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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Vegetables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Legumes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Nuts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dairy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dairy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Dairy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dairy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Condiments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Condiments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Condiments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cooking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcoholic_drinks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcoholic_drinks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Alcoholic drinks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcoholic_drinks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desserts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desserts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Desserts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desserts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ancient Roman cuisine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99dim_Roma_m%C9%99tb%C9%99xi" title="Qədim Roma mətbəxi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qədim Roma mətbəxi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronomia_romana" title="Gastronomia romana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gastronomia romana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esskultur_im_R%C3%B6mischen_Reich" title="Esskultur im Römischen Reich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Esskultur im Römischen Reich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronom%C3%ADa_romana" title="Gastronomía romana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gastronomía romana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzinako_Erromako_gastronomia" title="Antzinako Erromako gastronomia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzinako Erromako gastronomia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_de_la_Rome_antique" title="Cuisine de la Rome antique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cuisine de la Rome antique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentaci%C3%B3n_na_Roma_antiga" title="Alimentación na Roma antiga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alimentación na Roma antiga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Հին Հռոմի խոհանոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հին Հռոմի խոհանոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentazione_nell%27antica_Roma" title="Alimentazione nell'antica Roma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alimentazione nell'antica Roma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_convivalis_Romana" title="Ars convivalis Romana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ars convivalis Romana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosini_de_Roma_antica" title="Cosini de Roma antica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cosini de Roma antica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Римска кујна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Римска кујна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakan_Rom_Purba" title="Masakan Rom Purba – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Masakan Rom Purba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Romeinse_keuken" title="Oud-Romeinse keuken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oud-Romeinse keuken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%81%AE%E6%96%99%E7%90%86" title="古代ローマの料理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古代ローマの料理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronomia_da_Roma_Antiga" title="Gastronomia da Roma Antiga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gastronomia da Roma Antiga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronomia_Romei_Antice" title="Gastronomia Romei Antice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gastronomia Romei Antice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кухня Древнего Рима – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кухня Древнего Рима" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzhina_antike_romake" title="Kuzhina antike romake – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kuzhina antike romake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_food" title="Roman food – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roman food" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooman_valtakunnan_ruokakulttuuri" title="Rooman valtakunnan ruokakulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rooman valtakunnan ruokakulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerska_k%C3%B6ket" title="Romerska köket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Romerska köket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik_Roma_mutfa%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Antik Roma mutfağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antik Roma mutfağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Давньоримська кухня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Давньоримська кухня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E9%A5%AE%E9%A3%9F" title="古罗马饮食 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古罗马饮食" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the cuisine of the ancient Roman civilization. For the modern Italian cuisine of the city of Rome, see <a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman cuisine</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Still_life_with_eggs,_birds_and_bronze_dishes,_Pompeii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Still_life_with_eggs%2C_birds_and_bronze_dishes%2C_Pompeii.jpg/300px-Still_life_with_eggs%2C_birds_and_bronze_dishes%2C_Pompeii.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Still_life_with_eggs%2C_birds_and_bronze_dishes%2C_Pompeii.jpg/450px-Still_life_with_eggs%2C_birds_and_bronze_dishes%2C_Pompeii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Still_life_with_eggs%2C_birds_and_bronze_dishes%2C_Pompeii.jpg/600px-Still_life_with_eggs%2C_birds_and_bronze_dishes%2C_Pompeii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Painting_in_ancient_Rome" title="Painting in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome painting</a> depicting eggs, birds and bronze dishes found in the Roman <a href="/wiki/House_of_Julia_Felix" title="House of Julia Felix">House of Julia Felix</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">cuisine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> changed greatly over the duration of the civilization's existence. Dietary <a href="/wiki/Habit_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habit (psychology)">habits</a> were affected by the political changes from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">kingdom</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">republic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_economy#Trade_and_commodities" title="Roman economy">Roman trading with foreigners</a> along with the empire's enormous expansion exposed Romans to many new foods, provincial culinary habits and cooking methods. </p><p>In the beginning, dietary differences between <a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Roman social classes</a> were not great, but disparities developed with the empire's growth. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_cuisine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most organic foods decay under ordinary conditions, but ashes and animal bones offer some archaeological details about the ancient Roman diet. <a href="/wiki/Phytoliths" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytoliths">Phytoliths</a> have been found at a cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Tarragona,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarragona, Spain">Tarragona, Spain</a>. Imported figs were among the charred foods preserved when <a href="/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica">Boudica</a> and her army burned down a Roman shop in <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chickpeas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickpeas">Chickpeas</a> and bowls of fruit are known from <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>, preserved since <a href="/wiki/Vesuvius" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesuvius">Vesuvius</a> destroyed the town in 79 AD. Remains of small fish bones, <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchin</a> spines and <a href="/wiki/Biomineralization" title="Biomineralization">mineralized plants</a> have survived in the city's <a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">sewers</a>; the plants <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologists</a> have identified include <a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">dill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opium_poppy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opium poppy">opium poppy</a> and various other <a href="/wiki/Nut_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nut (food)">nuts</a>, fruits and <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>, as well as a diverse variety of fish and shellfish. At <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, grapes, cheese, bread and <a