu 1999</a>, p. 562.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen1992-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen1992_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen1992_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetersen1992">Petersen 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHui2004186-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHui2004186_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHui2004186_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHui2004">Hui 2004</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E/%E9%99%BD%E8%B2%A8%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83" class="extiw" title="zh:s:論語/陽貨第十七">17:10</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=17%3A10&rft.btitle=Analects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpring+and+Autumn+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiji" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sima_Tan" title="Sima Tan">Sima Tan</a> (1959) [90s BCE]. "<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B7047" class="extiw" title="zh:s:史記/卷047">47: 孔子世家</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i> <bdi lang="zh">史記</bdi>. Zhonghua Shuju.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=47%3A+%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%B6&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Grand+Historian+%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98&rft.pub=Zhonghua+Shuju&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Sima+Qian&rft.au=Sima+Tan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpring+and+Autumn+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2008a120–123-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2008a120–123_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2008a">Li 2008a</a>, pp. 120–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2008a114-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2008a114_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2008a">Li 2008a</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWei2012abstract-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWei2012abstract_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWei2012">Wei 2012</a>, abstract.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2008a123–124-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2008a123–124_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2008a">Li 2008a</a>, pp. 123–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen_and_Pines20185-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen_and_Pines20185_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChen_and_Pines2018">Chen and Pines 2018</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPines200423-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPines200423_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPines2004">Pines 2004</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2008a115–118-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2008a115–118_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2008a">Li 2008a</a>, pp. 115–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYe,_Fei,_and_Wang2007">Ye, Fei, and Wang 2007</a>, pp. 34–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilburn201677-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilburn201677_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilburn2016">Milburn 2016</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETan199622–30-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETan199622–30_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTan1996">Tan 1996</a>, pp. 22–30.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakeley1977" class="citation cs2">Blakeley, Barry B (1977), "Functional disparities in the socio-political traditions of Spring and Autumn China: Part I: Lu and Ch'i", <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i>, <b>20</b> (2): 208–243, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3631778">10.2307/3631778</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3631778">3631778</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=Functional+disparities+in+the+socio-political+traditions+of+Spring+and+Autumn+China%3A+Part+I%3A+Lu+and+Ch%27i&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=208-243&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3631778&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3631778%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Blakeley&rft.aufirst=Barry+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpring+and+Autumn+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen_and_Pines2018" class="citation journal cs1">Chen Minzhen (陳民鎮); <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Pines" title="Yuri Pines">Pines, Yuri</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26571325">"Where is King Ping? 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 1–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0362502800007082">10.1017/S0362502800007082</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23354539">23354539</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163441973">163441973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+China&rft.atitle=The+question+of+interpretation%3A+Qin+history+in+light+of+new+epigraphic+sources&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=1-44&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163441973%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23354539%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0362502800007082&rft.aulast=Pines&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpring+and+Autumn+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tan_Qixiang" title="Tan Qixiang">Tan Qixiang</a> (1996). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Historical_Atlas_of_China" title="The Historical Atlas of China">The Historical Atlas of China</a>, Volume I</i>. Beijing: <a href="/wiki/SinoMaps_Press" title="SinoMaps Press">China Cartographic Publishing House</a>. pp. 22–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5031-1840-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5031-1840-1"><bdi>978-7-5031-1840-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Atlas+of+China%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pages=22-30&rft.pub=China+Cartographic+Publishing+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-7-5031-1840-1&rft.au=Tan+Qixiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpring+and+Autumn+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWei2012" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-script">Wei Peng 魏芃 (2012). <i>The "five ranks of nobility" in the Western Zhou and Spring–Autumn periods: a study</i> <bdi lang="zh">西周春秋時期“五等爵稱”研究</bdi> (PhD thesis). Nankai University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+%22five+ranks+of+nobility%22+in+the+Western+Zhou+and+Spring%E2%80%93Autumn+periods%3A+a+study+%E8%A5%BF%E5%91%A8%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E2%80%9C%E4%BA%94%E7%AD%89%E7%88%B5%E7%A8%B1%E2%80%9D%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Nankai+University&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Wei&rft.aufirst=Peng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpring+and+Autumn+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2024" class="citation journal cs1">Wong, Peter Tsung Kei (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/journal-of-asian-studies/article-abstract/doi/10.1215/00219118-11162993/388617/Inventing-the-Spring-and-Autumn-PeriodHow">"Inventing the Spring and Autumn Period: How Numerology Shaped History and Historiography in Ancient China"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>83</b> (3). Duke University Press: 553–572. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00219118-11162993">10.1215/00219118-11162993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Inventing+the+Spring+and+Autumn+Period%3A+How+Numerology+Shaped+History+and+Historiography+in+Ancient+China&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=553-572&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00219118-11162993&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Peter+Tsung+Kei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fread.dukeupress.edu%2Fjournal-of-asian-studies%2Farticle-abstract%2Fdoi%2F10.1215%2F00219118-11162993%2F388617%2FInventing-the-Spring-and-Autumn-PeriodHow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpring+and+Autumn+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYe,_Fei,_and_Wang2007" class="citation cs1">Ye Lang; Fei Zhengang; Wang Tianyou (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z-fAxn_9f8wC"><i>China: five thousand years of history and civilization</i></a>. