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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity_and_medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity_and_medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Antiquity and medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity_and_medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century_and_the_era_of_the_pulps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century_and_the_era_of_the_pulps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early 20th century and the era of the pulps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century_and_the_era_of_the_pulps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Time_travel_to_create_historical_divergences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_travel_to_create_historical_divergences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Time travel to create historical divergences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_travel_to_create_historical_divergences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantum_theory_of_many_worlds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantum_theory_of_many_worlds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Quantum theory of many worlds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantum_theory_of_many_worlds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rival_paratime_worlds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rival_paratime_worlds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Rival paratime worlds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rival_paratime_worlds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_writers_explore_alternate_histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_writers_explore_alternate_histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Major writers explore alternate histories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_writers_explore_alternate_histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_alternate_history_in_popular_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_alternate_history_in_popular_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Contemporary alternate history in popular literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_alternate_history_in_popular_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fantasy_genre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fantasy_genre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>In fantasy genre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fantasy_genre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Online</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uchronia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uchronia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uchronia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uchronia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alternate history</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84" title="تاريخ بديل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ بديل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternativ_tarix" title="Alternativ tarix – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alternativ tarix" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Алтернативна история (фантастика) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алтернативна история (фантастика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternativn%C3%AD_historie" title="Alternativní historie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alternativní historie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternativweltgeschichte" title="Alternativweltgeschichte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alternativweltgeschichte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatiivajalugu" title="Alternatiivajalugu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alternatiivajalugu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Εναλλακτική ιστορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εναλλακτική ιστορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86" title="تاریخ جایگزین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ جایگزین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_alternative" title="Histoire alternative – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire alternative" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alternate history" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%B2%B4_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="대체 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대체 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B5%D5%AC%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Այլընտրանքային պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Այլընտրանքային պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="वैकल्पिक इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वैकल्पिक इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternativna_povijest" title="Alternativna povijest – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alternativna povijest" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_alternatif" title="Sejarah alternatif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah alternatif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efsaga" title="Efsaga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efsaga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA" title="היסטוריה חלופית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה חלופית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternat%C3%ADv_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelem" title="Alternatív történelem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alternatív történelem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="പക്ഷാന്തരമായ പുരാവൃത്തം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പക്ഷാന്തരമായ പുരാവൃത്തം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatieve_geschiedenis" title="Alternatieve geschiedenis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alternatieve geschiedenis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E6%94%B9%E5%A4%89SF" title="歴史改変SF – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="歴史改変SF" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternativ_historie" title="Alternativ historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alternativ historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_alternatywna" title="Historia alternatywna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia alternatywna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_alternativa" title="História alternativa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História alternativa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Альтернативная история – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альтернативная история" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_alternative" title="Historia alternative – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia alternative" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternativna_zgodovina" title="Alternativna zgodovina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alternativna zgodovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8E%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95" title="مێژووی جێگرەوە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێژووی جێگرەوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternativna_historija" title="Alternativna historija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alternativna historija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaihtoehtohistoria" title="Vaihtoehtohistoria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vaihtoehtohistoria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternativhistoria" title="Alternativhistoria – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alternativhistoria" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatibong_kasaysayan" title="Alternatibong kasaysayan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alternatibong kasaysayan" 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more historical events occur differently</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_history" title="Counterfactual history">Counterfactual history</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Alternate_history" title="Category:Alternate history">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alternate history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diverging_arrows.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Diverging_arrows.png/200px-Diverging_arrows.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Diverging_arrows.png/300px-Diverging_arrows.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Diverging_arrows.png/400px-Diverging_arrows.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1283" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp" title="L. Sprague de Camp">L. Sprague de Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_DeMarce" title="Virginia DeMarce">Virginia DeMarce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Flint" title="Eric Flint">Eric Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(novelist)" title="Robert Harris (novelist)">Robert Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harrison_(writer)" title="Harry Harrison (writer)">Harry Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Leinster" title="Murray Leinster">Murray Leinster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Stirling" title="S. M. Stirling">S. M. Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_G._Swedin" title="Eric G. Swedin">Eric G. Swedin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Elements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_space_bats" title="Alien space bats">Alien space bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_alternate_histories" title="American Civil War alternate histories">American Civil War alternate histories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_effect" title="Butterfly effect">Butterfly effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_Axis_victory_in_World_War_II" title="Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II">Hypothetical Axis victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiple universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possible_world" title="Possible world">Parallel timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_divergence" class="mw-redirect" title="Point of divergence">Point of divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_history" title="Counterfactual history">Counterfactual history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise Award for Alternate History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon-149393.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/15px-Dragon-149393.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/23px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/31px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="529" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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alt="vampire, face of little green man, feather pen (quill) and fire-breathing dragon – to the right of that are scripted words "Speculative (over) Fiction"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Speculative_fiction_portal_logo_small_transparent.png/200px-Speculative_fiction_portal_logo_small_transparent.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Speculative_fiction_portal_logo_small_transparent.png/300px-Speculative_fiction_portal_logo_small_transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Speculative_fiction_portal_logo_small_transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="270" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alternate history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alternate_history_fiction" title="List of alternate history fiction">List of alternate history fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alternate_history_writers" title="Category:Alternate history writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantasy art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Fiction magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">Genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fantasy" title="History of fantasy">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Early history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Legendary creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superheroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction_anime_and_manga" title="Category:Science fiction anime and manga">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction_artists" title="Category:Science fiction artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction#Science_fiction_awards" title="Outline of science fiction">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_editors" title="List of science fiction editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Fiction magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction#Genres_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction_organizations" title="Category:Science fiction organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_podcast" title="Science fiction podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction authors">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_anime_and_manga" title="Category:Horror anime and manga">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_fiction_awards" title="Category:Horror fiction awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_convention" title="Horror convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction_magazine" title="Horror fiction magazine">Fiction magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_horror_films" title="History of horror films">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_genres" title="Category:Horror genres">Genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_podcast" title="Horror podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_programs" title="List of horror television programs">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_fiction_writers" title="List of horror fiction writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">Fictional universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_species" title="Lists of fictional species">Fictional species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_speculative_fiction_writers" title="List of Japanese speculative fiction writers">List of Japanese SF writers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon-149393.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/15px-Dragon-149393.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/23px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/31px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="529" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction">Portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Speculative_fiction_sidebar" title="Template:Speculative fiction sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Speculative_fiction_sidebar" title="Template talk:Speculative fiction sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Speculative_fiction_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Speculative fiction sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1920_-_before_the_storm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/1920_-_before_the_storm.jpg/260px-1920_-_before_the_storm.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/1920_-_before_the_storm.jpg/390px-1920_-_before_the_storm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/1920_-_before_the_storm.jpg/520px-1920_-_before_the_storm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2244" data-file-height="1183" /></a><figcaption>A painting by <a href="/wiki/Jakub_R%C3%B3%C5%BCalski" title="Jakub Różalski">Jakub Różalski</a> depicts an alternate history of the 1920s, in which rural peasants must contend with giant mechanical walking tanks.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Alternate history</b> (also referred to as <b>alternative history</b>, <b>allohistory</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-allohistory_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allohistory-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>althist</b>, or simply <b>AH</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Subgenre" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgenre">subgenre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a> in which one or more <a href="/wiki/Historical_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical events">historical events</a> have occurred but are resolved differently than in actual history.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As conjecture based upon historical fact, alternate history stories propose <i>What if?</i> scenarios about crucial events in human history, and present outcomes very different from the historical record. Some alternate histories are considered a subgenre of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">historical fiction</a>. </p><p>Since the 1950s, as a subgenre of science fiction, some alternative history stories have featured the tropes of <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time travel</a> between histories, the psychic awareness of the existence of an alternative universe by the inhabitants of a given universe, and time travel that divides history into various <a href="/wiki/Timestream" title="Timestream">timestreams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often described as a subgenre of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, alternative history is a genre of fiction wherein the author speculates upon how the course of history might have been altered if a particular historical event had an outcome different from the real life outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternate history requires three conditions: (i) A point of divergence from the historical record, before the time in which the author is writing; (ii) A change that would alter known history; and (iii) An examination of the ramifications of that alteration to history.<sup id="cite_ref-SHS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally, some types of <a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">genre fiction</a> are misidentified as <i>alternative history</i>, specifically science fiction stories set in a time that was the future for the writer, but now is the past for the reader, such as the novels <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(novel)" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i> (1968) by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">1984</a></i> (1949) by <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> and the movie <i><a href="/wiki/2012_(film)" title="2012 (film)">2012</a></i> (2009) because the authors did not alter the real history of the past when they wrote the stories.<sup id="cite_ref-SHS_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar to the genre of alternative history, there is also the genre of secret history - which can be either fictional or non-fictional - which documents events that might have occurred in history, but which had no effect upon the recorded historical outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-SHS_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative history also is thematically related to, but distinct from, <a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_history" title="Counterfactual history">counterfactual history</a>, which is a form of <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> that explores historical events in an extrapolated timeline in which key historical events either did not occur or had an outcome different from the historical record, in order to understand what did happen.