href="/wiki/Pastry" title="Pastry">pastry</a> were burned and buried in <a href="/wiki/Peristyle" title="Peristyle">peristyle</a> courtyard gardens as offerings to household <i><a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">Lares</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meals">Meals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_cuisine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Meals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, a <a href="/wiki/Breakfast" title="Breakfast">breakfast</a> called <i>ientaculum</i><sup id="cite_ref-ArtmanJohnAncient_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArtmanJohnAncient-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was served at dawn. At mid-day to early afternoon, Romans ate <i><a href="/wiki/Cena" title="Cena">cena</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ArtmanJohnAncient_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArtmanJohnAncient-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the main meal of the day, and at nightfall a light supper called <i>vesperna</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Artman,_John_page_26_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Artman,_John_page_26-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the increased importation of foreign foods, the <i>cena</i> grew larger in size and included a wider range of foods. Thus, it gradually shifted to the evening, while the <i>vesperna</i><sup id="cite_ref-Artman,_John_page_26_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Artman,_John_page_26-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was abandoned completely over the course of the years. The mid-day meal <i>prandium</i> became a light meal to hold one over until <i>cena</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ArtmanJohnAncient_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArtmanJohnAncient-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the lower classes of the Roman society, these changes were less pronounced as the traditional routines corresponded closely to the daily rhythms of manual labour. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Museum_099.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Roman_Museum_099.jpg/220px-Roman_Museum_099.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Roman_Museum_099.jpg/330px-Roman_Museum_099.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Roman_Museum_099.jpg/440px-Roman_Museum_099.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1292" /></a><figcaption>Roman spoons with duck or swan handles</figcaption></figure> <p>However, among the upper classes, who normally did not engage in manual labour, it became customary to schedule all business obligations in the morning. After the <i>prandium</i>, the last responsibilities would be discharged, and a visit would be made to the <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">baths</a>. Around 2 p.m.,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the<i> cena</i> would begin. This meal could last until late in the night, especially if guests were invited, and would often be followed by <i>comissatio</i>, a round of alcoholic beverages (usually <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>). </p><p>In the period of the kings and the early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a>, but also in later periods (for the working classes), the <i>cena</i> essentially consisted of a kind of <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Puls_(food)" title="Puls (food)">puls</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woolf2007a_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woolf2007a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The simplest kind would be made from <a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">emmer</a>, water, salt and fat. A more sophisticated variation was made with <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, and consumed with an accompaniment of assorted <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> when available. The wealthy commonly ate their <i>puls</i> with <a href="/wiki/Eggs_as_food" title="Eggs as food">eggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> and it was also occasionally served with <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">fish</a>. </p><p>Over the course of the Republican period, the <i>cena</i> developed into two courses: the main course and a dessert with fruit and seafood (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">shrimp</a>). By the end of the Republic, it was usual for the meal to be served in three parts: an appetiser (<i>gustatio</i>), main course (<i>primae mensae</i>), and dessert (<i>secundae mensae</i>). </p><p>The Roman legions' staple ration of food was wheat. In the 4th century, most legionaries ate as well as anyone in Rome. They were supplied with rations of bread and vegetables along with meats such as beef, mutton, or pork. Rations also depended on where the legions were stationed or were campaigning. Mutton was popular in Northern Gaul and Britannia, but pork was the main meat ration of the legions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foods_and_ingredients">Foods and ingredients</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_cuisine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foods and ingredients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Food_in_ancient_Rome" title="Food in ancient Rome">Food in ancient Rome</a></div> <p>The Roman colonies provided many foods to Rome; the city received <a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">ham</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Belgium</a>, oysters from <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garum" title="Garum">garum</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>, wild game from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman-era_Tunisia" title="History of Roman-era Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silphium_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silphium (antiquity)">silphium</a> (laser) from <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>, flowers from <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt</a>, lettuce from <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, and fish from <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient Roman diet included many items that are staples of <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">modern Italian cooking</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> discussed more than 30 varieties of <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a>, 40 kinds of <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">figs</a> (native and imported from Africa and the eastern provinces), and a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these vegetables are no longer present in the modern world, while others have undergone significant changes. <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">Carrots</a> of different colours were consumed, but not in orange.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many kinds of vegetables were cultivated and consumed.<sup id="cite_ref-PatrickFaas_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PatrickFaas-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included celery, garlic, some flower bulbs, <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Brassica" title="Brassica">brassicas</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Kale" title="Kale">kale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broccoli" title="Broccoli">broccoli</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lettuce" title="Lettuce">lettuce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endive" title="Endive">endive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">asparagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radish" title="Radish">radishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsnip" title="Parsnip">parsnips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beet">beets</a>, green peas, chard, field greens, <a href="/wiki/Cardoon" title="Cardoon">cardoons</a>, olives, and <a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">cucumber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PatrickFaas_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PatrickFaas-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some vegetables were illustrated in <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PatrickFaas_a_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PatrickFaas_a-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, some foods considered characteristic of modern Italian cuisine were not used.<sup id="cite_ref-PhyllisPray_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhyllisPray-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a> (aubergine) were introduced later from the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">capsicum</a> peppers, and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> (the modern source of <a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">polenta</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-PatrickFaas_a_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PatrickFaas_a-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only appeared in Europe following the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exchange">Columbian Exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PhyllisPray_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhyllisPray-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French beans originated in Europe. The Romans knew of rice, but it was very rarely available to them. There were also few <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a> fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-PhyllisPray_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhyllisPray-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lemons were known in Italy from the second century AD but were not widely cultivated.