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9629371401" title="Special:BookSources/978-9629371401"><bdi>978-9629371401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+five+thousand+years+of+history+and+civilization&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=University+of+Hong+Kong+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9629371401&rft.au=Ye+Lang&rft.au=Fei+Zhengang&rft.au=Wang+Tianyou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz-fAxn_9f8wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpring+and+Autumn+period" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2004" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao Dingxin (2004). "Comment: Spurious Causation in a Historical Process: War and Bureaucratization in Early China". <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>69</b> (4). American Sociological Association: 603–607. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000312240406900407">10.1177/000312240406900407</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3593067">3593067</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143734027">143734027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Comment%3A+Spurious+Causation+in+a+Historical+Process%3A+War+and+Bureaucratization+in+Early+China&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=603-607&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143734027%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3593067%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000312240406900407&rft.au=Zhao+Dingxin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpring+and+Autumn+period" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbrey1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Buckley_Ebrey" title="Patricia Buckley Ebrey">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley</a> (1999). <i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of China</i> (paperback ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-66991-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-66991-X"><bdi>0-521-66991-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+China&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-66991-X&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpring+and+Autumn+period" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spring_and_Autumn_period&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zhou_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Zhou dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zhou_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Zhou dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zhou_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zhou dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Chinese_states" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_states" title="Ancient Chinese states">Ancient Chinese states</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zhou_dynasty_states" title="List of Zhou dynasty states">Zhou dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_(state)" title="Cai (state)">Cai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_(state)" title="Cao (state)">Cao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_(state)" title="Chen (state)">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(kingdom)" title="Shu (kingdom)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wey_(state)" title="Wey (state)">Wey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(state)" title="Wu (state)">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_(state)" title="Zheng (state)">Zheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba_(state)" title="Ba (state)">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bei_(state)" title="Bei (state)">Bei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chao_(state)" title="Chao (state)">Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_(state)" title="Dao (state)">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_(Spring_and_Autumn_period)" title="Dai (Spring and Autumn period)">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_(state)" title="Deng (state)">Deng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_(state)" title="E (state)">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Guo" title="Eastern Guo">Eastern Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Guo" title="Western Guo">Western Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumie" title="Gumie">Gumie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guzhu" title="Guzhu">Guzhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_(NW_Zhou_state)" title="Han (NW Zhou state)">Han (NW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_(SE_Zhou_state)" title="Han (SE Zhou state)">Han (SE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_(state)" title="Hua (state)">Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_(state)" title="Huang (state)">Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huo_(state)" title="Huo (state)">Huo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_(state_in_modern_Beijing)" title="Ji (state in modern Beijing)">Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_(state_in_modern_Shandong)" title="Ji (state in modern Shandong)"> Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jia_(state)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jia (state) (page does not exist)">Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju_(state)" title="Ju (state)">Ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_(state)" title="Lai (state)">Lai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_(state)" title="Liang (state)">Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_(Zhou_dynasty_state)" title="Liao (Zhou dynasty state)">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_(state)" title="Lü (state)">Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_(state)" title="Luo (state)">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_(Chinese_state)" title="Na (Chinese state)">Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_(Western_Zhou_state)" title="Peng (Western Zhou state)">Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_(state)" title="Pi (state)">Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_(Henan)" title="Qi (Henan)">Qǐ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quan_(state)" title="Quan (state)">Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui_(state)" title="Rui (state)">Rui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruo_(state)" title="Ruo (state)">Ruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(state)" title="Shen (state)">Shēn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C4%9Bn_(state)" title="Shěn (state)">Shěn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_(state)" title="Sui (state)">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_(state)" title="Tan (state)">Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teng_(state)" title="Teng (state)">Teng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_(state)" title="Xi (state)">Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xian_(state)" title="Xian (state)">Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xing_(state)" title="Xing (state)">Xing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_(state)" title="Xu (state)">Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C7%94_(state)" title="Xǔ (state)">Xǔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_(state)" title="Yang (state)">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_(state)" title="Ying (state)"> Ying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiqu" title="Yiqu">Yiqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Xian_of_Jin#Conquests_of_Yu_and_Guo" title="Duke Xian of Jin">Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_(state)" title="Zeng (state)">Zeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongli_(state)" title="Zhongli (state)">Zhongli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_(state)" title="Zhongshan (state)">Zhongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoulai" title="Zhoulai">Zhoulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_(state)" title="Zou (state)">Zou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Warring_States" title="Seven Warring States">Seven states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba_(state)" title="Ba (state)">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_(state)" title="Cai (state)">Cai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_(Warring_States_period)" title="Dai (Warring States period)">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou_(state)" title="Eastern Zhou (state)">Eastern Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(kingdom)" title="Shu (kingdom)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teng_(state)" title="Teng (state)">Teng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou_(state)" title="Western Zhou (state)">Western Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wey_(state)" title="Wey (state)">Wey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiqu" title="Yiqu">Yiqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_(state)" title="Zheng (state)">Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_(state)" title="Zhongshan (state)">Zhongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_(state)" title="Zou (state)">Zou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185047#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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