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_literature">History of literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output 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.multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alternate_history" title="Special:EditPage/Alternate history">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Alternate_history" title="Talk:Alternate history">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Example_farm plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#List_size" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">irrelevant</a> examples</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding descriptive text and removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_cruft" title="Wikipedia:Example cruft">less pertinent examples</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity_and_medieval">Antiquity and medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity and medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirante_el_Blanco_1511.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tirante_el_Blanco_1511.jpg/220px-Tirante_el_Blanco_1511.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Tirante_el_Blanco_1511.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the first <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish-language</a> translation of <a href="/wiki/Joanot_Martorell" title="Joanot Martorell">Joanot Martorell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tirant_lo_Blanch" title="Tirant lo Blanch">Tirant lo Blanch</a></i> (originally in Valencian)</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest example of alternate (or counterfactual) history is found in <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri_(Livy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Livy)">Ab Urbe Condita Libri</a></i> (book IX, sections 17–19). Livy contemplated an alternative 4th century BC in which <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> had survived to attack Europe as he had planned; asking, "What would have been the results for <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a> if she had been engaged in a war with Alexander?"<sup id="cite_ref-Livy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-roads_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roads-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Livy concluded that the Romans would likely have defeated Alexander.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An even earlier possibility is <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a></i>, which contains speculative material.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Another example of counterfactual history was posited by cardinal and <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a> in the 11th century. In his famous work <i>De Divina Omnipotentia</i>, a long letter in which he discusses <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotence</a>, he treats questions related to the limits of divine power, including the question of whether God can change the past,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, bringing about that Rome was never founded:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>I see I must respond finally to what many people, on the basis of your holiness's [own] judgment, raise as an objection on the topic of this dispute. For they say: If, as you assert, God is omnipotent in all things, can he manage this, that things that have been made were not made? He can certainly destroy all things that have been made, so that they do not exist now. But it cannot be seen how he can bring it about that things that have been made were not made. To be sure, it can come about that from now on and hereafter Rome does not exist; for it can be destroyed. But no opinion can grasp how it can come about that it was not founded long ago...<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>One early work of fiction detailing an alternate history is <a href="/wiki/Joanot_Martorell" title="Joanot Martorell">Joanot Martorell</a>'s 1490 <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">romance</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tirant_lo_Blanch" title="Tirant lo Blanch">Tirant lo Blanch</a></i>, which was written when the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a> was still a recent and traumatic memory for <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Christian Europe</a>. It tells the story of the knight Tirant the White from Brittany who travels to the embattled remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. He becomes a <a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megaduke</a> and commander of its armies and manages to fight off the invading Ottoman armies of <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmet II</a></span>. He saves the city from <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Islamic conquest</a>, and even chases the Turks deeper into lands they had previously conquered. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the earliest works of alternate history published in large quantities for the reception of a large audience may be <a href="/wiki/Louis_Geoffroy" title="Louis Geoffroy">Louis Geoffroy</a>'s <i>Histoire de la Monarchie universelle : Napoléon et la conquête du monde (1812–1832)</i> (History of the Universal Monarchy: Napoleon and the Conquest of the World) (1836), which imagines <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> emerging victorious in the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a> in 1812 and in an invasion of England in 1814, later unifying the world under Bonaparte's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-roads_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roads-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Mormon">The Book of Mormon</a></i> (published 1830) is described as an "alternative history" by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lyman_Bushman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Lyman Bushman">Richard Lyman Bushman</a>, a biographer of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>. Smith claimed to have translated the document from golden plates, which told the story of a Jewish group who migrated from Israel to the Americas and inhabited the region from about 600 B.C. to 400 A.D., becoming the ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>. In the 2005 biography <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith:_Rough_Stone_Rolling" title="Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling">Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling</a></i>, Bushman wrote that the <i>Book of Mormon</i> "turned American history upside down [and] works on the premise that a history—a book—can reconstitute a nation. It assumes that by giving a nation an alternative history, alternative values can be made to grow."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the English language, the first known complete alternate history may be <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> "<a href="/wiki/P.%27s_Correspondence" title="P.'s Correspondence">P.'s Correspondence</a>", published in 1845. It recounts the tale of a man who is considered "a madman" due to his perceptions of a different 1845, a reality in which long-dead famous people, such as the poets <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a>, the actor <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kean" title="Edmund Kean">Edmund Kean</a>, the British politician <a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, are still alive. </p><p>The first novel-length alternate history in English would seem to be <a href="/wiki/Castello_Holford" title="Castello Holford">Castello Holford</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aristopia" title="Aristopia">Aristopia</a></i> (1895). While not as nationalistic as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Geoffroy" title="Louis Geoffroy">Louis Geoffroy</a>'s <i>Napoléon et la conquête du monde, 1812–1823</i>, <i>Aristopia</i> is another attempt to portray a Utopian society. In <i>Aristopia</i>, the earliest settlers in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> discover a reef made of solid <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and are able to build a <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopian</a> society in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century_and_the_era_of_the_pulps">Early 20th century and the era of the pulps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early 20th century and the era of the pulps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1905, <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/A_Modern_Utopia" title="A Modern Utopia">A Modern Utopia</a></i>. As explicitly noted in the book itself, Wells's main aim in writing it was to set out his social and political ideas, the plot serving mainly as a vehicle to expound them. This book introduced the idea of a person being transported from a point in our familiar world to the precise geographical equivalent point in an alternate world in which history had gone differently. The protagonists undergo various adventures in the alternate world, and then are finally transported back to our world, again to the precise geographical equivalent point. Since then, that has become a staple of the alternate history genre. </p><p>A number of alternate history stories and novels appeared in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (see, for example, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Edgar_Chamberlin" title="Joseph Edgar Chamberlin">Joseph Edgar Chamberlin</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ifs_of_History" class="extiw" title="s:The Ifs of History">The Ifs of History</a></i> [1907] and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Petrie_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Petrie (historian)">Charles Petrie</a>'s <i>If: A Jacobite Fantasy</i> [1926]).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1931, British historian <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Squire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Squire">Sir John Squire</a> collected a series of essays from some of the leading historians of the period for his anthology <i><a href="/wiki/If_It_Had_Happened_Otherwise" title="If It Had Happened Otherwise">If It Had Happened Otherwise</a></i>. In that work, scholars from major universities, as well as important non-academic authors, turned their attention to such questions as "If the Moors in Spain Had Won" and "If <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a> Had Had an Atom of Firmness". The essays range from serious scholarly efforts to <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Willem_van_Loon" title="Hendrik Willem van Loon">Hendrik Willem van Loon</a>'s fanciful and satiric portrayal of an independent 20th-century <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a>, a Dutch <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>. Among the authors included were <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Maurois" title="André Maurois">André Maurois</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>. </p><p>One of the entries in Squire's volume was Churchill's "If Lee Had Not Won the Battle of Gettysburg", written from the viewpoint of a historian in a world in which the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> had won the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The entry considers what would have happened if the North had been victorious (in other words, a character from an alternate world imagines a world more like the real one we live in, although it is not identical in every detail). Speculative work that narrates from the point of view of an alternate history is variously known as "<a href="/wiki/Recursive_alternate_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Recursive alternate history">recursive alternate history</a>", a "double-blind what-if", or an "alternate-alternate history".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill's essay was one of the influences behind <a href="/wiki/Ward_Moore" title="Ward Moore">Ward Moore</a>'s alternate history novel <i><a href="/wiki/Bring_the_Jubilee" title="Bring the Jubilee">Bring the Jubilee</a></i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in which General <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a> and paved the way for the eventual victory of the Confederacy in the American Civil War (named the "War of Southron Independence" in this timeline). The protagonist, the autodidact Hodgins Backmaker, travels back to the aforementioned battle and inadvertently changes history, which results in the emergence of our own timeline and the consequent victory of the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> instead. </p><p>The American humorist author <a href="/wiki/James_Thurber" title="James Thurber">James Thurber</a> parodied alternate history stories about the American Civil War in his 1930 story "If Grant Had Been Drinking at Appomattox", which he accompanied with this very brief introduction: "<i>Scribner's</i> magazine is publishing a series of three articles: 'If Booth Had Missed Lincoln', 'If Lee Had Won the Battle of Gettysburg', and 'If Napoleon Had Escaped to America'. This is the fourth". </p><p>Another example of alternate history from this period (and arguably<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first that explicitly posited <a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">cross-time travel</a> from one universe to another as anything more than a visionary experience) is <a href="/wiki/H.G._Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="H.G. Wells">H.G. Wells</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Men_Like_Gods" title="Men Like Gods">Men Like Gods</a></i> (1923) in which the <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a> Mr. Barnstable, along with two cars and their passengers, is mysteriously teleported into "another world", which the "Earthlings" call Utopia. Being far more advanced than Earth, Utopia is some 3000 years ahead of humanity in its development. Wells describes a <a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">multiverse</a> of alternative worlds, complete with the paratime travel machines that would later become popular with American pulp writers. However, since his hero experiences only a single alternate world, the story is not very different from conventional alternate history.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, alternate history moved into a new arena. The December 1933 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact" title="Analog Science Fiction and Fact">Astounding</a></i> published <a href="/wiki/Nat_Schachner" title="Nat Schachner">Nat Schachner</a>'s "Ancestral Voices", which was quickly followed by <a href="/wiki/Murray_Leinster" title="Murray Leinster">Murray Leinster</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Sidewise_in_Time" title="Sidewise in Time">Sidewise in Time</a>" (1934). While earlier alternate histories examined reasonably-straightforward divergences, Leinster attempted something completely different. In his "World gone mad", pieces of Earth traded places with their analogs from different timelines. The story follows Professor Minott and his students from a fictitious Robinson College as they wander through analogues of worlds that followed a different history.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Unsourced (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> "Sidewise in Time" has been described as "the point at which the alternate history narrative first enters science fiction as a plot device" and is the story for which the <a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise Award for Alternate History</a> is named.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chris_2022_e410_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chris_2022_e410-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatherland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fatherland.png/300px-Fatherland.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fatherland.png/450px-Fatherland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fatherland.png/600px-Fatherland.png 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>The world in 1964 in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_(novel)" title="Fatherland (novel)">Fatherland</a></i> in which the Nazis won <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A somewhat similar approach was taken by <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> in his 1941 novelette <i><a href="/wiki/Elsewhen" title="Elsewhen">Elsewhen</a></i> in which a professor trains his mind to move his body across timelines. He then hypnotizes his students so that they can explore more of them. Eventually, each settles into the reality that is most suitable for him or her. Some of the worlds they visit are mundane, some are very odd, and others follow science fiction or fantasy conventions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> produced alternate history for <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>: both British and American<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> authors wrote works depicting Nazi invasions of their respective countries as cautionary tales. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Time_travel_to_create_historical_divergences">Time travel to create historical divergences</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Time travel to create historical divergences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The period around World War II also saw the publication of the <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time travel</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Lest_Darkness_Fall" title="Lest Darkness Fall">Lest Darkness Fall</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp" title="L. Sprague de Camp">L. Sprague de Camp</a> in which an American academic travels to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> at the time of the Byzantine invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>. De Camp's time traveler, Martin Padway, is depicted as making permanent historical changes and implicitly forming a new time branch, thereby making the work an alternate history. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/William_Tenn" title="William Tenn">William Tenn</a>'s short story <i>Brooklyn Project</i> (1948), a tyrannical US Government brushes aside the warnings of scientists about the dangers of time travel and goes on with a planned experiment - with the result that minor changes to the prehistoric past cause Humanity to never have existed, its place taken by tentacled underwater intelligent creatures - who also have a tyrannical government which also insists on experimenting with time-travel.