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breads_and_grains">Breads and grains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_cuisine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Breads and grains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_showing_a_piece_of_bread_and_two_figs,_from_Pompeii,_Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_(14843173354).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Fresco_showing_a_piece_of_bread_and_two_figs%2C_from_Pompeii%2C_Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2814843173354%29.jpg/220px-Fresco_showing_a_piece_of_bread_and_two_figs%2C_from_Pompeii%2C_Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2814843173354%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Fresco_showing_a_piece_of_bread_and_two_figs%2C_from_Pompeii%2C_Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2814843173354%29.jpg/330px-Fresco_showing_a_piece_of_bread_and_two_figs%2C_from_Pompeii%2C_Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2814843173354%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Fresco_showing_a_piece_of_bread_and_two_figs%2C_from_Pompeii%2C_Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2814843173354%29.jpg/440px-Fresco_showing_a_piece_of_bread_and_two_figs%2C_from_Pompeii%2C_Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2814843173354%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2779" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>Fresco showing a piece of bread and two figs, from Pompeii, Naples National Archaeological Museum. Bread was a staple food in the Roman world.</figcaption></figure> <p>From 123 BC, a ration of unmilled wheat (as much as 33 kg), known as the <i>frumentatio</i>, was distributed to as many as 200,000 people every month by the Roman state.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was originally a charge for this but from 58 BC this charge was abolished by the plebeian tribune <a href="/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher" title="Publius Clodius Pulcher">Publius Clodius Pulcher</a>. Individuals had to be citizens and domiciled in Rome to receive the <i>frumentatio</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally flat, round loaves made of <a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">emmer</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> grain closely related to wheat) with a bit of <a href="/wiki/Edible_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible salt">salt</a> were eaten; among the upper classes, <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> were also consumed. In the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Rome">Imperial</a> period, around 1 AD, bread made of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> was introduced; with time, more and more wheaten foods began to replace emmer loaves. There were many kinds of bread of differing quality. Typically white bread was baked for the elite, with darker bread baked for the middle class, and the darkest bread for the poor peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bread was sometimes dipped in <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> and eaten with olives, cheese, and grapes. At the time of <a href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79" class="mw-redirect" title="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79">the destruction of Pompeii in AD 79</a>, there were at least 33 bakeries in that city.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman chefs made sweet buns flavored with blackcurrants and cheese cakes made with flour, honey, eggs, ricotta-like cheese and poppy seed. Sweet wine cakes were made with honey, reduced red wine and cinnamon. Fruit tarts were popular with the upper class, but the lower classes couldn't afford to personally make them or purchase them from markets and vendors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Juscellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Juscellum">Juscellum</a></i> was a broth with grated bread, eggs, sage and saffron, described in <i><a href="/wiki/Apicius" title="Apicius">Apicius</a></i>, a Roman recipe book of the late 4th or early 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Way_1843_p._268_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Way_1843_p._268-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meat">Meat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_cuisine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Meat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Butcher's meat was an uncommon luxury. The most popular meat was <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">sausages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MaguelonneToussaintSamat_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaguelonneToussaintSamat-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a> was uncommon in ancient Rome, being more common in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> – it is not mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MaguelonneToussaintSamat_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaguelonneToussaintSamat-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">game</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>, including ducks and geese, were more usual. For instance, on his <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a>, Caesar gave a public feast to 260,000 humiliores (poorer people) which featured all three of these foods, but no butcher's meat.<sup id="cite_ref-MaguelonneToussaintSamat_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaguelonneToussaintSamat-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John E. Stambaugh writes that meat "was scarce except at sacrifices and the dinner parties of the rich".<sup id="cite_ref-John_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cows were prized for their milk; bulls as plough and draft <a href="/wiki/Animals_in_ancient_Greece_and_Rome" title="Animals in ancient Greece and Rome">animals</a>. Meat of working animals was tough and unappetizing. Veal was eaten occasionally. Apicius gives only four recipes for beef but the same recipes call for lamb or pork as options. There is only one recipe for beef stew and another for veal scallopini.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edible_dormouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible dormouse">Dormice</a> were eaten and considered a <a href="/wiki/Delicacy" title="Delicacy">delicacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a status symbol among wealthy Romans, and some even had dormice weighed in front of dinner guests.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">sumptuary law</a> enacted under <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Scaurus_(consul_115_BC)" title="Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (consul 115 BC)">Marcus Aemilius Scaurus</a> forbade the eating of dormice, but failed to stop the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish_and_seafood">Fish and seafood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_cuisine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fish and seafood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fish was more common than meat.<sup id="cite_ref-John_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> was sophisticated, with large-scale industries devoted to <a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">oyster farming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-John_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans also engaged in <a href="/wiki/Heliciculture" title="Heliciculture">snail farming</a> and oak grub farming.<sup id="cite_ref-John_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some fish were greatly esteemed and fetched high prices, such as mullet raised in the fishery at <a href="/wiki/Cosa" title="Cosa">Cosa</a>, and "elaborate means were invented to assure its freshness".<sup id="cite_ref-John_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fruit">Fruit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_cuisine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fruit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompejanischer_Maler_um_70_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Pompejanischer_Maler_um_70_001.jpg/220px-Pompejanischer_Maler_um_70_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Pompejanischer_Maler_um_70_001.jpg/330px-Pompejanischer_Maler_um_70_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Pompejanischer_Maler_um_70_001.jpg/440px-Pompejanischer_Maler_um_70_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1734" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">still life</a> with fruit basket and vases (<a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, c. AD 70)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermopolium_Lucius_Vetutius_Placidus_Pompeii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Thermopolium_Lucius_Vetutius_Placidus_Pompeii.jpg/220px-Thermopolium_Lucius_Vetutius_Placidus_Pompeii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Thermopolium_Lucius_Vetutius_Placidus_Pompeii.jpg/330px-Thermopolium_Lucius_Vetutius_Placidus_Pompeii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Thermopolium_Lucius_Vetutius_Placidus_Pompeii.jpg/440px-Thermopolium_Lucius_Vetutius_Placidus_Pompeii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Thermopolium" title="Thermopolium">thermopolium</a></i> (eatery) of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, Italy, 1st century AD.