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Time travel as the cause of a <a href="/wiki/Point_of_divergence" class="mw-redirect" title="Point of divergence">point of divergence</a> (POD), which can denote either the bifurcation of a historical timeline or a simple replacement of the future that existed before the time-travelling event, has continued to be a popular theme. In <a href="/wiki/Ward_Moore" title="Ward Moore">Ward Moore</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Bring_the_Jubilee" title="Bring the Jubilee">Bring the Jubilee</a></i> (1953), the protagonist lives in an alternate history in which the Confederacy has won the American Civil War. He travels backward through time and brings about a Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg. </p><p>When a story's assumptions about the nature of time travel lead to the complete replacement of the visited time's future, rather than just the creation of an additional time line, the device of a "time patrol" is often used where guardians move through time to preserve the "correct" history. </p><p>A more recent example is <i><a href="/wiki/Making_History_(novel)" title="Making History (novel)">Making History</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fry" title="Stephen Fry">Stephen Fry</a> in which a time machine is used to alter history so that <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> was never born. That ironically results in a more competent leader of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and results in the country's ascendancy and longevity in the altered timeline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quantum_theory_of_many_worlds">Quantum theory of many worlds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Quantum theory of many worlds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Alternate_history##" title="Talk:Alternate history">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Alternate+history%22">"Alternate history"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Alternate+history%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Alternate+history%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Alternate+history%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Alternate+history%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Alternate+history%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While many justifications for alternate histories involve a <a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">multiverse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">"many world" theory</a> would naturally involve many worlds, in fact a continually exploding array of universes. In quantum theory, new worlds would proliferate with every quantum event, and even if the writer uses human decisions, every decision that could be made differently would result in a different timeline. A writer's fictional multiverse may, in fact, preclude some decisions as humanly impossible, as when, in <i><a href="/wiki/Night_Watch_(Discworld)" title="Night Watch (Discworld)">Night Watch</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a> depicts a character informing Vimes that while anything that can happen, has happened, nevertheless there is no history whatsoever in which Vimes has ever murdered his wife. When the writer explicitly maintains that <i>all</i> possible decisions are made in all possible ways, one possible conclusion is that the characters were neither brave, nor clever, nor skilled, but simply lucky enough to happen on the universe in which they did not choose the cowardly route, take the stupid action, fumble the crucial activity, etc.; few writers focus on this idea, although it has been explored in stories such as <a href="/wiki/Larry_Niven" title="Larry Niven">Larry Niven</a>'s story <i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Myriad_Ways#story" title="All the Myriad Ways">All the Myriad Ways</a></i>, where the reality of all possible universes leads to an epidemic of suicide and crime because people conclude their choices have no moral import. </p><p>In any case, even if it is true that every possible outcome occurs in some world, it can still be argued that traits such as bravery and intelligence might still affect the relative frequency of worlds in which better or worse outcomes occurred (even if the total number of worlds with each type of outcome is infinite, it is still possible to assign a different <a href="/wiki/Measure_(mathematics)" title="Measure (mathematics)">measure</a> to different infinite sets). The physicist <a href="/wiki/David_Deutsch" title="David Deutsch">David Deutsch</a>, a strong advocate of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, has argued along these lines, saying that "By making good choices, doing the right thing, we thicken the stack of universes in which versions of us live reasonable lives. When you succeed, all the copies of you who made the same decision succeed too. What you do for the better increases the portion of the multiverse where good things happen."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view is perhaps somewhat too abstract to be explored directly in science fiction stories, but a few writers have tried, such as <a href="/wiki/Greg_Egan" title="Greg Egan">Greg Egan</a> in his short story <i>The Infinite Assassin</i>, where an agent is trying to contain reality-scrambling "whirlpools" that form around users of a certain drug, and the agent is constantly trying to maximize the consistency of behavior among his alternate selves, attempting to compensate for events and thoughts he experiences, he guesses are of low measure relative to those experienced by most of his other selves. </p><p>Many writers—perhaps the majority—avoid the discussion entirely. In one novel of this type, H. Beam Piper's <i><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kalvan_of_Otherwhen" title="Lord Kalvan of Otherwhen">Lord Kalvan of Otherwhen</a></i>, a Pennsylvania State Police officer, who knows how to make gunpowder, is transported from our world to an alternate universe where the recipe for gunpowder is a tightly held secret and saves a country that is about to be conquered by its neighbors. The paratime patrol members are warned against going into the timelines immediately surrounding it, where the country <i>will</i> be overrun, but the book never depicts the slaughter of the innocent thus entailed, remaining solely in the timeline where the country is saved. </p><p>The cross-time theme was further developed in the 1960s by <a href="/wiki/Keith_Laumer" title="Keith Laumer">Keith Laumer</a> in the first three volumes of his <i>Imperium</i> sequence, which would be completed in <i>Zone Yellow</i> (1990). Piper's politically more sophisticated variant was adopted and adapted by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kurland" title="Michael Kurland">Michael Kurland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Chalker" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Chalker">Jack Chalker</a> in the 1980s; Chalker's <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.O.D._Inc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G.O.D. Inc (page does not exist)">G.O.D. Inc</a></i> trilogy (1987–89), featuring paratime detectives Sam and Brandy Horowitz, marks the first attempt at merging the paratime thriller with the police procedural.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Kurland's <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perchance_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perchance (novel) (page does not exist)">Perchance</a></i> (1988), the first volume of the never-completed "Chronicles of Elsewhen", presents a multiverse of secretive cross-time societies that utilize a variety of means for cross-time travel, ranging from high-tech capsules to mutant powers. Harry Turtledove has launched the <a href="/wiki/Crosstime_Traffic" title="Crosstime Traffic">Crosstime Traffic</a> series for teenagers featuring a variant of H. Beam Piper's paratime trading empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rival_paratime_worlds">Rival paratime worlds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rival paratime worlds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alternate_history" title="Special:EditPage/Alternate history">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The concept of a cross-time version of a world war, involving rival paratime empires, was developed in <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a>'s Change War series, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo Award</a> winning <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Time_(novel)" title="The Big Time (novel)">The Big Time</a></i> (1958); followed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Meredith" title="Richard C. Meredith">Richard C. Meredith</a>'s <i>Timeliner</i> trilogy in the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Michael_McCollum" title="Michael McCollum">Michael McCollum</a>'s <i>A Greater Infinity</i> (1982) and <a href="/wiki/John_Barnes_(author)" title="John Barnes (author)">John Barnes'</a> <i>Timeline Wars</i> trilogy in the 1990s. </p><p>Such "paratime" stories may include speculation that the laws of nature can vary from one universe to the next, providing a science fictional explanation—or veneer—for what is normally fantasy. <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Allston" title="Aaron Allston">Aaron Allston</a>'s <i>Doc Sidhe</i> and <i>Sidhe Devil</i> take place between our world, the "grim world" and an alternate "fair world" where the Sidhe retreated to. Although technology is clearly present in both worlds, and the "fair world" parallels our history, about fifty years out of step, there is functional magic in the fair world. Even with such explanation, the more explicitly the alternate world resembles a normal fantasy world, the more likely the story is to be labelled fantasy, as in Poul Anderson's "House Rule" and "Loser's Night". In both science fiction and fantasy, whether a given parallel universe is an alternate history may not be clear. The writer might allude to a POD only to explain the existence and make no use of the concept, or may present the universe without explanation of its existence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_writers_explore_alternate_histories">Major writers explore alternate histories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Major writers explore alternate histories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alternate_history" title="Special:EditPage/Alternate history">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>'s short story "<a href="/wiki/What_If%E2%80%94" title="What If—">What If—</a>" (1952) is about a couple who can explore alternate realities by means of a television-like device. This idea can also be found in Asimov's novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Eternity" title="The End of Eternity">The End of Eternity</a></i> (1955), in which the "Eternals" can change the realities of the world, without people being aware of it. <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Patrol">Time Patrol</a></i> stories feature conflicts between forces intent on changing history and the Patrol who work to preserve it. One story, <a href="/wiki/Delenda_Est" title="Delenda Est">Delenda Est</a>, describes a world in which <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> triumphed over the Roman Republic. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Time_(novel)" title="The Big Time (novel)">The Big Time</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a>, describes a Change War ranging across all of history. </p><p>Keith Laumer's <i><a href="/wiki/Worlds_of_the_Imperium" title="Worlds of the Imperium">Worlds of the Imperium</a></i> is one of the earliest alternate history novels; it was published by <i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_(magazine)" title="Fantastic (magazine)">Fantastic Stories of the Imagination</a></i> in 1961, in magazine form, and reprinted by <a href="/wiki/Ace_Books" title="Ace Books">Ace Books</a> in 1962 as one half of an <a href="/wiki/Ace_Double" class="mw-redirect" title="Ace Double">Ace Double</a>. Besides our world, Laumer describes a world ruled by an Imperial aristocracy formed by the merger of European empires, in which the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> never happened, and a third world in post-war chaos ruled by the protagonist's doppelganger. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_High_Castle_(TV_Series)_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Man_High_Castle_%28TV_Series%29_map.svg/220px-Man_High_Castle_%28TV_Series%29_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Man_High_Castle_%28TV_Series%29_map.svg/330px-Man_High_Castle_%28TV_Series%29_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Man_High_Castle_%28TV_Series%29_map.svg/440px-Man_High_Castle_%28TV_Series%29_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>A map of the United States as depicted in <a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_High_Castle_(TV_series)" title="The Man in the High Castle (TV series)"><i>The Man in the High Castle</i></a> TV series, based on <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_High_Castle" title="The Man in the High Castle">The Man in the High Castle</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>'s novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_High_Castle" title="The Man in the High Castle">The Man in the High Castle</a></i> (1962), is an alternate history in which Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan won World War II. This book contains an example of "alternate-alternate" history, in that one of its characters authored a book depicting a reality in which the Allies won the war, itself divergent from real-world history in several aspects. The several characters live within a divided <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> takes the Pacific states, governing them as a puppet, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> takes the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a>, with the remnants of the old United States' government as the Neutral Zone, a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> between the two superpowers. The book has inspired an <a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_High_Castle_(TV_series)" title="The Man in the High Castle (TV series)">Amazon series of the same name</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>'s novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Ada_or_Ardor:_A_Family_Chronicle" title="Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle">Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle</a></i> (1969), is a story of <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a> that takes place within an alternate North America settled in part by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Czarist Russia</a> and that borrows from Dick's idea of "alternate-alternate" history (the world of Nabokov's hero is wracked by rumors of a "counter-earth" that apparently is ours). Some critics<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2019)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that the references to a counter-earth suggest that the world portrayed in <i>Ada</i> is a delusion in the mind of the hero (another favorite theme of Dick's novels<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>). Strikingly, the characters in <i>Ada</i> seem to acknowledge their own world as the copy or negative version, calling it "Anti-Terra", while its mythical twin is the real "Terra". Like history, science has followed a divergent path on Anti-Terra: it boasts all the same technology as our world, but all based on water instead of <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>; e.g., when a character in <i>Ada</i> makes a long-distance call, all the toilets in the house flush at once to provide hydraulic power. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Guido_Morselli" title="Guido Morselli">Guido Morselli</a> described the defeat of Italy (and subsequently France) in World War I in his novel, <i>Past Conditional</i> (1975; <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Contro-passato prossimo</i></span>), wherein the static <a href="/wiki/Italian_Front_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Front (World War I)">Alpine front</a> line which divided Italy from Austria during that war collapses when the Germans and the Austrians forsake trench warfare and adopt blitzkrieg twenty years in advance. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Amis" title="Kingsley Amis">Kingsley Amis</a> set his novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Alteration" title="The Alteration">The Alteration</a></i> (1976), in the 20th century, but major events in the Reformation did not take place, and Protestantism is limited to the breakaway Republic of New England. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> was reconciled to the Roman Catholic Church and later became Pope Germanian I. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Nick_Hancock" title="Nick Hancock">Nick Hancock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chris_England" title="Chris England">Chris England</a>'s 1997 book <i>What Didn't Happen Next: An Alternative History of Football</i> it is suggested that, had <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Banks" title="Gordon Banks">Gordon Banks</a> been fit to play in the <a href="/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1970 FIFA World Cup">1970 FIFA World Cup</a> quarter-final, there would have been no <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="Post-war consensus">post-war consensus</a> would have continued indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a>'s novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Years_of_Rice_and_Salt" title="The Years of Rice and Salt">The Years of Rice and Salt</a></i> (2002), starts at the point of divergence with <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> turning his army away from Europe, and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> has killed 99% of Europe's population, instead of only a third. Robinson explores world history from that point in <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a> 1405 (807 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">AH</a>) to about AD 2045 (1467 AH). Rather than following the <a href="/wiki/Great_man_theory" title="Great man theory">great man theory</a> of history, focusing on leaders, wars, and major events, Robinson writes more about <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social history</a>, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Annales_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Annales School">Annales School</a> of history theory and <a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Marxist historiography</a>, focusing on the lives of ordinary people living in their time and place. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a>'s novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plot_Against_America" title="The Plot Against America">The Plot Against America</a></i> (2004), looks at an America where <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> is defeated in 1940 in his bid for a third term as President of the United States, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> is elected, leading to a US that features increasing fascism and anti-Semitism. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chabon" title="Michael Chabon">Michael Chabon</a>, occasionally an author of speculative fiction, contributed to the genre with his novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Yiddish_Policemen%27s_Union" title="The Yiddish Policemen's Union">The Yiddish Policemen's Union</a></i> (2007), which explores a world in which the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a> was destroyed in its infancy and many of the world's Jews instead live in a small strip of Alaska set aside by the US government for Jewish settlement. The story follows a Jewish detective solving a murder case in the Yiddish-speaking semi-autonomous city state of <a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">Sitka</a>. Stylistically, Chabon borrows heavily from the <a href="/wiki/Noir_fiction" title="Noir fiction">noir</a> and detective fiction genres, while exploring social issues related to Jewish history and culture. Apart from the alternate history of the Jews and Israel, Chabon also plays with other common tropes of alternate history fiction; in the book, Germany actually loses the war even <i>harder</i> than they did in reality, getting hit with a nuclear bomb instead of just simply losing a ground war (subverting the common "what if Germany won WWII?" trope). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_alternate_history_in_popular_literature">Contemporary alternate history in popular literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contemporary alternate history in popular literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alternate_history" title="Special:EditPage/Alternate history">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Draka42.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Draka42.png/220px-Draka42.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Draka42.png/330px-Draka42.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Draka42.png/440px-Draka42.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>The world of 1942, as depicted at the start of <a href="/wiki/S._M._Stirling" title="S. M. Stirling">S. M. Stirling</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Domination" title="The Domination">The Domination</a></i> series</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timeline-191_WWI.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Timeline-191_WWI.png/220px-Timeline-191_WWI.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Timeline-191_WWI.png/330px-Timeline-191_WWI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Timeline-191_WWI.png/440px-Timeline-191_WWI.png 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>World War I from <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Southern_Victory" title="Southern Victory">Southern Victory</a> ("Timeline 191") series</figcaption></figure> <p>The late 1980s and the 1990s saw a boom in popular-fiction versions of alternate history, fueled by the emergence of the prolific alternate history author <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a>, as well as the development of the <a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">steampunk</a> genre and two series of anthologies—the <i>What Might Have Been</i> series edited by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Benford" title="Gregory Benford">Gregory Benford</a> and the <i>Alternate ...</i> series edited by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Resnick" title="Mike Resnick">Mike Resnick</a>. This period also saw alternate history works by <a href="/wiki/S._M._Stirling" title="S. M. Stirling">S. M. Stirling</a>, Kim Stanley Robinson, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Harrison_(writer)" title="Harry Harrison (writer)">Harry Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Waldrop" title="Howard Waldrop">Howard Waldrop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tieryas" title="Peter Tieryas">Peter Tieryas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others. </p><p>In 1986, a sixteen-part epic comic book series called <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Confederacy" title="Captain Confederacy">Captain Confederacy</a></i> began examining a world where the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> won the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. In the series, the Captain and others heroes are staged government propaganda events featuring the feats of these superheroes.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the late 1990s, Harry Turtledove has been the most prolific practitioner of alternate history and has been given the title "Master of Alternate History" by some.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His books include those of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Victory" title="Southern Victory">Timeline 191</a> (a.k.a. Southern Victory, also known as TL-191), in which, while the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> won the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the Union and <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Imperial Germany</a> defeat the Entente Powers in the two "Great War"s of the 1910s and 1940s (with a Nazi-esque Confederate government attempting to exterminate its black population), and the <a href="/wiki/Worldwar_series" title="Worldwar series">Worldwar series</a>, in which aliens invaded Earth during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other stories by Turtledove include <i><a href="/wiki/A_Different_Flesh" title="A Different Flesh">A Different Flesh</a></i>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> were not populated from <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> during the last <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Presence_of_Mine_Enemies_(2003_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="In the Presence of Mine Enemies (2003 novel)">In the Presence of Mine Enemies</a></i>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazis</a> won World War II;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ruled_Britannia" title="Ruled Britannia">Ruled Britannia</a></i>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> succeeded in conquering <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a>, with <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> being given the task of writing the play that will motivate the Britons to rise up against their <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spanish</a> conquerors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He also co-authored a book with actor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dreyfuss" title="Richard Dreyfuss">Richard Dreyfuss</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Georges" title="The Two Georges">The Two Georges</a></i>, in which the United Kingdom retained the American colonies, with <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> and King <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III</a> making peace.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He did a two-volume series in which the Japanese not only <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">bombed Pearl Harbor</a> but also invaded and occupied the Hawaiian Islands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Perhaps the most incessantly explored theme in popular alternate history focuses on the aftermath of an <a href="/wiki/Axis_victory_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis victory in World War II">Axis victory in World War II</a>. In some versions, the Nazis and/or <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a> win; or in others, they conquer most of the world but a "Fortress America" exists under siege;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while in others,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (October 2023)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> there is a Nazi/Japanese <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> comparable to the US/Soviet equivalent in 'our' timeline.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_(novel)" title="Fatherland (novel)">Fatherland</a></i> (1992), by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(novelist)" title="Robert Harris (novelist)">Robert Harris</a>, is set in Europe following the Nazi victory. The novel <i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(Sansom_novel)" title="Dominion (Sansom novel)">Dominion</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/C.J._Sansom" class="mw-redirect" title="C.J. Sansom">C.J. Sansom</a> (2012) is similar in concept but is set in England, with Churchill the leader of an anti-German Resistance and other historic persons in various fictional roles.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Mecha_Samurai_Empire_series" title="Mecha Samurai Empire series">Mecha Samurai Empire series</a> (2016), <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tieryas" title="Peter Tieryas">Peter Tieryas</a> focuses on the Asian-American side of the alternate history, exploring an America ruled by the Japanese Empire while integrating elements of Asian pop culture like mechas and videogames.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several writers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have posited points of departure for such a world but then have injected time splitters from the future. For instance <a href="/wiki/James_P._Hogan_(writer)" title="James P. Hogan (writer)">James P. Hogan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Proteus_Operation" title="The Proteus Operation">The Proteus Operation</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Norman_Spinrad" title="Norman Spinrad">Norman Spinrad</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Dream" title="The Iron Dream">The Iron Dream</a></i> in 1972, which is intended to be a science fiction novel written by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> after fleeing from Europe to North America in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Jo_Walton" title="Jo Walton">Jo Walton</a>'s "Small Change" series, the United Kingdom made peace with Hitler before the involvement of the United States in World War II, and slowly collapses due to severe economic depression. Former House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_R._Forstchen" title="William R. Forstchen">William R. Forstchen</a> have written a novel, <i><a href="/wiki/1945_(Gingrich_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="1945 (Gingrich novel)">1945</a></i>, in which the US defeated <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> but not <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> in World War II, resulting in a Cold War with Germany rather than the Soviet Union. Gingrich and Forstchen neglected to write the promised sequel; instead, they wrote a trilogy about the American Civil War, starting with <i><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg:_A_Novel_of_the_Civil_War" title="Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War">Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War</a></i>, in which the Confederates win a victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a> - however, after Lincoln responds by bringing Grant and his forces to the eastern theater, the Army of Northern Virginia is soon trapped and destroyed in Maryland, and the war ends within weeks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While World War II has been a common point of divergence in alternate history literature, several works have been based on other points of divergence. For example, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Cruz_Smith" title="Martin Cruz Smith">Martin Cruz Smith</a>, in his first novel, posited an independent American Indian nation following the defeat of Custer in <i>The Indians Won</i> (1970).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Probability_Broach" title="The Probability Broach">The Probability Broach</a></i> in 1980, <a href="/wiki/L._Neil_Smith" title="L. Neil Smith">L. Neil Smith</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/North_American_Confederacy" title="North American Confederacy">several novels</a> that postulated the disintegration of the US Federal Government after <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> joins the <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a> in 1794 and eventually leads to the creation of a libertarian utopia.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2022 novel <i>Poutine and Gin</i> by Steve Rhinelander, the point of divergence is the Battle of the Plains of Abraham of the French and Indian War. That novel is a mystery set in 1940 of that time line. </p><p>A recent time traveling splitter variant involves entire communities being shifted elsewhere to become the unwitting creators of new time branches. These communities are transported from the present (or the near-future) to the past or to another timeline via a natural disaster, the action of technologically advanced aliens, or a human experiment gone wrong. <a href="/wiki/S._M._Stirling" title="S. M. Stirling">S. M. Stirling</a> wrote the <i><a href="/wiki/Island_in_the_Sea_of_Time" title="Island in the Sea of Time">Island in the Sea of Time</a></i> trilogy, in which <a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a> Island and all its modern inhabitants are transported to <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> times to become the world's first superpower. In <a href="/wiki/Eric_Flint" title="Eric Flint">Eric Flint</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1632_series" title="1632 series">1632 series</a>, a small town in <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> is transported to 17th century central Europe and drastically changes the course of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, which was then underway. <a href="/wiki/John_Birmingham" title="John Birmingham">John Birmingham</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Time" title="Axis of Time">Axis of Time</a></i> trilogy deals with the culture shock when a United Nations naval task force from 2021 finds itself back in 1942 helping the Allies against the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> and the Germans (and doing almost as much harm as good in spite of its advanced weapons). The series also explores the cultural impacts of people with 2021 ideals interacting with 1940s culture. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Wilson" title="Robert Charles Wilson">Robert Charles Wilson</a>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mysterium_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mysterium (novel) (page does not exist)">Mysterium</a></i> depicts a failed US government experiment which transports a small American town into an alternative version of the US run by <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostics</a>, who are engaged in a bitter war with the "Spanish" in Mexico (the chief scientist at the laboratory where the experiment occurred is described as a Gnostic, and references to Christian Gnosticism appear repeatedly in the book).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although not dealing in physical time travel, in his alt-history novel <i><a href="/wiki/Marx_Returns" title="Marx Returns">Marx Returns</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Barker" title="Jason Barker">Jason Barker</a> introduces anachronisms into the life and times of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, such as when his wife <a href="/wiki/Jenny_von_Westphalen" title="Jenny von Westphalen">Jenny</a> sings a verse from the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a>'s song "<a href="/wiki/Anarchy_in_the_U.K." title="Anarchy in the U.K.">Anarchy in the U.K.</a>", or in the games of chess she plays with the Marxes' housekeeper <a href="/wiki/Helene_Demuth" title="Helene Demuth">Helene Demuth</a>, which on one occasion involves a <a href="/wiki/Caro%E2%80%93Kann_Defence" title="Caro–Kann Defence">Caro–Kann Defence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her review of the novel, Nina Power writes of "Jenny's 'utopian' desire for an end to time", an attitude which, according to Power, is inspired by her husband's co-authored book <i><a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a></i>. However, in keeping with the novel's anachronisms, the latter was not published until 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, the novel's timeline ends in 1871. </p><p>In the 2022 novel <i>Hydrogen Wars: Atomic Sunrise</i> by R.M. Christianson, a small change in <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">post-war</a> Japanese history leads to the election of <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">General Douglas MacArthur</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>. This minor change ultimately leads to all-out <a href="/wiki/Atomic_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic war">atomic war</a> between the major <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> powers.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through crowdfunding on <a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a>, Alan Jenkins and Gan Golan produced a graphic novel series called <i>1/6</i> depicting a <a href="/wiki/Dystopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian">dystopian</a> alternate reality in which the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a> was successful. What follows is the burning down of the Capitol building and the hanging of Vice President <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Trump's">Donald Trump's</a> second term as president, a solid gold statue of him is erected and armed thugs patrol the streets of <a href="/wiki/Washington_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington DC">Washington DC</a> suppressing civilian resistance with brutal violence under the banner of the Confederate flag.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_fantasy_genre">In fantasy genre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In fantasy genre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_II,_Plantagenet_Empire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Henry_II%2C_Plantagenet_Empire.png/220px-Henry_II%2C_Plantagenet_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Henry_II%2C_Plantagenet_Empire.png 1.5x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a> in 1172, before the <a href="/wiki/Point_of_divergence" class="mw-redirect" title="Point of divergence">point of divergence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Randall_Garrett" title="Randall Garrett">Randall Garrett</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lord_Darcy_(character)" title="Lord Darcy (character)">Lord Darcy</a> series</figcaption></figure> <p>Many works of straight <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">science fantasy</a> take place in historical settings, though with the addition of, for example, <a href="/wiki/Magic_(fantasy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (fantasy)">magic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mythological_beast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythological beast">mythological beasts</a>. Some present a secret history in which the modern day world no longer believes that these elements ever existed. Many ambiguous alternate/secret histories are set in Renaissance or pre-Renaissance times, and may explicitly include a "retreat" from the world, which would explain the current absence of such phenomena. Other stories make plan a divergence of some kind. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Hearts_and_Three_Lions" title="Three Hearts and Three Lions">Three Hearts and Three Lions</a></i> in which the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_France" title="Matter of France">Matter of France</a> is history and the <a href="/wiki/Fairy_folk" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy folk">fairy folk</a> are real and powerful. The same author's <i><a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Tempest" title="A Midsummer Tempest">A Midsummer Tempest</a></i> occurs in a world in which the <a href="/wiki/Plays_of_William_Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Plays of William Shakespeare">plays of</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> (called here "the Great Historian"), presented the literal truth in every instance. The novel itself takes place in the era of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>. Here, the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> had a different outcome, and the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> has occurred early. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Randall_Garrett" title="Randall Garrett">Randall Garrett</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Lord_Darcy_(character)" title="Lord Darcy (character)">Lord Darcy</a>" series presents a point of divergence: a monk systemizes magic rather than science, so the use of <a href="/wiki/Digitalis" title="Digitalis">foxglove</a> to treat heart disease is regarded as <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a>. Another point of divergence occurs in 1199, when <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard the Lionheart</a> survives the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ch%C3%A2lus-Chabrol" title="Château de Châlus-Chabrol">Siege of Chaluz</a> and returns to England and makes the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a> so strong that it survives into the 20th century. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Strange_%26_Mr_Norrell" title="Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell">Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Susanna_Clarke" title="Susanna Clarke">Susanna Clarke</a> takes place in an England where a separate Kingdom ruled by the Raven King and founded on magic existed in Northumbria for over 300 years. In <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Wrede" title="Patricia Wrede">Patricia Wrede</a>'s Regency fantasies, Great Britain has a Royal Society of Wizards. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tales_of_Alvin_Maker" title="The Tales of Alvin Maker">The Tales of Alvin Maker</a></i> series by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a> (a parallel to the life of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a>) takes place in an alternate America, beginning in the early 19th century. Prior to that time, a POD occurred: England, under the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">rule</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>, had banished "makers", or anyone else demonstrating "knacks" (an ability to perform seemingly supernatural feats) to the North American continent. Thus the early American colonists embraced these gifts as perfectly ordinary, and counted on them as a part of their daily lives. The political division of the continent is considerably altered, with two large English colonies bookending a smaller "American" nation, one aligned with England, and the other governed by exiled <a href="/wiki/Cavaliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavaliers">Cavaliers</a>. Actual historical figures are seen in a much different light: Ben Franklin is revered as the continent's finest "maker", George Washington was executed after being captured, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">"Tom" Jefferson</a> is the first president of "Appalachia", the result of a compromise between the Continentals and the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British Crown</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On the other hand, when the "Old Ones" (fairies) still manifest themselves in England in <a href="/wiki/Keith_Roberts" title="Keith Roberts">Keith Roberts</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pavane_(novel)" title="Pavane (novel)">Pavane</a></i>, which takes place in a technologically backward world after a Spanish assassination of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> allowed the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> to conquer England, the possibility that the fairies were real but retreated from modern advances makes the POD possible: the fairies really were present all along, in a secret history. </p><p>Again, in the English Renaissance fantasy <i>Armor of Light</i> by <a href="/wiki/Melissa_Scott_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melissa Scott (writer)">Melissa Scott</a> and Lisa A. Barnett, the magic used in the book, by Dr. <a href="/wiki/John_Dee_(mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dee (mathematician)">John Dee</a> and others, actually was practiced in the Renaissance; positing a secret history of effective magic makes this an alternate history with a point of departure. Sir <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sidney" title="Philip Sidney">Philip Sidney</a> survives the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zutphen" title="Battle of Zutphen">Battle of Zutphen</a> in 1586, and shortly thereafter saving the life of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>. </p><p>When the magical version of our world's history is set in contemporary times, the distinction becomes clear between alternate history on the one hand and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">contemporary fantasy</a>, using in effect a form of secret history (as when <a href="/wiki/Josepha_Sherman" title="Josepha Sherman">Josepha Sherman</a>'s <i>Son of Darkness</i> has an elf living in New York City, in disguise) on the other. In works such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a>'s <i>Magic, Incorporated</i> where a construction company can use magic to rig up stands at a sporting event and Poul Anderson's <i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chaos_(novel)" title="Operation Chaos (novel)">Operation Chaos</a></i> and its sequel <i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Luna" title="Operation Luna">Operation Luna</a></i>, where djinns are serious weapons of war—with atomic bombs—the use of magic throughout the United States and other modern countries makes it clear that this is not secret history—although references in <i>Operation Chaos</i> to <a href="/wiki/Degaussing" title="Degaussing">degaussing</a> the effects of cold iron make it possible that it is the result of a POD. The sequel clarifies this as the result of a collaboration of Einstein and Planck in 1901, resulting in the theory of "rhea tics". <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Henry Moseley</a> applies this theory to "degauss the effects of cold iron and release the goetic forces." This results in the suppression of <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">ferromagnetism</a> and the re-emergence of magic and magical creatures. </p><p>Alternate history shades off into other <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_subgenres" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy subgenres">fantasy subgenres</a> when the use of actual, though altered, history and geography decreases, although a culture may still be clearly the original source; <a href="/wiki/Barry_Hughart" title="Barry Hughart">Barry Hughart</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Birds" title="Bridge of Birds">Bridge of Birds</a></i> and its sequels take place in a <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">fantasy world</a>, albeit one clearly based on China, and with allusions to actual Chinese history, such as <a href="/wiki/Empress_Wu_of_Zhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Wu of Zhou">the Empress Wu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Garfinkle" title="Richard Garfinkle">Richard Garfinkle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Celestial_Matters" title="Celestial Matters">Celestial Matters</a></i> incorporates ancient Chinese physics and Greek <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_physics" title="Aristotelian physics">Aristotelian physics</a>, using them as if factual. </p><p>Alternate history has long been a staple of Japanese speculative fiction with such authors as <a href="/wiki/Futaro_Yamada" title="Futaro Yamada">Futaro Yamada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8D_Hanmura" title="Ryō Hanmura">Ryō Hanmura</a> writing novels set in recognizable historical settings with added supernatural or science fiction elements. Ryō Hanmura's 1973 <i><a href="/wiki/Musubi_no_Yama_Hiroku" title="Musubi no Yama Hiroku">Musubi no Yama Hiroku</a></i> which recreated 400 years of Japan's history from the perspective of a secret magical family with psychic abilities. The novel has since come to be recognized as a masterpiece of Japanese speculative fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twelve years later, author <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Aramata" title="Hiroshi Aramata">Hiroshi Aramata</a> wrote the groundbreaking <i><a href="/wiki/Teito_Monogatari" title="Teito Monogatari">Teito Monogatari</a></i> which reimagined the history of <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> across the 20th century in a world heavily influenced by the supernatural.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Television">Television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Example_farm plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#List_size" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">irrelevant</a> examples</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding descriptive text and removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_cruft" title="Wikipedia:Example cruft">less pertinent examples</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><a href="/wiki/1983_(TV_series)" title="1983 (TV series)">1983</a></i> is set on a world where the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> never fell and the Cold War continues until the present (2003). </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/An_Englishman%27s_Castle" title="An Englishman's Castle">An Englishman's Castle</a></i> tells the story of the writer of a soap opera in a 1970s England which lost <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. England is run by a collaborator government which strains to maintain a normal appearance of British life. Slowly, however, the writer begins to uncover the truth. </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Community_(TV_series)" title="Community (TV series)">Community</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/Remedial_Chaos_Theory" title="Remedial Chaos Theory">Remedial Chaos Theory</a>," each of the six members of the study group rolls a die to decide who has to go downstairs to accept a pizza delivery for the group, creating 6 different alternative worlds. Characters from the worst universe, "darkest timeline," would later appear in the "prime universe".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Confederate_(TV_series)" title="Confederate (TV series)">Confederate</a></i> was a planned HBO series set on a world where the south won the <a href="/wiki/US_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="US Civil War">US Civil War</a>. Social media backlash during pre-production led to the series being cancelled with no episodes produced. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Counterpart_(TV_series)" title="Counterpart (TV series)">Counterpart</a></i> tells of a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> agency that is responsible for monitoring passage between alternative worlds. Two of the worlds, Alpha and Prime, are locked in a cold war. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Court-Martial_of_George_Armstrong_Custer" title="The Court-Martial of George Armstrong Custer">The Court-Martial of George Armstrong Custer</a></i> is a 1977 telemovie where <a href="/wiki/George_Custer" class="mw-redirect" title="George Custer">George Custer</a> survives the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Little_Bighorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Little Bighorn">Battle of Little Bighorn</a> and faces a court martial hearing over his incompetence. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/C.S.A.:_The_Confederate_States_of_America" title="C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America">C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America</a></i> presents itself as a British TV documentary uncovering some of the dark secrets of the Confederacy on a world where the south won the <a href="/wiki/US_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="US Civil War">US Civil War</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Skies" title="Dark Skies">Dark Skies</a></i> tells that much of history having been shaped since the 1940s by a government conspiracy with aliens. One race of aliens can take over humans, while those immune to the alien's control fight back. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a>'</i>s main character has visited two alternative worlds in the TV show and several in its spin off media. The Third Doctor visits a world with a fascist Great Britain on the brink of destruction, <i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Doctor_Who)" title="Inferno (Doctor Who)">Inferno</a></i> while the Tenth Doctor visits a Britain that has a President and blimps are a common form of transportation beset by Cybermen, "<a href="/wiki/Doomsday_(Doctor_Who)" title="Doomsday (Doctor Who)">Doomsday</a>". The Seventh Doctor faces a threat from an alternative world in <a href="/wiki/Battlefield_(Doctor_Who)" title="Battlefield (Doctor Who)">Battlefield</a>, where magic is real and the alternative version of The Doctor is hinted to be that reality's <a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Fallout_(American_TV_series)" title="Fallout (American TV series)">Fallout</a></i> shows a 1950s retro-future world that suffers a global nuclear war <sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> streaming service. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_(1994_film)" title="Fatherland (1994 film)">Fatherland</a></i> is a TV movie set in a 1960 alternative world where US President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Kennedy">Joseph Kennedy</a> and Adolf Hitler have agreed to meet to discuss an end to their country's Cold War 15 years after the Axis victory in World War II. However, an American reporter has discovered proof of the long denied <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a> threatens the meeting. </p><p>The anime <i><a href="/wiki/Fena:_Pirate_Princess" title="Fena: Pirate Princess">Fena: Pirate Princess</a></i> featured an alternate 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/For_All_Mankind_(TV_series)" title="For All Mankind (TV series)">For All Mankind</a></i> depicts an alternate timeline in which the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar program</a> successfully lands on the Moon before the US <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>, resulting in a continued and intensified <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Fringe_(TV_series)" title="Fringe (TV series)">Fringe</a></i> has the father of one of the main characters cross into another reality to steal that world's version of his son after his son dies. The second world has a slightly different history, with a few different states in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, such as only one Carolina and Upper Michigan as a state. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/9/11_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 attack">9/11 attack</a> didn't take down the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">Twin Towers</a> but the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. Also, several major <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a> events are different, such as <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> not <a href="/wiki/Supergirl" title="Supergirl">Supergirl</a> dying during <a href="/wiki/Crisis_on_Infinite_Earths" title="Crisis on Infinite Earths">Crisis on Infinite Earths</a>. The incursion to steal the son has many negative effects on that world, and while the realities start out as antagonist, they eventually work together to repair the damage. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_High_Castle_(TV_series)" title="The Man in the High Castle (TV series)">The Man in the High Castle</a>,</i> an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_High_Castle" title="The Man in the High Castle">novel of the same name</a>, showed a world where the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis Powers</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_Axis_victory_in_World_War_II" title="Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II">won World War II</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Motherland:_Fort_Salem" title="Motherland: Fort Salem">Motherland: Fort Salem</a></i> explores a female-dominated world in which witchcraft is real. Its world diverged from our timeline when the <a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem witch trials</a> are resolved by an agreement between witches and ungifted humans. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Noughts_%2B_Crosses" title="Noughts + Crosses">Noughts + Crosses</a></i> is a British TV show set on a world where a powerful West African empire colonizes Europe 700 years before the start of the series. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Parallels_(film)" title="Parallels (film)">Parallels</a></i> was a planned TV show whose pilot was later released as a <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> movie. The plot concerns a building which can shift realities every 36 hours and those who use the building to travel to other realities.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Plot_Against_America_(miniseries)" title="The Plot Against America (miniseries)">The Plot Against America</a></i> is an <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> miniseries where <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> wins the 1940 US presidential election as an anti-war candidate who moves the country toward fascism.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The TV show <i><a href="/wiki/Sliders_(TV_series)" title="Sliders (TV series)">Sliders</a></i> explores different possible alternate realities by having the protagonist "slide" into different parallel dimensions of the same planet Earth. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Martian_War_1913%E2%80%931917" title="The Great Martian War 1913–1917">The Great Martian War 1913-1917</a></i> An alternate history documentary where giant martians with machines invaded the Earth during WW1, causing huge technological upgrades and the entente and central powers fighting alongside each other. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/SS-GB_(TV_series)" title="SS-GB (TV series)">SS-GB (TV series)</a></i> shows a world where the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a> quickly win World War II, killing Churchill and installing a puppet government. However, British resistance fights back.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the various <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> TV shows and spin off media a <a href="/wiki/Mirror_Universe" title="Mirror Universe">Mirror Universe</a> has been encountered where Earth has an empire that subjugates other planets. Doppelgängers of the main cast of many the TV shows appear in that reality. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Watchmen_(TV_series)" title="Watchmen (TV series)">Watchmen</a></i> series is set on a world where costumed heroes were initially welcomed but later outlawed. It is set 34 years after the events of the comic book on which the series shares a name. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe" title="Marvel Cinematic Universe">Marvel Cinematic Universe</a> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Loki_(TV_series)" title="Loki (TV series)">Loki</a></i> (2021 & 2023), on <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a>, shows an agency which prevents alterations to the timeline. Alternate versions of Loki from various universes appear. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe" title="Marvel Cinematic Universe">Marvel Cinematic Universe</a> series, <i><a href="/wiki/What_If...%3F_(TV_series)" title="What If...? (TV series)">What If...?</a></i> (2021-present), on <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a>, shows alternate universes that depict alternate events from the MCU films. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Online">Online</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Online"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fans of alternate history have made use of the internet from a very early point to showcase their own works and provide useful tools for those fans searching for anything alternate history, first in <a href="/wiki/Mailing_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Mailing lists">mailing lists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">usenet</a> groups, later in web databases and forums. The "Usenet Alternate History List" was first posted on 11 April 1991, to the Usenet newsgroup rec.arts.sf-lovers. In May 1995, the dedicated newsgroup <i>soc.history.what-if</i> was created for showcasing and discussing alternate histories.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its prominence declined with the general migration from unmoderated usenet to moderated web forums, most prominently AlternateHistory.com, the self-described "largest gathering of alternate history fans on the internet" with over 10,000 active members.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to these discussion forums, in 1997 <a href="/wiki/Uchronia:_The_Alternate_History_List" title="Uchronia: The Alternate History List">Uchronia: The Alternate History List</a> was created as an online repository, now containing over 2,900 alternate history novels, stories, essays, and other printed materials in several different languages. Uchronia was selected as the <a href="/wiki/Sci_Fi_Channel_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sci Fi Channel (United States)">Sci Fi Channel</a>'s "Sci Fi Site of the Week" twice.<sup id="cite_ref-sf1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sf1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sf2_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sf2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uchronia">Uchronia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Uchronia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uchronia" title="Uchronia">Uchronia</a></div> <p>In Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Italian, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, the words <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">uchronie</i></span></i>, <i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">ucronia</i></span></i>, and <i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">ucronía</i></span></i> are native versions of <i>alternate history</i>, from which comes the English <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> <i>uchronia</i>. The English term <i>uchronia</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> that is sometimes used in its original meaning as a straightforward <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a> for <i>alternate history.</i><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it may also now refer to other concepts, namely an umbrella genre of fiction that encompasses alternate history, <a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">parallel universes in fiction</a>, and fiction based in futuristic or non-temporal settings.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Craveiro_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craveiro-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_century_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="20th century in science fiction">20th century in science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_space_bats" title="Alien space bats">Alien space bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_ending" title="Alternate ending">Alternate ending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_future" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative future">Alternative future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_alternate_histories" title="American Civil War alternate histories">American Civil War alternate histories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">Fictional universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Forking_Paths" title="The Garden of Forking Paths">The Garden of Forking Paths</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_Axis_victory_in_World_War_II" title="Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II">Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_literature" title="Invasion literature">Invasion literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonbar_hinge" title="Jonbar hinge">Jonbar hinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alternate_history_fiction" title="List of alternate history fiction">List of alternate history fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possible_worlds" class="mw-redirect" title="Possible worlds">Possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulp novels">Pulp novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruritanian_romance" title="Ruritanian romance">Ruritanian romance</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-allohistory-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-allohistory_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwidewords.org/turnsofphrase/tp-all1.htm">"Allohistory"</a>. World Wide Words. 4 May 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allohistory&rft.pub=World+Wide+Words&rft.date=2002-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwidewords.org%2Fturnsofphrase%2Ftp-all1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/alternative-history">"Alternative history"</a>. <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107040916/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/alternative-history">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Alternative+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Falternative-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_Words:_The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Science_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction">Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction</a></i> (Oxford University Press, 2007) notes the preferred usage is "Alternate History", which was coined in 1954; "Alternative History" was first used in 1977, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2014" class="citation news cs1">Morton, Alison (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alison-morton.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Alternative-history-handout.pdf">"Alternative history (AH/althist) handout"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>alison-morton.com/</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://alison-morton.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Alternative-history-handout.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=alison-morton.com%2F&rft.atitle=Alternative+history+%28AH%2Falthist%29+handout&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falison-morton.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F07%2FAlternative-history-handout.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130203202248/http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/Alternate+History+(fiction+genre)">"AH"</a>. The Free Dictionary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/Alternate+History+(fiction+genre)">the original</a> on 3 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AH&rft.pub=The+Free+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facronyms.thefreedictionary.com%2FAlternate%2BHistory%2B%28fiction%2Bgenre%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.madisonpubliclibrary.org/reading-and-viewing/book-lists/time-travel-alternate-histories-parallel-universes">"Time Travel, Alternate Histories, & Parallel Universes"</a>. <i>Madison Public Library</i>. 21 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Madison+Public+Library&rft.atitle=Time+Travel%2C+Alternate+Histories%2C+%26+Parallel+Universes&rft.date=2020-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.madisonpubliclibrary.org%2Freading-and-viewing%2Fbook-lists%2Ftime-travel-alternate-histories-parallel-universes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SHS-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SHS_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SHS_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SHS_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_H_Silver2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_H_Silver" title="Steven H Silver">Steven H Silver</a> (1 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helixsf.com/uchronicle/uchronicle0706.htm">"Uchronicle"</a>. Helix<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uchronicle&rft.pub=Helix&rft.date=2006-07-01&rft.au=Steven+H+Silver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helixsf.com%2Fuchronicle%2Fuchronicle0706.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leepers.us/evelyn/reviews/borges.htm">"Jorge Luis Borges Reviews by Evelyn C. Leeper"</a>. Leepers.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jorge+Luis+Borges+Reviews+by+Evelyn+C.+Leeper&rft.pub=Leepers.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leepers.us%2Fevelyn%2Freviews%2Fborges.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It [alternative history] is, at the very root, the idea of conjecturing on what did not happen, or what might have happened, in order to understand what did happen."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackMacRaild2007" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy; MacRaild, Donald M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQZeAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA125"><i>Studying History</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230364929" title="Special:BookSources/9780230364929"><bdi>9780230364929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+History&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780230364929&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=MacRaild%2C+Donald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpQZeAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Bunzl, "Counterfactual History: A User's Guide", <i>American Historical Review</i> (2004) 109 No. 3, pp. 845–858 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/530560">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livy-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livy_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livy_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTitus_Livius_(Livy)" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Titus Livius (Livy)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070228233052/http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy09.html"><i>The History of Rome, Book 9</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Marquette_University" title="Marquette University">Marquette University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy09.html">the original</a> on 28 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Rome%2C+Book+9&rft.pub=Marquette+University&rft.au=Titus+Livius+%28Livy%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcadams.posc.mu.edu%2Ftxt%2Fah%2FLivy%2FLivy09.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roads-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roads_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roads_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDozoisSchmidt1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Dozois" title="Gardner Dozois">Dozois, Gardner</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Schmidt" title="Stanley Schmidt">Schmidt, Stanley</a> (1998). <i>Roads Not Taken: Tales of Alternate History</i>. New York: Del Rey. pp. 1–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-42194-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-42194-9"><bdi>0-345-42194-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roads+Not+Taken%3A+Tales+of+Alternate+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-5&rft.pub=Del+Rey&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-345-42194-9&rft.aulast=Dozois&rft.aufirst=Gardner&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurtledoveGreenberg2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Turtledove, Harry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Martin_H._Greenberg" title="Martin H. 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New York: Del Rey. pp. 1–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-43990-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-43990-1"><bdi>978-0-345-43990-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+Alternate+History+Stories+of+the+20th+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-5&rft.pub=Del+Rey&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-345-43990-1&rft.aulast=Turtledove&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+Martin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbestalternatehis00newy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorello2002" class="citation journal cs1">Morello, Ruth (2002). 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Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peter+Damian&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Winter+2016&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Holopainen&rft.aufirst=Toivo+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2016%2Fentries%2Fpeter-damian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMigne1853" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Paul_Migne" title="Jacques Paul Migne">Migne, Jacques-Paul</a> (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5503029m">"De divina omnipotentia in reparatione, et factis infectis redendis"</a>. <i>Petrus Damianus</i> (in Latin). 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Paris: Ateliers catholiques du Petit-Montrouge. pp. 595–622.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+divina+omnipotentia+in+reparatione%2C+et+factis+infectis+redendis&rft.btitle=Petrus+Damianus&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=595-622&rft.pub=Ateliers+catholiques+du+Petit-Montrouge&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Migne&rft.aufirst=Jacques-Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k5503029m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamien1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Damien, Pierre</a> (1972). <i>Lettre sur la toute-puissance divine. Introduction, texte critique, traduction et notes</i> (in French). Vol. 191. Translated by Cantin, André. Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lettre+sur+la+toute-puissance+divine.+Introduction%2C+texte+critique%2C+traduction+et+notes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Les+%C3%89ditions+du+Cerf&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Damien&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamian2013" class="citation book cs1">Damian, Pierre (2013) [1998]. <i>Letters of Peter Damian 91-120</i>. The Fathers of the Church. Mediaeval Continuation. Translated by Blum, Owen J. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. pp. 344–386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813226392" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813226392"><bdi>978-0813226392</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/950930030">950930030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+Peter+Damian+91-120.&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=The+Fathers+of+the+Church.+Mediaeval+Continuation&rft.pages=344-386&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F950930030&rft.isbn=978-0813226392&rft.aulast=Damian&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpade1995" class="citation web cs1">Spade, Paul Vincent (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pvspade.com/Logic/docs/damian.pdf">"Selections from Peter Damian's Letter on Divine Omnipotence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.pvspade.com/Logic/docs/damian.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selections+from+Peter+Damian%27s+Letter+on+Divine+Omnipotence&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Spade&rft.aufirst=Paul+Vincent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pvspade.com%2FLogic%2Fdocs%2Fdamian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Lyman Bushman. Knopf, ISBN 1-4000-4270-4, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrie1934" class="citation book cs1">Petrie, Charles (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IMhXyZxSRd8C"><i>The Stuart Pretenders: A History of the Jacobite Movement, [1688-1807]</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin. pp. Appendix VI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stuart+Pretenders%3A+A+History+of+the+Jacobite+Movement%2C+%5B1688-1807%5D&rft.pages=Appendix+VI&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Petrie&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIMhXyZxSRd8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206031128/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=674">"If Lee Had Not Won the Battle of Gettysburg - The Churchill Centre"</a>. 6 December 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=674">the original</a> on 6 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=If+Lee+Had+Not+Won+the+Battle+of+Gettysburg+-+The+Churchill+Centre&rft.date=2006-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winstonchurchill.org%2Fi4a%2Fpages%2Findex.cfm%3Fpageid%3D674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/vaughan_herbert_m">"Vaughan, Herbert M"</a>. <i>SFE: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SFE%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Vaughan%2C+Herbert+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fvaughan_herbert_m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Millingchamp_Vaughan" title="Herbert Millingchamp Vaughan">Herbert Millingchamp Vaughan</a>'s <i>The Dial of Ahaz</i> (1917) posits a multiverse filled with alternate versions of planet Earth.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1923" class="citation book cs1">Wells, H.G. (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200221.txt"><i>Men Like Gods</i></a>. Gutenberg.net.au.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+Like+Gods&rft.pub=Gutenberg.net.au&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=H.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.net.au%2Febooks02%2F0200221.