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fruit was eaten fresh when in season, and <a href="/wiki/Dried_fruit" title="Dried fruit">dried</a> or preserved over winter. Popular fruits included <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">figs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quince" title="Quince">quinces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citron" title="Citron">citron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">blackberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elderberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Elderberries">elderberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ribes" title="Ribes">currants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damson" title="Damson">damson plums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">dates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rose_hip" title="Rose hip">rose hips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-John_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less common fruits were the more exotic <a href="/wiki/Azeroles" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeroles">azeroles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medlar" class="mw-redirect" title="Medlar">medlars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">Cherries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</a>, both introduced in the 1st century BC, were popular. Peaches were introduced in the 1st century AD from Persia. <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">Oranges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemons</a> were known but used more for medicinal purposes than in cookery.<sup id="cite_ref-John_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although known to the ancient Romans, lemons were not cultivated in Italy until the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-John_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 35 <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> of pear were grown in Rome, along with three types of apples. Cato described pear culture methods similar to modern techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are recipes for pear and peach creams and milk puddings flavored with honey, pepper and a little <a href="/wiki/Garum" title="Garum">garum</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a> offers advice on the preservation of figs by crushing them into a paste with anise, fennel seed, cumin and toasted sesame to be wrapped in fig leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetables">Vegetables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_cuisine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vegetables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the precursors of <a href="/wiki/Brussels_sprout" title="Brussels sprout">Brussels sprouts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">artichokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peas" class="mw-redirect" title="Peas">peas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutabaga" title="Rutabaga">rutabaga</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Cauliflower" title="Cauliflower">cauliflower</a> probably existed in Roman times, the modern cultivated forms we think of were not developed until the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance times. Cabbage was eaten both raw (sometimes dipped in vinegar) and cooked.<sup id="cite_ref-PatrickFaas_a_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PatrickFaas_a-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato</a> greatly esteemed cabbage, believing it to be good for the digestion, and also believed that if a sick person ate a great deal of cabbage and bathed in his own <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>, he would recover.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legumes">Legumes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_cuisine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legumes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Legumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Legumes">Legumes</a> were limited to <a href="/wiki/Split_peas" class="mw-redirect" title="Split peas">dried peas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">fava beans (broad beans)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentils</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lupin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupin">lupins</a>. The Romans knew several varieties of <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpea</a>, such as venus, ram, and punic. They were either cooked down into a broth or roasted as a snack. The Roman cookbook <i><a href="/wiki/Apicius" title="Apicius">Apicius</a></i> gives several recipes for chickpeas.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuts">Nuts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_cuisine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nuts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancient Romans ate <a href="/wiki/Walnuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Walnuts">walnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Almonds">almonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pistachios" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistachios">pistachios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chestnuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Chestnuts">chestnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">hazelnuts (filberts)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine_nuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine nuts">pine nuts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">sesame</a> seeds, which they sometimes pulverized to thicken spiced, sweet wine sauces for roast meat and fowl to serve on the side or over the meat as a glaze. Nuts were also used in savoury pesto-like sauces for cold cuts. Nuts were used in pastries, tarts and puddings sweetened with honey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dairy">Dairy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_cuisine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dairy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moretum_DSC_3303.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Moretum_DSC_3303.jpg/220px-Moretum_DSC_3303.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Moretum_DSC_3303.jpg/330px-Moretum_DSC_3303.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Moretum_DSC_3303.jpg/440px-Moretum_DSC_3303.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4945" data-file-height="3641" /></a><figcaption>A re-creation of <i><a href="/wiki/Moretum" title="Moretum">moretum</a></i>, an herb and cheese spread eaten with bread</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">Cheese</a> was eaten and its manufacture was well-established by the Roman Empire period.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was part of the standard rations for Roman soldiers and was popular among civilians as well. The Emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (284–305 CE) fixed <a href="/wiki/Edict_on_Maximum_Prices" title="Edict on Maximum Prices">maximum prices</a> for cheese.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manufacture of cheese and its quality and culinary uses are mentioned by a number of Roman authors: <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> described cheese's dietary and medicinal uses in Book 28 of <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Historia Naturalis</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/De_Agricultura" class="mw-redirect" title="De Agricultura">De Agricultura</a></i> described the Roman cheesemaking season (spring and summer) and compared soft, new cheeses with drier, aged cheeses. The most extensive description of Roman cheese-making comes from <a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a>, from his treatise on <a href="/wiki/Roman_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman agriculture">Roman agriculture</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Columella#De_Re_Rustica" title="Columella">De Re Rustica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Condiments">Condiments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_cuisine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Condiments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Garum" title="Garum">Garum</a> was the distinctive fish sauce of ancient Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-HarlanWalker_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarlanWalker-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used as a <a href="/wiki/Seasoning" title="Seasoning">seasoning</a>, in place of salt; as a table <a href="/wiki/Condiment" title="Condiment">condiment</a>; and as a <a href="/wiki/Sauce" title="Sauce">sauce</a>. There were four major fish sauce types: <i>garum</i>, <i>liquamen</i>, <i>muria</i>, and <i>allec</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-HarlanWalker_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarlanWalker-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was made in different qualities, from fish such as <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">mullet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_seabass" title="European seabass">sea bass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HarlanWalker_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarlanWalker-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It could be flavored, for example mixed with wine, or diluted with water (<i>hydrogarum</i>), a form popular among Roman soldiers, although the emperor <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> asserted that he was the first to serve it at public <a href="/wiki/Banquet" title="Banquet">banquets</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-HarlanWalker_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarlanWalker-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most costly garum was <i>garum sociorum</i>, made from <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a> (<i>scomber</i>) at the <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">New Carthage</a> fisheries in Spain, and widely traded.