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganPalmer-Patel2019" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Glyn; Palmer-Patel, Charul (2019-10-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/sideways-in-time/introduction/9C1C3D0467694F48AAC94A164173111C"><i>Sideways in Time: Critical Essays on Alternate History Fiction</i></a>. Cambridge, England: Liverpool University Press. pp. 11–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1789620139" title="Special:BookSources/978-1789620139"><bdi>978-1789620139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sideways+in+Time%3A+Critical+Essays+on+Alternate+History+Fiction&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=11-28&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2019-10-31&rft.isbn=978-1789620139&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Glyn&rft.au=Palmer-Patel%2C+Charul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Fsideways-in-time%2Fintroduction%2F9C1C3D0467694F48AAC94A164173111C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chris_2022_e410-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chris_2022_e410_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eisenhowerlibrary.org/civilizations-by-laurent-binet-wins-the-2021-sidewise-award/">"Civilizations by Laurent Binet Wins the 2021 Sidewise Award"</a>. <i>Eisenhower Public Library</i>. September 21, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eisenhower+Public+Library&rft.atitle=Civilizations+by+Laurent+Binet+Wins+the+2021+Sidewise+Award&rft.date=2022-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feisenhowerlibrary.org%2Fcivilizations-by-laurent-binet-wins-the-2021-sidewise-award%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenfeld2005" class="citation book cs1">Rosenfeld, Gavriel D. (2005). <i>The World Hitler Never Made: Alternate History and the Memory of Nazism</i> (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 39, 97–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-84706-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-84706-0"><bdi>0-521-84706-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Hitler+Never+Made%3A+Alternate+History+and+the+Memory+of+Nazism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=39%2C+97-99&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-84706-0&rft.aulast=Rosenfeld&rft.aufirst=Gavriel+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonas2010" class="citation web cs1">Jonas, Gerald (13 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/books/14tenn.html">"William Tenn, Science Fiction Author, Is Dead at 89"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/books/14tenn.html">the original</a></span> on 1 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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KurzweilAI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taming+the+Multiverse&rft.pub=KurzweilAI&rft.date=2001-08-07&rft.aulast=Chown&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurzweilai.net%2Ftaming-the-multiverse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancockEngland1997" class="citation book cs1">Hancock, Nick; England, Chris (1997). <i>What Didn't Happen Next: Nick Hancock's Alternative History of Football</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6548135.html">the original</a> on 18 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Golden, Colorado: ReAnimus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781490439457" title="Special:BookSources/9781490439457"><bdi>9781490439457</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+iron+dream%3A+Adolf+Hitler%27s+Hugo+award+winning+SF+Classic&rft.place=Golden%2C+Colorado&rft.edition=First+ReAnimus+Press+print&rft.pub=ReAnimus+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781490439457&rft.aulast=Spinrad&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Whipple%2C+Homer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWroe" class="citation news cs1">Wroe, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/mar/26/featuresreviews.guardianreview15">"Profile: Martin Cruz Smith | Books"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Winchester, UK: Zero Books. pp. 19 & 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78535-660-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78535-660-5"><bdi>978-1-78535-660-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx+Returns&rft.place=Winchester%2C+UK&rft.pages=19+%26+165&rft.pub=Zero+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78535-660-5&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbestalternatehis00newy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower2018" class="citation news cs1">Power, Nina (16 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/time-and-freedom-in-jason-barkers-marx-returns/">"Time and Freedom in Jason Barker's 'Marx Returns'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Review of Books</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Book+Review&rft.atitle=Off+the+Shelf%3A+The+Peshawar+Lancers&rft.au=Paul+Di+Filippo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scifi.com%2Fsfw%2Fissue249%2Fbooks2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternate+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmid, Helga (2020). Uchronia: Designing Time. Germany: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Worth, Aaron (2018). Uchronia. Victorian Literature and Culture, 46(3-4), 928-930.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Craveiro-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Craveiro_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craveiro, Joanna (2016). A live/living museum of small, forgotten and unwanted memories: performing narratives, testimonies and archives of the Portuguese Dictatorship and Revolution (Doctoral dissertation, University of Roehampton), p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmid, 2020, p. 11, 28.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chapman, Edgar L., and Carl B. Yoke (eds.). <i>Classic and Iconoclastic Alternate History Science Fiction</i>. Mellen, 2003.</li> <li>Collins, William Joseph. <i>Paths Not Taken: The Development, Structure, and Aesthetics of the Alternative History</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a> 1990.</li> <li>Darius, Julian. "58 Varieties: Watchmen and Revisionism". In <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sequart.org/books/6/minutes-to-midnight-twelve-essays-on-watchmen/">Minutes to Midnight: Twelve Essays on Watchmen</a></i>. Sequart Research & Literacy Organization, 2010. Focuses on Watchmen as alternate history.</li> <li>Cowley, Robert, ed., <i><a href="/wiki/What_If%3F_(essays)" title="What If? (essays)">What If? Military Historians Imagine What Might Have Been</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Pan_Books" title="Pan Books">Pan Books</a>, 1999.</li> <li>Gevers, Nicholas. <i>Mirrors of the Past: Versions of History in Science Fiction and Fantasy</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a>, 1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Hellekson" title="Karen Hellekson">Hellekson, Karen</a>. <i>The Alternate History: Refiguring Historical Time</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University" title="Kent State University">Kent State University</a> Press, 2001</li> <li>Keen, Antony G. "Alternate Histories of the Roman Empire in Stephen Baxter, Robert Silverberg and Sophia McDougall". <i><a href="/wiki/Foundation_%E2%80%93_The_International_Review_of_Science_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation – The International Review of Science Fiction">Foundation: The International Review of Science Fiction</a></i> 102, Spring 2008.</li> <li>McKnight, Edgar Vernon Jr. <i>Alternative History: The Development of a Literary Genre</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a> at Chapel Hill, 1994.</li> <li>Morgan, Glyn, and C. Palmer-Patel (eds.). <i>Sideways in Time: Critical Essays on Alternate History Fiction</i>. Liverpool University Press, 2019.</li> <li>Nedelkovh, Aleksandar B. <i>British and American Science Fiction Novel 1950–1980 with the Theme of Alternative History (an Axiological Approach)</i>. 1994 <span class="languageicon">(in Serbian)</span>, 1999 <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavriel_David_Rosenfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavriel David Rosenfeld">Rosenfeld, Gavriel David</a>. <i>The World Hitler Never Made: Alternate History and the Memory of Nazism</i>. 2005</li> <li>Rosenfeld, Gavriel David. "Why Do We Ask 'What If?' Reflections on the Function of Alternate History." <i>History and Theory</i> 41, Theme Issue 41: Unconventional History (December 2002), 90–103. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3590670">3590670</a>.</li> <li>Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ku.edu/index.php/amerstud/article/view/4177/3947">What Almost Was: The Politics of the Contemporary Alternate History Novel</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Studies_(journal)" title="American Studies (journal)">American Studies</a></i> 30, 3–4 (Summer 2009), 63–83.</li> <li>Singles, Kathleen. <i>Alternate History: Playing with Contingency and Necessity</i>. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>, 2013.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternate_history&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/alternate_history" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/alternate history">alternate history</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alternate_history" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Alternate history">Alternate history</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alternate_history" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alternate history">Alternate history</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Alternate_history" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Alternate history">Alternate history</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/AlternateHistory">Alternate History</a> on <a href="/wiki/TV_Tropes" title="TV Tropes">TV Tropes</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy#Causal_loop" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics_of_time_travel" title="Quantum mechanics of time travel">Quantum mechanics of time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel in fiction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines#Fictional" title="List of timelines">Timelines in fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_travel_works_of_fiction" title="List of time travel works of fiction">in science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_loop" title="Time loop">Time loop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_time_loops" title="List of films featuring time loops">in film</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temporal_paradox" title="Temporal paradox">Temporal paradoxes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_paradox#Grandfather_paradox" title="Temporal paradox">Grandfather paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal loop">Causal loop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parallel timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction#Alternative_future,_history,_timelines,_and_dimensions" title="Time travel in fiction">Alternative future</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">Many-worlds interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_effect" title="Butterfly effect">Butterfly effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetimes</a> in <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> that<br /> can contain <a href="/wiki/Closed_timelike_curve" title="Closed timelike curve">closed timelike curves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcubierre_drive" title="Alcubierre drive">Alcubierre metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTZ_black_hole" title="BTZ black hole">BTZ black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del_metric" title="Gödel metric">Gödel metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">Kerr metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnikov_tube" title="Krasnikov tube">Krasnikov tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misner_space" title="Misner space">Misner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipler_cylinder" title="Tipler cylinder">Tipler cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Stockum_dust" title="Van Stockum dust">van Stockum dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormhole#Traversable_wormholes" title="Wormhole">Traversable wormholes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_fiction" title="Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_fiction" title="Template talk:Science fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science-fiction_authors" title="List of science-fiction authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">Scientific romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Sitcoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">Inner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and planet">Sword and planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">ISFDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Libraries and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women in SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_science_fiction" title="Chilean science fiction">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_science_fiction" title="Estonian science fiction">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_science_fiction" title="Hungarian science fiction">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction and fantasy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Awards" title="Jules Verne Awards">Jules Verne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary, art,<br />and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurealis_Award" title="Aurealis Award">Aurealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Campbell Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesley_Awards" title="Chesley Awards">Chesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award" title="Compton Crook Award">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Science_Fiction_Preis" title="Deutscher Science Fiction Preis">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditmar_Award" title="Ditmar Award">Ditmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FantLab%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award" title="FantLab's Book of the Year Award">FantLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Award_(China)" title="Galaxy Award (China)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gaughan_Award" title="Jack Gaughan Award">Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Award" title="Geffen Award">Geffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Duck_Award" title="Golden Duck Award">Golden Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_prix_de_l%27Imaginaire" title="Grand prix de l'Imaginaire">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harland_Prize" title="Paul Harland Prize">Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Ignotus" title="Premio Ignotus">Ignotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitschies" title="Kitschies">Kitschies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_La%C3%9Fwitz_Award" title="Kurd Laßwitz Award">Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Award" title="Nautilus Award">Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommo_Awards" title="Nommo Awards">Nommo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award" title="Andre Norton Award">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_Awards" title="Parsec Awards">Parsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhysling_Award" title="Rhysling Award">Rhysling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFERA_Award" title="SFERA Award">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Smith_Memorial_Award" title="Edward E. Smith Memorial Award">Skylark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htivaeltaja_Award" title="Tähtivaeltaja Award">Tähtivaeltaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBD_Science_Fiction_Story_Award" title="TBD Science Fiction Story Award">TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree Jr. Award">Tiptree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Apollo_Award" title="Prix Apollo Award">Tour-Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_%26_Fantasy_Translation_Awards" title="Science Fiction & Fantasy Translation Awards">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania_Award" title="Urania Award">Urania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award" title="Sir Julius Vogel Award">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award" title="Janusz A. Zajdel Award">Zajdel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Awards" title="Aurora Awards">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Award" title="Chandler Award">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_short_stories" title="List of science fiction short stories">Short stories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_theatre" title="Science fiction theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction_television" title="Australian science fiction television">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_television_science_fiction" title="British television science fiction">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television#Continental_European_science_fiction_series" title="Science fiction on television">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Live-action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._television_science_fiction" title="U.S. television science fiction">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architectural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_extraterrestrials" title="Lists of fictional extraterrestrials">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in science fiction">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility_in_fiction" title="Invisibility in fiction">Invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasites_in_fiction" title="Parasites in fiction">Parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetics_in_fiction" title="Prosthetics in fiction">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis_in_fiction" title="Symbiosis in fiction">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">Force field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertialess_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertialess drive">Inertialess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Viewer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">Group mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_consciousness_in_fiction" title="Simulated consciousness in fiction">Simulated consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_science_fiction" title="Black science fiction">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">Galactic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_from_space_(science_fiction)" title="Message from space (science fiction)">Message from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover_in_popular_culture" title="AI takeover in popular culture">AI takeover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_engineering" title="Astronomical engineering">Astroengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography_in_fiction" title="Holography in fiction">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Robots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyborgs_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs in fiction">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machines_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-replicating machines in fiction">Self-replicating machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyons_in_fiction" title="Tachyons in fiction">Tachyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian science fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_astronauts" title="Lists of fictional astronauts">Fictional astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_Fiction" title="Museum of Science Fiction">Museum of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_science" title="Rubber science">Rubber science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">Sense of wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" title="Category:Science fiction">Category</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Science_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Science fiction">Portal</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fantasy_fiction" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template