<sup id="cite_ref-HarlanWalker_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarlanWalker-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pliny wrote in his <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i> that two <a href="/wiki/Congius" title="Congius">congii</a> (7 litres) of this sauce cost 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">sesterces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HarlanWalker_a_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarlanWalker_a-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One thousand sesterces in the Early Empire was equal to 110 g of gold.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cooking">Cooking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_cuisine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cooking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaico_di_un_giovane_come_mese_di_giugno,_III_secolo_dc..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mosaico_di_un_giovane_come_mese_di_giugno%2C_III_secolo_dc..JPG/220px-Mosaico_di_un_giovane_come_mese_di_giugno%2C_III_secolo_dc..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mosaico_di_un_giovane_come_mese_di_giugno%2C_III_secolo_dc..JPG/330px-Mosaico_di_un_giovane_come_mese_di_giugno%2C_III_secolo_dc..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mosaico_di_un_giovane_come_mese_di_giugno%2C_III_secolo_dc..JPG/440px-Mosaico_di_un_giovane_come_mese_di_giugno%2C_III_secolo_dc..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="1647" /></a><figcaption>A boy holding a platter of fruits and what may be a bucket of crabs, in a kitchen with fish and <a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">squid</a>, on the June panel from a mosaic depicting the months (3rd century)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle-shaped_ancient_roman_kettle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Castle-shaped_ancient_roman_kettle.jpg/220px-Castle-shaped_ancient_roman_kettle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Castle-shaped_ancient_roman_kettle.jpg/330px-Castle-shaped_ancient_roman_kettle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Castle-shaped_ancient_roman_kettle.jpg/440px-Castle-shaped_ancient_roman_kettle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>This Roman kettle was made in the shape of a fortress adding a reference to military life to an everyday object.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of many modes of cooking in ancient Rome was the <i>focus</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a> that was placed in front of the <a href="/wiki/Lararium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lararium">lararium</a>, the household altar which contained small sculptures of the <a href="/wiki/Household_deity" title="Household deity">household deity</a> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">lares</a></i>, or guardian ancestor-spirits, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Di_Penates" title="Di Penates">penates</a></i>, who were believed to protect the <i>floor</i>, the larder).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In homes where the <i>lararium</i> was built into the wall, the <i>focus</i> was sometimes built of raised brick into four sides, constructed against a <a href="/wiki/Baseboard" title="Baseboard">baseboard</a> on which a fire was lit. More common was a <i>focus</i> that was rectangular and portable, consisting simply of a moveable hearth with stone or <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> feet.<sup id="cite_ref-Faas_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faas-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the development of separate kitchens, the <i>focus</i> began to be used only for religious offerings and for warmth, rather than for cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-Faas_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faas-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Portable stoves and ovens were used by the Romans, and some had water pots and <a href="/wiki/Grilling" title="Grilling">grills</a> laid onto them. At <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, most houses had separate kitchens, most fairly small, but a few large; the <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Mysteries" title="Villa of the Mysteries">Villa of the Mysteries</a> covers a nine-by-twelve meter area.<sup id="cite_ref-Faas_a_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faas_a-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of kitchens at Pompeii had no roofs, resembling <a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">courtyards</a> more than ordinary rooms; this allowed smoke to ventilate.<sup id="cite_ref-Faas_a_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faas_a-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kitchens that did have roofs must have been extremely smokey, since the only ventilation would come from high windows or holes in the ceiling; while the Romans built <a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">chimneys</a> for their bakeries and smithies, they were unknown in private dwellings until about the 12th century A.D, well after the collapse of Roman civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Roman kitchens had an oven (<i>furnus</i> or <i>fornax</i>), and some (such as the kitchen of the Villa of the Mysteries) had two.<sup id="cite_ref-Faas_b_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faas_b-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A square or dome-shaped construction of brick or stone, these ovens had a flat floor, often of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a>, which were filled with dry twigs and then lit.<sup id="cite_ref-Faas_b_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faas_b-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the walls of kitchens were hooks and chains for hanging cooking equipment, including various pots and pans, <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knives</a>, meat <a href="/wiki/Fork" title="Fork">forks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sieve" title="Sieve">sieves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grater" title="Grater">graters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotisserie" title="Rotisserie">spits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongs" title="Tongs">tongs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheese-slicer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheese-slicer">cheese-slicers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutcracker" title="Nutcracker">nutcrackers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jug_(container)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jug (container)">jugs</a> for measuring, and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Pâté">pâté</a> moulds.<sup id="cite_ref-Faas_b_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faas_b-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alcoholic_drinks">Alcoholic drinks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_cuisine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Alcoholic drinks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome and wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeii_-_Casa_dei_Casti_Amanti_-_Banquet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Pompeii_-_Casa_dei_Casti_Amanti_-_Banquet.jpg/220px-Pompeii_-_Casa_dei_Casti_Amanti_-_Banquet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Pompeii_-_Casa_dei_Casti_Amanti_-_Banquet.jpg/330px-Pompeii_-_Casa_dei_Casti_Amanti_-_Banquet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Pompeii_-_Casa_dei_Casti_Amanti_-_Banquet.jpg/440px-Pompeii_-_Casa_dei_Casti_Amanti_-_Banquet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1373" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption>Roman fresco with a banquet scene from the Casa dei Casti Amanti, <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">In Ancient Rome, wine</a> was normally mixed with water immediately before drinking, since the fermentation was not controlled and the <a href="/wiki/Proof_(alcohol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof (alcohol)">alcohol concentration</a> was high. Wine was sometimes adjusted and "improved" by its makers: instructions survive for making <a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">white wine</a> from <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">red</a> and vice versa, as well as for rescuing wine that is turning to <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdoes_1981_88_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdoes_1981_88-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those instructions as well as detailed descriptions of Roman viticulture date back to 160 BC in the oldest surviving text written in Latin prose.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wine was also variously flavored. For example, there was <i><a href="/wiki/Passum" title="Passum">passum</a></i>, a strong and sweet raisin wine, for which the earliest known recipe is of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthaginian</a> origin; <i><a href="/wiki/Mead#List_of_mead_variants" title="Mead">mulsum</a></i>, a freshly made mixture of wine and honey (called a pyment today); and <i><a href="/wiki/Conditum" title="Conditum">conditum</a></i>, a mixture of wine, honey and spices made in advance and matured. One specific recipe, <a href="/wiki/Conditum_Paradoxum" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditum Paradoxum">Conditum Paradoxum</a>, is for a mixture of wine, honey, <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay laurel">laurel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">dates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">mastic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, cooked and stored for later use. Another recipe called for the addition of seawater, <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">pitch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">rosin</a> to the wine. A Greek traveler reported that the beverage was apparently an acquired taste.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdoes_1981_88_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdoes_1981_88-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sour wine mixed with water and herbs (<i><a href="/wiki/Posca" title="Posca">posca</a></i>) was a popular drink for the lower classes and a staple part of the Roman soldier's ration.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a> (<i>cerevisia</i>) was known but considered vulgar, and was associated with <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Desserts">Desserts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_cuisine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Desserts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While lacking necessary ingredients commonly used in the modern era for sweets such as refined <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> or properly churned <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a>, ancient Rome had desserts to serve after they had completed their meals served with <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdoes_1981_88_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdoes_1981_88-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most renowned were large platters of various fruits picked fresh; some of the more exotic fruits that were not able to grow in Rome were even shipped in from distant continents for the wealthy. Due to the lack of a <a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">sweetener</a> such as sugar there was always a desire for the sweetest fruits that were available. Sprias were a type of sweet pastry that were readily available during this time; that were always made with a thin, cake-like crust, and sometimes contained fruit. Enkythoi is another common type of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> pastry that was softer, like a modern <a href="/wiki/Sponge_cake" title="Sponge cake">sponge cake</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_cuisine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apicius" title="Apicius">Apicius</a>, De Re Coquineria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine cuisine</a>, Eastern Roman Empire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_dishes" title="List of ancient dishes">List of ancient dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_use_in_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice use in Antiquity">Spice use in Antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asarotos_oikos" title="Asarotos oikos">Asarotos oikos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_in_ancient_Rome" title="Food in ancient Rome">Food in ancient Rome</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_cuisine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques André listed 54 cultivated and 43 wild vegetables in ancient Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_cuisine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilkins" class="citation book cs1">Wilkins, John. <i>A Companion to Food in the Ancient World</i>. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 105–109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Food+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=105-109&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArtmanJohnAncient-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ArtmanJohnAncient_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArtmanJohnAncient_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArtmanJohnAncient_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Artman, John:"Ancient Rome- Independent Learning Unit", page 26, Good Apple, 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Artman,_John_page_26-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Artman,_John_page_26_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Artman,_John_page_26_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Artman, John::"Ancient Rome- Independent Learning Unit", page 26, Good Apple,1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guy, John:"Roman Life", page 8, Ticktock Publishing LTD,1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woolf2007a-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woolf2007a_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreg_Woolf2007" class="citation book cs1">Greg Woolf (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=94NuSg3tlsgC&q=fish+sauce"><i>Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art</i></a>. Barnes & Noble. p. 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-0121-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-0121-0"><bdi>978-1-4351-0121-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+civilizations%3A+the+illustrated+guide+to+belief%2C+mythology%2C+and+art&rft.pages=388&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4351-0121-0&rft.au=Greg+Woolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D94NuSg3tlsgC%26q%3Dfish%2Bsauce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiacosa1992" class="citation book cs1">Giacosa, Ilaria Gozzini (1992). <i>A taste of Ancient Rome</i>. chicago: University of Chicago.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+taste+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.place=chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Giacosa&rft.aufirst=Ilaria+Gozzini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Faas, <i>Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome</i>, University of Chicago Press (2005), p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">André, Jacques. <i>L'alimentation et la cuisine à Rome</i>. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phyllis Pray Bober, <i>Art, Culture, and Cuisine: Ancient and Medieval Gastronomy</i>, University of Chicago Press (2001), pp. 187–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phyllis Pray Bober, <i>Art, Culture, and Cuisine: Ancient and Medieval Gastronomy</i>, University of Chicago Press (2001), p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PatrickFaas-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PatrickFaas_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PatrickFaas_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Faas, <i>Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome</i>, University of Chicago Press (2005), p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PatrickFaas_a-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PatrickFaas_a_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PatrickFaas_a_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PatrickFaas_a_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Faas, <i>Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome</i>, University of Chicago Press (2005), pp. 209, 210–239, 362–371</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhyllisPray-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PhyllisPray_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhyllisPray_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhyllisPray_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Phyllis Pray Bober, <i>Art, Culture, and Cuisine: Ancient and Medieval Gastronomy</i>, University of Chicago Press (2001), p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulia_F._Morton1987" class="citation web cs1">Julia F. Morton (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/lemon.html#Description">"Lemon | Lemon in Fruits of Warm Climates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a>. pp. 160–168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lemon+%7C+Lemon+in+Fruits+of+Warm+Climates&rft.pages=160-168&rft.pub=Purdue+University&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Julia+F.