talk:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fantasy_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fantasy" title="History of fantasy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Action-adventure <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">Lost world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia‎</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_fantasy" title="Children's fantasy">Children's fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale_parody" title="Fairy tale parody">Fairy tale parodies</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">Fairytale fantasy</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_of_manners" title="Fantasy of manners">Fantasy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythic_fiction" title="Mythic fiction">Mythic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythpunk">Mythpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">West‎ern fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_fantasy_films" title="List of highest-grossing fantasy films">highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">S&S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_television_programs" title="List of fantasy television programs">Television programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series" title="Ballantine Adult Fantasy series">Ballantine Adult Fantasy series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Masterworks" title="Fantasy Masterworks">Fantasy Masterworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fantasy novels">List of novels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(A%E2%80%93H)" title="List of fantasy novels (A–H)">A–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(I%E2%80%93R)" title="List of fantasy novels (I–R)">I–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of fantasy novels (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_story_collections" title="List of fantasy story collections">List of story collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_(magazine)" title="Fantastic (magazine)">Fantastic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures" title="Fantastic Adventures">Fantastic Adventures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fantasy_(magazine)" title="Science Fantasy (magazine)">Science Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9erie" title="Féerie">Féeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Balrog Award">Balrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fantasy_Award" title="British Fantasy Award">British Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Award" title="Crawford Award">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_Award" title="Gandalf Award">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gemmell_Awards_for_Fantasy" title="David Gemmell Awards for Fantasy">Gemmell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fantasy_Award" title="International Fantasy Award">International Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Fantasy_Novel_Award" title="Japan Fantasy Novel Award">Japan Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s_d%27Or" title="Méliès d'Or">Méliès d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Awards" title="Mythopoeic Awards">Mythopoeic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htifantasia_Award" title="Tähtifantasia Award">Tähtifantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom"><i>Harry Potter</i> fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">The Inklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom" title="Lovecraft fandom">Lovecraft fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influence_on_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influence on fantasy">Tolkien's influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Convention" title="World Fantasy Convention">World Fantasy Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_trope" title="Fantasy trope">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elementals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Faeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin-walker" title="Skin-walker">Skin-walkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural#Spirit" title="Supernatural">Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lich" title="Lich">Liches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_magic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft magic systems">Hard and soft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Dark</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">neutral</a>/<a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egregore" title="Egregore">Egregore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy races">Fantasy races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Treants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfling" title="Halfling">Halflings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechauns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Mermen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds" title="List of fantasy worlds">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost city (fiction)">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">Enchanted forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_guild" title="Thieves' guild">Thieves' guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_schools#Magic_schools" title="List of fictional schools">Magic school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost stories</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT themes in speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fantasy" title="Outline of fantasy">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy" title="Category:Fantasy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_fiction" title="Template:Historical fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_fiction" title="Template talk:Historical fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_fiction_by_time_period" title="List of historical fiction by time period">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_mystery" title="Historical mystery">Historical mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_romance" title="Historical romance">Historical romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_saga" title="Family saga">Family saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical fiction</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirates in popular culture">Pirate novel</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical drama</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_drama_films_and_series_set_in_Near_Eastern_and_Western_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical drama films and series set in Near Eastern and Western civilization">films</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_film" title="Middle Ages in film">Middle Ages in film</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films based on Arthurian legend">Arthurian films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peplum_film_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Peplum film genre">Peplum film genre</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama_films_set_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical drama films set in Asia">Asian films</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai cinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <a href="/wiki/Historical_drama_films_set_in_Asia#Samurai_cinema_and_jidaigeki_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical drama films set in Asia">films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Wuxia_films" title="Category:Wuxia films">Wuxia films</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Wuxia_television_series" title="Category:Wuxia television series">wuxia tv series</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_comics" title="Category:Historical comics">Historical comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">History play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">Historical grand opera</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_opera_characters" title="List of historical opera characters">by historical figures</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History" title="Category:History">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narrative" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrative" title="Template:Narrative"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narrative" title="Template talk:Narrative"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narrative" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">Antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">Archenemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_arc" title="Character arc">Character arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_flaw" title="Character flaw">Character flaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidant" title="Confidant">Confidant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteragonist" title="Deuteragonist">Deuteragonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_protagonist" title="False protagonist">False protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_character" title="Focal character">Focal character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foil_(narrative)" title="Foil (narrative)">Foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_double" title="Gothic double">Gothic double</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamartia" title="Hamartia">Hamartia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Anti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">Protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporting_character" title="Supporting character">Supporting character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_character" title="Title character">Title character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritagonist" title="Tritagonist">Tritagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">Villain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">Plot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_ovo" title="Ab ovo">Ab ovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_(narrative)" title="Action (narrative)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">Origin story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chekhov%27s_gun" title="Chekhov's gun">Chekhov's gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">Cliffhanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_(narrative)" title="Conflict (narrative)">Conflict</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deus_ex_machina" title="Deus ex machina">Deus ex machina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_in_writing" title="Dialogue in writing">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Dramatic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshadowing" title="Foreshadowing">Foreshadowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">Flashback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashforward" title="Flashforward">Flashforward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">Frame story</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%8Dtenketsu" title="Kishōtenketsu">Kishōtenketsu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">MacGuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_(narrative)" title="Pace (narrative)">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_twist" title="Plot twist">Plot twist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_justice" title="Poetic justice">Poetic justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reveal_(narrative)" title="Reveal (narrative)">Reveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insertion" title="Self-insertion">Self-insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story" title="Shaggy dog story">Shaggy dog story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">Story arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">Story within a story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subplot" title="Subplot">Subplot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">Setting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_location" title="Fictional location">Fictional location</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional city">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_country" title="Fictional country">country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">parallel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding">Worldbuilding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">Theme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">Motif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Deal with the Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Conflict between good and evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">Style</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathos" title="Bathos">Bathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_relief" title="Comic relief">Comic relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diction" title="Diction">Diction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">Imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(literature)" title="Mode (literature)">Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(literature)" title="Mood (literature)">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Narrative techniques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_hook" title="Narrative hook">Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show,_don%27t_tell" title="Show, don't tell">Show, don't tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistic_device" title="Stylistic device">Stylistic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief" title="Suspension of disbelief">Suspension of disbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_(drama)" title="Act (drama)">Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Act structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-act_structure" title="Three-act structure">Three-act structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freytag%27s_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Freytag's Pyramid">Freytag's Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a>/<a href="/wiki/Protasis" title="Protasis">Protasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitasis" title="Epitasis">Rising action/Epitasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">Climax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peripeteia" title="Peripeteia">Peripeteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastasis" title="Catastasis">Falling action/Catastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(drama)" title="Catastrophe (drama)">Denouement/Catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">Linear narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_narrative" title="Nonlinear narrative">Nonlinear narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_films" title="List of nonlinear narrative films">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_television_series" title="List of nonlinear narrative television series">television series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premise_(narrative)" title="Premise (narrative)">Premise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_fiction_with_multiple_endings" title="Types of fiction with multiple endings">Types of fiction with multiple endings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_forms" title="List of narrative forms">Form</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau">Fabliau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tale" title="Tall tale">Tall tale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamebook" title="Gamebook">Gamebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignette_(literature)" title="Vignette (literature)">Vignette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">Genre</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">Action fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">Epistolary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_fiction" title="Paranoid fiction">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_fiction" title="Philosophical fiction">Philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">Picaresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_fiction" title="Political fiction">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_culture_fiction" title="Pop culture fiction">Pop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fiction" title="Psychological fiction">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspirational_fiction" title="Inspirational fiction">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">Prose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_fiction" title="Theological fiction">Theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fiction" title="Urban fiction">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_novel" title="Non-fiction novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Creative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-person narrative">Second-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person narrative">Third-person</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_omniscient_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person omniscient narrative">Third-person omniscient narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration#Subjective_or_objective" title="Narration">Subjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">Unreliable narrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiperspectivity" title="Multiperspectivity">Multiple narrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">Stream of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_unconsciousness" title="Stream of unconsciousness">Stream of unconsciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_narrative" title="Dominant narrative">Dominant narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">Continuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">Reboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroactive_continuity" title="Retroactive continuity">Retcon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_novel" title="Parallel novel">Parallel novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prequel" title="Prequel">Prequel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">Sequel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genres" title="List of genres">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_identity" title="Narrative identity">Narrative identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_paradigm" title="Narrative paradigm">Narrative paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narratology" title="Narratology">Narratology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metafiction" title="Metafiction">Metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_narrative" title="Political narrative">Political narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms" title="Glossary of rhetorical terms">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">Screenwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Works_series" title="Template:Works series">Series of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellability" title="Tellability">Tellability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude_(fiction)" title="Verisimilitude (fiction)">Verisimilitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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