+Morton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hort.purdue.edu%2Fnewcrop%2Fmorton%2Flemon.html%23Description&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnsey1998" class="citation book cs1">Garnsey, Peter (1998). Scheidel, Walter (ed.). <i>Cities, Peasants and Food in Classical Antiquity: Essays in Social and Economic History</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 237–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511585395">10.1017/cbo9780511585395</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521591478" title="Special:BookSources/9780521591478"><bdi>9780521591478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities%2C+Peasants+and+Food+in+Classical+Antiquity%3A+Essays+in+Social+and+Economic+History&rft.pages=237-238&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511585395&rft.isbn=9780521591478&rft.aulast=Garnsey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2005" class="citation journal cs1">Feldman, Charles (2005-03-01). "Roman Taste". <i>Food, Culture & Society</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 7–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2752%2F155280105778055407">10.2752/155280105778055407</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1552-8014">1552-8014</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218839911">218839911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Roman+Taste&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-30&rft.date=2005-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218839911%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1552-8014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2752%2F155280105778055407&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry2011" class="citation web cs1">Berry, Joanne (17 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/pompeii_art_gallery_04.shtml">"Bakery"</a>. <i>Pompeii Art and Architecture Gallery</i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pompeii+Art+and+Architecture+Gallery&rft.atitle=Bakery&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fancient%2Fromans%2Fpompeii_art_gallery_04.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Way_1843_p._268-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Way_1843_p._268_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWay1843" class="citation book cs1">Way, A. (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0UAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA268"><i>Promptorium parvulorum sive clericorum, lexicon Anglo-Latinum princeps, recens. A. Way</i></a>. Camden Society. p. 268<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Promptorium+parvulorum+sive+clericorum%2C+lexicon+Anglo-Latinum+princeps%2C+recens.+A.+Way&rft.series=Camden+Society&rft.pages=268&rft.date=1843&rft.aulast=Way&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG_0UAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaguelonneToussaintSamat-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MaguelonneToussaintSamat_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MaguelonneToussaintSamat_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MaguelonneToussaintSamat_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, <i>A History of Food</i>, John Wiley & Sons (2009), p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John E. Stambaugh, <i>The Ancient Roman City</i>, JHU Press (1988), p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ilaria Gozzini Giacosa, A Taste of Rome, 1992, pp. 91–92, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-29032-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-29032-8">0-226-29032-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John E. Stambaugh, <i>The Ancient Roman City</i>, JHU Press (1988), p. 148; George A. Feldhamer, <i>Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology</i>, JHU Press (2007), p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Burton & Robert Burton, <i>International Wildlife Encyclopedia</i> (2002), p. 701.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Faas, <i>Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome</i>, University of Chicago Press (2005), p. 289-90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelmina F. Jashernski, Frederick G. Meyer, & Massumino Ricciardi, <i>Plants: Evidence from Wall Paintings, Mosaics, Sculpture, Plant Remains, Graffiti, Inscriptions, and Ancient Authors</i>, in <i>The Natural History of Pompeii</i> (Wilhelmina Feemster Jashemski & Frederick G. Meyer, eds), Cambridge University Press, (2002), p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.F. Hancock & G.A. Lobos, <i>Pears</i>, in <i>The Future of Drylands: International Scientific Conference on Desertification and Drylands Research, Tunis, Tunisia</i> (2006), Springer (2008), p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShephard2000" class="citation book cs1">Shephard, Sue (2000). <i>Pickled, Potted, and Canned: How the Art and Science of Food Preserving Changed the World</i>. Simon & Schuster. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pickled%2C+Potted%2C+and+Canned%3A+How+the+Art+and+Science+of+Food+Preserving+Changed+the+World&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Shephard&rft.aufirst=Sue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Faas, <i>Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome</i>, University of Chicago Press (2005), p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wikipedia entry for chickpea</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fox_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fox_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">P.F. Fox and P.L.H. McSweeney, Cheese: An Overview, in Cheese: Chemistry, Physics, and Microbiology Vol. 1 (3d ed.), p. 2-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P.F. Fox and P.L.H. McSweeney, Cheese: An Overview, in Cheese: Chemistry, Physics, and Microbiology Vol. 1 (3d ed.), p. 2-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarlanWalker-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HarlanWalker_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarlanWalker_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarlanWalker_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarlanWalker_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarlanWalker_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harlan Walker, <i>Fish: Food from the Waters, Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery</i>, 105-06 (1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarlanWalker_a-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HarlanWalker_a_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harlan Walker, <i>Fish: Food from the Waters, Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery</i>, 106 (1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Carson Webster, <i>The Labors of the Months in Antique and Mediaeval Art to the End of the Twelfth Century,</i> Studies in the Humanities 4 (Northwestern University Press, 1938), p. 128. In the collections of the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faas, p. 50-52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faas-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faas_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faas_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Faas, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faas_a-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faas_a_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faas_a_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Faas, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faas, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Burke_(science_historian)" title="James Burke (science historian)">James Burke</a>, <i>Connections</i> (Little, Brown and Co.) 1978/1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-11672-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-11672-6">0-316-11672-6</a>, p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faas_b-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faas_b_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faas_b_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faas_b_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Faas, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erdoes_1981_88-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erdoes_1981_88_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdoes_1981_88_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdoes_1981_88_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdoes1981" class="citation cs2">Erdoes, Richard (1981), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1000remarkablefa00erdo/page/88"><i>1000 Remarkable Facts about Booze</i></a></span>, New York: The Rutledge Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1000remarkablefa00erdo/page/88">88</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0831709587" title="Special:BookSources/978-0831709587"><bdi>978-0831709587</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1000+Remarkable+Facts+about+Booze&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=The+Rutledge+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0831709587&rft.aulast=Erdoes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1000remarkablefa00erdo%2Fpage%2F88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStilo" class="citation web cs1">Stilo, Aelius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/wine/wine.html">"Wine and Rome"</a>. University of Chicago<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wine+and+Rome&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.aulast=Stilo&rft.aufirst=Aelius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2F~grout%2Fencyclopaedia_romana%2Fwine%2Fwine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby2003" class="citation book cs1">Dalby, Andrew (2003). <i>Posca | Food in the Ancient World from A to Z</i>. Routledge. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23259-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23259-3"><bdi>978-0-415-23259-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Posca+%7C+Food+in+the+Ancient+World+from+A+to+Z&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23259-3&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStambaugh1988" class="citation cs2">Stambaugh, John E. (1988), <i>The Ancient Roman City</i>, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 149, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801835742" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801835742"><bdi>978-0801835742</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Roman+City&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0801835742&rft.aulast=Stambaugh&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonfante2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Larissa_Bonfante" title="Larissa Bonfante">Bonfante, Larissa</a> (2011), <i>The Barbarians of Ancient Europe: Realities and Interactions</i>, New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 23, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521194044" title="Special:BookSources/9780521194044"><bdi>9780521194044</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barbarians+of+Ancient+Europe%3A+Realities+and+Interactions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780521194044&rft.aulast=Bonfante&rft.aufirst=Larissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_cuisine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldDonahue2005" class="citation book cs1">Gold, Barbara K.; Donahue, John F. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_uYTKMorJFgC"><i>Roman Dining: A Special Issue of American Journal of Philology</i></a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8202-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8202-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-8202-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Dining%3A+A+Special+Issue+of+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8202-9&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Barbara+K.&rft.au=Donahue%2C+John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_uYTKMorJFgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaasWhiteside2005" class="citation book cs1">Faas, Patrick; Whiteside, Shaun (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YXGlAr17oekC"><i>Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-23347-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-23347-5"><bdi>978-0-226-23347-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Around+the+Roman+Table%3A+Food+and+Feasting+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-226-23347-5&rft.aulast=Faas&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Whiteside%2C+Shaun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYXGlAr17oekC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dalby" title="Andrew Dalby">Dalby, Andrew</a> (2003). <i>Food in the ancient world from A to Z</i>. London, New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23259-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23259-3"><bdi>978-0-415-23259-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+the+ancient+world+from+A+to+Z&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23259-3&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby2000" class="citation book cs1">Dalby, Andrew (2000). <i>Empire of Pleasures</i>. London, New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18624-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18624-7"><bdi>978-0-415-18624-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Pleasures&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18624-7&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrocockGrainger2006" class="citation book cs1">Grocock, Christopher; Grainger, Sally (2006). <i>Apicius. A critical edition with an introduction and an English translation</i>. Totnes: Prospect Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903018-13-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903018-13-2"><bdi>978-1-903018-13-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apicius.+A+critical+edition+with+an+introduction+and+an+English+translation&rft.place=Totnes&rft.pub=Prospect+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-903018-13-2&rft.aulast=Grocock&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Grainger%2C+Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span> [includes Vinidarius]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicotti1995" class="citation book cs1">Ricotti, Eugenia Salza Prina (1995). <i>Dining as a Roman emperor: how to cook ancient Roman recipes today</i>. Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dining+as+a+Roman+emperor%3A+how+to+cook+ancient+Roman+recipes+today&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=L%27Erma+di+Bretschneider&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Ricotti&rft.aufirst=Eugenia+Salza+Prina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillegas_Becerril2001" class="citation book cs1">Villegas Becerril, Almudena (2001). <i>Culinary Aspects of Ancient Rome. Ars Cibaria</i>. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culinary+Aspects+of+Ancient+Rome.+Ars+Cibaria&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Villegas+Becerril&rft.aufirst=Almudena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Roman+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_cuisine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_food" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ancient Roman food">Ancient Roman food</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pass-the-garum.blogspot.com">Pass the Garum:</a> Recreations of Roman recipes</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/233472.html">Eight recipes</a> for an ancient Roman dinner</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resourcesforhistory.com/Roman_Food_in_Britain.htm">resourcesforhistory.com: Food in Roman Britain</a></li></ul> <div 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topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuisines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuisines" title="Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisines" title="Template talk:Cuisines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_cuisine" title="Oceanian cuisine">Oceanian</a></li> <li>Intercontinental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Cuisine of Réunion">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachali_cuisine" title="Arunachali cuisine">Arunachali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cuisine" title="Chhattisgarhi cuisine">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi cuisine">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cuisine" title="Uttar Pradesh cuisine">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhandi_cuisine" title="Uttarakhandi cuisine">Uttarakhandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo cuisine">Gorontalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_cuisine" title="Marshallese cuisine">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_cuisine" title="Papua New Guinean cuisine">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_cuisine" title="Paraguayan cuisine">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_cuisine" title="Tuvaluan cuisine">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_cuisine" title="Vanuatuan cuisine">Vanuatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Arab-Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_cuisine" title="Buryat cuisine">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Cambodian Chinese cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Chinese cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Peruvian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_cuisine" title="Hmong cuisine">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Moroccan Jewish cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_cuisine" title="Ossetian cuisine">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">Ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentine_cuisine" title="History of Argentine cuisine">Historical Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Historical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods" title="Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods">Historical North Indian and Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuisine" title="Hittite cuisine">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Native cuisine of Hawaii">Pre-contact Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_the_Scottish_royal_household" title="Food and the Scottish royal household">Scottish royal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine classique">Classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_cuisine_of_Singapore_and_Malaysia" title="Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia">Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">Haute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">Molecular gastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_by_Note_cuisine" title="Note by Note cuisine">Note by Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">List of cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">List of historical cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prepared_foods" title="Lists of prepared foods">Prepared</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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